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America's Least Wanted!

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America's Least Wanted! Insects on the Move!!! 2014 Version What’s Here? What’s Coming? Dr. Carol Sutherland Extension Entomologist, NMSU & State Entomologist, NM Dept. Agriculture Alien arthropods have arrived in the US throughout our history, traveling as we have….ships, wagons, trains, planes, automobiles or by their own power. The earliest arrived with settlers who brought familiar crops & livestock from their homelands. Long Established Invasive Pests in U.S. Hessian Fly—small grains Codling Moth—apple, pear European Gypsy Moth German Cockroach Japanese Beetle Hardwood trees Homes, building Soybeans, landscapes Laws, Regulations, Inspections & Enforcement Since 1912---and still…. • About 1 in 7 species entering the U.S. become established • Invasive species cost the U.S. economy >$150 billion/yr • Impacts: negative economic, environmental, health, & productivity; surveys, control & suppression costs=$$$ US Customs & Border Protection At U.S. ports But they can put monkey wrenches into landscape management & IPM programs. What crops/plants/sites are affected? How? Impact? Can be an additional pest to scout, evaluate, manage What methods/treatments control the pest/damage? Keys to Alien Arthropod ‘Success’…. -Avoid detection, well hidden -Broad host ranges -Can survive in a variety of habitats -Can survive ‘genetic bottlenecks,’ small populations -Mobility, including hitchhiking -Efficiently & highly prolific -No effective natural enemies -Invasive, competitive Which Exotics Are Close to NM or Recently Established? Which ones could I see? What are they? Description? What do they do? Emerald Ash Borer: Asian Invader First Find in US-- 2002, SE Michigan COLORADO Positive for EAB Sept., 2013 Means of Travel? New Movement of Mexico infested firewood Emerald Ash Borer---Buprestidae: Agrilus planipennis Metallic green above & below ½” Larvae feed in phloem D-shaped emergence hole Bushy regrowth, dieback How Do I Know If I Have EAB? Ash tree has limb/trunk die back. Watersprouts on trunk OR limbs. Bark inspection on dead/ dying part has D-shaped emergence holes. (Cut out this sectionCo. Agent! If the bark is peeling, see the tunnels on the wood. Good luck at seeing larvae or adults. Capture larvae/adults for IDCo. Agent Brown Marmorated Stink Bug --A Most Excellent Hitch-hiker-- Chinese origin---up to 5 gen./yr. Native to U.S. Antenna 2 white rings No white rings ‘Shoulders’ Smooth Toothed No lateral spines Often ‘ivory’ underneath Light/dark pattern Not distinctive Brown Marmorated SB Native Brochymena sp. Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs ---Top & Bottom--- Dk brown Punctures Ivory tone underneath BMSB---Damaging Plant Pest • Host range: 60-300 spp. • Recent estimates from PA (fruit crops) – 25% fruit damage (2009)—NJ & PA – PA peach growers lost $15 million, 2010 – U.S. Apple Assn., 2010---Mid-Atlantic growers lost $37 million (18% of crop) More Plant Damage by BMSB • Large size; long enough MPs • Feed on ‘fruit’ (s.l.), nutlets (pecan) • Digestive enzymes certainly damage other hosts • Timing • Opportunity, ‘motive’ (food) ?? Brown Marmorated Stink Bug Inside door on a Pick-up Look up here Common NM Stink Bugs (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) Euschistus sp. Chinavia Chlorochroa ligata Chlorochroa sayi Brown Stink Bug ‘Green’ ‘Conchuela’ ‘Say’s Stink’ Bug Generalist Generalist Generalist; Common Generalist Sucking MPs, gradual/simple metamorphosis; bodies flattened (think ‘thumb nail’); stink when Disturbed or handled (glands on top of abdomen). Above spp. are plant feeders (there ARE Predatory stink bugs, too). Stink bugs can be serious pests of cotton, sorghum & alfalfa et al. Conchuela has very broad host range---fruit, nuts, veggies, range plants; toxins in saliva cause dimpling in fruit; woody, dry, shrunken fruit; brown, bitter spots on nuts; fruit, seed loss If I Suspect BMSB, Now What? Catch the suspect, put it into a vial of rubbing alcohol--- --OR-- Bag it and freeze it overnight While We’re on Stink Bugs… Bagrada hilaris is in NM, too Adult and Egg Feeding Damage on Crucifer Origin: E & S Africa, S Europe & Asia Established in CA---2008; in AZ, then NM (2010) Host Preferences? Brassicaceae---cole crops & mustards; also, papaya, sorghum, corn, caper, potato, cotton, pearl millet, some legumes. Bagrada Bug, Exotic, Invasive Stink Bug • Origin: South & east Africa, south & east Asia • Entered southern California--- 2008 • In southwest AZ---fall, 2009 • In southern NM---spring, 2010 – Dona Ana, Otero Cos.-’10 – Valencia, Socorro Cos.-’11 – Luna, Santa Fe, Sandoval Cos.