FOREWORD

Reducing hunger and poverty in the country by half by 2015, the first UN millennium development goal, remains a serious concern. The small and marginal farmers constituting 65 per cent of the producers in India face hunger and poverty. Food insecurity among them is both a cause and consequence of poverty. Farmers are also consumers and 70 per cent of the consumers in India are also those who earn their livelihood in farming. Because of continuing poor performance of agriculture in rainfed areas and by these farmers, the growth rates of Indian agriculture witnessed sharp deceleration during the last decade, plummeting to less than 2 per cent for the decade 1995-2005 and then rising slightly above two per cent during 2006-07. However, it is still much less than the expected growth rate of 4 per cent. The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) has set a target of 4 per cent for agricultural sector against 9 per cent for the economy as a whole. Therefore, how the nation and states jointly prepare the farmers to learn to live under the new challenges and opportunities will largely determine the success in managing the national food security and poverty scenario.

The uncommon opportunities for launching a new initiative named evergreen revolution, especially to address agricultural concerns of small farmers in rainfed areas, demand innovative policies and strategies, new planning and frontier technologies which can enhance productivity per unit of land and water. For this purpose, the most important strategic programme introduced in the Eleventh Five Year Plan is Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY) with an outlay of Rs. 25,000 crores. It gives states more flexibility and incentives to spend more on agricultural sector. The additional assistance is given to the state governments, provided expenditure on agriculture by the state governments is higher than the base period, which is defined as the moving average of the expenditure of the preceding three years. The success of efforts of states in the coming five years will depend on the scale of success of synergies it is able to develop with RKVY and other programmes.

To avail additional assistance under this scheme, a framework has been provided which requires that every district should draw up a district agriculture plan that fully utilises an initial resource envelope from all existing schemes, state or central, including resources at the district level from central schemes such as those of Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Panchayati Raj and other Ministries. “The DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLANS (DAPs) are aimed at determining the overall resource envelope of each district, its production plan and the associated input plan”. The DAPs will document the diversity of farming economy and growth patterns within the district, potential micro climatic niches, farming systems and natural resources, cropping patterns and livestock. It has also been emphasised to integrate these district level agricultural plans with the state plan. It has been made mandatory to prepare DAPs in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Planning Commission, so as to benefit from the new central schemes for agricultural development.

It is in this context that the Department of Agriculture, Govt of Himachal Pradesh, entrusted the task of preparing the District Agriculture Plans (DAPs) of eleven districts except Una and State Agriculture Plan (SAP) to the H.P. Agricultural University, Palampur. The university took this gigantic task seriously and constituted a core team of agricultural economists under the leadership of Dr. H. R. Sharma, Professor and Head Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension Education & Rural Sociology. The team developed conceptual framework and evolved methodology for the selection of sample panchayats. Overall, 367 sample panchayats were selected from all the 72 blocks of eleven districts in the state. Two questionnaires, one to collect data at the block level and other to collect data at the panchayat level, were prepared. To accomplish the task of data collection, over 200 scientists of the university were engaged for conducting field survey and secondary data collection from across the state in as many as 72 teams. The scientists remained in the field for about two weeks and collected data from the selected panchayats and blocks using participatory rural appraisal (PRA). To ensure comprehensiveness in data collection for these plans, each district was assigned to a team(s) of agricultural economists. The agricultural economists incharge of different districts worked to prepare draft agriculture plans for different districts, including state agriculture plan.

The field data were further compiled and analysed by the core team of agricultural economists. The plans have been prepared as per the guidelines laid down by the Planning Commission in Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan Manual (C-DAP). Each DAP document contains a plethora of information on various aspects of agricultural development such as cropping patterns, cropping systems, input use, yield gaps, diseases, constraints and required R&D interventions, projected rates of growth for major agricultural crops and agricultural sector including horticulture and animal husbandry and projected input requirements. DAP documents also contain estimates on rural roads, available irrigation potential including water harvesting, soil conservation, human resource requirement and researchable issues that require attention to boost agricultural production and productivity of agricultural sector.

In accomplishing this task, a large team of scientists, administrative staff of the university and key persons of the state Government played key roles. The team leader, Dr. H. R. Sharma and his core team comprising Dr. S. K. Chauhan, Dr. K. D. Sharma, Dr. Virender Kumar and Dr. Harbans Lal prepared the broad framework for preparing the plans. Dr. Kamlesh Singh, Professor Statistics, Mr. Vaibhav Kalia and Mr. Kapil Sharma computer programmers developed a computer programme to analyse the data. The District Agriculture Plan for Kangra was prepared by Dr. S.K. Sharma and M.S. Pathania. In addition, a large number of scientists and administrative staff of the university were involved in the first ever such state wide field survey for weeks. I wish to place on record my appreciation of the wonderful work done by each one of the above named persons and those I could not mention by name.

Throughout the work on DAPs, the university team received valuable backup advisory support from several officers of the Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Animal Husbandry in particular from Mr. J. C. Rana, Director, Agriculture, Mr. H. R. Sharma, Additional Director, Agriculture and Mr. Y. P. Thakur, Superintendent Engineer (Soil Conservation) and on behalf of the university I wish to thank them. Lastly, I appreciate and acknowledge the cooperation and help so willingly offered to survey teams and economist incharges by the district level officers of different departments, especially those from the agriculture department, the scientists of UHF, Solan and the Pradhans of Panchayats as well as farmers, during the field surveys and report preparation.

DR TEJ PARTAP Vice Chancellor

Palampur, March 18, 2009 C O N T E N T S

Chapter Title of the Chapter Page No. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii-xxiv Chapter-I INTRODUCTION 1-6 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Data and Methods 3 1.2.1 Sampling Plan 4 1.2.2 Survey Tools 5 1.2.3 Analytical tools 5 1.2.4 Limitations 6 Chapter-II GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT 7-28 2.1 Physiography and Location 7 2.2 Socio-Economic & Demographic Characteristics 8 2.3 Agricultural Status 10 2.3.1 Soils 10 2.3.2 Land Use Pattern 11 2.3.3 Operational Land Holding Size 12 2.3.4 Cropping Pattern 14 2.3.5 Major Crop Rotations 16 2.3.6 Irrigation 17 2.3.7 Water Harvesting 18 2.3.8 Seed Distribution 18 2.3.9 Fertilizer Consumption Pattern 19 2.3.10 Mechanization 20 2.3.11 Plant Protection 20 2.3.12 Livestock Rearing 22 2.3.13 Fishery Resources and Infrastructure 22 2.3.14 Horticultural Development 23 2.3.15 Floriculture/Gardening 24 2.3.16 Vegetable Production 25 2.3.17 Apiculture 26 2.3.18 General Infrastructure 26 2.4 Summing Up 28 Chapter-III SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRICT 29-34 3.1 SWOT Analysis for Improving Agricultural and Allied Sectors 29 3.1.1 Strengths 29 3.1.2 Weaknesses 30 3.1.3 Opportunities 32 3.1.4 Threats 33 3.2 Issues Emerging out of SWOT Analysis 34 3.3 Sectoral Growth Drivers 34 Chapter-IV DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR 35-116 4.1 Land Use Pattern and Soil Health 35

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4.2 Water Resources and Management 35 4.3 Cropping System and Cropping Pattern 36 4.4 Input Use and Gaps 39 4.5 Yield Gap Analysis 39 4.6 Reasons for Gap in Yield 39 4.7 Farm Mechanisation 39 4.8 On Going Schemes for Agricultural Development 39 4.9 Interventions for District and Financial Estimates 40 4.10 Research and Extension Gaps 40 4.11 Researchable Issues 41 Chapter-V ALLIED AGRICULTURAL SECTORS 117-200 5.1 Horticulture 117 5.2 Animal Husbandry 117 5.3 Poultry 117 5.4 Fisheries 118 5.5 Sericulture 118 5.6 Bee Keeping 118 5.7 Mushroom 119 5.8 Tea 119 5.9 Agricultural Marketing 119 5.10 Marketing Infrastructure 120 5.11 Institutional Infrastructure 120 5.12 Human Resource for Agricultural Development 120 5.13 Un-employment and Potential Enterprises 120 5.14 Agro Processing 121 5.15 Agri-Business Establishment 121 5.16 Drudgery of Women 121 5.17 Yield Gap Analysis 121 5.18 Reasons for Gaps in Yield for Fruits and Livestock 122 5.19 Intervention for Increasing Fruit and Livestock Productivity 122 5.20 Research / Extension Gaps 122 5.21 Researchable Issues 123 Chapter-VI DISTRICT PLAN 201-224 6.1 Plan Estimates 201 6.2 Innovative Schemes 201 6.3 Prioritisation of Different Schemes 202 6.4 Projected Outcomes, Growth Rates and Input Requirement 203 6.5 Growth Drivers 205 6.6 Vision of Next Plan 205 Appendix 225-232

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LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page No. 1.1 Sampling Plan 4 2.1 Salient Features of Kangra District 8 2.2 Demographic Features of Kangra District vis-à-vis Himachal Pradesh 9 2.3 Dependence on Agriculture in Kangra District (Per Cent) 10 2.4 Target and Achievement of Soil Samples in Soil Testing Lab (Holta) Palampur 11 2.5 Changes in the Land Utilization Pattern in Different Districts of H. P. 12 2.6 Year Wise Pattern of Changes in Land Holdings, 1980-81 to 1995-96 (Per Cent) 13 2.7 Changes in Average Size of Holdings, 1980-81 to 1995-96 (Hectares) 14 2.8 Changes in Cropping Pattern in District Kangra and Himachal Pradesh (Per Cent ) 15 2.9 Changes in Yields of Major Food grain Crops in Himachal Pradesh, 1990-91 to 16 2002-03 (Q/ha) 2.10 Area under High Yielding Varieties of Major Crops (Per Cent) 16 2.11 Irrigated Area under Major Crops in District Kangra vis-à-vis H.P. (Per Cent) 18 2.12 Distribution of Seed in Kangra (Q) 19 2.13 Season–Wise Fertilizer Consumption in Kangra District (H.P.) 19 2.14 Consumption of Fertilizer in Nutrients (MT ) 20 2.15 Extent of Mechanisation in District Kangra and Himachal Pradesh 20 2.16 Distribution of Plant Protection Material 21 2.17 Changes in Livestock Population in Himachal Pradesh, 1977, 1992 & 2003 Census 22 2.18 Fish Productions in District Kangra from Pong Reservoir 23 2.19 Relative Share of Kangra District in Fruit Production, 2000-2001. 24 2.20 Growth Rates in Area and Fruit Production: 1980-81 to 2000-01 (Per Cent /Per 24 Annum) 2.21 Flower Cultivation in District Kangra vis-à-vis Himachal Pradesh, 2006-07 24 2.22 Share of Kangra in Area under Flowers in H.P. 25 2.23 Area, Production and Yield of Different Vegetables in District Kangra and 25 Himachal Pradesh during 2005-2006 2.24 Trends in Input Distribution for Apiculture and Honey production in District 26 Kangra 2.25 Infrastructural Facilities in District Kangra (2001-02) 27 4.1 Block- wise Land Utilization Pattern (Ha) 44 4.2 Problems and Interventions for Land Development (Per Cent of Panchayats) 48 4.3 Improvement Needed to Increase the Productivity of Land (Ha) 50 4.4 Financial Estimates for Land Development (Rs Lakh) 51 4.5 Major Cropping Systems 53 4.6 Cropping Pattern (Ha) 55 4.7 Seed Use, Requirement and Gap (Kg/ha) 57 4.8 Fertilizer Use , Requirement and Gaps, 2007-08 (Tonnes) 61 4.9 Yield Gaps in Important Crops (Q/ha) 62 4.10 Farm Machinery Use and Gaps in Farm Mechanization 67 4.11 Existing Block Level Schemes for Agriculture and Rural Development 70

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4.12 Status of Existing Irrigation Schemes 81 4.13 Irrigation Schemes: Funds for Repair and Maintenance 93 4.14 Varietal and Technological Problems and Interventions for Cereals, Pulses and other 94 Crops ( Per Cent of Panchyats) 4.15 Varietals and Technological Problems and Interventions for Vegetables ( Per Cent 105 of Panchyats) 4.16 Estimated Yields and Yield Gaps in Crops (Q/ha) 109 5.1 Existing Block Level Schemes for Horticulture Development 125 5.2 Horticulture Development (Area-Ha, Production-Qtls and Household-No.) 126 5.3 Existing Block Level Schemes for Fisheries and Livestock Development 131 5.4 Live stock Population (No.) 133 5.5 Information on Cultured Fisheries 134 5.6 Production, Disposal and Post-harvest Losses of Agricultural Produce 136 5.7 Production and Disposal of Livestock Products 140 5.8 Marketing Infrastructure ( No.) 142 5.9 Human Resource for Agricultural Development (No.) 144 5.10 Financial Estimates for Required Human Resources (Rs.Lakhs.) 148 5.11 Unemployment Status (No.) 150 5.12 Status of Enterprises 152 5.13 Potential Enterprises for Unemployed 168 5.14 Agri-business Establishments (No.) 172 5.15 Drudgery of Women – ( Per Cent Response) 174 5.16 Livestock Feeding Practices (Kg/Animal/Day) 180 5.17 Yield Gaps in Fruit Crops (Q/ha) 184 5.18 Livestock Production Estimates (Units/animal/day) 186 5.19 Varietal & Technological Problems and Interventions for Different Fruit Crops 188 (Per Cent of Panchyats) 5.20 Incidence of Livestock Diseases (%) 194 5.21 Interventions for Livestock Improvement 198 6.1 Sectoral Outlay and Yearly Allocation (Rs. Lakhs) 207 6.2 New Block Level Schemes for Agriculture and Rural Development 210 6.3 Potential/New Irrigation Schemes 215 6.4 Prioritizations of Different Works/Schemes (Ranks) 217 6.5 Augmentation of Land and Water Resources: Physical Targets (Ha) 219 6.6 Projected Output Growth of Agriculture 220 6.7 Projected Output and Growth in the Production of Different Crops 221 6.8 Projected Output Growth in Fruit Crop Production 222 6.9 Projected Output Growth of Livestock Products 222 6.10 Projected Fertilizers Demand for 11th Plan (MT) 223 6.11 Projected Value Output and Growth Rate of Agriculture and Allied Sectors 223

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LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

Sr. No. Title Page I Appendix-I Block-wise Demographic and Institutional Features (No.) 225 II Appendix-II Distribution of Workers and Categories of Farmers 231

LIST OF MAP

Sr. No. Title Page 1. MAP.4.1- Ground Water User MAP of District Kangra 37

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

District Agricultural Plan at a Glance

The proposed is being designed to generate more than four per cent annual growth grate in agriculture and allied sectors. The sector-wise plan outlay and its allocation for the next five years have been presented in tabular form below. The first table indicates funding proposal for the five year plan period extracted from comprehensive district agriculture plan. The comprehensive districts agriculture plan shows that total plan outlay would be 92,425 lakh rupees, out of which about 9.5 per cent (Rs. 8,830 lakh) has been ear-marked for crop related issues. Among different components of interventions to improve and enhance sustainable crops production system, highest priority has been given for water and water use efficiency through micro-irrigation system (Rs 3,340 lakh), followed by protected cultivation (Rs 3,000 lakh). The table also reveals that in the present plan top priority has been given for natural resource conservation and management. For this purpose highest budget has been ear-marked (Rs 58,807 lakh). During the field survey it was pointed out by various functionaries that irrigation, marketing, road connectivity, soil and water conservation, natural resource conservation are the main factors which promote growth of agriculture. Hence, a sizeable amount of funds has been kept of the development of these sectors. This will help in increasing diversification process of agriculture.Besides the varietal, technological and management gaps are major constraints responsible for low yield of different fruit crops. These issues need to be addressed by different technological and extension interventions for which an outlay of Rs 1,550 lakh has been kept. Over the five years the plan outlay has been allocated in proportion of 15 per cent, 20 per cent, for the next three years, and rest of 25 per cent is proposed to be spent in fifth year of the plan.

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I. District Agricultural Plan: Funding Proposal for Five Years (Lakh Rs.)

Sr. Schemes Total Yearly Allocation No. Plan Outlay I II III IV V I Interventions to Improve and Enhance Sustainability of 8,830 1,324.5 1,766 1,766 1,766 2,207.5 Crop Production System 1 Improvement of productivity of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and spice crops 450 67.5 90 90 90 112.5 through promotion of HYV seeds including hybrids 2 Improvement of soil health through vermi-composting, 550 82.5 110 110 110 137.5 bio-fertilizers, micro nutrients, soil testing etc. 3 Protection of crops against biotic stresses (diseases, pests, weeds) and abiotic stresses 350 52.5 70 70 70 87.5 (hailstorms, drought, flash floods, etc) and other risk factors 4 Water use efficiency through 3,340 501 668 668 668 835 micro irrigation (i) Sprinkler 3,300 495 660 660 660 825 (ii) Drip 40 6 8 8 8 10 5 Agricultural mechanization through popularization of improved tools and hill specific machinery like power tillers, tractors, crop planters/ 750 112.5 150 150 150 187.5 harvesters, sprayers, clod breakers and gender friendly post harvesting equipments to remove women drudgery 6 Protected (poly house) cultivation to minimize risk 3,000 450 600 600 600 750 factors and enhance quality and productivity 7 Strengthening and improvement of quality control infrastructure 90 13.5 18 18 18 22.5 (seed, pesticides and fertilizer testing laboratories) 8 Strengthening of seed production farms and promotion of infrastructure to 300 45 60 60 60 75 improve seed production and replacement II Need Based Infrastructure 1494 224.1 298.8 198.8 298.8 373.5 Development 1 Improvement of on-farm water delivery and efficiency of 1,330 199.5 266 266 266 332.5 existing irrigation systems viii

2 Rural markets 164 24.6 32.8 32.8 32.8 41 III Natural Resource Conservation and 37242 5586.3 7448.4 7448.4 7448.4 9310.5 Management 1. Soil conservation of arable and non-arable land through 677 101.55 135.4 135.4 135.4 169.25 engineering measures 2. Water harvesting check dams, 21565 3234.75 4313 4313 4313 5391.25 ponds, tanks, etc 3. Land improvement 15,000 2,250 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,750 IV Niche Based Enterprises for 180 27 36 36 36 45 Rural Entrepreneurs (i) Organic farming 60 9 12 12 12 15 (ii) Agro-tourism 75 11.25 15 15 15 18.75 (iii) Tea cultivation 45 6.75 9 9 9 11.25 V Fruit Production 1,550 2,32.5 310 310 310 387.5 VI Livestock, Poultry & 3,323 498.45 664.6 664.6 664.6 830.75 Fisheries 1 Livestock improvement 3,010 451.5 602 602 602 752.5 2 Fisheries 313 46.95 62.6 62.6 62.6 78.25 VII Human Resource/ 829 124.35 165.8 165.8 165.8 207.25 Development 1 Additional man power 805 120.75 161 161 161 201.25 requirement 2 Capacity building of extension 24 3.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 6 personnel VIII Research & Extension 1,286 192.9 257.2 257.2 257.2 321.5 IX All Sectors & Schemes 54734 8210.1 10946.8 10946.8 10946.8 13683.5 Note: The funding proposal for the next five year plan is extracted from the comprehensive District Agriculture Plan. This plan excludes full amount of funds earmarked for development of irrigation and rural roads for connectivity and 50 per cent of the funds estimated for rural markets and water harvesting

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II. Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan: Sectoral Outlays and Yearly Allocation (Rs. Lakhs)

