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Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939
Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Columbia University 2014 © 2013 William M. Coleman, IV All rights reserved Abstract Making the State on the Sino-Tibetan Frontier: Chinese Expansion and Local Power in Batang, 1842-1939 William M. Coleman, IV This dissertation analyzes the process of state building by Qing imperial representatives and Republican state officials in Batang, a predominantly ethnic Tibetan region located in southwestern Sichuan Province. Utilizing Chinese provincial and national level archival materials and Tibetan language works, as well as French and American missionary records and publications, it explores how Chinese state expansion evolved in response to local power and has three primary arguments. First, by the mid-nineteenth century, Batang had developed an identifiable structure of local governance in which native chieftains, monastic leaders, and imperial officials shared power and successfully fostered peace in the region for over a century. Second, the arrival of French missionaries in Batang precipitated a gradual expansion of imperial authority in the region, culminating in radical Qing military intervention that permanently altered local understandings of power. While short-lived, centrally-mandated reforms initiated soon thereafter further integrated Batang into the Qing Empire, thereby -
Jean Kingdon-Ward F
HILL SO STRONG JEAN KINGDON-WARD F. R. G. S. And in my prosperity I said, I shall never be removed: thou, Lord, of Thy goodness hast made my hill so strong. Psalm 30, v 6 JONATHAN CAPE THIRTY BEDFORD SQUARE LONDON FIRST PUBLISHED I952 PRINTED IN OREAT BRITAIN IN THE cInOF OXFORD AT THE ALDEN PRESS BOUND BY A. W. BAIN & CO. LTD., LONDON ILLUSTRATIONS THE RIMA ROPE BRIDGE Frontispiece A ZACKRING PEASANT facing P* 44 TIBETAN PORTER (note goitre) 44 AKKEY AND PHAG TSERING 44 A MIJU MISHMI 44 THE RIMA BASIN (before the earthquake) 76 THE V-SIDED VALLEY OF THE DI CHU I I4 THE PEAKS OF DONG, NEAR WALONG "4 TIBETANS CARRYING 100 LB. LOADS IN THE DI CHU GORGE 142 THE DIPHU LA PATROL PASSING THE WRECKAGE OF CAPTAIN SAILO'S CAMP I 76 HAV. INDRA BAHADUR LIMBU 208 HAV. PAHAL SING RANA 208 JEM. BIR BAHADUR GURUNG 208 RFM. TAKEM ABOR 208 NOT SNOW BUT BARE ROCK (photo: N. E. B. Warner) 232 10,000 FT. PEAK IN THE LOHIT VALLEY * 32 All of these illustrations are reproduced from photographs taken by Mr. and Mrs. Kingdon-Ward with the one exception noted above. MAP THE LOHIT VALLEY facing fi. 13 PREFACE As this book is not a scientific one, it may be of interest to readers to know where they can find a more technical descrip- tion of matters discussed in it. Plant Hunting in the Lohit Valley by F. Kingdon-Ward discusses the botanical and horticultural aspects of the expedition (it is to be found in the Jounzal of the Royal Horticultural Society, June 1952); while an account of the Great Assam Earthquake of 1950, from the seismologist's point of view, appeared in Nature on January 27th, 1951, together with an eye-witness account of the earthquake and its after effects by F. -
Mt. Kailash Pilgrimage Kora Grand Tour
MT. KAILASH PILGRIMAGE KORA GRAND TOUR Tashi delek! Tibetan Guide Travel Tours is a small travel agency based in Lhasa. We always work hard and take responsible for our clients by using local services as much as possible. Of course we use Tibetan drivers and tour guides. Who are experienced, have rich knowledge about Tibetan culture and also excellent attitude. We are confident that you would not be disappointed if you choose our services letting us show you our mother land. Proposed itinerary Day 1: Lhasa arrival [3650m] Upon arrival in Lhasa you will be welcomed by your English-speaking Tibetan Guide and Tibetan Driver who will bring you to your hotel. Acclimatization to high altitude: please, drink lots of water and take plenty of rest in order to minimize altitude sickness. Overnight at Shambhala Palace or House of Shambhala Hotel, which are a Tibetan style hotel located in Lhasa city center (Barkhor) Day 2: Lhasa sightseeing We begin visiting Ramoche Temple, built in honor of the image of Jowo Rinpoche that Chinese princess Wencheng brought by marrying Songtsen Gampo, the first king of Buddhist doctrine and who unified the Tibetan empire in the 7th century. Thereafter, we continue with Jokhang Temple, the most sacred monastery in Tibet. It was also founded in the 7th century by Songtsen Gampo. Later you can explore the surrounding Barkhor old quarter and spend time walking around Jokhang Temple following pilgrims from all over the Tibetan plateau. In the afternoon we go to Sera Monastery, one of three great universities of Gelugpa Sect. We will attend the debating session of the monks. -
Destination Image for Pilgrimage and Tourism: a Study in Mount Kailash Region of Tibet