-’12 – Bernalillo, Sierra Cos.,’13 Bagrada hilaris---Bagrada Bug (Adults 1/8”-3/16” long) 38-65 days/generation; lay average of 95 eggs/ea. Bagrada, Anyone? • Bottle or bag your specimensCo. Agent • New County Records---always welcomed • Specimens welcomed, also Exotic ‘Small Fruit Flies’ Spotted Wing Drosophila---Fruit Industry Size (adult): abt. 2-3 mm long; male has dark spots on wing tips; female has colorless wings * Found in Hawaii (1986) * * In Continental US by * In 2008; states with * 2-3mm long Confirmed in 2013 Female ovipositor has ‘serrated blade’ 7-10 days/gen.; SWD Life Cycle 10 gen./season Favors ‘thin skinned fruit; result = acid or vinegar taste, rot Examples of hosts Free living Apricot, Peach, Plum Strawberry, grape Jujube? Persimmon Cane berries Pears Spotted Wing Drosophila Detection Traps SWD bait = either apple cider Vinegar OR mixture of yeast + apple juice. Use baited traps to determine Only males have spotted wings onset of flight in spring, AND peak flights in late summer. Females have Serrated ovipositor _________ HOMEMADE TRAP Great Lakes IPM Disposable ‘ice tea’ plastic glass; COLORLESS! Abt. $10/2 pk. + Ship. NM has other ‘Hole punch 4-5 holes near top, leaving abt. ¼ of species of Drosophila cup without holes (allows pouring out bait) mainly on Add abt 1 ½” of bait (as above) over-ripe or Add part of a yellow sticky trap, if desired damaged fruit Secure string in 2 extra holes near cup rim. Attach cap securely. Hang trap in lower canopy or on stake 3-4’ above ground level. Check trap daily/every other day. Count SWD, record & graph Spotted Wing Drosophila Damage Also, mulberries, wild rose Strawberry Peach Grape Blackberry w/eggs Cherry Cherry Ovipositing Punctures If I Find SWD, Then What? In a trap---drain trap through paper towel; tweeze suspect flies into alcohol vialCo. Agent On sticky trap in the ‘glass’--- County Take sticky trap to Co. Agent Agent Don’t crush the trap or insects! If I Find Infested Fruit? --Bag It— Or Japanese Beetle---Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) What you’ll see: Adult beetle size of your little fingernail Deep metallic green; bronze wing covers 7 pairs of white bristles on sides; DOES NOT BITE OR STING! Japanese Beetle---Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) • What Does It DO? – Very strong fliers – Adult attacks 300+ spp. of plants – Defoliates – Chews buds, blooms, fruits – Larvae---root feeders Japanese Beetle---Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) • What else do we know about JB? – Homeland: Japan (1 island) – Widespread in Eastern U.S. & SE Canada, Midwestern U.S. – Now major pest of assorted ornamentals, various crops (e.g. soybeans) – Has popped up in numerous western states in the last 20 years (e.g. hitch-hiking in/on nursery stock) – Eradication efforts on-going in these new locations – 1997---detected in NW Albuquerque, NM (nursery, pastures, lawns, etc.)---eradicated by scout/trap/spray campaign, 2003 – Huge populations building in eastern OK, eastern KS (in nurseries, urban & ag areas.) – Adults are strong fliers Red Imported Fire Ant---Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) What you’ll see: cinnamon red ants, often with blackish abdom 2 nodes between thorax & abdomen, stinger on end of abdome Red Imported Fire Ant---Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) What you’ll see: loose soil above ground level, esp. after rai When disturbed, ants “boil” out of nest, sting readily Red Imported Fire Ant---Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) What you’ll see: ants in this nest are highly variable in size; wo Range from 2-4mm; queen (rarely seen) is larger; all of these S Red Imported Fire Ant---Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) What you’ll see: Stings produce pustules 12-24 hrs after stinging; can be life threatening! Red Imported Fire Ant---Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Female Pinhead Male Be Aware: NM and all other southern U.S. states have Southern Fire Ants, too: Solenopsis xyloni---very similar! Red Imported Fire Ant---Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) What else do we know about RIFA? – Homeland---South America (Brazil) – Ferocious competitor with other ants, wildlife, livestock, people---bites & stings, can be fatal – Destructive to crops, seed Potential Distribution in the U.S. – USDA quarantine in place – Hitch-hikes on almost anything including nursery stock, hay, straw, dirty heavy equipment, more – As near as the nearest 18-wheeler European Elm Flea Weevil New, 2011!! Orchestes alni---Eastern US, Midwest, CO---now us, too Colfax, Taos (probably Union), San Miguel, Rio Arriba, Mora, Santa Fe---more? --------- 3mm--------- Legless larvae leaf mine in spring; adults present during growing season; chew tiny holes in foliage---stress, defoliate, kill? VARROA MITES ON HONEY BEES, SINCE 1988 No confirmations of Colony Collapse Biggest problems? Disorder in NM Varroa mites Cause(s) of CCD? Drought Numerous stresses Care levels Africanization No bee census in any State; very dynamic Varroa mite life stages Dead pupa Mites attack mature
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