Sr. Schemes Total Yearly Allocation No. Plan Outlay I II III IV V I Interventions to Improve and Enhance Sustainability 8,830 1,324.5 1,766 1,766 1,766 2,207.5 of Crop Production System 1 Improvement of productivity of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and spice crops 450 67.5 90 90 90 112.5 through promotion of HYV seeds including hybrids 2 Improvement of soil health through vermi-composting, 550 82.5 110 110 110 137.5 bio-fertilizers, micro nutrients, soil testing etc. 3 Protection of crops against biotic stresses (diseases, pests, weeds) and abiotic 350 52.5 70 70 70 87.5 stresses (hailstorms, drought, flash floods, etc) and other risk factors 4 Water use efficiency through 3,340 501 668 668 668 835 micro irrigation (i) Sprinkler 3,300 495 660 660 660 825 (ii) Drip 40 6 8 8 8 10 5 Agricultural mechanization through popularization of improved tools and hill specific machinery like power tillers, tractors, crop planters/ 750 112.5 150 150 150 187.5 harvesters, sprayers, clod breakers and gender friendly post harvesting equipments to remove women drudgery 6 Protected (poly house) cultivation to minimize risk 3,000 450 600 600 600 750 factors and enhance quality and productivity 7 Strengthening and improvement of quality control infrastructure (seed, 90 13.5 18 18 18 22.5 pesticides and fertilizer testing laboratories) 8 Strengthening of seed production farms and promotion of infrastructure to 300 45 60 60 60 75 improve seed production and replacement

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II Need Based Infrastructure 17,620 2,643 3,524 3,524 3,524 4,405 Development 1 Irrigation 10,572 1,585.8 2,114.4 2,114.4 2,114.4 2,643 2 Improvement of on-farm water delivery and efficiency 1,330 199.5 266 266 266 332.5 of existing irrigation systems 3 Rural markets 328 49.2 65.6 65.6 65.6 82 4 Rural roads for connectivity 5390 808.5 1078 1078 1078 1347.5 III Natural Resource Conservation and 58,807 8,821.05 11,761.4 11,761.4 11,761.4 14,701.75 Management 1. Soil conservation of arable and non-arable land through 677 101.55 135.4 135.4 135.4 169.25 engineering measures 2. Water harvesting check dams, 43,130 6,469.5 8,626 8,626 8,626 10,782.5 ponds, tanks, etc 3. Land improvement 15,000 2,250 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,750 IV Niche Based Enterprises for 180 27 36 36 36 45 Rural Entrepreneurs (i) Organic farming 60 9 12 12 12 15 (ii) Agro-tourism 75 11.25 15 15 15 18.75 (iii) Tea cultivation 45 6.75 9 9 9 11.25 V Fruit Production 1,550 2,32.5 310 310 310 387.5 VI Livestock, Poultry & 3,323 498.45 664.6 664.6 664.6 830.75 Fisheries 1 Livestock improvement 3,010 451.5 602 602 602 752.5 2 Fisheries 313 46.95 62.6 62.6 62.6 78.25 VII Human Resource/ 829 124.35 165.8 165.8 165.8 207.25 Development 1 Additional man power 805 120.75 161 161 161 201.25 requirement 2 Capacity building of 24 3.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 6 extension personnel VIII Research & Extension 1,286 192.9 257.2 257.2 257.2 321.5 IX All Sectors & Schemes 92,425 13,863.75 18,485 18,485 18,485 23,106.25

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III. Augmentation of Land and Water Resources: Physical Targets (Ha)

Blocks Cultivated Potential Productive Potential Existing Potential Irrigation land cultivable support support irrigated irrigated potential land land land area land through water harvesting Baijnath 6,996 594 0 0 200 1,000 700 Panchrukhi 7,213 1,523 78 52 152 407 1,500 Bharwana 5,442 1,164 1,200 800 4,541 1,829 225 Lamagaon 6,600 3,408 6,550 0 1,200 372 1,627 B.M* 4,714 492 3,100 145 2,239 200 600 Nagrota 6,901 856 2,659 0 637 1,610 600 Kangra 8,445 1,014 2,647 0 496 100 500 Rait 9,535 1,528 0 253 375 74 1,000 Dehra 11,552 3,130 5,380 0 2,224 500 1,000 Pragpur 25,061 1,248 2,081 0 981 500 2,500 N.S. ** 9,676 6,741 1,346 0 1,543 200 2,000 Nurpur 18,315 2,757 726 0 1,962 213 2,300 Indora 16,249 7,865 1,800 60 9,500 200 1,500 Fatehpur 12,375 7,417 2,930 2,122 6,272 322 700 Dharmshala 5,343 613 1,415 0 0 300 500 District 1,54,417 40,350 31,912 3,432 32,322 7,827 17,252 Note: * Bhedumahadev; ** Nagrota Surian

Interventions  In situ soil and water conservation by employing different measures  Improvement of support lands (private grasslands) by employing different measures for the control of invasive shrubs, weeds, etc.  Use of water potential to provide assured irrigation to rain fed areas  Water harvesting to create water potential for irrigation and to augment ground water.

IV Projected Output Growth of Agriculture in District Kangra

Potential production Existing Growth (% p. a.) (MT) Crops Area Production Yield Scenario Scenario Scenario Scenario (Ha) (MT) (Q/ha) I II I II Maize 58,676 91,921 15.67 1,16,209 1,12,597 5.28 4.50 Paddy 37,145 48,767 13.13 71,816 69,899 9.45 8.67 Pulses 4,103 2,876 7.01 3,321 3,208 3.09 2.30 Wheat 91,783 1,65,520 18.03 2,17,806 2,11,301 6.32 5.53 Barley 2,570 3,410 13.27 3,936 3,802 3.09 2.30 Foodgrains 1,94,731 3,12,933 16.07 4,15,565 4,03,268 6.56 5.77 Vegetables 6,038 1,00,835 167.00 1,24,288 2,68,369 4.65 33.23 Note: i Scenario I output growth with increased irrigated area and crop improvement programmes ii. Scenario II output growth with diversion of 20 % irrigated area to vegetable crops

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V. Projected Output and Growth in the Production of Different Crops Crops Current Projected production Growth rate production (MT) (MT) (% p.a.) A) Cereals Maize 156136.40 281288.70 16.03 Paddy 201230.35 376230.65 17.39 Wheat 245253.72 426157.53 14.75 Barley 2211.56 3596.49 12.52 B) Pulses Mash 729.46 1506.68 21.30 Gram 636.07 1103.22 14.69 Other 625.64 938.96 10.01 C) Oilseeds Toria 350.88 682.18 18.88 Sarson 2686.91 4970.17 16.99 Sesame 454.65 718.94 11.62 Linseed 173.70 250.13 8.80 D) Vegetables Potato 87699.00 133574.78 10.46 Peas 2186.26 3593.98 12.87 Tomato 63999.77 91941.53 8.73 Cauliflower 7208.19 19024.80 32.79 French Beans 1539.59 2230.00 8.97 Capsicum 2460.31 3455.85 8.09 Cabbage 5842.32 7912.43 7.09 Cucurbits 33358.00 38762.47 3.24 Onion 10208.04 12575.33 4.63 Others 32586.20 38729.50 3.57 E) Spices Ginger 326.78 417.36 5.54 Garlic 4134.78 5769.84 7.91 F) Sugarcane 921020.00 1150000 4.97

VI. Projected Output Growth in Fruit Crop Production Particulars Existing Potential Growth (% p.a.) Production Yield Production Yield (MT) (Q/ha) (MT) (Q/ha) Citrus 11,909 17 13,888 24.40 10.37 Mango 27,847 25-10 38,406 36.40 3.15 Litchi 2,018 12.50 39,148 19.40 14.17 Stone fruits 1,212 15.60 1,787 23 4.00

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VII. Projected Output Growth in Livestock Products

Particulars Existing Potential Growth (% p.a.) Production Yield Production Yield (MT) (L/day) (MT) (L/day) Milk (Crossbred 9,97,255 6.84 21,47,598 14.73 16.58 cow) Milk (Local cow) 2,91,595 1.99 6,82,831 4.66 18.55 Buffalo 7,72,727 5.30 14,18,610 9.73 12.92 Wool 5,304 1.16 9,145 1.76 11.51

VIII. Projected Value Output and Growth of Agriculture and Allied Sectors

Items Current value of Projected value of Growth rate output (Rs. output (Rs. Lakh) (% p.a.) Lakh) Agriculture 42924.85 59894.36 7.91 Horticulture 8993.10 14836.6 13.00 Livestock 31239.15 53517.75 14.26 Fisheries 14.47 25.74 15.57 Overall without 83171.57 122273.45 9.40 Fisheries

Interventions

 To ensure availability of quality inputs like improved seeds, fertilizers, plant protection material by improving and strengthening delivery system

 Improvement of physical, chemical and biological parameters on the basis of soil health cards proposed to be given to all farmers

 Promotion of integrated nutrient management through vermi-composting, popularization of bio-fertilizers, and other ameliorants in addition to judicious and balanced nutrients to crops.

 Promotion of micro irrigation for efficient management and delivery of required quantities of water as per crop needs.

 Promotion of mechanization conducive to hill farming and equipments and implements to reduce labour and to remove drudgery of women folk.

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 Strengthening and improvement of quality control infrastructure (seed, pesticides and fertilizer testing laboratories)

 Promotion of protected cultivation along with supporting infrastructure for promoting quality production of high value cash crops

 Creation of monkey sanctuaries, planting of wild fruit species in the forests and taking other measures like sterilization to control the most serious problem of monkey menace as a consequence of which hundred of farmers in the district have abandoned cultivation.

Research and Extension Support

 Refinement and validation of technologies for different agro-ecological situations

 Transfer of technologies through extension interventions like trainings, demonstrations, exposure visits, replication of success stories, etc.

 Validation of ITKS.

 Use of IT for technology dissemination by creating IT hubs at focal points.

 Creation of a farm advisory system to address farmers’ day to -day queries at block level or circle level.

 To promote and strengthen the public-private partnership for ensuring delivery of need based inputs and technologies.

 Improvement in local germ plasm and standardisation of production techniques.

 To create awareness for rain harvesting of water among farmers.

 To strengthen the feed back mechanism among farmers, extension workers and researchers for refinement and improvement in the agriculture technology.

 To improve the marketing system of honey by organising honey producers in small groups.

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IX. Projected Fertilizers Demand for 11th Plan (MT)

Fertilizers Projected yearly requirement 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Urea 22,794 22,827 22,882 22,957 23,062 CAN 650 690 730 775 825 IFFCO 30,349 31,549 32,264 34,049 35,649 SSP 1,110 1,278 1,410 1,560 1,615

X. Human Resource Requirement (No.)

Block Agriculture HorticultureAnimal Others Total husbandry Baijnath 16 10 1 3 30 Panchrukhi 11 12 4 4 31 Bharwana 18 20 1 5 44 Lamagaon 12 12 1 5 30 Bhedu Mahadev 5 4 0 0 9 Nagrota 5 1 0 2 8 Kangra 6 2 0 2 10 Rait 20 11 5 9 45 Dehra 9 9 0 2 20 Pragpur 9 6 4 1 20 Nagrotasurian 10 12 1 4 27 Nurpur 12 15 30 10 67 Indora 9 8 10 2 29 Fatehpur 12 6 19 12 49 Dharmshala 11 5 14 15 45 District 165 133 90 117 505

XI. Potential Enterprises for Gainful Employment

Sector Enterprises Farm Protected cultivation, organic farming, sericulture, agro-tourism, medicinal and aromatic plants, mushroom, nursery raising, flower nursery, Non-Farm Vermi-compost, mushroom compost, rural craft, fruits and vegetable processing, beekeeping, dairy farming

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Intervention

 Need based training to the extension personnel within and outside the country

 Exposure to places of success stories where exemplary success has been achieved in the improvement of farming systems

XII Some Quantitative Outcomes

 Foodgrains production shall increase from 3, 12,933 metric tonnes to 4, 15,565 metric tonnes after the implementation of the plan recording a growth rate of 6.56 per cent per annum. Not only that, even in scenario II when 20 per cent of irrigated land is shifted to vegetable production, the growth rate in foodgrains production shall remain high at 5.77 about per cent per annum

 Production of vegetables would increase from 1,00,835 metric tonnes to 1,24, 288 metric tonnes in scenario I recording a growth rate of 4.65 per cent per annum when the proportion of area under these crops remains same and to 2,68,369 metric tonnes recording a growth rate of 33.23 per cent per annum in scenario II when 20 per cent of the irrigated area is brought under these crops. This will generate a marketable surplus of 2,41, 530 metric tonnes which in monetary terms amounts to Rs. 241.53 crores.

 Production of average farmers and that of progressive farmers of different crops have been used to calculate the growth rate. The growth rates over the existing production are very high for cauliflower (21.42 per cent) followed by mash (15.61 per cent) and toria (14.22 per cent). The growth rates in the production of cereal crops are 12.49 per cent for maize, 13.33 per cent for paddy and 11.68 per cent for wheat.

 Based on productivity of progressive farmers, the production of different fruit crops is expected to increase at a rate of 3 to 14 per cent for different crops in the district. In case of different fruits like mango, citrus, litchi and stone fruits the expected growth rates 3.15 per cent, 10.37 per cent, 14.17 per cent and 4.74 per cent per annum, respectively.

 The production of milk of cross bred cow, local cow and buffalo is expected to register a growth rate of 16.58 per cent, 18.55 per cent and 12.92 per cent, respectively. In case of wool production expected growth rate is 11.51 per cent per annum.

 Irrigation potential shall be created which will provide irrigation to an area of 25,079 hectares, exploiting the water available resources and water harvesting through check dams, ponds and tanks.

 Available water potential shall be exploited and thereby 25,079 hectares of land shall be brought under protective and assured irrigation. xvii

 With the implementation of plan, 37.17 per cent of the arable land will have assured irrigation facilities compared to existing 20.93 per cent.

 A huge chunk of land amounting to 46,325 hectares infested with soil erosion, stream bank erosion, etc shall be treated by adopting soil conservation measures.

 Support land (community/public/private grasslands) of 35,344 hectares shall be treated against invasive weeds and shrubs. This shall improve the fodder production to the approximate level of 3,534 metric tonnes.

 Demand of different types of fertilizers i.e. Urea, CAN, IFFCO and SSP is projected to increase to 23,062, 825, 35,649 and 1,615 metric tonnes, respectively by the year 2012- 13.

 Agriculture, horticulture, livestock and fisheries sectors are projected to grow at 7.91 per cent, 13.00 per cent, 14.26 per cent and 15.57 per cent, respectively. The overall growth of agriculture sector excluding fisheries is projected to 9.40 per cent per annum.

XIII Researchable Issues

 Characterization and classification of soils of different ecological zones of Kangra.

 Integrated nutrient management technology demonstration on farm fields.

 Issues in solid waste management for organic farming in major cash crops of respective region.

 Evaluation of resource conservation technologies (like conservation tillage, deficit water management, pressurized irrigation systems, nutrient-water interaction studies, recycling of waste organic residues etc.) for irrigated and rain fed areas

 Issues related to increasing water productivity of stored water through crop diversification and soil and water management practices

 Nutrient indexing and improvement of soil health

 Development of practices for organic farming under different cropping systems

 Protected cultivation technology and monitoring soil health in poly houses

 Development of high yielding varieties of various crops having wider adaptability and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, through exploitation of land races, agronomic basis and alien species using conventional as well as non-conventional breeding approaches. The focus should be on the development of improved varieties of xviii

various niche based crops e.g.: i) Scented basmati rice (Low Hills), red rice (Mid hills), special purpose corn e.g. baby corn, sweet corn, pop corn in all maize growing districts.

 Remunerative pulses like rajmash in high hills; mash in low and mid hills; green soybean and dual purpose linseed in low and mid hills

 Under utilized but highly nutritive crops like rice bean, faba bean and adzuki beans in low and mid hills; pseudo cereals like amaranths

 Development of hybrid varieties of maize and rice to raise overall productivity of these two important crops.

 Concerted efforts on ensuring effective selection, conservation, evaluation, documentation and utilization of genetic resources.

 Ensuring wider coverage under improved crops varieties with major emphasis on quality seed production

 Demonstration of effective technologies for eradication of obnoxious weed from crop and non-crop lands.

 Identification of remunerative cropping sequences for various ecological and farming situations in Kangra

 Development/identification of hybrids and varieties of potential vegetable crops

 Development of hybrids and production technology for protected cultivation

 Identification of vegetable based promising cropping sequences

 Identification of cereal based promising cropping sequences

 Standardization of agro-technology for organic vegetable production

 Identification/development of potential varieties of under ground vegetable viz., elephant foot yam, turmertic and colocasia especially in monkey menace areas

 Weed management studies in potential vegetables

 Standardization of production technology of hybrids

 Standardization of production technology for rainfed cultivation or potential vegetable crops

xix

 Development of pest forecasting modules for Rice

 Insect pest and nematode management under protected cultivation situations

 Management of insecticide resistance in field populations of Plutella exylostella, Leucinodes orbonalis and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (polyhouses)

 Collection and utilization of local strains of entomopathogenic organisms for insect pest management under organic farming situations

 Identification and utilization of native botanicals for eco-friendly pest management

 Pesticide residue analysis in vegetable and determination of MRL’s for consumer safety

 Germplasm screening for resistance against major insect pests (cereals, pulses, oilseeds and vegetables)

 Survey and surveillance for identification of new invasion of insect pests

 Safe management alternatives for the stored grain pests

 Disease and pest management in honey bees, management of bee colonies for pollination in different crops for higher productivity, management practices for migratory beekeeping for better economic returns and quality analysis of honey from different sources for value addition

 Survey and surveillance of major diseases in important crops

 Pathogenic and genetic diversity in pathogens associated with major crop rice (blast), wheat (rusts and smuts), rajmash (anthracnose, BCMV, angular leaf spot), bacterial wilt of solanaceous vegetables, linseed rust)

 Development of disease forecasting modules of rice blast, potato blight

 Identification of resistant sources and study of genetics of resistance in all crops

 Marker assisted selection of resistance genes using molecular markers and their use in gene pyramiding for resistance in commercial varieties

 Development of integrated disease management modules suitable for organic and protected agriculture conditions

 Development of detection techniques for pathogens of quarantine importance and certification purposes for important seed and soil borne diseases(Pea root rot and wilt

xx

complex, bacterial wilt, bean mosaic, urdbean leaf crinkle, bacterial bligh, potato viruses etc.)

 Development of IDM module for important diseases of major crops

 Study in labour migration in Kangra and suggest various measures to check this problem

 Sero surveillance of some important infectious diseases in sheep and goats

 Surveillance, monitoring and control of the diseases of animals and birds including wild fauna

 Development of a sustainable dairy husbandry package for hill livestock farmers in the face of livestock revolution 2020.

 Evaluation of medicinal plants/herbs utilized in soft and hard tissue healing in animals

 Identification and documentation of constraints in the adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices/technology and the indigenous livestock health and ethno-veterinary practices among livestock farmers and perceptions of stake-holders.

 Appropriateness of the recommended animal husbandry technologies and identification and nutritional evaluation of the high nutrition fodder grasses in the district

 Establishment of some more units of fisheries (cold water fisheries)

 Development of commercial fruit varieties

 Introduction and field evaluation of improved cultivars in pecan, amla, low chill peaches in addition to mango, litchi and citrus

 Identification of niche area and remapping of different fruit growing belts

 Diversification of fruit and their varieties with under utilized fruit

 Delineation of areas/locations suitable for different flower crops.

 Standardization of location specific production technology for different flower crops.

