Analyzing United Kingdom's Decision to Withdraw Its Membership From
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Analyzing United Kingdom’s Decision to Withdraw Its Membership from the European Union (EU) (2007 - 2016) By MUHAMMAD HAEKAL UMRI ID No. 016201400106 A thesis presented to the Faculty of Humanities President University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Bachelor Degree in International Relations Concentration in Diplomacy 2018 THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER This thesis entitled “Analyzing United Kingdom’s Decision to Withdraw Its Membership from the European Union (EU) (2007- 2016)” prepared and submitted by Muhammad Haekal Umri in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor Degree in the Faculty of Humanities has been reviewed and found to have satisfied the requirements for a thesis fit to be examined. I therefore recommend this thesis for Oral Defense. Cikarang, Indonesia, 29th March 2018 Drs. Teuku Rezasyah, MA., Ph.D. i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY I declare that this thesis, entitled “Analyzing United Kingdom’s Decision to Withdraw Its Membership from the European Union (EU) (2007-2016)” is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, an original piece of work that has not been submitted, either in whole or in part, to another university to obtain a degree. Cikarang, Indonesia, 29th March 2018 Muhammad Haekal Umri ii PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET iii ABSTRACT Title : Analyzing United Kingdom’s Decision to Withdraw Its Membership from the European Union (EU) (2007-2016) Writer : Muhammad Haekal Umri Gordon Brown and David Cameron are Eurosceptic UK leaders during his premiership. However, Gordon Brown and David Cameron have a different focus of foreign policy during their premiership. In Gordon Brown premiership, he believed on the idea of the Euro-cooperation. Meanwhile, David Cameron focused on the idea of promoting the UK interests. Concerning this gap between Gordon Brown and David Cameron, it refers to the problem identification of this thesis. The events happened during Gordon Brown and David Cameron premiership; global financial crisis, Eurozone crisis, and the rising number of immigrants, are going to be the other factors for this analysis. This research uses qualitative methods, so the data would be from the official statement of Gordon Brown and David Cameron from their speeches, books, journals, official reports, and official news. This research is going to use Harnisch perception on Role theory, referred to the changing foreign policy between Gordon Brown and David Cameron in their premiership. It includes behavior, political ideology, and the events that happened during Gordon Brown and David Cameron premiership. Thus, it is going to be the explanation of the changing foreign policy, which in accordance with the Brexit referendum. Keywords: Foreign Policy, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, European Union iv ABSTRAK Judul : Analisa Keputusan Inggris untuk Menarik Keanggotaannya dari Uni Eropa (UE) Penulis : Muhammad Haekal Umri Gordon Brown dan David Cameron adalah pemimpin Inggris yang Eurosceptic selama masa kepemimpinannya. Namun, Gordon Brown dan David Cameron memiliki fokus kebijakan luar negeri yang berbeda selama masa kepemimpinannya. Dalam pemerintahan Gordon Brown, dia percaya pada gagasan kerjasama Euro. Sementara itu, David Cameron fokus pada gagasan mempromosikan kepentingan Inggris. Mengenai kesenjangan antara Gordon Brown dan David Cameron, ini mengacu pada identifikasi masalah tesis ini. Peristiwa itu terjadi selama masa kepemimpinan Gordon Brown dan David Cameron; krisis keuangan global, krisis zona euro, dan meningkatnya jumlah imigran, akan menjadi faktor lain untuk analisis ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, sehingga data akan berasal dari pernyataan resmi Gordon Brown dan David Cameron dari pidato, buku, jurnal, laporan resmi, dan berita resmi. Penelitian ini akan menggunakan persepsi Harnisch tentang teori Peran, mengacu pada kebijakan luar negeri yang berubah antara Gordon Brown dan David Cameron di pemerintahan mereka. Ini termasuk perilaku, ideologi politik, dan peristiwa yang terjadi selama masa kepemimpinan Gordon Brown dan David Cameron. Dengan demikian, ini akan menjadi penjelasan dari kebijakan luar negeri yang berubah, yang sesuai dengan referendum Brexit. Kata kunci: Kebijakan Luar Negeri, Gordon Brown, David Cameron, Uni Eropa v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This