FOLIA GEOGRAPHICA • ISSN 1336-6157 (hard copy) • ISSN 2454-1001 (online) DESTINATION IMAGE FOR PILGRIMAGE AND TOURISM: A STUDY IN MOUNT KAILASH REGION OF TIBET Premangshu CHAKRABARTY A*, Sanjoy Kumar SADHUKHAN B Received: April 28, 2020 | Revised: September 15, 2020 | Accepted: October 12, 2020 Paper No. 20-62/2-567 Abstract The study focuses on rituals performed during Kailash - Manasarover pilgrimage while investigating travel motivation aspects and the satisfaction level of visitors. Circumambulation of Mount Kailash and bathing in sacred Manasarover Lake of western Tibet are popular pilgrimage tourism rituals for which journeys are made annually despite of terrain hardship and adverse climatic condition. We have used ethnographic methods in collection of field data that include personal interviews, focus group discussions, questionnaire surveys and online surveys. One of the objectives of the study is to address the research gap on the role of destination image that motivates the devotees of different religious background to undertake such pilgrimage. We also pay attention on attributes that influence the selection of the individual pilgrimage routes initiated from Indian territory. The method adopted for analysis is qualitative involving software support for mapping. The discussion reveals the evolution of a distinctive cultural landscape that encourages pluralism with reference to a sustainable mechanism of coexistence for the pilgrimage tourism development. Key words Circumambulation, sacred, ritual, pilgrim tourists, route, landscape, pluralism. INTRODUCTION Pilgrimage is a process of establishing a rapport with the sacred geography by sending the message of the landscape that has been imbedded in the myths, leg- ends and tales. In shaping the pilgrimage experience, the myths have important part (Sopher, 1987). -
17-Point Agreement of 1951 by Song Liming
FACTS ABOUT THE 17-POINT “Agreement’’ Between Tibet and China Dharamsala, 22 May 22 DIIR PUBLICATIONS The signed articles in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the Central Tibetan Administration. This report is compiled and published by the Department of Information and International Relations, Central Tibetan Administration, Gangchen Kyishong, Dharamsala 176 215, H. P., INDIA Email: [email protected] Website: www.tibet.net and ww.tibet.com CONTENTS Part One—Historical Facts 17-point “Agreement”: The full story as revealed by the Tibetans and Chinese who were involved Part Two—Scholars’ Viewpoint Reflections on the 17-point Agreement of 1951 by Song Liming The “17-point Agreement”: Context and Consequences by Claude Arpi The Relevance of the 17-point Agreement Today by Michael van Walt van Praag Tibetan Tragedy Began with a Farce by Cao Changqing Appendix The Text of the 17-point Agreement along with the reproduction of the original Tibetan document as released by the Chinese government His Holiness the Dalai Lama’s Press Statements on the “Agreement” FORWARD 23 May 2001 marks the 50th anniversary of the signing of the 17-point Agreement between Tibet and China. This controversial document, forced upon an unwilling but helpless Tibetan government, compelled Tibet to co-exist with a resurgent communist China. The People’s Republic of China will once again flaunt this dubious legal instrument, the only one China signed with a “minority” people, to continue to legitimise its claim on the vast, resource-rich Tibetan tableland. China will use the anniversary to showcase its achievements in Tibet to justify its continued occupation of the Tibetan Plateau. -
The Mystery of the Kailash Trail
The Mystery of the Kailash Trail Chapter 1 Bharat Bhushan The Mystery of the Kailash Trail Chapter 1 Bharat Bhushan Pre-publication draft manuscript This is not a publication This draft copy is being distributed to invite comments and suggestions Not for sale or distribution Being uploaded or distributed for guidance and suggestions in developing the story All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronics or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. This is not a publication. This is a pre-publication draft manuscript of a proposed book and is being distributed for editing, comments, critics and suggestions. The distribution is within a limited group of experts, resource persons, people who are familiar with the Kailash region in Tibet, the aspects of the pilgrimage in the various religions and those who are interested in the aspects of development of a story. Those who receive this pre-publication draft manuscript may forward it those who may be able to contribute to the editing and development of the story. There will be errors, mistakes and contextual wrongs galore. Please do not hesitate to point them out and inform the author at [email protected] About the book The oldest mystery known to the Oriental World. It is said that nobody dares to venture out to walk on the Kailash Mountain. And it is also said that those who walked up the mountain, never returned. In all these centuries, they have gone within, never to return. -