 Flower production as per the market demands

 Recommendation of varieties

 Standardization of planting time

xxi

 Standardization of nutrients

 Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and pest management

 Irrigation management

 Post harvest management and maintaining the cool chain system

 Refinement of infrastructure (Green house technology) as per the location

 Nutrient indexing and improvement of soil health

 Irrigation water requirement and scheduling under conventional and high tech systems

 Development of practices for organic farming under different cropping systems

 Development of resource (soil & water) conservation horticulture practices

 Development of technology for integrated nutrient management in fruit and vegetables

 Protected cultivation technology and monitoring of soil health in poly houses

 Disease and pest management in honey bees

 Management of bee colonies for pollination in different crops for higher production

 Management practices for migratory beekeeping for better economic returns

 Quality analysis of honey for value-addition

 Management practices for control of fungal diseases in cultural fish production

 Availability of quality and quantity water for rearing cultured fisheries

 Identification of critical/technical gaps in attaining the profitability under aquaculture

 Standardization/verification and recommendation of low cost fish feed

 Exploitation of gravity flow rivulets/kuhls for fish farming

 Issues related to improved fish farming in different fish production system

 Development of high yielding mulberry species

xxii

 Development of organized marketing system for remunerating income for cocoon disposal

 Technique for quality cocoon production

 Analysing trends and pattern of demand, prices and markets of emerging crops and enterprise in the context of ongoing process of globalization

 Understanding economic implications of climatic change towards cropping systems, cropping patterns and livelihoods of the farmers.

 Assessing impact of the ongoing process of commercialization of agriculture on natural resource base( soil, water and environment) and its implications towards livelihoods of the farmers

 Studies on impact assessment and policy implication of various developmental programmes/schemes

XIV. Sum Up

Implementation of District Agricultural Plan (DAP) shall strengthen and improve the physical and institutional infrastructure and shall restore, rejuvenate, conserve and enhance the health of the available natural resource base. It shall also give a big boost to the ongoing process of crop diversification towards high value cash crop agriculture including off-season vegetables and other niche based enterprises generating huge employment opportunities for the rural unemployed youth. In concrete terms, the implementation of the plan shall go a long way in ensuring ecological sustainability and economic viability of the production systems of the district.

xxiii xxiv

Chapter-I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Planning is an act or process of preparing or carrying out a focused activity with goals, procedures and policies for economic emancipation of a social or economic unit in a given time frame. The document containing goals, targets and policies to accomplish plan targets is defined as plan. Planning in the context of district agricultural plans is an exercise of preparing an integrated plan considering available resources and encompassing all sectoral activities and schemes being carried out by the government or non-government organisations in a local government area such as panchayat, block/taluka or district. Accordingly, the plan thus prepared is called panchayat or block or district plan. The process of democratic decentralised planning in India dates back to the First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956) which underlined the need to break up the planning exercise into national, state, district and community levels. Two new elements, namely, establishment of District Development Council and drawing up of village plans and people’s participation in planning process through democratic decisions were added in the Second Five Year Plan following the recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee in 1957. Several new elements have been added to strengthen the process of decentralised planning in the subsequent plans. The importance of preparing panchayat/block/district plan lies in involving the people at the grassroots/stakeholders level and those who are responsible for implementing these plans. The Administrative Reforms Commission in 1967 highlighted that planning needed to be focused in those areas where local variations in pattern and process of development were likely to yield quick results. The Planning Commission issued guidelines to the state governments for formulating district plans in 1969. These guidelines provided details regarding the concept and methodology for drawing up these plans in a framework of annual, medium and perspective plans. The recommendations of several other Committees, namely, Danatwala (1978), Hanumantha Rao (1984) and GVK Rao 1985 were instrumental in the concretisation of the idea and concept of District Plans.

The preparation of these plans assumed special significance in the aftermath of the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments which conferred constitutional status to panchayats at district and sub-district levels and local self-government in urban areas. Article 243 ZD of the constitution provides for the procedure for the constitution of District Planning Committee at the district level to consolidate the plans prepared by the panchayats and municipalities and prepare draft development plan for the whole district. The important functions proposed for the district planning committee include, inter alia, to (i) consolidate plans prepared by the panchayats at different levels of the rural local and urban bodies; (ii) assess the development disparity that exists between or among village panchayats, block panchayats and municipalities and identify the basic reasons for these disparities; (iii) identify and priorities the schemes for the

1 development of district conforming to the objectives of the state and central governments; (iv) formulate objectives and strategies for the identification and prioritization of the schemes for the district. As per the guidelines, the preparation of district level plans have to preceded, among others, by the complete assignment of the activities to be undertaken by different levels of local government, formation of District Planning Committees (DPCs).

The current crisis in agricultural sector has once again brought up the importance of preparing district agricultural plans taking into account myriad of agro-climatic niches, problems and potentials in each of the district in the country. As is well known, performance of Indian economy has been a global success story. While it has been growing at a rate of 6 per cent per annum since 1993, the growth rate has been an astonishing 9 per cent during the last four years. This is in stark contrast to the growth rate in Indian agriculture which has witnessed sharp deceleration during the last decade or so. The growth rate has plummeted from a 3.62 per cent per annum during the period of 1984-85 to 1995-96 to less than 2 per cent in the subsequent period of 1995-96 to 2004-05. Agricultural growth was slightly above two per cent during 2006- 07 but much lower than the target growth rate of 4 per cent. In brief, Indian agriculture is in a crisis which is unprecedented. The sordid state of affairs has been attributed, among others, technology fatigue versus policy fatigue and persistent neglect of agriculture and gradual withdrawal of state from active participation in development activities. It is evident from declining plan outlay, declining public sector capital formation, dwindling credit supply which is manifested in fact that the growth rate of institutional credit to agriculture has declined from about 6. 64 per cent during 1981-91 to 2.16 per cent during 1991-99, decrease in the use of critical inputs, increase in the cost of production, faulty price policy in terms of mismatch between minimum support price (MSP) and cost of cultivation and coverage of commodities under MSP scheme. Likewise, neglect of agricultural research and extension, technology fatigue manifested in stagnation/ deceleration in growth of yields of important crops like wheat, practically no increase in area under irrigation despite launching Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) in 1996-97. Between 1995-96 and 2003-04 both central and state governments have spent nearly Rs. 35,000 crores but the net irrigated area has remained static at around 53-55 million hectares, the poor growth in surface irrigation has obliged farmers to depend heavily on ground water exploitation thereby depleting ground water resources and increasing cost of production and fall in the rate of growth of employment opportunities. While the overall employment growth declined from 1.74 per cent between 1983-84 and 1993-94 to 1.08 per cent between 1993-94 and 2003-04, in agriculture it decreased from 1.41 per cent to 0.63 per cent. The net result has been dwindling income of the farmers culminating in increasing number of farmers’ suicides.

The Eleventh Five -Year Plan (2007-2012) has set a target of 4 per cent for agricultural sector and 9 per cent for the economy as a whole. To accomplish this rate of growth, centre has emphasised fast and inclusive growth, especially of agricultural sector, so that the benefits of growth percolates down to the most vulnerable sections of the society like landless labour, 2 marginal and small farmers, scheduled caste, scheduled tribes, women, and so on. A number of new initiatives have been launched to revive growth in agriculture. One of such important innovation that has been introduced in the Eleventh Five Year- Plan is Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY) with an outlay of Rs. 25,000 crores to give states more flexibility and autonomy in planning and executing programmes for agriculture, achieve goals of bridging the yield gaps in important crops, maximize returns to the farmers, incentives them to spend more on agricultural sector and address the agriculture and allied sectors in an integrated manner. The funds under this scheme would be provided to the states as 100 per cent grant by the central government. An outlay of Rs. 1500 crore has been approved for 2007-08. The financial assistance provided to the state governments from this centrally sponsored scheme is subject to fulfillment of certain conditions. First, the expenditure on agriculture by the state governments is higher than the base period, which is defined as the moving average of the expenditure of the preceding three years. Second, the preparation of district and state agricultural plans is mandatory. The areas like integrated development of food crops including coarse cereals, minor millets and pulses, agricultural mechanisations, soil health and productivity, development of rain- fed farming systems, integrated pest management, market infrastructure, horticulture, animal husbandry, dairying and fisheries, completion of projects that have definite time lines, support to institutions that promote agriculture and horticulture, etc organic and bio-fertilizers are given priority. The District Agricultural Plan (DAP) should determine each district’s final resource envelops its production plan and the associated input plan. It has also been emphasised to integrate these district level agricultural plans with the state plans.

Against above background, the Himachal Pradesh State Department of Agriculture entrusted the task of preparing these plans to the University as per the guidelines issued by the planning commission. The guidelines entail collection and analysis of data on parameters such as land utilization, farming systems, cropping pattern, horticulture, inputs use, farm machinery, yield and input gaps, issues in livestock management, fisheries, women drudgery, livelihoods of local population, different ongoing irrigation and watershed programmes/schemes, potential for new schemes, women drudgery, post harvest operations, market infrastructure, and so on at the village/panchayats levels. The methodological framework to prepare these plans got evolved in a series of consultations with the officials of the line departments like agriculture and horticulture and the scientists working at different KVKs and regional research stations. The details of the methodological framework have been provided in subsequent section.

1.2 Data and Methods

In the literature on methodologies in social sciences, there are five main approaches, namely, sample surveys, rapid appraisal, participant observation, case studies and participatory learning and action to conduct a research inquiry. The reliability and generalisability of the findings of any study hinge on the methodology followed to conduct the study. The adoption of a particular approach or amalgam of different approaches, however, is contingent on a variety of factors most

3 notably, the objectives of the proposed research inquiry, the proposed use of the findings, the required level of reliability of results, complexity of the research area/programme and, of course, the availability of resources in terms of both money and time. The merits and demerits of different approaches have been described in Hulme’ 2000, pp. 79-981. The present section is, therefore, devoted to explain methodological framework adopted to prepare district agricultural plans.

1.2.1 Sampling Plan

The state has been divided into 77 developmental blocks. Though all the developmental blocks in the state were taken, sampling approach was adopted to select the panchayats. The sample panchayats were to be selected in such a way so that variations in micro climatic niches, farming systems and cropping patterns in a particular block are captured.

To meet this requirement, it was decided to select 10 per cent of the total panchayats from each of the block with a minimum of four panchayats in those districts, where number of panchayats was more than than 760. In other districts, where number of panchayats was less than 760, 15 per cent of the panchayats were selected again with a minimum condition of selecting four panchayats in a block. Wherever 10 per cent 15 per cent of the total panchayats from a block was not an integer (5.5 say) in those cases the next higher integer (say 6) was taken. There are fifteen blocks in the district Kangra and following this methodology, the number of panchayats selected in district Kangra was 90. The details of the sample panchayats selected from each block are provided in Table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Sampling Plan for District Kangra

Name of Block Total No. of Name of panchayats panchayats panchayats (No.) selected Baijnath Kothi, Chobin, Mahalpat, Chadiar,Kothi Kohar, 51 8 Gunehar, Deol, Kharhal Punchrukhi 37 4 Agojhar, Sungal, Budeha, Molichack Bhawarna 46 5 Saloh, Lamlahad, Hanglow, Ghaneta, Darognu Lambagaon 55 6 Lambagaon, thural, Suan, Harsi, Bardam, Balakrupi Bhedu Sulah, Panaper, Jamula, Khaira,Kahanpat 47 5 mahadev Nagrota Sunehar, Sarotri,Mahan, Danoa, Baunkhar, 45 6 Bagwan Kangra 55 6 Kachhiari,Tiara, Jamanabad, Ghana, Galian, Balugloa Rait Darini, Har Chakian, Harboh, Kadwara, Ansui, 61 9 Kuthinan, Manjhgran, Lapiana, Hanairan

4

Dehra Dhawala, DohgDeherian, Gharna, Jakhota, 64 7 KhabhiMahrera, Luthan, Thil Pragpur Kuhana, Nalti, Tipri, Kltala Behar, Gath Bilwan, 75 8 Kaloha, Bharoli, Jadeed, Sard Dogri Nagrota Surian 48 5 Katora, Nargala, Sakri, Kahabbel, Jangal Nurpur 52 6 Sadwan,Nerna, Golwan, Baduhi, Karnalla, Bhadwar Indora 49 5 Basantpur, Katharn, Rajakhasa, Bhapu, Ganlatu Fatehpur Manohshihal, Sihana, Chalwara II, Harnota, Jakkhara, 54 6 Jagnoli Dharmshala 28 4 Chetru, Mandel, Khaniara, Sidhwari District 767 90 Some of the Panchayats have been shifted to Dharamshala Block. This number includes shifted panchayats. 1.2.2 Survey Tools Guided by the parameters given in guidelines issued by the Planning Commission for the preparation of these plans and discussions held with the officials of department of agriculture, different aspects on which data were to be collected had been divided in to two parts. First, those on which data were to be collected at block level. Second, those on which data were to be collected at the panchayats level. Accordingly, two questionnaires were developed which were discussed with different stakeholders and officials of line departments before finalising. These questionnaires were administered in all blocks and sample panchayats. The data were collected following participatory rural appraisal (PRA) approach for the agricultural year 2007-08. The officers of the line departments, namely, agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry and panchayats pradhans including two-three progressive farmers participated in the data collection process.

1.2.3 Analytical Tools The data were analysed following appropriate statistical tools. Since the data were collected from sample panchayats, the estimates arrived at from sample panchayats were required to be blown up for the block as a whole. For blowing up these estimates, the statistical tools like percentages, simple and weighted averages and standard deviations of different parameters were computed. The averages then were multiplied with the total number of panchayats in a particular block to arrive at the estimates for the whole block. In some cases, depending upon the nature of parameters, one standard deviation was added to the average to arrive at estimates at the block level. The problems, suggestions and interventions suggested by the grass root level functionaries were coded. Based upon these codes, frequency tables were generated and different problems and interventions were prioritised and five most important problems and interventions were considered for preparing plan estimates. The interventions required to solve different problems and to exploit the available potential in different areas, were divided into three

5 categories namely, research, extension and development. The funds for these interventions were then worked out in consultation with the stakeholders. The financial requirements for other parameters like irrigation, watershed schemes, infrastructure, markets, and so on were prepared in consultation with the district level officials of the line departments like agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry and irrigation. The state level plans were prepared on the basis of different district agricultural plans.

1.2.4 Limitations For the preparation of the district agricultural plans strictly according to the guidelines issued by the Planning Commission, the data on different parameters should have been collected at the village level. This, however, could not be done due to time constraint. Currently, while most of the data are being collected and prepared at tehsil level, the developmental schemes are being implemented at block level whose geographical area seldom coincides with that of tehsil. This led to some problems in generating estimates for the whole block.

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1Hulme, David (2000). Impact Assessment Methodologies for Micro Fiance, Theory Experience and Better Practice. World Development, 28(1):79-98.

6

Chapter–II

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT

2.1 Physiography and Location

India is a country of villages. It has 5,80,781 villages which inhabit 74 per cent of the population. The population by and large depends on agriculture and its allied activities for their livelihoods. The country, which witnessed green revolution and had tremendous increase in foodgrain production, could not sustain momentum for long due to its increased population pressure on one hand and shrinkage of land holdings on account of fragmentation and non-agricultural uses, on the other. The problem is further worsened due to environmental degradation mainly maintained in water resource depletion and loss of biodiversity. This has led to new developmental efforts necessitating rethinking on the whole planning process and its implementation. Top-down approach did not work much for the benefits of common man. Since majority of the population constitutes cultivators/farmers, they need only those plans which would tackle their burgeoning problems and constraints and provide renewed options for their livelihoods. The preparation of district agriculture plan is a step in that direction. Himachal Pradesh is the Northwestern mountainous state of India. It lies between 300 22/ to 330 12/ latitude and 750 45/ to 790 04/ E longitude. Its altitude ranges from 350 metres to 6975 metres above mean sea level. Based on altitude, rainfall, temperature, humidity and topography, the entire state is divided into four agro- climatic zones and for administrative convenience, the entire state was reorganized into 12 districts in 1972. Kangra district is one of the most populated and largest district of this state. Kangra district is situated in Western Himalayan region between 31o 2/ to 300 05/N and 750 to 750 45/ E. The entire district is surrounded by Shivalik hills and is located at an altitude varying between 650 to 1800 m above the mean sea level. The district has some plain areas touching Gurdaspur district of Punjab in the West, Una district of H.P in the South. It touches Mandi districts in the East and Kullu and Chamba in the North. The district is one of largest district in terms of population (ranked 1st in the state). It has considerable diversity so far its soils, physiographic conditions and land use pattern, cropping system are concerned. From administrative angle, the entire district has been divided into 15 development blocks. Dharamsala is a newly created block. There are around seventeen tehsils and four sub-tehsils. District Kangra has about 768 gram panchayats, 3,868 villages, four Nagarparishads including municipalities, one cantonment and eight towns. The salient features of Kangra district have been presented in Table 2.1.

7

Table 2.1 Salient Features of Kangra District

Sr. No. Particulars Units Year 2004 - 05 1. Total geographical area Sq. kms. A. By surveyor general of India B. --do-- 5,739 By village papers --do-- 5,780 2. Range of elevation Metres 650-1800 (msl) 3. Rainfall mm 1500-3000 (2006) (Mean :1930) 4. Total cropped area 000’ ha 217.90 5. Net sown area --do-- 117.20 6. Area sown more than once --do-- 100.70 7. Density of Population Per sq km 233 Source: Statistical Outline, Govt. of H.P., Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Shiml

There are four different regions viz., high hills wet sub-temperate, valley region, Ranital region and Shivalik foot hill region. These regions have been classified on the basis of topography, rainfall, vegetation, soils and temperature. Bara and Chotta Bhangal area in Pirpanjal initiates from inter district boundaries of Kullu, Chamba and Mandi. Valley region is made of three valleys viz. Palam, Kangra and Nurpur. Palam valley includes area starting from Ghatta, Baijnath, Chobu-Chobin, Agogar, Pahra, Dheera, Ghanetta, Bandla, Kandwari, etc, Kangra valley includes areas of Malan, Daad, Yol, etc. Nurpur valley is located in the south western (region) foothills connecting Punjab. Changar region of the district includes areas falling between these valleys: Paragpur block starting Dhaliyara and passing through Sansarpur terrace falls in the Shivalik foothill region. The entire district is divided into five sub-mountain regions (Pirpanjal, Dhauladhar, Kangra Valley, Kangra Shivalik and Bias basin).

2.2 Socio-Economic and Demographic Characteristics

Kangra possesses diverse areas which range from mountains (Pirpanjal) to low foothills in Shivalik ranges. There are diverse climatic variations from temperate to sub-tropical. Entire district is one of the most fragile eco-systems. The district comprises different kinds of flora and fauna. The major problems with which the district suffer include soil erosion, scarcity of water and poor socio- infra structural problems. Efforts are needed to protect this district from loss of natural resources and it calls for an integrated approach which will help in sustaining the developmental efforts.

There are fifteen developmental blocks (after recent reorganization). Earlier these were twelve in number, which got increased to 14 in 2000. One more block (Dharamshala) was added to this number after 2000. The population of Kangra district for the census periods of 1981, and 1991 and 2001 has been given in Table 2.2. The total population of the district was 11,74,072 in 1991. 8

The population further increased to 13,38,536 in 2001. The population growth rate has slowed down apparently due to more awareness about family planning and improvement in literacy level. The remarkable progress has been observed on the literacy front. The literacy rate stood at 80.68 per cent in 2001. The rate of male literacy is higher as compared to female.

However, density of population has increased due to continuous increase in population over the years. It increased from 168 in (1971-81) to 233 in (1991-2001). For state as a whole, it increased from 76 (1971-81) to 109 in (1991-2001). The sex ratio was higher for Kangra district i.e. 1,027 whereas for H.P. it is was 970. Scheduled tribe population in the district was low and remained less than one per cent of total population of the district. The scheduled caste population stood at 2,79,540 that accounted for 20.87 per cent of total population in 2001.