thesis would not be finished without prayers, faith, supports, assistance, and eagerness. In this opportunity, I would like to express my gratitude to everyone who helped me during this thesis writing, from the beginning of the process until the very end. First of all, I would like to thank Allah SWT for always giving me blessings and guidance in every step I take. I would like to appreciate the presence and support from all of these people that I will mention. I would like to thank my family, Father (Mr. Syaiful Umri), Mother (Mrs. Budiany Salfira), sister (Shirin Syailandira Umri), and two brothers (M. Ibnu Abbas Umri and M. Rifqy Syahdani Umri), and last no least brother in law (Fahmi Azhari Bashar). My highest gratitude for my parents who always motivatting me in writing this thesis. Thank you Mr. Teuku Rezasyah as my first thesis advisor and also as the Dean of Faculty of Humanities. I could not thank you enough for all of the suggestions, critics, and comments during the thesis writing, and thank you for encouraged me to finish the thesis as soon as possible. I would like to express my gratitude to Mr. I Gusti Bagus Darma Agastia. I could not thank you enough for the support, knowledge, and advises during this thesis writing, and thank you for guiding me in writing this thesis. And also, I would like to express my gratitude for having Mr. Hendra Manurung as the Head of International Relations study program, Ms. Natasya Kusumawardani as my lecturer as well as my sister since the very first year during my university time, and could not thank you enough for other lecturers for their knowledge and experiences that they shared. Indonesia Australia Business Council (IABC), thank you for giving me an amazing internship experience, and especially Muhammad Al-Ikhlas Lahaya for listening my story during my internship and thesis writing. Without them, I could not be able to write this thesis. Dhianaswa Zhafira Mahanani (Sasa), thank you for always listening, always understanding every story that I have, and helping me with this thesis. Istighfarrany Sugiarto and Arief Akbar Hariawan, thank you for vi the stories and support yet judgment. Thank you for Sekarsari, for helping me with this thesis writing and early this year problem. Nisrini Khairani, Wilma Putri Hellena, Nisa Nabila, Novia Sinta, Akila Paravathi, Hevi Rahmania, Ivena Ersandi, Afni Damanik, Sirot Fadhlurahman, Widya Dwi Rachmawati, Carolina Marthe, Cici Tobing, Syifa Afiah, Tania Amanda, Meidi Bustani, Aditya Rahman, Elsari Primadini, M. Mirzal Dipa, Mita Listya, Siti Hendryani Putri, Amelia Hikmatahati, Jessica Astriyanti, Joseph Tertia, Anky Dirgantara, Abu Rijal Eljihadi, Anthony Nicolas, Novy Sartika Putri Sari Dewi, Satyaningrat, Maria Frangconna, Feronika Desy, Andi Lulu Purnamasari, Bintang Azizu, Prananda Jalu, Annisa Widya Prastuti, Alika Rizki, Syenna Sheila Edliza, Fajri De Chandra, I could not thank you enough for your support toward this thesis writing. March 2018 Writer, Muhammad Haekal Umri vii Table of Contents THESIS ADVISER RECOMMENDATION LETTER ..................................... i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ............................................................... ii PANEL OF EXAMINER APPROVAL SHEET ............................................... iii ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... iv ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xi LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................ xii LIST OF ACRONYMS ...................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1 I.1. Background of Study ............................................................................................. 1 I.2. Problems Identification ......................................................................................... 5 I.3. Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................... 6 I.4. Research Objectives ............................................................................................... 6 I.5. Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 7 I.6. Theoretical Framework ......................................................................................... 7 I.6.1 Role Theory ....................................................................................................... 7 I.6.2 Foreign Policy Analysis ..................................................................................... 9 I.7. Scope and Limitations of the Study ..................................................................