Recent Glacier Mass Balance and Area Changes in the Kangri Karpo Mountains from Dems and Glacier Inventories
1 Recent glacier mass balance and area changes in the 2 Kangri Karpo Mountains from DEMs and glacier inventories 3 4 Wu Kunpeng 1, 2, Liu Shiyin 2, 3*, Jiang Zongli 4, Xu Junli 5, Wei Junfeng 4, Guo Wanqin 2 5 1School of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China 6 2State key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China 7 3Institute of International Rivers and Eco-Security, Yunnan University, Yunnan, China 8 4Department of Geography, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China 9 5Department of Surveying and Mapping, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, China 10 Correspondence to LIU Shiyin at [email protected] or WU Kunpeng at [email protected] 11 12 Abstract. Influenced by the Indian monsoon, the Kangri Karpo mountains, in the southeast of the Tibetan 13 Plateau, are the most humid region there, and one of the most important and concentrated regions with 14 maritime (temperate) glaciers. Glacier mass loss in the Kangri Karpo is an important contributor to global 15 mean sea level rise, and changes runoff distribution, increasing the risk of glacial-lake outburst floods 16 (GLOFs). Because of its inaccessibility and high labor costs, information about the Kangri Karpo glaciers is 17 still limited. Using geodetic methods based on digital elevation models (DEM), derived from 1980 topographic 18 maps, from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) (2000), and from TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X (2014), 19 this study has determined glacier elevation changes here. Glacier area and length changes between 1980 and 20 2015 were derived from topographical maps and Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI images. -
14 Days Mt. Kailash Kora and Lake Manasarovar Overland Tour
[email protected] +86-28-85593923 14 days Mt. Kailash Kora and Lake Manasarovar overland tour https://windhorsetour.com/kailash-tour/tibet-mount-kailash-15-day-tour Lhasa Shigatse Saga Manasarovar Lake Mount Kailash Kora Saga Shigatse Lhasa Travel the same route as pilgrim departing from Lhasa to Mount Kailash. Upon arrival trek from Darchen to see the extraordinary peak of Mount Kailash, on the way enjoy a spectacular picture formed view with Manasarovar Lake. Type Private Duration 14 days Theme Overland Trip code WT-301 From € 1,542 per person € 1,402 you save € 140 (10%) Itinerary The journey starts from the holy city Lhasa and then to Shigatse, where you can feel the different lifestyle and existing culture of the roof of the world. Monasteries and shrines are the centre of the religious faith, which plays an important role in their daily life since from thousand years. Then rest of the days the journey across the great Jangtang (Northern Plain) into Far-west Tibet passes through a land greatest extremes of dryness. The landscapes are huge and like a treeless moonscape. Lone groups of nomads dwelling in low, black tents, tend flocks of sheep and goats as well as herds of the yak. Heavily eroded sandstones and sand-dunes are beautiful along the road. The extraordinary peak of Mount Kailash is the prime focus of the journey, which lays at the heart of the region. It is the pilgrimage destinations of Buddhists, Bon, Hindus and Jains. Mt Kailash refers to the 'sacred mountain' in Tibetan and 'Heaven of Shiva' in Sanskrit (Siva is the god of Hinduism). -
Socio-Economic Dimensions of Tibetan Medicine in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China1 Part Two
Asian Medicine 4 (2008) 492–514 brill.nl/asme Socio-Economic Dimensions of Tibetan Medicine in the Tibet Autonomous Region, China1 Part Two Th eresia Hofer Abstract Th is article investigates some of the socio-economic dimensions of contemporary Tibetan medi- cal practices in the rural areas of the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR), China. Th e article is divided into two parts. Part One, printed in the last issue of the journal, deals with traditional medical practitioners and their medical practices within the governmental health care system in the TAR. It sheds light on the workings and the eff ects that the commodification of the offi cial health care system have had on its Tibetan medical practitioners, most of whom now work as hybrid practitioners and incorporate Chinese-style biomedicine into their practice. I argue that several historical, social and political factors have brought about unequal access and availability of Tibetan medicine as compared to Chinese style biomedical care in the rural areas. Special attention is given to the role of the re-introduction of the Co-operative Medical Services (CMS) scheme in the sidelining of Tibetan medical practices in the rural areas. Part Two describes the work of private Tibetan medical practitioners and explores some of the social dynamics and ethical dilemmas that have arisen for them due to the commodifi cation of the offi cial system and the re-introduction of the CMS. Both parts focus on the situation in the Tsang or Shigatse region of the western and central TAR, hence enabling there to be useful comparisons with medical practices in the capital Lhasa, where most of the anthropological literature has focused on so far. -