Table 2.2 Demographic Features of Kangra District vis-à-vis Himachal Pradesh

District/ Population (No) Literacy % Dec. Sex ratio State Year % to Density/ Persons growth (F/1000 Male Female Total state Sq km (%) M) Kangra 1981 9,65,848 22.78 20.56 168 1058 56.70 39.79 48.01 1991 11,74,072 22.71 18.50 205 959 80.12 61.39 70.57 2001 13,38,536 22.03 14.01 233 1027 88.19 73.57 80.68 H. P. 1981 42,37,569 100.00 22.46 76 988 52.36 31.39 41.94 1991 51,70,877 100.00 20.79 93 984 75.36 52.13 63.86 2001 60,77,248 100.00 17.39 109 970 86.02 68.08 77.13 Source: Censuses of HP, 1981, 1991 & 2001

The occupational pattern in Kangra as well in the state reveals the predominance of agricultural sector. In Kangra, about 64 per cent of the working force is dependent on agriculture. The main sources of income are agriculture, animal husbandry, services both in private and public sectors. The agricultural labourer accounted for 7 per cent of the total work force. Table 2.3 reveals that there has been marginal decrease in the population of workers dependent on agriculture since 1981. This shows sluggish growth of employment opportunities in other sectors (secondary & tertiary) to absorb surplus labour force from agricultural sector. The district has the largest number of cultivators i.e. 3.4 lakhs out of 19.6 lakh cultivators in the state. This clearly suggests that agricultural development needs to be given top priority on which depends the major chunk of work force. The total number of workers dependent on agriculture is increasing and, therefore, it absorbs underemployed/unemployed workers. The agro-climatic conditions of the district are conducive for growing a variety of vegetable and fruit crops. Dairying, bee keeping, sericulture, mushroom, fisheries, rabbitry, poultry, etc, are the other allied activities having potential for diversifying and creating employment opportunities in this district.

9 Table 2.3 Distribution of workers in Kangra District (Per cent)

Particulars Year CultivatorsAgricultural Total Other Total labourer workers workers Kangra 1981 60.04 5.87 65.91 34.09 2,48,393 1991 56.27 6.58 62.85 37.15 3,00,274 2001 56.98 6.66 63.64 36.36 5,89,442 H P 1981 69.44 2.93 72.36 27.64 14,36,284 1991 65.19 3.52 68.71 31.29 17,29,089 2001 65.55 3.10 68.65 31.35 29,91,448 Source: Statistical outline, Govt. of H.P., Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Shimla

The higher proportion of workers as cultivators or agricultural labourer indicates that relatively a high proportion of people are dependent on agriculture sector. The cultivators require both an extensive and intensive use of land as a factor of production.

Others 36% Cultivators 57% Agri Labours 7%

Fig. 2.1 Distribution of Workers in Kangra District, 2001 Census

2.3 Agricultural Status

2.3.1 Soils

The soils of the district are mostly Ochrepts. These soils are shallow black, brown and alluvial. Udalfs soils are also found (North-Eastern extremes of regions) which are high base status soils. Looking at geographical structure of this district, it is formed by alluvium, Shivalik murres series, granite group, etc. Population lives mainly in plain areas and banks of river. Soils are leached acidic (Palam valley) with medium fertility status. Soils of Kangra and Nurpur valley’s are light structured with pH around 7 (neutral) and of good fertility status. The soils of Changar areas are coarse structured with low water holding capacity, undulating, with poor fertility status. However, the soils of Shivalik hills are light slimmed well drained with poor fertility status

10 whereas Beas basin soils are alluvial silty loam with high fertility status. The slope is an important parameter for deciding land use pattern of area. The slope in the district varies between flat to highly steep. There is a need to make judicious land use planning based on homogenous micro-sub system. A major portion of the district falls within the drainage basin of Beas and Chakki with little area under river Ravi. The drainage sub-system also includes Uhal, Binwa, Awa, Neugal, Khauli Khad that collectively drain into Beas. Table 2.4 depicts the target and achievement of soil samples in soil testing Lab (Holta) Palampur.

Table 2.4 Target and Achievement of Testing Soil Samples in Soil Testing Lab (Holta) Palampur (No.)

Sr. No Year Target Achievement 1 1990-91 11,000 11,115 2 1991-92 15,000 15,027 3 1992-93 10,000 6,610 4 1993-94 10,000 7,550 5 1995-96 9,000 11,001 6 1997-98 9,000 9,025 7 2005-06 13,000 11,711 8 2007-08 11,000 11,069 Source: Soil Testing Lab, DDA, Palampur, Kangra

2.3.2 Land Use Pattern

Looking at the land utilization pattern of the district (Table 2.5) it has been observed that land utilisation in the district has remained by and large the same with very little changes over the years. Table 2.5 reveals that maximum geographical area (55 per cent) reported was under forest & pastures. Therefore, the scope for extension of cultivation is limited. The striking feature is the increase in area under non-agricultural uses (13 per cent). The table further reveals that about 20 per cent of the geographical area is cultivated in the district (2003-04). There has been an increase in the fallow land area and area put to non-agricultural uses. There is a change or diversion of agricultural land area to non-agricultural uses because of rising land prices and the contribution of infrastructural facilities like roads, etc. The construction of roads in hinterlands, upcoming of new buildings, creation of infrastructural facilities and creation of urban & semi urban fringes is taking place on prime agricultural lands. This calls for a proper and prudent land use policy for the state to spare agricultural lands for future generation.

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Table 2.5 Changes in the Land Utilization Pattern (Per Cent)

Particulars Forest Barren Non- Culture Pasture Misc Current Other Net land land agri. able trees/ fallow fallow sown uses waste groves area Kangra 1990-91 40.08 6.37 13.59 8.81 8.13 0.80 1.38 0.07 20.78 1995-96 39.43 0.00 14.33 7.02 17.06 0.37 1.62 0.75 19.41 2000-01 40.28 2.52 13.36 4.72 15.77 1.26 1.63 0.05 20.42 2002-03 40.16 3.12 13.42 4.74 15.14 1.34 1.83 0.07 20.18 H P 1990-91 30.85 5.46 5.74 3.72 33.72 1.43 1.33 0.46 17.31 1995-96 31.10 4.07 5.66 3.64 35.44 1.35 1.55 0.76 16.43 2000-01 24.05 17.75 6.90 2.74 33.63 1.25 1.19 0.30 12.20 2002-03 24.20 17.75 7.03 2.69 33.41 1.28 1.33 0.33 11.99 Source: Statistical outline, Govt. of H.P., Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Shimla

2.3.3 Operational Land Holding Size

Land is an important asset in all situations in farming. In rural areas, it alone determines the social and economic status of a family. Its distribution, therefore, indicates several factors affecting agricultural development. An indepth analysis of land holdings distribution is very much relevant for both development of agriculture and poverty eradication among rural masses. Table 2.6 displays distribution of holdings in Kangra district vis-a-viz Himachal Pradesh. The table clearly shows the predominance of marginal and small holdings. In the Kangra district there were 2,24,759 operational land holdings under which 2,09505 hectares area was cultivated with an average size of holding of 0.93 ha (1995-96). It is clear form the table that more then 74 per cent of the holdings are marginal (<1 ha) and 14 per cent small accounting for 88 per cent of total land holding in contrast to 83 per cent at the state level. The analysis of land holdings clearly indicates that the pressure on land is much higher in Kangra. Further, there is a continuous increase in land holdings without corresponding increase in operational land. The number of marginal farmers increased from 67 per cent (1980-81) to 74 per cent in 1995-96. The number of holdings in case of medium and large farms showed a sharp decrease. On account of fragmentation and sub-division, the number of holdings in the district increased from 1,65,721 in 1980-81 to 2,24,759 in 1995-96 showing there by an increase of 36 per cent in number of holdings as against just 4 per cent decrease in area. A comparative analysis of the district with state as a whole portrays a more incidence of fragmentation in Kangra district which calls for a serious policy intervention. The increased pressure on land resources is also conformed through a continuous decrease in the size of land holdings. The average size in Kangra district is only 0.93 ha as against 1.13 (Table-2.7) in the state as whole. It means that all holdings in the district have turned marginal and small holdings. Further more, from the present survey, it has been observed that farmers are becoming less interested in farming as the small sized holdings are not viable and do not provide reasonable income and employment to sustain the family. This has

12 created a serious problem of absentee ownership and there is sharp rural migration to urban and semi-urban areas in search of off-farm jobs/wage jobs. This requires a special attention for both horizontal and vertical diversification for creating employment opportunities so that the migration of rural youth is checked.

Being a land based avocation, size of holding plays a major role in agricultural development and well being of cultivators. The changes in land holding in Kangra district vis-à-vis state as a whole have been depicted through Table 2.6. This table shows the predominance of marginal and small holdings. In Kangra district, around 75.15 per cent of the holdings are marginal (< 1ha) and 14.30 per cent are small collectively accounting for 88 per cent of the total holdings in comparison to 86.35 per cent at the state level. This clearly shows that pressure on land is much higher in Kangra. The challenge is further aggravated with continuous increase in holdings without corresponding increase in operational area. The number of marginal holding increased from 66.68 per cent in 1980-81 to 75.15 per cent in 2000-01. Contrary to this, number medium and large holdings showed a sharp decrease. Due to unstoppable fragmentation and sub-division, the number of holdings in Kangra increased from 1,65,721 in 1980-81 to 2,29,690 in 2000-01 showing about 39 per cent increase in number of holdings as against only 6 per cent decrease in area during this period. The comparison of the district with the state as a whole clearly portrays more incidence of fragmentation of holdings in Kangra that demands serious policy intervention.

Table 2.6 Year-Wise Pattern of Changes in Land Holdings, 1980-81 to 2000-01 (Per Cent)

Particulars Marginal Small Medium Large Total (<1 ha) (1-2ha) (2-4ha) (>4 ha) (ha) No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area Kangra 1980-81 66.68 18.52 17.40 18.65 9.99 21.11 5.92 41.71 1,65,721 2,19,226 1985-86 71.07 25.69 15.82 20.16 8.56 21.66 4.55 32.50 1,90,196 2,10,081 1990-91 73.91 26.06 14.55 21.13 7.75 22.51 3.80 30.30 2,16,006 2,07,975 1995-96 73.63 28.06 14.85 21.89 7.86 22.07 3.66 27.98 2,24,759 2,09,505 2000-01 75.15 29.32 14.30 22.33 7.28 22.16 3.27 26.17 2,29,690 2,06,581 H. P. 1980-81 55.30 14.92 22.03 20.43 15.16 27.08 7.51 37.57 6,37,081 9,80,425 1985-86 61.55 20.46 20.63 22.71 12.24 25.97 5.58 30.86 7,52,882 9,80,240 1990-91 63.82 21.26 19.96 23.29 11.26 25.51 4.96 29.94 8,33,793 10,09,766 1995-96 62.85 23.05 19.61 24.07 10.74 25.54 6.80 27.34 8,84,492 9,99,099 2000-01 67.29 25.72 19.06 24.99 9.83 24.86 3.81 24.42 9,13,914 9,78,754 Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Directorate of Land Records, H.P. Government, Shimla.

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Table-2.7: Changes in Average Size of Holdings, 1980-81 to 1995-96 (Hectares)

District/State Year Marginal Small Medium Large Overall (<1 ha) (1-2 ha) (2-4 ha) (>4 ha) Kangra 1980-81 0.37 1.42 2.80 9.32 1.32 1985-86 0.40 1.41 2.79 7.89 1.10 1990-91 0.34 1.40 2.80 7.69 0.96 1995-96 0.36 1.37 2.62 7.13 0.93 2000-01 0.35 1.40 3.60 8.06 0.90 H. P. 1980-81 0.42 1.43 2.75 7.70 1.54 1985-86 0.43 1.43 2.76 7.20 1.30 1990-91 0.40 1.41 2.74 7.31 1.21 1995-96 0.41 1.39 2.69 4.54 1.13 2000-01 0.41 1.40 3.47 15.91 1.07 Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Directorate of Land Records, H.P. Government, Shimla.

2.3.4 Cropping pattern

The cropping pattern is one of the important indicators to determine the extent of efficiency to which arable land is being put to cultivation. In the wake of subsistence farming, rapid change in cropping pattern cannot be expected. Area under different crops grown in the district and their respective growth rates over the period have been given in Table 2.8. Maize, paddy, wheat and barley are major cereal crops of Kangra district. The table revealed that area under wheat crop was 42.62 per cent in 1990-91 and 42.50 per cent in 2002-03, which decreased marginally to 41.49 per cent in 2006-07. The average productivity of wheat in 1990-91 was 16.45 q/ha, which decreased to 10.84 q/ha in 2005-06.

The area under maize crop in 1990-91 was 26.27 per cent of cropped area which slightly increased to 26.57 per cent in 2005-06. Maize crop showed varying trends of rise and fall both in area and productivity over the years. The decrease in productivity of maize was due to shift in consumption habits, poor post-harvest technology, increasing monkey menace and above all low procurement prices. Imbalanced use of fertilizers could also be the other reason. Paddy occupied 9.39 per cent of cropped area in 1990-91. After recording an increase in the production during 1995-96 to 2000-01 for a period of five years, the yield of paddy showed a remarkable decrease on account of attack of diseases and insect pests (rice-hispa, stem borer and rice-blast) during 2002-03.

Barley is another important crop of temperate and sub-temperate areas of the district. Barley is normally used for preparation of local beer and also used as feed and fodder to animals. Barley is also used in religious ceremonies. However, it was observed that area and yield both of under this crop owing to excessive diversification of agriculture towards income generating vegetable crops, fruit and rajmash. The changes in yield of major foodgrain crops over the period have been depicted in Table-2.9. The table clearly indicates that yield of food grain has declined from 14

15.86 q/ha in 1990-91 to 11.77 q/ha in 2002-03 while the area under HYV has increased (Table 2.10).

Others Pulses 10% 2% Maize Barley 27% 1%

Wheat Rice 43% 17%

Fig. 2.2 Cropping Pattern in Kangra, 2002-03

Table 2.8 Changes in Cropping Pattern in Kangra and Himachal Pradesh (Per Cent)

Particulars Maize Rice Wheat Barley Pulses Food- Cropped area grains ('000' ha) Kangra 1990-91 26.27 17.33 42.62 1.52 2.51 90.69 214.80 1995-96 28.92 18.34 39.21 1.43 2.46 90.51 199.42 2000-01 26.61 17.64 41.94 1.24 1.96 89.70 217.25 2002-03 27.17 17.20 42.50 1.19 1.90 90.17 215.96 2005-06 26.57 16.04 43.06 1.09 1.58 88.34 218.20 H.P. 1990-91 32.44 8.63 38.26 2.98 3.69 88.59 983.60 1995-96 32.58 8.74 38.04 2.84 3.80 87.43 949.89 2000-01 31.46 8.65 38.27 2.71 3.28 85.98 947.54 2002-03 30.80 8.80 38.03 2.50 3.19 85.67 945.21 2005-06 30.45 11.76 38.36 3.08 2.06 83.65 953.70 Source: Statistical Outline, Govt. of H.P., Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Shimla

15 Table 2.9 Changes in Yields of Major Foodgrain Crops, 1990-91 to 2002-03 (Q/ha)

Particulars Year Maize Rice Wheat Barley Pulses Food grains Kangra 1990-91 15.95 9.39 16.45 13.74 2.04 15.86 1995-96 16.92 12.84 14.79 13.46 3.28 14.72 2000-01 18.39 14.71 5.93 4.23 3.25 11.26 2002-03 11.59 9.21 113.35 11.69 3.43 11.77 2005-06 13.80 13.78 10.84 16.08 4.22 12.22 H.P. 1990-91 18.76 9.87 15.99 14.70 2.31 16.54 1995-96 19.90 13.46 13.89 12.69 5.16 16.09 2000-01 22.94 15.24 7.21 8.33 6.58 14.59 2002-03 16.60 10.33 10.72 12.97 6.37 13.83 2005-06 18.38 14.31 10.21 11.63 7.14 13.52 Source : Annual Season and Crop Reports, Directorate of Land Records, Govt. of H.P. Shimla

Table 2.10 Area under High Yielding Varieties of Major Crops (Per Cent)

Particulars Year Maize Paddy Wheat Kangra 1980-81 9.13 NA 48.67 1999-2000 53.76 94.35 93.21 2006-07 56.60 36.40 88.75 H. P. 1980-81 14.83 NA 33.85 1999-2000 61.63 41.61 61.05 2006-07 64.85 47.20 79.40 NA = Not available Source: Statistical Outline, Govt. of H.P., Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Shimla

The farmers generally grow two or more crops and follow a number of cropping systems to meet the demand and requirement of people throughout the year. Single crop is also a characteristic of some areas. It is seen that two or more than two crops are taken in a year. Maize, paddy, kharif vegetables and kharif oil seeds and pulses in kharif whereas wheat, potato, winter vegetables and rabi oilseeds in rabi season. Among vegetable crops, cabbage, peas, seed potato and colocassia are important.

2.3.5 Major crop rotations

Location-I Maize-wheat-maize Maize-toria-wheat-maize Maize-potato-wheat-maize Maize-potato-potato-maize Bhindi-cauliflower- French bean/turmeric French Bean/tomato/capsicum/brinjal/cucurbits

16 Sesame-sarson/gobhi sarson/raya Ginger/colocassia/ turmeric/ potato/wheat/ginger Paddy-wheat Paddy-berseem Paddy-potato Kulhi-mash-berseem/raya/gobhi sarson/turmeric Maize-wheat Maize+mash---wheat-arhar Location-II Maize Maize Finger millet Finger millet Barley Barley Rajmash Rajmash Amaranthus Amaranthus Tomato Cabbage, Pea Table potato Seed potato Colocassia Colocassia Three year rotation Sugar cane---sugarcane---summer mash

Enterprises, which the farmers of different agro-ecological situations in Kangra district have patronised over time are agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry as main enterprises and sericulture, fishery, mushroom and bee-keeping as subsidiary enterprises. The major kharif crops are maize, paddy and vegetables and in rabi wheat, sarson, linseed, gram, lentil & vegetables are grown. Sugarcane is also grown in the some parts of the district. The major constraints affecting the productivity of most of the crops particularly foodgrain crops are lack of irrigation facilities, non-availability of critical inputs, soil erosion, etc. The diversification of agriculture needs to be popularised for which irrigation is the first priority. Animal health care services also need to be strengthened to improve livestock sector.

2.3.6 Irrigation

Water is an important input in agriculture. It may be from natural precipitation or ground water harvesting. Productivity of crops depends on the availability of water. Hardly one- fourth of the area in district Kangra is under irrigation. Major sources are khuls, tube wells and shallow wells. The area under irrigation can be increased in two ways; i) increase in quality and quantity of water for irrigation. ii) increasing quantity of water available to plants. Looking at time series data from early 70s, irrigation cropping intensity was the same whereas it was changing at the state level. Present area irrigated by and large is around 18 per cent. The important question is how much potential irrigation we need in meeting future needs. The major constraints hindering irrigation expansion could be a) economics b) environmental consideration and c) managerial

17 constraints. Table 2.11 clearly indicates the status of irrigation in Kangra district vis-à-vis in Himachal Pradesh. Kangra had 28.70 per cent irrigated area to net sown area in 2002-03.

Another factor is cost of construction of irrigation system. Even cultivable land is available at higher places where water from streams can not be lifted economically. Public and private agencies should construct dams/ponds across the routes of deep streams/rivers so that water could be transported via cannels/khuls to utilize it for an increase in productivity. The building of big dams also disrupts ecosystem. Division of water streams has forced traditional gharats owners to shift to other business. A great deal of fauna of farmers have perished. Other environmental consequences may prove more important in limiting development of irrigation system.

Table 2.11 Irrigated Area under Major Crops in Kangra vis-à-vis H.P. (Per Cent)

Particulars Year Maize Paddy Wheat % Irrigated area to net sown area Kangra 1990-91 10.31 65.83 26.04 - 1995-96 9.98 67.98 30.81 28.93 2000-01 9.49 65.50 26.76 46.75 2002-03 13.01 66.54 30.61 28.70 H P 1990-91 6.78 57.79 17.31 17.00 1995-96 7.77 60.41 18.90 18.79 2000-01 8.28 63.21 18.46 19.13 2002-03 9.43 60.39 20.33 18.80 Source: Statistical Outline, Govt. of H.P., Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Shimla

2.3.7 Water Harvesting

It could be very important for Kangra district as the average annual rainfall is 1930 mm (2006 - 07) with most rainy days in the months of June, July and August. During the winter rains, water harvesting measures could prove highly beneficial for agricultural production. Small scale water harvesting could be viable and consistent with the economics of future growth of small scale projects. Technology for conserving water during rainy season is needed for its use during critical winter months.

2.3.8 Seed Distribution

This is an area in which department of agriculture is engaged. Quality seed distribution of high yielding varieties of crops is a must for further improvement of crop productivity in hills. Table 2.12 reveals that distribution of seed has increased many fold overtime over the period. The distribution of seeds of vegetables has shown an increasing trend. However, distribution of seeds of oilseed and pulses showed declining trend.

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Table 2.12 Distribution of Seeds in Kangra (Q)

Year Cereals Pulses Oilseeds Vegetables 1990-91 5,429.10 230.0 579.30 49.00 1994-95 6,740.46 110.47 142.82 56.00 1998-99 13,407.00 122.83 228.10 58.0 1999-2000 15,238.40 125.0 70.00 62.0 2003-04 14,478.00 71.00 62.00 229.00 2006-07 13,840.00 75.00 25.00 164.00 Source: Deputy Director Agriculture, Palampur, Kangra (H.P.)

2.3.9 Fertilizer Consumption Pattern

It is one of the most essential agricultural inputs, which has direct relationship with productivity. It is estimated that fertilizer contributes between 40 to 50 per cent of the total food grain production. The fertilizers are expected to play a greater role in future with the depletion of plant nutrient reserve with increased food grain demand. However, in some pockets of Kangra district, organic farming is also being practised. Fertilizer consumption per hectare of total cropped area is low in Kangra and so is the case with the state as a whole.

Table 2.13 Season-Wise Fertilizer Consumption in Kangra District (H.P.)

Particulars Year NPK (Metric Tonnes) NPK (Kg/ha) Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Overall Kangra 1980-81 1,297 1,651 2,948 12.59 18.31 15.26 1991-92 3,163 3,539 6,702 26.91 35.03 30.66 1998-99 3,023 4,782 7,805 26.85 43.48 35.07 2005-06 3,445 5,457 8,902 30.92 52.20 41.22 H. P. 1980-81 8,155 5,795 13,950 15.93 13.33 14.74 1991-92 15,599 15,006 30,605 29.12 34.36 31.47 1998-99 15,318 19,534 34,852 28.88 42.85 35.33 2005-06 19,197 28,776 47,973 37.28 66.69 50.78 Source: Statistical Outline, Govt. of H.P., Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Shimla

As may be observed from Table 2.13, the consumption of fertilizers per hectare has increased over time from 15.26 kg/ha in 1980-81 to 41.22 kg/ha in 2005-06 in Kangra as compared to 14.74 kg/ha in 1980-81 to 50.78 kg/ha at the state level. It is observed that among different fertilizers, the temporal decrease in use of P and K has been very sharp. The consumption of N per hectare has increased continuously. While consumption of phosphorous and potash during the period under study also increased but not in the proportion in which nitrogen was used. This has distorted the NPK (nutrient consumption) ratio. This trend is highly detrimental to soil health in the long run and may pose threat to food grain security in the state. In order to increase productivity of crops, the balanced use of fertilizers is a must. Balanced fertilizers use help in

19 sustaining the production system. Over the period the trend of fertilizer consumption can be observed in Tables 2.13 and 2.14.

Table 2.14 Consumption of Fertilizer Nutrients (MT )

Sr. No. Year N P K 1. 2000-2001 6,291.667 1,690.655 995.786 2. 2001-2002 6,558.124 1,730.028 926.591 3. 2002-2003 5,998.19 1,602.869 818.233 4. 2003-2004 6,818.475 1,629.594 818.874 5. 2004-2005 5,507.384 1,637.893 861.27 6. 2005-2006 5,888.947 1,749.006 906.256 7. 2006-2007 6,647.984 1,138.80 694.623 Source: Statistical Outline, Govt. of H.P., Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Shimla

2.3.10 Mechanisation

The extent of mechanization shown in Table 2.15 reveals that it has been rather slow keeping in view the plain topography of the district. The number of tractors was just 3 per thousand hectares of cropped area. Similarly, the use of threshers and maize shellers was also low. Overall, the number of power operated implements/ machinery per thousand hectares of cropped area was just 11.

Table 2.15 Extent of Mechanization in Kangra and Himachal Pradesh

Particular Tractor per Thresher Sheller Paddy No of power 000’ ha of per 000’ha per 000’ thrasher operated farm cropped area wheat area ha maize per 000’ tools per 000’ ha area ha of cropped area 1992 Kangra 3.01 28.08 8.20 21.83 11.03 HP 2.63 33.72 11.39 23.50 11.67 2003 Kangra 3.17 29.32 8.90 22.40 11.60 HP 2.75 34.20 12.15 24.12 12.28 Source: Livestock Censuses, Directorate of Animal Husbandry, Shimla

2.3.11 Plant Protection

Pesticides, weedicides, insecticides and rodenticides are important chemicals for protecting the crops form insects, weeds, diseases, etc. The department of agriculture also distributes these chemicals to the farmers. The distribution of these chemicals (Table-2.16) showed an increasing trend, but pesticides did not show any specific trend. Weedicides, however, showed an increasing trend over the period. The use of rodenticides did not show any definite trend.

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Table 2.16 Distribution of Plant Protection Material (L/kg)

Sr. Particulars 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 2005- 2006- 2007- No 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Pesticides I Monocrotophos 600 300 150 100 200 180 400 50 - (Lt) II Endosulfan (Lt) 300 150 250 100 - 197.7 75 - 150 III Celphos (Kg) 8,340 1,609 3489 1500 - 50 470 200 200 IV M.P. Dust (Kg) 2,995 15,000 10,000 300 14,990 1,000 10,000 7,200 7,000 V Melathion (Lt) 200 100 400 150 225 125 160 - 80 VI D.D.V.P (Lt) 250 350 550 400 150 95 250 100 100 VII Chloripyriphos 700 199.4 450 200 180 185 400 200 400 (Lt) VIII Snail Killer (Lt) 200 - - - - 48 50 148 - IX Cyper melathion - 99.4 300 100 730 - 500 200 450 (Lt) Weedicides I Butachlore EC 6,000 4,500 9,327 3,273 3,500 5,000 4,100 4,340 4,700 (Lt) II Butachlore 20,000 19,975 8,800 200 5,000 4,000 4,000 2,475 2,000 (Gr.) (Kg) III Isoproturon 3,000 21,37.5 4,500 3,944 3,365 3,483 4,100 2,925 3,600 (Kg) IV Atrazine (Kg) 4,800 4,700 5,000 4,600 3,800 4,700 3,100 3,000 3,500 V 2-4 D - - 100 ------VI Glyphosite - 48.5 48.5 98 - - - 99.5 150 (Lt) Fungicides I Dithane M-45 646 1,198.5 1,198.5 450 850 687.5 800 450 500 (Kg) II Carbendazim - 50 200 - - - - - 500 (Kg) III Bevistin (Kg) 100 270 200 150 50 300 450 100 1700 IV Copper 200 100 350 300 45 249.5 - - - oxichloride (Kg) V Roko (Kg) - - - 200 - - - - - VI Vitavax (Kg) - - - - 200 170 - - - VII Mateo (Kg) ------370 200 339 VIII Tilt (Kg) ------300 - - Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Govt. of H.P. Shimla

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2.3.12 Livestock Rearing

Livestock rearing is an age-old component of rural economy of Himachal Pradesh. There exists a dynamic relationship among CPRs’, livestock and crops. People of Himachal Pradesh, particularly of Kangra supplement their income from livestock sector. The study presents the figures for total numbers of cows, buffaloes, sheep & goats along with total number of livestock. Over the period, bovine rearing by enlarge is the most important activity in the livestock sector in Kangra district (Table 2.17). Sheep & goat rearing activity is next in importance. It can be seen from the table that bovine density over the different census periods has increased in 2003 over 1992. It puts pressure on land and competes for resources. The district has 2,96,557 cattle and 1,62,695 buffaloes, 2,81,368 sheep and 2,09,086 goats. The households of the district still have a large number of poor quality animals which are malnourished and low yielders. The table clearly indicates the perceptible change in the livestock scenario of the district. The cross-bred animals have increased over the period (1992-2003), and there has been a decline in local cattle population over the same period. This highlights the success story of various programmes viz; crossbreeding programmes & animal health programmes, etc. However, at the same time, the rate at which the indigenous cattle and sheep and goat breeds are depleting is a matter of concern. If this rate continues, there is serious threat of local germplasm extinction there by creating problem for draught power for small and scattered land holdings. Extensive tractorization will not work for such holdings.

Table 2.17 Changes in Livestock Population in Himachal Pradesh, 1977, 1992 & 2003 Censuses (No.)

Particulars Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Total Poultry Bovine Density livestock (No. /Ha) Geog. Operational area holding Kangra 1977 3,91,482 1,23,657 78,618 1,31,825 7,34,860 93,822 1.28 3.11 1992 3,98,558 1,47,386 1,55,432 2,05,024 9,18,468 2,42,618 1.60 4.15 2003 2,96,557 1,62,695 2,81,368 2,09,086 48,158 - - - H. P. 1977 21,06,229 5,60,006 10,55,005 10,35,337 47,95,226 3,29,561 0.86 4.75 1992 21,51,616 7,00,923 10,74,345 11,15,591 51,16,933 6,64,039 0.92 5.04 2003 21,96,536 7,73,229 9,06,027 11,15,587 7,63,820 - - - Source: Livestock Censuses 1977, 1992 & 2003

2.3.13 Fishery Resources and Infrastructure

Aquaculture has an important role in the development of rural regions. It provides a good livelihood option in the rural areas and helps in generating income and employment. Kangra district possesses perennial/ seasonal rivers and has about 644 kms. Beas, Binwa, Neugal, Baner, Gaj and Chakki are the important rivers for fishery. Besides this, irrigation channels

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(Kuhls), micro reservoirs, marshy ponds and other community ponds are also sources of fish farming. Based on technologies available and trends in aquaculture practices, all the above aquatic resources are suitable for tropical carp culture. Seasonal ponds/water logged marshy ponds are adoptable for highly priced fishes in Kangra district. The basic constraints identified are poor fish resource management, institutional framework, bare minimum critical infrastructure and unorganized market. However, there seems to be a greater potential for fish resources for generating income, employment and even foreign exchange. Further, Pong reservoir is vast having an area of 24000 ha. Fish production from this reservoir during last three years is given in Table-2.18

Table-2.18 Fish Production from Pong Reservoir (District Kangra)

Sr. No. Year Production in MT. 1. 2004 – 05 420.6 2. 2005 – 06 306.4 3. 2006 – 07 311.6 Source: Deptt of Fishery, (H.P.)

2.3.14 Horticultural Development

The state of Himachal Pradesh is known as the apple bowl of the country. The state has climate for growing a wide range of fruit crops. The fruits have higher productivity and provide higher income per unit area. Therefore, these fruit crops are playing a vital role in improving the economy of the hills. Kangra district is known for growing of crops like citrus, mango, litchi and other stone fruits besides having age old seedling mangoes. The area under these crops is steadily increasing and the district has a potential to grow these crops. Table 2.19 depicts the relative share of the district in area and production during 2001. It can be seen from the table that Kangra district has 20.38 per cent share in the total fruit area of Himachal Pradesh. The contribution of this district in the total fruit production is hardly 3.79 per cent. Observing the trends in fruit production of Kangra district, it can be seen from the table that the area under fruit has grown at the rate of 5.41 per cent per annum as compared to 4.15 per cent per annum for Himachal Pradesh. The production trend, however, has not shown a satisfactory picture. The growth trend observed in the district is 1.09 per cent per annum Table (2.20). Field survey of the district reveals that there are many wild fruit trees which can be improved to superior varieties and can be made more profitable for which the efforts of department of horticulture and universities need to be strengthened either by top working operations or strengthening the research and development efforts of state agricultural universities. Further, special efforts need to be undertaken for promoting development of horticultural industry of the district by promoting figs, mushroom and beekeeping. Once the fruit production gears up, the efforts for better marketing and processing would be required for its further expansion.

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Table 2.19 Relative Share of Kangra District in Fruit Production, 2000-2001

Particulars Area ( ha) Per cent Production (MT) Per cent Kangra 43,395 20.38 16,238 3.79 H.P. 2,12,951 100.00 4,28,049 100.00 Source: Directorate of Horticulture, Govt. of H.P., Shimla

Table 2.20 Growth Rates in Area and Fruit Production: 1980-81 to 2000-01 (Per Cent/ Per Annum)

Particulars Area Production Kangra 5.41** 1.09 H.P. 4.15** 2.32 ** Significant at 1 per cent level Source: Directorate of Horticulture, Govt. of H.P., Shimla

2.3.15 Floriculture/Gardening

Floriculture/gardening can be developed as the potential avocation in Kangra district

Table 2.21 Flower Cultivation in District Kangra vis-à-vis Himachal Pradesh, 2006-07 (Ha)

Particulars Kangra Himachal Pradesh Gladiolus 6.20 (5.14) 120.59 Carnation - 25.06 Marigold 12.82 (5.98) 214.43 Lillim 0.70 (15.87) 4.41 Daffodils - 2.65 Rose 9.85 (70.66) 13.94 Chrysant hemum 2.97 (4.48) 66.21 Seasonal flower 24.30 (78.29) 31.04 Other flower 20.86 (77.03) 27.08 Flower seeds - 0.01 Potted plants - 4.4 Total 77.70 (15.24) 509.82 Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages of state totals Source: Directorate of Horticulture, Govt. of H.P., Shimla

Kangra district has a variety of agroclimatic conditions which are conducive for growing quality flowers. Flower cultivation is an eco-friendly activity and can supplement the income of the poor farmers. This activity requires less area and in turn provides larger income per unit area. Thus, it can generate the employment to the rural youth. Kangra district is one of the leading flower producing districts in the state and ranks second in terms of area under flowers in H.P. The share of area under flowers in Kangra district is about 15 per cent of total flower area in the state. The detailed picture of area under different flower crops is depicted in Table 2.22

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Table 2.22 Share of Kangra District in Area under Flowers in H.P. Sr. No. District Area (ha) Per cent 1 Sirmour 280.9 55.10 2 Kangra 77.7 15.24 3 Solan 43.3 8.49 4 Shimla 25.2 0.94 5 Una 19.4 3.80 6 Kullu 18.7 3.67 7 Mandi 16.7 3.27 8 Chamba 13.9 2.73 9 Others 27.1 5.31 Total 509.8 100.00 Source: Directorate of Horticulture, Govt. of H.P., Shimla 2.3.16 Vegetable Production

Of late, despite the predominance of cereals, the vegetable and fruit crops have gained importance in agricultural economy of the district. The vegetable crop production has led to crop diversification in the recent past. Although the district has small sized land holdings (0.93 ha), yet the district is known for vegetables and fruit production. All together, the vegetable crops occupied 6,038 hectares with production of 1,00,737 MT in 2005-06. Table 2.23 shows vegetable wise area and production during the year 2005-06. By and large, all vegetable crops viz; peas, tomato, French beans, onion and garlic, cabbage, cauliflower, raddish, turnip and carrot, bhindi, cucurbits, capsicum, chillies, brinjal and other vegetables are grown in the district. Table 2.23 Area, Production and Yield of Different Vegetables in District Kangra and Himachal Pradesh, 2005-2006 Crop Kangra H.P. Area Production Yield Area Production Yield (Ha) (M) (Q/ha) (Ha) (M) (Q/ha) Peas (Green) 388 3,625 93.43 15,348 1,77,036 115.35 Tomato 345 9,873 286.17 9,211 3,01,249 327.05 Beans 255 2,975 116.67 2,674 27,973 104.61 Onion & garlic 764 11,376 148.9 3,735 49,622 132.86 Cabbage 270 7,487 277.3 3,677 1,15,920 315.26 Cauliflower 368 5,612 152.5 2,263 53,103 234.66 Radish, turnip & carrot 458 11,232 245.24 1,571 32,675 207.99 Bhindi 869 9,570 110.13 1,728 19,659 113.77 Cucurbits 442 9,028 204.25 2,082 43,845 210.59 Capsicum & chillies 216 2,632 121.85 2,081 30,876 148.37 Brinjal 283 5,769 203.85 772 14,267 184.81 Other vegetables 1380 21,558 156.22 3,715 63,817 171.78 Total 6038 1,00,737 166.84 49,858 9,29,706 186.47 Source: Directorate of Agriculture, Govt. of H.P., Shimla 25

2.3.17 Apiculture

Apiculture is another important activity in Kangra district. The department of horticulture engages itself in distribution of various apiculture related inputs to the interested farmers. Data given in the Table 2.24 revealed that more number of hives are distributed over the period and production of honey has increased from 151 metric tonnes in1994-95 to 356 metric tonnes in 1999-2000.

Table 2.24 Trends in Input Distribution for Apiculture and Honey Production in District Kangra

Year Beehives Bee Comb foundation Honey Production (No.) colonies sheets (No.) (Metric Tonnes) (No.) 1994-95 97 150 1848 151.2 1996-97 44 167 - 225.66 1998-99 116 482 589 409.12 1999-2000 332 - 796 356.43 Source: Directorate of Horticulture, Govt. of H.P., Shimla

2.3.18 General Infrastructure

Overhead infra-structure is essential for the development of a particular area and is an indicator of the extent of the development of the area. Infrastructure includes all such facilities like roads, transport, communication and electricity which help in accelerating the economic activities. In addition to these, institutional finance is also important. Education and health facilities, which represent investment in human capital and are a powerful element of growth and quality of life of people.

Roads: Road transport, railways, water and air transport are the means of transportation. Railway transport in Kangra is of little significance except in some places. Thus, road transport is the only economically viable proposition. The length of various types of roads in the district was 4,982 Kms given in Table 2.25.

Electricity: Provision of adequate electric power is necessary for improving the living conditions of people as well as to promote industrial development. By and large, all the villages in Kangra district are electrified.

Industries: In Kangra, agriculture forms the main occupation of people as there are less number of large scale and medium scale industries in the district. Only small scale and cottage industries based on local raw material are operational. These include tailoring, weaving of wool for household consumption, flour –grinding, carpentry, oil crushing and black smithy. There are around 8000 small-scale units. There are some handlooms in the district. In the cottage industry,

26 mostly family labour is used. Some of these micro enterprises can be promoted to provide gainful employment to rural people.

Financial Institutions: There has been appreciable growth in financial institutions in the district. The number of bank branches as per population is not sufficient and so is the case of this service area-wise. The financial institutions need to be made more farmer friendly and service oriented to enhance institutional lending in agriculture.

Cooperative Societies: The cooperative societies are functioning in every block of the district, out of these some are service cooperatives and some are multi-purpose societies . The total number of all cooperative societies was 998 (Table 2.26) These societies need to be strengthened to act as the service providers to the farming community.