Eastern Tibet (Kham) 241
© Lonely Planet Publications 241 EASTERN TIBET (KHAM) E a s t e r n T i b e t ( K h a m ) The eastern region of Tibet, known as Kham, is a land apart. Its climate, geography, flora and fauna all lend it a unique, almost magical atmosphere. The stone villages have more in common with neighbouring Bhutan, the chörtens (stupas) seem lifted from Mustang in Nepal and the forested scenery is more Swiss Alps than high Tibetan plateau. The traditional Tibetan province of Kham incorporates the eastern Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR), western Si- chuan and northwest Yunnan. This chapter covers only the eastern TAR, where travel permits are required. For information on overland travel through western Sichuan, see p267. Geographically the region varies from the lush subtropical jungle and raging rivers of the southern borderlands to the arid plateau and purple gorges of the east, where the head- waters of some of Asia’s greatest rivers – the Mekong, Salween and Yangzi – tumble off the Tibetan plateau. The glaciated peaks of Namche Barwa (7756m) and the remote gorges of the Yarlung Tsangpo, the world’s deepest, form one of Asia’s last secret corners. Kham gains much of its charm from its people. Khampa cowboys, dressed in sheepskin cloaks and braided hair, cruise the region’s highways on their motorbikes. Kham sometimes feels like the America’s Wild West, with the cowboys and buffalos replaced by Khampas and yaks. There are two main routes through the region, offering a once-in-a-lifetime route in or out of Tibet. -
Spatiotemporal Dynamic Characteristics of Typical Temperate Glaciers in China Wang Shijin1,2*, Che Yanjun1,3 & Wei Yanqiang1
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of typical temperate glaciers in China Wang Shijin1,2*, Che Yanjun1,3 & Wei Yanqiang1 China’s temperate glaciers have a relatively warm and humid climate and hydrothermal conditions at low latitudes. Temperate glaciers, however, have larger ablation, higher ice temperatures, relatively fast movement speeds, and a signifcant sliding process at the bottom. As a result, these glaciers are more signifcantly afected by climate change. On the basis of topographic maps, aerial photography, and Landsat OLI images, and combined with existing research results, this paper systematically analyzed the temporal and spatial dynamic characteristics of typical temperate glaciers. The results are as follows: (1) From the 1950s to the 1970s, compared with other types of glaciers, temperate glaciers showed strong retreat and ablation trends in terms of area, length, speed, and mass balance. (2) The reduction rates of glacier areas of Kangri Garpo, Dagu Snow Mountain, Yulong Snow Mountain (YSM), and Meili Snow Mountain (MSM) in China’s temperate glacier areas all exceeded 38%, which was far above the national average of 18% from the 1950s to the 2010s. (3) The recent length retreat rates of Azha Glacier, Kangri Garpo, and Mingyong Glacier, MSM, Hailuogou Glacier (HG), Gongga Snow Mountain (GSM), and Baishui River Glacier No. 1 (BRGN1), YSM were above 22 m/a, which was faster than the retreat rates of other regions. (4) Consistent with glacier retreat, temperate glaciers also had a faster ice fow speed. The ice fow velocities of the BGN1, HG, Parlung River Glaciers No. 4 and 94, and Nyainqêntanglha were, respectively, 6.33–30.78 m/a, 41–205 m/a, 15.1–86.3 m/a, and 7.5–18.4 m/a, which was much faster than the velocity of other types of glaciers. -
Harris 2010 Rangeland Degradation on the Tibetan Plateau.Pdf
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Journal of Arid Environments 74 (2010) 1–12 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Arid Environments journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaridenv Review Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau: A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes R.B. Harris* Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sciences, College of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA article info abstract Article history: Rangelands of the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), although sparsely populated and contributing little to Received 24 November 2008 China’s overall economy, play an important environmental role throughout Asia. They contain high Received in revised form biodiversity values and can also potentially provide China with a source of cultural and geographic 9 June 2009 variety in the future. Chinese government reports paint a gloomy picture, considering vast portions of the Accepted 15 June 2009 QTP degraded and blaming irrational overstocking of livestock as the principal culprit.