Tourism Industry: Kangra district of HP forms unique socio-physical unit of the state. The area is endowed with a variety of tourist attraction in the forms of tracking, art and culture, fair and festivals and places of sight seeing like Dharamshala, Plam Valley, Kangra fort etc. The district thus has a potential for development of tourism, agro tourism industry but this is linked to the development of transport and lodging facilities. . The potential of tourism is quite large on account of scenic beauty of the area. The ancient Goddess temples like Jawalaji, Chintpurani, Brajeshwari, Chamunda Devi and Shiv temple of Baijnath are historic temples. Development of roads & communication will go a long way in developing tourism industry in the district.

Table 2.25 Infrastructural Facilities in District Kangra (2001-02)

Sr. No. Particulars No. 1 Cooperative Societies 998 2 Post offices, Branch Post Offices & Sub-Post Offices 643 3 Schools: 1. Nursery – 2. Primary 1748 3. Middle 726 4. Sr. Secondary 527 5. Teacher taught ratio 116 6. Literacy ratio 80.08 5. Hospitals: 1. Primary Health 74 2. Community Health Centre 13 3. Sub-Health Centres 434 4. Allopathic Dispensaries 31 5. Ayurvadic Hospital 233 6. Hospital 15 6. Veterinary Institutions:-Dispensaries & Hospitals 405 7. Road length( Kms) 4982 8. Electricity:- No. of villages electrified ( percent ) 100

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9. Nationalized Banks 157 10. No. of families below poverty line ( %) (2001-02) 22 S.C.(No.) 21223 Others (No.)8 43689 11. Post offices per lakh of population 49 Source: Statistical Outline, Directorate of Agriculture, Govt. of H.P., Shimla

2.4 Summing Up

The nature of various constraints and problems faced by the farmers in the production of cereal crops include lack of irrigation, high cost of fertilizers, weed infestation, wild animal/stray animal attack, monkey menace, poor quality seeds, poor water and land management i.e. salinity, alkalinity, acidic, water lodging etc, and attack of rodents. Among the general constraints there are some environmental (soil erosion and water run off due to sloppy land), less transportation and some other socio-economic constraints like weak extension service, less number of organized farmers group, lack of organized markets and lack of sound advisory system.

In case of livestock sector, the major problems are low milk yielding animals, slow adoption of technology, scarcity of fodder, poor disease control and animal health measures, unorganized marketing and increased population of stray animals. The other problems in the allied sectors like sericulture, fishery and tea husbandry include poor quality of inputs (mulberry leaves, lack of proper rearing equipments, costly fish feed, etc.) and over exploitation and excessive mining of rivulets and poor adoption of package of practices. In horticulture sector, major problems were slow adoption, insect/disease attack, occurrence of frost injury and damage done by the stray animals, etc.

The suggested solutions include raising of irrigation potential through major, medium and minor schemes, water harvesting tanks, rain water harvesting, integrated weed management, control measures for monkey menace and gosadan for stray animals, and increased role of agriculture department and universities for quality seed production. Crop insurance scheme should be extended to all crops to protect farmers against natural calamities.

The small, marginal and women farmers predominate the agricultural sector in the district. The resource base of these farmers is low and they lack capital for agriculture production. Keeping in view the varied agro-ecological situations, untapped potential of resources, crops and animal husbandry with varied comparative advantage must be tapped. For this, the appropriate research is the basic requirement and should be given top priority along with extension services. For achieving quick results, there is a dire need to divert funds for necessary research and making development efforts in a participatory mode with farmers, particularly in potential areas. Any production strategy must be linked with necessary market support.

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Chapter-III

SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRICT

As the name goes, SWOT analysis stands for strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization or region. These four features are called the parameters of SWOT analysis. The strengths reflect the basic assets that would provide the comparative advantages for growth and development. The weaknesses, however, are categorized as the liabilities of the organization or region, which can create disadvantages. In the same way, opportunities show the possibilities in a region to grow further. The threats are the obstacles and hamper the progress of development and achieve the targeted goals. This analysis helps in strategic planning of the research, extension and other activities and critically evaluates the prevailing situation in the region. The different aspects of SWOT analysis of the district are discussed below:

3.1 SWOT Analysis for Improving Agriculture and Allied Sectors

3.1.1 Strengths

The main strengths of the district are as follow:

 District receives a good quantum of rainfall

 Topography of the district is moderately hilly which makes the soils of the districts fertile and well drained

 Soil conservation and rain water harvesting activities have been undertaken by the department of agriculture and rural development agency

 Land use system in the district provide for the scope of diversification

 Agro climatic conditions are suitable for cultivation of cereals, pulses, oilseed and vegetable crops

 More then 90 per cent of the total cropped area is occupied by cereals in which the use of plant protection materials is limited, thus offering great potential for promoting organic farming

 In case of wheat almost majority of farmers have adopted improved varieties whereas 40 per cent of the farmers are using hybrid seeds in maize crops.

 Scientific management of weeds is practised in field crops by about 45 per cent of farmers, although it is reported that it in increases a cost of production

 Mechnized farming is done in some pockets and tractors are used in land preparation 29

 Good road connectivity exist

 The mushroom growing activities can be under taken due to availabilities of raw materials and high demand

 District has wide range of local germ plasm of fruits like mango, which can be used for the production of value added product

 Medicinal plants can be successfully grown on marginal and sub-marginal land

 Among milch animals about 50-60 per cent are cross bred

 Sufficient green grass and tree litter are available for 6,7 months

 Crops residues and weeds are used for the rest of the year for feeding animal

 Easy availability of the veterinary services in the district

 Market for milk and milk products are available. The procurement of the milk is also done by milk federation

 The good artificial insemination coverage in the district

 Good potential for fisheries exists in the district

 Credit facilities are available the different departmental and credit institutional schemes

 Vast availability of pasture land, reason able good network of animal health, and rich biodiversity both in domestic and wild animal

 Literacy level of the district is higher than other parts of the state which helps in generating awareness and acceptability of improved technology

 Sufficient and enterperenioral ability is available

3.1.2 Weaknesses

 Un even distribution of animal rain fall during the year

 Soils are with poor water holding capacity in some pockets

 Poor managements of natural resource base by different department

 Higher seed rate use as compared to the recommendation, which results in higher plant population density. This affects overall productivity.

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 More farmers use broadcasting method of sowing in wheat, pulses etc., this leads to improper distribution of seed in the soil at varying depth.

 Lack of awareness about scientific weed management and also in pest and disease management

 Average size of holding is very small and scattered

 Imbalance use of plant nutrient

 Non-availability of basic equipment and tools like spray pumps

 Weak extension and backup support system as a result of which farmers are handicapped in adopting improved technology

 Unscientific layout of fruit crop orchards in many blocks

 Improper pit size and pit digging and pit filling is improper

 The lack of skill among farmers in training, pruning and grafting

 Lack of awareness about proper fertilizer and other nutrient application schedule among farmers

 Lack of knowledge about insects, pests and disease management in fruit crops

 Lack of knowledge of grading and packaging of fruits

 Less availability of green fodder through out the year

 Success rate of artificially semi nation in buffalo is low and therefore preference is given to natural service

 Large proportion of buffalos and cattle in the district are non descriptive

 Farmers used local wisdom for cure of disease rather than using veterinary service in some areas

 Non adoption of de worming and vaccination schedule

 Use of un scientific rear practicing

 Lack of awareness about scientific storage of green fodder for lean periods

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 Unwillingness of farmers to transport their disease animal to hospital/dispensary due to high cost of transportation

 Migration of rural youth to urban areas and preference to jobs other than agriculture

 Low level of marketable surplus in cereals

 Lack of market facilities

3.1.3 Opportunities

 Sufficient area for planting improved grasses and fodder trees

 Soils suitable for raising local germ plasm of trees like bamboo, soapnut etc.

 Scope for rainwater harvesting during July-September which can be used for irrigation

 Broad leaved timber trees can replace pine trees to augment fodder supply and reduce fire hazard

 Climate suitable for growing cash crops

 Diversification with vegetables and other cash crops

 Recommendation available for insect pest and diseases

 Intensive crops production is possible in some blocks

 Availability of uncultivated waste lands

 Local germ plasm of fruit crop mango and citrus can be multiplied and upgraded

 Climatic condition of the district are congenial for production of mushroom (Button mushroom and Dhingry)

 District have mild climate for various fruit and medicinal plants

 Huge demand for milk and eggs

 Incentive for establishment of diary and fisheries units

 Scope for improving pastures fruit quality grasses

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 New schemes like promotion of export of high value crop and multiplication of seed village concept through different incentive are being implemented for the benefit of farmers

 Water harvesting structure may be used for irrigation and fish production activities

 Selective herbicides are recommended and available for control of weeds

 Setting of agro processing unit for value-addition

 Root stock of wild fruit crop is available

3.1.4 Threats

 Lack of proper soil and water conservation measures at individual and community level which is level land degradation

 Lowering level of rivers due to stone crushers

 Direct pollution from crushers affect crops

 Prominent weeds present in the cultured land

 Soil erosion

 Frost sensitiveness and late harvesting of fruit

 Poultry farms not maintaining hygienic conditions

 No big markets

 Loss of crops due to boars/monkeys

 Animals prone to various diseases because of high humidity

 High up-swing/down swing in market prices

 Local germs plasm of crops/live stock at the stage of extinction

 Use of sources of irrigation water for drinking by IPH

 Un replenished exploitation of medicinal plants from forests

 Increased infestation of forests with weeds

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3.2 Issues Emerging out of the SWOT Analysis

 Educated youths preferring while collar jobs

 The productivity levels of crops and livestock needs further improvement

 Improper use of irrigation and drinking water

 Low investment in agriculture sector

 Improper spacing, pit size in fruit crops

 Need to strengthen extension and research activities to support cultivators or farmers.

 Need for research to evolve resistant (diseases insect pest ) varieties with high potential yield

 Motivation and training educated youth to adopt avocation like mushroom and vegetable cultivation

 High calf mortality due to poor management and feeding/deworming

 Development of improved variety of fodder and cultivated oats suited to Kangra district

 Emphasizing cross breeding and animal health care services.

 Development of frost resistant varieties in fruit crops

 Rational policy on road constructions, hydroelectric projects, major and medium irrigation project and forest.

3.3 Sectoral Growth Drivers

The suitable agro-climatic condition to grow crops like potato, high value cash crops, raj- mash, fruit crops, vegetable crops and livestock rearing, rising demand for various crops and livestock products and their potential market in the nearby state are few growth drivers. Besides these factors, availability of infrastructure facilities like rural roads, hospitals educational institutions, improved means of communication are also important growth drivers. The existing scenario of the district is subsistence in nature but has great potential in different enterprises. The area from traditional crop may be diversified towards vegetable production to meet the growing demand in local market.

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Chapter-IV

DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR

4.1 Land Use Pattern and Soil Health

The total geographical area of the district as per information presented in Table 4.1, was 5,68,759 ha. Out of this area, the area under forest was 39 per cent. The maximum area under forest was in Baijnath and the minimum area was in Panchrukhi block. At the district level, more than 12 per cent area was under grazing land as pastures. Area under this category was maximum (23.70 per cent) in Lambagaon block. Irrigated cultivable land was lowest (7.39 per cent) in Baijnath block. The area under other type of land use, culturable wasteland and fallow land together accounted for 19.20 per cent in Fatehpur block. This showed that this area can be put under cultivation provided that the irrigation facilities, critical inputs and technical knowledge are extended to the farmers of the block. Table 4.2 highlights various problems and interventions required there of. Land sliding on account of sloppy land, over-grazing, animals and monkey and boar menace etc were most common problems in a majority of the blocks as reported by majority of the Panchayat representatives and require appropriate intervention. This requires a huge amount of investment in land improvements i.e. raising of contour bunding, terracing and reclamation through check dams etc. The physical and financial estimates for the improvement of such lands are given in Table 4.3 and Table 4.4. The soils of the districts are mostly ochrepts. These soils are shallow, black, brown and alluvial. Udalfs soils are found in North eastern extreme region.

4.2 Water Resources and Management

Water is an important input in agriculture. It may be in the form of natural precipitation or ground water harvesting. Hardly one-fourth of the area in Kangra district is under irrigation. Major sources of irrigation are Kuhls, tubwells and shallow wells. The area under irrigation can be increased by two ways i) increase in quantity and quality of water for irrigation, ii) increasing quantity of water available to plants. The most important water resources of the district are as follows:

Beas river is the principal river of Kangra. It originates from Beas Kund. In its passage, the river serves the water needs of Kullu, Mandi, Hamirpur and Kangra districts and later joins the boundaries of Punjab state. Besides, Beas river, there are a number of tributaries and Khads flowing in Kangra district. The important Khads are: Binwa, Gaz, Baner, Awa and many other tributaries which form the major sources of irrigation. In between, there are many streams which meet these Khads. The water of the river and tributaries is by and large discoloured. Some of these water sources are fed through glaciers of Dhauladhar ranges.

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Information on Water Sources in Kangra District (H.P.)

Total area 5739 sq.km No. of Tehsils/Sub tehsils 19 Major drainage Beas Population 13,38,536 (2001 Census) Rainfall 2,416 mm Temperature 4° C to 31° C Regional geology Alluvium, Siwaliks, Metamorphics Ground water quality Good EC <750  mhos/cm at 250C Utilizable ground water resources 44.85 mcm (Kangra valley) Stage of ground water development 29.41% (Kangra valley) Water shed/tehsil showing intensive ground water Nil development Source: Central Ground Water Board, Northern Himalayan Region (NHR), Dharamshala

4.3 Cropping System and Cropping Pattern

Maize-wheat, paddy-wheat, barley-fallow, maize+pulses-wheat, maize-barley, paddy-barley, maize-potato and vegetable based systems were the important cropping systems being followed in the district both under irrigated and un-irrigated conditions (Table 4.5). Maize-wheat and paddy-wheat systems were followed in almost all the blocks of the district. Block wise cropping pattern is presented in Table 4.6. The table reveals that maize, wheat, paddy, potato and barley are important among cereal crops. Maize crop is grown for grain, however, the by product of this crop is also used as fodder to the livestock. Among pulses, moong, grain, mash, rajmash are important crops. Bhindi, tomato, bittergourd, cabbage, cauliflower and cucumber etc are the main vegetable crops. Table potato is one of the most important vegetable crops of the Kangra district. Potatoes of the district are good for making potato chips. The production of vegetable can further be increased if irrigation is provided in different blocks of the district and proper technical knowhow is disseminated alongwith seeds. The vegetable crops grown in Kangra district are of high quality and can be supplied to other parts of the nation if marketing network is strengthened.

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Map 4.1 Ground Water User MAP of District Kangra

37 Ground Water User Map Legend of District Kangra

Legends Wells feasibleRigs suitable Depth Discharge Suitable of well (lpm) artificial (m) recharge structures Tube well Percussion & 100- 1200-2500 Percussion cum 120 Rotary Soft rock aquifers Dug well Manual 300-500 Check dam, 10-20 Check dam cum ground Bore well DTH with Odex 100- 1000-2000 water dam, Manual 150 Recharge Dug well 300-500 shaft 10-20 Spring 30-2000 development Hard rock aquifers

Thrust 10 Water level contour (m bgl) (Pre monsoon decadal mean, 1993-2002) Fault/Lineament

Tehsil boundary Major drainage District boundary

Reservoir State boundary • Spring

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Northern Himalayan Region (NHR), Dharamshala

38 4.4 Input Use and Gaps

The use of inputs (seed, fertilizers, etc) per unit of land is shown in Table 4.7. The table reveals that in case of maize, wheat, paddy, the use of inputs was on the higher side than the requirement as per recommendations in almost all the blocks. The use of chemical fertilizers, requirements and gap, if any, have been given in Table 4.8. It was observed that the requirement of the chemical fertilizers was higher than its use in various blocks of the district and for the district as a whole.

4.5 Yield Gap analysis

The yield (output) gaps were also worked out and some of them have been shown in Table 4.9 for different crops. It can be seen from table 4.9 that the average yield of maize was 22.37q/ha in Baijnath block and the yield obtained by the progressive farmers is 50 q/ha in the same block. This showed a gap of 27.63 q/ha. The gap of actual yield obtained by the farmers in wheat crop was 28.14q/ha which is very high. The comparative picture of different blocks has also been presented in Table 4.9. However, at the district level, the gap was little lower. In case of vegetables and cereals, there exited a huge gap.

4.6 Reasons for Yield Gap

The reasons cited for the yield gaps include farmers ignorance about input use, plant protection measures and in adequacy in the supply of timely inputs. The use of seed was on the higher side as compared to the recommended levels. It is done by the farmers to over come the risks of low germination, the drought conditions and partly because of the bird attack and thinning of crop at the later stage to use as animal fodder.

4.7 Farm Mechanization

The farm machinery like wheat threshers and power tillers available in market were being used in the plain areas of the district. However, in some blocks it is difficult to transport the machinery. Iron ploughs were also used by more than 60 per cent of farmers in almost all the blocks (Table 4.10). Spray pumps were of common use in fruit crops. Their use in case of field crops was rather little less. Chaff-cutters were also used. Tractors, power tillers were used for ploughing activities. Grazing of animals in the fields/grassland, pastures is a common practice. Stall feeding of animals is practiced and is becoming popular. Store bins made of iron/steel are common in almost all the blocks, besides age old bins made of bamboos.

4.8 On Going Schemes for Agricultural Development

Table 4.11 clearly shows various schemes operative in different blocks. These schemes include water harvesting, land and soil conservation, horticultural technology mission schemes, trout

39 fingerling hatchery, livestock improvement schemes like conservation of local germplasm, feed and fodder development through grassland improvement and, in some blocks, through social forestry at farmers’ fields. The status of various existing irrigation schemes and funds required for their maintenance are shown in Table 4.12 and Table 4.13. The major irrigation schemes are handled by irrigation and Public Health Department (IPH) of the state. There are many research projects handled by both universities on field crops, fruit crops, forestry, animal sciences and fisheries etc. for agricultural development of the area. The total budget estimates have also been given in the executive summary.

4.9 Intervention for District and Financial Estimates

Some of the major problems observed/encountered in the cultivation of crops, pulses and vegetables have been given in Table 4.14 and Table 4.15. The cursory glance at the tables indicates the different crop groups faced problems of crop specific diseases, insect pest, poor quality seed, weeds and technical know how. The required interventions for these crops to tackle these problems have also been highlighted in these tables. It can be seen from the table that insects problems ( termites) was observed in various blocks, 75 per cent of panchyat were observed to have this problem in Punchrukhi block in maize crop. Disease like bacterial stock rot of maize crop was observed in Lambagoan, Nagrota Bawan, Bhedu mahadev and other blocks was observed to have these problems. Details analysis of the problems and their intervention have also been discussed in tables (Table 4.14 and Table 4.15).

4.10. Research and Extension Gaps

Yield gaps in crops have been shown in Table 4.16. Very high differences were observed in the yield gaps. In order to cover these gaps in the average yields of crops, various interventions are required. Some of these interventions are mentioned below:

 Provisions of quality inputs like improved seeds, fertilizers, chemicals, through proper delivery system.  Improvement of physical, chemical and biological factors based on soil health cards.  Integrated nutrient management, popularization through vermi-composting, bio fertilizers etc.  Improvement of quality control system and infrastructure  Efficient management of water resources as per crop needs  Promotion of protected cultivation along with supporting infrastructure  Promotion of medicinal, aromatical plants through awareness  Promotion of floriculture, beekeeping, sericulture and livestock rearing

40

 Strengthening of marketing infrastructure  Use of developmental model based on village concepts  The provision of assured irrigation to rainfed areas and rain water harvesting to create more water facilities and also to augment ground water resources 4.11 Researchable Issues

Establishment of specialized dairy unit as per existing practices, development of frost resistance varieties of fruit, mangoes, litchi and citrus and exploring possibilities of establishing a potato chips industry in Kangra.

Crop production

 Characterization and classification of soils of different ecological zones of Kangra.  Integrated nutrient management technology demonstration on farm fields.  Issues in solid waste management for organic farming in major cash crops of respective region.  Evaluation of resource conservation technologies (like conservation tillage, deficit water management, pressurized irrigation systems, nutrient-water interaction studies, recycling of waste organic residues etc.) for irrigated and rain fed areas  Issues related to increasing water productivity of stored water through crop diversification and soil and water management practices  Nutrient indexing and improvement of soil health  Development of practices for organic farming under different cropping systems  Protected cultivation technology and monitoring soil health in poly houses  Development of high yielding varieties of various crops having wider adaptability and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses, through exploitation of land races, agronomic basis and alien species using conventional as well as non-conventional breeding approaches. The focus should be on the development of improved varieties of various niche based crops e.g.: i) Scented basmati rice (Low Hills), red rice (Mid hills), special purpose corn e.g. baby corn, sweet corn, pop corn in all maize growing districts.  Remunerative pulses like rajmash in high hills; mash in low and mid hills; greensoybean and dual purpose linseed in low and mid hills  Under utilized but highly nutritive crops like rice bean, fababean and adzuki beans in low and mid hills; pseudo cereals like amaranths  Development of hybrid varieties of maize and rice to raise overall productivity of these two important crops. 41

 Concerted efforts on ensuring effective selection, conservation, evaluation, documentation and utilization of genetic resources.  Ensuring wider coverage under improved crops varieties with major emphasis on quality seed production  Demonstration of effective technologies for eradication of obnoxious weed from crop and non-crop lands.  Identification of remunerative cropping sequences for various ecological and farming situations in Kangra  Development/identification of hybrids and varieties of potential vegetable crops  Development of hybrids and production technology for protected cultivation  Identification of vegetable based promising cropping sequences  Identification of cereal based promising cropping sequences  Standardization of agro-technology for organic vegetable production  Identification/development of potential varieties of under ground vegetable viz., elephant foot yam, turmertic and colocasia especially in monkey menace areas  Weed management studies in potential vegetables  Standardization of production technology of hybrids  Standardization of production technology for rainfed cultivation or potential vegetable crops  Development of pest forecasting modules for Rice  Insect pest and nematode management under protected cultivation situations  Management of insectricide resistance in field populations of Plutella exylostella, Leucinodes orbonalis and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (polyhouses)  Collection and utilization of local strains of entomopathogenic organisms for insect pest management under organic farming situations  Identification and utilization of native botanicals for eco-friendly pest management  Pesticide residue analysis in vegetable and determination of MRL’s for consumer safety  Germplasm screening for resistance against major insect pests (cereals, pulses, oilseeds and vegetables)  Survey and surveillance for identification of new invasion of insect pests  Safe management alternatives for the stored grain pests

42

 Disease and pest management in honey bees, management of bee colonies for pollination in different crops for higher productivity, management practices for migratory beekeeping for better economic returns and quality analysis of honey from different sources for value addition  Survey and surveillance of major diseases in important crops  Pathogenic and genetic diversity in pathogens associated with major crop rice (blast), wheat (rusts and smuts), rajmash (anthracnose, BCMV, angular leaf spot), bacterial wilt of solanaceous vegetables, linseed rust)  Development of disease forecasting modules of rice blast, potato blight  Identification of resistant sources and study of genetics of resistance in all crops  Marker assisted selection of resistance genes using molecular markers and their use in gene pyramiding for resistance in commercial varieties  Development of integrated disease management modules suitable for organic and protected agriculture conditions  Development of detection techniques for pathogens of quarantine importance and certification purposes for important seed and soil borne diseases(Pea root rot and wilt complex, bacterial wilt, bean mosaic, urdbean leaf crinkle, bacterial bligh, potato viruses etc.)  Development of IDM module for important diseases of major crops  Analysing trends and patterns of demand, prices and markets of emerging crops and enterprises in the context of ongoing process of globalisation  Understanding economic implications of climate change towards cropping systems, cropping patterns and livelihood of the farmers  Assessing impact of the ongoing process of commercialization of agriculture on natural resource base (soil, water and environment) and its implications towards livelihood of the farmers  Studies on impact assessment and policy implications of various development programmes/schemes  Study in labour migration in Kangra and suggest various measures to check this problem

43

Table 4.1 Block Wise Land Utilization Pattern (Ha)

Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Total geographical 94,683 9,846 18,002 27,642 17,113 26,029 33,690 51,620 area (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) Forests 81,960 649 6,423 5,269 4,442 12,686 15,204 12,959 (86.56) (6.59) (35.68) (19.05) (25.95) (48.73) (45.13) (25.10) Productive 81,960 551 6112 5269 1000 12686 15204 0 Degraded 0 98 311 0 3442 0 0 12959 Barren land 2,380 215 2,170 4,323 2,320 2,927 1,506 25,345 (2.52) (2.19) (12.05) (15.70) (13.55) (11.51) (4.47) (49.09) Rocky 2,380 215 2,160 4,323 2,320 2,927 1,506 25,345 Stony 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 Land put to non- 2,713 86 162 1,492 1,300 0 3,067 1,400 agricultural uses (2.86) (0.88) (0.90) (5.40) (7.60) (9.10) (2.72) Buildings 2713 26 162 1492 1150 0 3067 800 Roads/paths/ 0 60 0 0 150 0 0 600 channels Culturable waste 594 1,057 747 3,131 190 826 672 1,250 (0.62) (10.74) (4.15) (11.33) (1.11) (3.17) (1.99) (2.42) Weed/bush infested 286 214 747 3131 90 826 672 850 Area prone to 308 843 0 0 100 0 0 400 animal menace

44

Table 4.1 Contd…

Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm District Surian shala Total 58,251 36,534 37,268 44,375 40,814 37,650 35,243 5,68,759 geographical area (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) Forests 11,177 3,240 14,093 14,814 6,480 6,887 24,422 2,20,705 (19.19) (8.87) (37.82) (33.38) (15.88) (18.29) (69.29) (38.80) Productive 11,177 3,240 14,093 14,814 6,000 5,233 24,422 2,01,761 Degraded 0 0 0 0 480 1654 0 18944 Barren land 18221 1248 2021 3950 5450 388 825 73,289 (31.28) (3.42) (5.42) (8.90) (13.35) (1.03) (2.34) (12.88) Rocky 18221 1248 2021 3950 5400 388 825 73229 Stony 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 60 Land put to non- 6,494 3,656 2,723 3,645 2,350 3,791 2,345 35,224 agricultural uses (11.15) (10) (7.30) (8.21) (5.76) (10.07) (6.65) (6.19) Buildings 6,494 3,656 2,723 3,645 1,200 892 2,345 30,365 Roads/paths/ 0 0 0 0 1,150 2,899 0 4,859 channels Culturable waste 1,458 832 1,803 2,100 850 6,692 613 22,815 (2.50) (2.28) (4.84) (4.73) (2.08) (17.77) (1.74) (4.01) Weed/bush 1,458 832 1,803 1,000 600 3,412 613 16,534 infested Area prone to 0 0 0 1100 250 3280 0 6281 animal menace

45

Table 4.1 Contd…

Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Permanent pastures and 40 130 2,000 6,550 3,245 2,659 2,647 353 other (0.05) (1.32) (11.11) (23.70) (18.96) (10.22) (7.86) (0.63) grazing lands Productive 40 78 1,200 6,550 3,100 2,659 2,647 100 Degraded 0 52 800 0 145 0 0 253 Miscellaneous trees & 0 30 641 0 600 0 1,807 500 groves (0.31) (3.56) (3.51) (5.37) (0.96) Fallow land 0 466 417 277 302 30 342 278 (4.73) (2.31) (1) (1.76) (0.12) (1.02) (0.53) Current fallow 0 258 232 277 302 30 342 78 Other fallow 0 208 185 0 0 0 0 200 Cultivated land 6,996 7,213 5,442 6,600 4,714 6,901 8,445 9,535 (7.39) (73.25) (30.23) (23.82) (27.56) (26.51) (25.06) (18.47)

46

Table 4.1 Contd…

Particulars Dehra Prag pur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm District Surian shala Permanent pastures 5,380 2,081 1,346 726 1,860 5,052 1,415 35,344 and other grazing lands (9.24) (5.70) (3.60) (1.63) (4.56) (13.42) (4.11) (6.25) Productive 5,380 2,081 1,346 726 1,800 2,930 1,415 32,192 Degraded 0 0 0 0 60 2,122 0 3,432 Miscellaneous trees 2,297 0 1,916 168 560 1,740 280 10,539 & groves (3.94) (5.14) (0.37) (1.37) (4.62) (0.79) (1.85) Fallow land 1,672 416 3,690 657 7,015 725 0 16,287 (2.87) (1.14) (9.10) (1.48) (17.19) (1.93) (2.86) Current fallow 1672 416 1344 657 6600 110 0 12,318 Other fallow 0 0 2346 0 415 615 0 3969 Cultivated land 11,552 25,061 9,676 18,315 16,249 12,375 5,343 1,54,417 (19.93) (68.59) (25.95) (41.27) (39.81) (32.87) (15.16) (27.14) Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages of total geographical area Source: Field survey 2007-08

47

Table 4.2 Problems and Interventions for Land Development (Per Cent of Panchayats)

Sr. Problems Interventions Baij Punch- Bhaw- Lamba Bhedu- Nagrota Kangra Rait No. nath rukhi arna gaon mahadev Bagwan 1. Danger of forest Control of forest fire 25.00 0 80.00 16.66 20.00 20.00 0 0 fire 2. Degraded forest Plantation of suitable 0 50.00 25.00 0 3 0 4 88.88 plants spp. 3. Weed infestation Improvement of and poor yields of pastures by introducing grasses on the suitable grass, fodder 0 80.00 80.00 50.00 60.00 33.34 57.16 71.77 pasture and grass and legume species land 4. Soil erosion Checking soil erosion by creating bunds and 25.00 0 60.00 16.66 20.00 0 0 0 increasing grass cover 5. Animal menace Plantation of suitable shrubs and other wild animal liking fruit 75.00 0 80.00 16.66 60.00 20.00 66.68 77.77 trees to check their menace and creation of Gosadan 6. Land sliding Protection walls 0 0 40.00 0 0 20.00 66.68 33.33 wherever necessary

48

Table 4.2 Contd…

Sr. Problems Interventions Dehra Prag- Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fateh- Dharm- No. pur Surian pur shala 1. Danger of forest Control of forest fire 0 87.5 0 0 0 66.67 0 fire 2. Degraded forest Plantation of suitable 71.45 50.00 40.00 33.32 25.00 0 50.00 plants spp. 3. Weed infestation Improvement of and poor yields of pastures by grasses on the introducing suitable 71.43 0 20.00 0 80.00 83.35 75.00 pasture and grass grass, fodder and land legume species 4. Soil erosion Checking soil erosion by creating bunds and 0 0 0 0 25.00 66.67 75.00 increasing grass cover 5. Animal menace Plantation of suitable shrubs and other wild animal liking fruit 85.75 50.00 40.00 16.66 20.00 50.00 50.00 trees to check their menace and creation of gosadan 6. Land sliding Protection walls 14.29 37.5 0 16.66 50.00 50.00 25.00 wherever necessary Source: Field Survey 2007-08

49

Table 4.3 Improvement Needed to Increase Productivity of Land (Ha)

S. No. Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu- Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon mahadev Bagwan 1 Land levelling 231 912 413 - 1,603 3,928 - 10,139 2 Contour bunding - 912 770 - - 1,713 - 10,463 3 Fencing 9,92,912 - 3,047 1,54,520 1,840 3,741 3,87,392 3,26,179 (length in m) 4 Reclamation 248 - 557 - 823 - - 122 5 Check dam 28 12,950 1,610 3,06,294 1,753 - 11,702 12 (length in m)

Table 4.3 Contd…

S.No. Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala 1 Land levelling 1,813 766 3,717 7,496 2,903 6,347 - 40,268 2 Contour bunding 561 278 1,994 3,756 - 17,622 - 38,069 3 Fencing 2,36,298 1,41,202 6,93,311 1,38,117 14,88,871 5,28,247 742 50,96,420 (length in m) 4 Reclamation - - 2,302 497 1,302 1,311 - 7,162 5 Check dam 12 12,37,009 6,066 3,87,797 - 1,042 1641 19,67,916 (length in m) Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

50

Table 4.4 Financial Estimates for Land Development (Rs Lakh)

S.No. Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu- Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon mahadev Bagwan 1. Agricultural land

improvement (i) Land levelling 22.40 90.03 40.91 - 157.10 321.42 - 981.23 (ii) Contour bunding and - 45.07 38.14 - - 83.47 - 506.29 terracing (iii) Fencing 923.96 - 2.90 147.26 1.73 3.50 362.76 303.04 (iv) Reclamation 24.04 - 55.17 - 80.65 - - 11.82 (v) River embankment/ 0.05 22.46 2.80 520.51 3.02 - 20.05 0.02 check dams 2. Improvement of support lands and 37.22 22.10 12.68 45.61 25.10 24.95 12.49 27.87 private grasslands 3. Tackling monkey menace and 9.31 9.48 9.50 9.12 9.40 9.36 9.36 9.29 problems of wild/stray animals Total (1+2+3) 1,016.98 189.14 162.10 722.50 277.00 442.70 404.66 1,839.56

51

Table 4.4 Contd…

S.No. Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala 1. Agricultural land

improvement (i) Land levelling 176.60 74.10 360.00 725.50 280.95 614.08 - 3,888.55 (ii) Contour bunding and 27.32 13.45 96.56 181.76 - 852.47 - 1,838.05 terracing (iii) Fencing 220.97 131.13 644.63 128.32 1,383.29 490.64 0.80 4,724.47 (iv) Reclamation - - 222.92 48.09 126.00 126.82 - 691.50 (v) River embankment/ 0.03 2102.08 10.32 659.34 - 1.77 3.23 3,348.30 check dams 2. Improvement of support lands and 34.29 37.14 21.70 34.07 15.47 18.57 14.36 380.08 private grasslands 3. Tackling monkey menace and 9.35 9.28 9.30 9.30 9.29 9.30 10.77 139.05 problems of wild/stray animals Total (1+2+3) 468.56 2,367.18 1,365.43 1,786.38 1,815.00 2,113.65 29.16 15,000 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

52

Table 4.5 Major Cropping Systems Cropping sequences Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu- Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon mahadev Bagwan Unirrigated ------Maize-wheat Maize+pulses-wheat - - - - - - Maize-barley - - Maize-pea - - - - - - - Maize-potato - - - - - - Maize-toria-wheat - - - - - - - Chari-berseem - - - Paddy-wheat Paddy-barley - - - - - - Pulses based - - - - - - Oilseed based - - - - - - Irrigated ------Maize-wheat - Maize+pulses-wheat - - - - - Maize-barley - - - - Maize-pea - - - Maize-potato - - - Potato-fallow-wheat ------ - (biennial) Maize-toria-wheat - - - - - - Chari-berseem - - - Paddy-wheat - Paddy-barley - - - Pulses based - - - - - Oilseed based - - - - Vegetable based - - Sugarcane based - - - - - Spices based - - - - - -

53

Table 4.5 Contd… Cropping sequences Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Surian Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharmshala Unirrigated ------Maize-wheat Maize+pulses-wheat - - Maize-barley - - - Maize-pea - - - - - - Maize-potato - - - - - - Maize-toria-wheat - Chari-berseem - Paddy-wheat - Paddy-barley ------Pulses based - Oilseed based - Irrigated - - - - - Maize-wheat - Maize+pulses-wheat - - - - Maize-barley - - - - - Maize-pea - - - - Maize-potato - - Potato-fallow-wheat - - - - - - (biennial) Maize-toria-wheat - - - Chari-berseem Paddy-wheat Paddy-barley - - - - - - Pulses based - 4 - - - Oilseed based - 4 - - - Vegetable based - Sugarcane based - - - Spices based - - - - - - Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

54

Table 4.6 Cropping Pattern (Ha) Crops Baijnath Punchrukhi Bhawarna Lambagaon Bhedumahadev Nagrota Bagwan Kangra Rait Cereals 11,519.37 11,586.55 14,945.8 16,368.0 18,167.38 8,814.15 13,219.8 21,944.14 Maize 2,118.03 109.89 2,005.6 6,196.3 2,784.28 1,146.15 4,325.2 5,508.3 Paddy 4,408.44 5,811.96 5,694.8 2,084.5 8,181.29 4,054.5 2,561.9 5,699.84 Wheat 4,992.9 5,664.7 7,116.6 7,642.8 6,950.36 3,567.6 6,332.7 10,426.73 Barley - - 128.8 261.8 251.45 45.9 - 309.27 Pulses - 136.53 92.9 - 366.13 - - - Mash ------Gram ------Other - 136.53 92.9 - 366.13 - - - Oilseeds 88.23 - 59.8 - 313.96 148.95 167.75 852.78 Sesame ------Sarson 88.23 - 59.8 - 70.5 - 167.75 852.78 Toria ------Linseed - - - - - 148.95 - - Other - - - - 243.46 - - - Vegetables - 220.52 229.28 - 4,150.57 2,124 - 1,406.05 Potato - 59.2 119.6 - 1,926.06 1,738.35 - 592.31 Peas - 41.81 15.4 - 70.03 - - 122 Tomato - 17.76 2.2 - 1,621.03 35.55 - - Cabbage - 5.92 3.6 - 87.89 - - 147.01 Cauliflower - 13.32 5.3 - 70.03 - - 147.01 Beans - 8.88 14.7 - - - - - Capsicum - 4.44 6.0 - 42.3 - - - Bhindi - 23.68 22.08 - 178.13 108.9 - 183 Brinjal - 11.84 5.5 - - 74.7 - - Cucurbits - 5.92 18.4 - - 87.75 - 50.02 Onion - 27.75 16.5 - - 40.95 - 164.7 Other - - - - 155.1 37.8 - - Spices - 39.59 - - 173.9 63.45 - 86.62 Ginger - 17.76 ------Garlic - 21.83 - - 173.9 63.45 - 86.62 Sugarcane ------

55

Crops Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Surian Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharmshala District Cereals 52,586.24 19,248 18,973.92 14,294.28 40,344.15 13,584.78 6,994.4 2,82,590.87 Maize 10,023.04 8,349 7,692.96 4,654 11,117.12 5,859 834.12 72,722.99 Paddy 29,187.84 2,474.25 2,054.88 2,409.16 11,038.72 1,380.24 2,792.72 89,835.4 Wheat 13,102.72 8,424.75 9,065.28 6,664.84 18,188.31 6,345.54 3,367.56 1,17,853.30 Barley 272.64 160.8 566.28 - - - 1,996.94 Other ------182.60 Pulses 271.36 309 143.04 600.6 560.56 2,799.36 - 5,279.48 Mash 271.36 - 143.04 - - 1,756.62 - 2,171.02 Gram - - - - - 1,042.74 - 1,042.74 Other - 309 - 600.6 560.56 - 2,065.72 Oilseeds 1440 360.75 179.52 412.88 1,278.41 1,617.3 61.6 6,981.83 Sesame 128 - 37.92 - 758.16 - 924.08 Sarson 583.04 - 117.6 - 1,278.41 859.14 - 4,077.25 Toria 728.96 - 24 - - - - 752.96 Linseed ------61.6 210.55 Other - 360.75 - 412.88 - - - 1,017.09 Vegetables 1,479.68 182.25 - 1,811.16 8,005.13 454.68 28 15,540.13 Potato 295.68 182.25 - 52 - - 28 4,993.45 Peas - - - 137.8 45.97 - - 433.01 Tomato 98.56 - - 499.2 977.06 - - 3,251.36 Cabbage 98.56 ------342.98 Cauliflower 98.56 - - - - 108 - 442.22 Beans - - - - 411.6 - - 435.18 Capsicum - - - - 200.9 - - 253.64 Bhindi 197.12 - - 588.64 236.18 138.24 - 1,675.97 Brinjal 64 - - 52 137.69 - - 345.73 Cucurbits 98.56 - - 310.44 1244.6 208.44 - 2,024.15 Onion 119.68 - - 121.68 199.92 - - 691.18 Other 408.96 - - 49.4 - - - 651.26 Spices - 112.5 - 47.32 41.16 - - 452.04 Ginger ------17.76 Garlic - - - 47.32 41.16 - - 434.28 Sugarcane - - - - 4,605.51 - - 4,605.51 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

56

Table 4.7 Seed Use, Requirement and Gap (Kg/ha)

Crops Baijnath Punchrukhi Bhawarna Lambagaon U R G U R G U R G U R G Maize 24.92 20 -4.92 32.5 20 -12.5 43.75 20 -23.75 49.2 20 -29.20 Paddy 109.92 100 -9.92 125 100 -25.0 140.00 100 -40.00 128.78 100 -28.78 Wheat 98.58 100 1.42 125 100 -25.0 187.50 100 -87.5 132.69 100 -32.69 Barley ------134.50 100 -34.5 132.48 100 -32.48 Mash ------Gram ------Lentil ------Sesame ------Sarson 5.33 6.0 0.67 ------11.5 6.0 -5.5 Toria ------Sunflower ------Linseed ------Potato - - - 2,500 2,000 -500 2,637.5 2,000 -637.5 3,000 2,000 -1,000 Peas - - - 100 90 -10 145.83 90 -55.83 - - - Tomato - - - 0.5 0.5 0 0.66 0.50 -0.16 - - - Cabbage 0.68 .60 -0.08 0.38 0.60 0.22 0.59 0.60 0.01 - - - Cauliflower 0.68 .70 0.02 0.38 0.70 0.32 0.77 0.70 -0.07 0.25 0.70 0.45 Beans - - - 100 75 -25 112.5 75 -37.5 - - - Capsicum - - - 0.25 0.90 0.65 0.90 0.90 0 - - - Bhindi - - - 15 15 0 24.58 15 -9.58 25 15 -10 Brinjal - - - 1.25 0.60 -0.65 1.69 0.60 -1.09 - - - Cucurbits - - - 5 5 0 5 5 0 - - - Ginger - - - 2,500 2,000 -500 2,062.5 2,000 -62.5 2,500 2,000 -500 Garlic - - - 750 600 -150 731 600 -131 - - - Onion - - - 12.5 10 -2.5 16.56 10 -6.56 - - -

57

Table 4.7 Contd…

Crops Bhedu Mahadev Nagrota Bagwan Kangra Rait U R G U R G U R G U R G Maize 68.31 20 -48.32 37.09 20 -17.09 27.38 20 -7.38 44.77 20 -24.77 Paddy 127.86 100 -27.86 72.03 100 27.97 107.53 100 -7.53 85.56 100 14.44 Wheat 147.87 100 -47.87 135.79 100 -35.79 113.78 100 -13.78 140.94 100 -40.94 Barley 108.82 100 -8.82 118.56 100 -18.56 125 100 -25 58 100 46 Mash ------Gram - - - 75 45 -30 50 45 -5 - - - Lentil ------Sesame - - - 6.25 5 -1.25 ------Sarson 11.25 6.0 -5.25 - - - 2.24 6.0 3.76 15 6.0 -9.0 Toria ------0 10 10 25 15 -10 Linseed - - - 14.5 40 -25.5 - - - 25 40 15.0 Potato 1,893.8 2,000 106.18 2,036.92,000 -36.91 - - - 1,947.32,000 52.63 Peas 83.43 90 6.57 100 90 -10 - - - 100 90 -10 Tomato 0.75 .50 -0.25 0.266 .50 0.234 - - - 0.63 .50 0.13 Cabbage 0.1 .60 .50 0.625 .60 -0.025 - - - 0.53 .60 0.07 Cauliflower 0.16 .70 .54 1 .70 -0.300 - - - 0.5 .70 0.20 Beans - - - 75 75 0 ------Capsicum 0.30 .90 0.70 ------Bhindi 17.35 15 -2.35 18.97 15 -3.97 - - - 13.75 15 1.25 Brinjal 0.20 .60 0.40 0.564 .60 0.036 ------Cucurbits 2.5 5 2.5 2.98 5 0.02 - - - 7.14 5 -2.14 Ginger 2,000 2,000 0 1,875 2,000 125 - - - 2,000 2,000 0 Garlic 270 600 330 476 600 124 - - - 673 600 -73 Onion - - - 9.09 10 0.91 - - - 4 10 -6

58

Table 4.7 Contd…

Crops Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Surian Nurpur U R G U R G U R G U R G Maize 30.69 20 -10.69 21.54 20 -1.54 31.88 20 -11.88 20.4 20 -0.40 Paddy 125 100 -25 97.86 100 2.14 35.85 100 -5.85 24.09 100 5.91 Wheat 125 100 -25 118.35 100 -18.35 117.6 100 -17.6 119.13 100 -19.13 Barley 125 100 -25 125 100 -25 108.33 100 -8.33 77.36 100 2.64 Mash ------22.33 20 -2.33 - - - Gram ------Lentil ------Sesame 12.5 5 -7.5 - - - 5.65 5 -0.65 - - - Sarson 9.62 6 -3.62 - - - 8.93 6 -2.93 - - - Toria 23.2 15 -8.20 - - - 7.5 15 -8.0 - - - Linseed ------Potato 2,906.2 2,000 -906.25 1,446.4 2,000 553.57 - - - 1,250 2,000 750 Peas ------100 90 -10 81.25 90 8.75 Tomato 0.77 0.5 -0.27 - - - 0.3 0.50 0.20 0.2 0.50 0.50 Cabbage 1 0.60 -0.40 ------Cauliflow 1 0.70 -0.30 - - - 1.13 0.70 -0.43 - - - er Beans ------62.5 75 12.5 Capsicum ------0.43 0.90 0.47 Bhindi 18.75 15 -3.75 0 0 0 - - - 8.14 15 6.86 Brinjal 0.75 0.60 -0.15 0.40 0.60 0.20 Cucurbits 5 5 0 0 0 0 6 5 1 4.17 5 0.83 Ginger ------2,200 2,000 -200 - - - Garlic ------1,000 600 -400 525 600 0.75 Onion 12.5 10 -2.5 0 0 0 10 10 0 13.57 10 -3.57

59

Table 4.7 Contd…

Crops Indora Fatehpur Dharmshala District U R G U R G U R G U R G Maize 20.76 20 -0.76 24.37 20 -4.37 32.56 20 -12.56 34 20 -14 Paddy 95.19 100 4.81 96.82 100 3.18 88.73 100 11.27 106.68 100 -6.68 Wheat 120.61 100 -120.61 153.45 100 -53.45 138.01 100 -38.01 131.62 100 -31.62 Barley ------125 100 -25 125.80 100 -25.80 Mash ------22.33 20 -2.33 Gram - - - 35.42 40 4.58 - - - 53.47 40 -13.47 Lentil - - - 25 25 0 - - - 25 25 0 Sesame - - - 11.26 5 -6.26 - - - 8.91 5 -4.91 Sarson 5.21 6 0.79 9.57 6 -3.57 - - - 9.85 6 -3.85 Toria ------18.57 15 -3.57 Linseed ------52.5 40 -12.5 30.67 40 9.33 Potato ------2500 2000 -500 2,211.832,000 -211.83 Peas 101.63 90 -11.63 100 90 -10 100 90 -10 101.21 90 -11.21 Tomato 1.85 0.50 -1.35 ------0.66 0.50 -0.16 Cabbage ------0.56 0.60 -0.04 Cauliflower - - - 1.25 .70 -0.55 - - - 0.79 0.70 -0.09 Beans 125 75 -50 ------95 75 -20 Capsicum 0 0 ------0.47 0.90 0.43 Bhindi 13.28 15 1.72 12.5 15 2.5 - - - 16.73 15 -1.73 Brinjal 1.89 .60 -1.29 - - - 0.96 0.60 -0.36 Cucurbits 6.24 5 -1.24 9.92 5 -4.92 - - - 5.40 5 -0.40 Ginger 2,000 2,000 0 ------2,142.19 2,000 -142.19 Garlic 516.67 600 83.33 ------617.71 600 -17.71 Onion 5.28 10 4.72 10 10 0 - - - 10.39 10 -0.45 U = Use, R = Requirement, G = Gap Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

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Table 4.8 Fertilizer Use, Requirement and Gaps, 2007-08 (Tonnes)

Particulars Baijnath Punchrukhi Bhawarna Lambagaon U R G U R G U R G U R G Urea 672.95 1,345.90 -672.95 734.1 1,462.2 -731.1 544.2 1,088.4 -544.2 1,037.50 1,037.50 - IFFCO 1,682.37 2,691.80 -1,009.4 731.1 1,697.2 -966.1 1,360.5 2,176.8 -816.3 637.80 1,092.12 -454.32 MOP - 672.95 -672.95 ------SSP - 1,682.37 -1,682.3 ------FYM (00 T) 109.42 336.74 -227.05 10.96 182.77 171.8 1361 2721 -1360 646.53 764.48 -117.94 Table 4.8 Contd… Particulars Bhedu Mahadev Nagrota Bagwan Kangra Rait U R G U R G U R G U R G Urea 337.48 674.97 -337.49 1,741.61 1,935.12 -193.51 347.13 636.40 -289.27 1,116.02 1,843.12 -727.1 CAN - - - 619.24 774.0 -154.81 ------IFFCO 674.97 1,060.67 -385.70 2,476.96 2,709.18 -232.22 617.12 1,079.96 -462.84 1034.71 1,690.94 -666.23 MOP ------SSP - - - 774.05 774.05 ------FYM (00 T) 1,157.10 1,687.43 -530.33 1,567.45 1,935.12 -367.67 914 16.58 -744.40 727.82 1,687.55 -487 Table 4.8 Contd… Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Surian Nurpur U R G U R G U R G U R G Urea 1,375.20 1,740.60 -365.40 3,550.31 4,229.04 -678.73 3,341.76 4,803.78 -1462 1,553.96 1,899.29 -345.33 CAN ------IFFCO 2,444.80 3,546.75 1,101.95 4,385.67 5,325.46 -939 2,193.03 4,281.63 -2,088.6 1,467.63 2,558.85 -1,091.22 MOP ------SSP ------FYM (00 T) 192.52 1,112.00 -919.48 859.09 1,661.04 -801.95 835.44 2,088.60 -1,253.1 1,657.56 3,453.25 -179569 Table 4.8 Contd… Particulars Indora Fatehpur Dharmshala District U R G U R G U R G U R G Urea 777.6 3,888 -3,110.4 2,912.80 4,410.82 -1,498.02 534.3 666.87 -133.57 20,577 31662 -11,085 CAN ------619 774 155 IFFCO 4,199.04 5,832 -1,632.96 3,073.31 4,559.43 -1,486.12 667.87 854.88 -187.01 27,647 41158 -13,511 MOP ------673 -673 SSP ------774 2456 -1682 FYM (00 T) 427.68 777.60 -349.92 2,776.08 3,465.64 -689.56 527.62 735.99 -208.37 13,770 22626 -8,856 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

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Table 4.9 Yield Gaps in Important Crops (Q/ha) Crops Baijnath Punchrukhi Bhawarna Lambagaon A P G A P G A P G A P G Cereals Maize 22.37 50 27.63 25 37.5 12.5 20 25 5 14.92 41.25 26.33 Paddy 32.08 50 17.92 20 30 10 25 50 25 17.4 41.25 23.85 Wheat 26.86 55 28.14 22.5 37.5 15 20.5 43.7 23.2 13.27 25 11.73 Barley ------2.94 17.5 14.56 Pulses Mash ------Gram ------Lentil ------Oilseeds Sarson 8.33 17.5 9.17 ------Toria ------Linseed ------Vegetables Potato - - - 200 300 100 250 375 125 125 200 75 Peas - - - 65 80 15 70 80 10 - - - Tomato - - - 200 250 50 280 375 95 - - - Cabbage 375 450 75 200 250 50 120 150 30 Cauliflower 250 300 50 200 250 50 125 175 50 150 200 50 Beans - - - 75 90 15 75 87.5 12.5 - - - Capsicum - - - 100 150 50 ------Bhindi - - - 100 125 25 80 100 20 - - - Brinjal - - - 200 250 50 200 250 50 - - - Cucurbits - - - 300 375 75 160 165 5 - - - Onion - - - 125 175 50 180 212.5 32.5 - - - Spices Ginger - - - 125 150 25 375 500 125 - - - Garlic - - - 150 200 50 600 800 200 - - - Sugarcane ------

62

Crops Bhedu Mahadev Nagrota Bagwan Kangra Rait A P G A P G A P G A P G Cereal Maize 21.32 37.5 16.18 24.91 42 17.09 17.48 37.5 20.02 19.23 37.5 18.27 Paddy 24.79 50 25.21 23.80 50 26.20 22.58 47.5 24.92 23.27 42.5 19.23 Wheat 23.56 37.5 13.94 29.49 35 5.51 17.92 31.25 13.33 30.45 37.5 7.05 Barley 10.07 17 6.93 13.34 19.37 6.03 12.5 15 2.5 13.9 15 1.1 Pulses Mash - - - 4 5.25 1.25 - - - - Gram - - - 6.25 9.25 3 7.5 12.5 5 - - - Lentil ------Oilseeds ------Sesame - - - 4.37 5.50 1.13 ------Sarson 7.5 15 7.5 - - - 3.95 15 11.05 10.12 15 4.88 Toria ------4.25 12.5 8.25 6.25 10 3.75 Linseed - - - 5 5.63 .63 - - - 8.75 10 1.25 Vegetables ------Potato 213.18 300 86.82 183.33 375 191.67 - - - 198.55 275 76.45 Peas 24.43 100 75.57 62.5 87.5 25 - - - 56.25 100 43.75 Tomato 95.46 200 104.54 254.63 400 145.37 - - - 200 250 50 Cabbage 53.67 90 36.33 175 275 100 - - - 137.5 250 112.5 Cauliflower 95.86 100 4.14 212.5 312.5 100 - - - 159.38 250 90.62 Beans 40 90 50 57.5 102.5 45 ------Capsicum 30 70 40 ------Bhindi 45.41 100 54.59 66.03 125 58.97 - - - 70.31 100 29.69 Brinjal 75 110 35 175 275 100 ------Cucurbits 100 150 50 96.05 175 78.95 - - - 125 187.5 62.5 Onion - - - 103.07 212.5 109.43 - - - 150 200 50 Spices ------Ginger - - - 100 125 25 - - - 200 250 50 Garlic - - - 74.61 125 50.39 - - - 51.92 87.5 35.58 Sugarcane ------

63

Crops Dehra Pragpur Nagrota SurianNurpur A P G A P G A P G A P G Cereals Maize 14.49 18.75 4.26 17.87 37.5 19.63 20.87 62.5 41.63 49.66 50 0.34 Paddy 15.78 17.5 1.72 19.9 37.5 17.6 18.4 50 31.6 24.32 37.5 13.18 Wheat 14.05 17.5 3.45 15.87 25 9.13 10.64 25 14.36 18.3 37.5 19.2 Barley 10.71 13.75 3.04 12.5 20 7.5 7.64 15 7.36 9.69 25 15.31 Pulses ------Mash 5.72 7.5 1.78 - - - 2.14 5 2.86 - - - Gram ------Lentil ------Oilseeds ------Sesame 4.58 5.63 1.05 - - - 6.15 12.5 6.35 - - - Sarson 5.15 6.25 1.1 - - - 4.25 6.25 2 - - - Toria 4.41 7.5 3.09 - - - 3.75 6.25 2.5 - - - Linseed ------Vegetables ------Potato 197.92 250 52.08 71.43 125 53.57 - - - 125 175 50 Peas - - - 75 100 25 18.75 62.5 43.75 Tomato 262.5 300 37.5 - - - 125 175 50 157.14 312.5 155.36 Cabbage 131.25 150 18.75 ------Cauliflower 137.5 150 12.5 - - - 100 125 25 - - - Beans ------37.5 62.5 25 Capsicum ------112.5 125 12.5 Bhindi 90 100 10 ------62.93 162.5 99.57 Brinjal 100 150 50 ------106.25 120 13.75 Cucurbits 125 125 0 - - - 250 300 50 80.21 187.5 107.29 Onion 150 150 0 - - - 100 112.5 12.5 44.74 125 80.26 Spices ------Ginger ------50 80 30 - - - Garlic ------75 87.5 12.5 80 100 20 Sugarcane ------

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Table 4.9 Contd…

Crops Indora Fatehpur Dharmshala District A P G A P G A P G A P G Cereals Maize 19.86 40 20.14 17.1 31.25 14.15 17.89 32 14.11 21.47 38.68 17.21 Paddy 31.79 55 23.21 16.82 37.5 20.68 20.17 32 11.83 22.40 41.88 19.48 Wheat 27.31 60 32.69 17.46 37.5 20.04 24.03 37.5 13.47 20.81 36.16 15.35 Barley ------17.5 22.5 5 11.08 18.01 6.93 Pulses ------Mash - - - 2.77 10 7.23 - - - 3.66 6.94 3.28 Gram - - - 4.55 10 5.45 - - - 6.10 10.58 4.48 Lentil - - - 2.5 5 2.5 - - - 2.50 5.00 2.50 Oilseeds ------Sesame - - - 4.58 7.5 2.92 - - - 4.92 7.78 2.86 Sarson 7.22 10 2.78 6.21 12.5 6.29 - - - 6.59 12.19 5.60 Toria ------4.66 9.06 4.40 Linseed ------11 20 9 8.25 11.88 3.63 Vegetables ------Potato ------191.67 300 108.33 175.61 267.50 91.89 Peas - - - 62.5 100 37.5 20 37.5 17.5 50.49 83.05 32.56 Tomato ------196.84 282.81 85.97 Cabbage ------170.35 230.71 60.36 Cauliflower - - - 200 250 50 - - - 163.02 211.25 48.23 Beans 79.17 95 15.83 ------60.70 87.92 27.22 Capsicum 145.45 200 54.55 ------97.00 136.25 39.25 Bhindi 191.25 250 58.75 92.86 125 32.14 - - - 93.57 132.78 39.21 Brinjal 160.26 250 89.74 ------145.21 200.71 55.5

65

Cucurbits 265.88 375 109.12 145.9 250 104.1 - - - 164.80 191.50 26.70 Onion 203.7 250 46.3 125 200 75 - - - 147.69 181.94 34.25 Spices ------Ginger 250 300 50 ------183.33 234.17 50.84 Garlic 175 250 75 ------95.21 132.86 37.65 Sugarcane 20,000 25,000 5,000 ------20,000 25,000 5,000 Note: A = Actual, P = Progressive farmers’ yield, G = Gap Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

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Table 4.10 Farm Machinery Use and Gaps in Farm Mechanization

Machinery Baijnath Punchrukhi Bhawarna Number Number Number % users % users % users E R Gap E R Gap E R Gap Maize sheller 6 145 366 221 11 86 149 63 41 46 188 142 Thresher 100 306 398 92 90 111 237 126 86 149 214 65 Tractor 54 44 194 150 90 21 111 90 46 138 299 161 Iron plough 58 3,952 7,395 3,443 90 638 1,008 370 57 1,013 1,035 22 Spray pump/ 34 2,014 4,590 2,576 70 795 1,194 399 91 2,127 3,816 1,689 power sprayer Chaff cutter 13 321 1,428 1,107 60 84 795 711 7 1,081 1,610 529 Power tiller 6 44 433 389 6 15 380 365 5 46 322 276

Table 4.10 Contd…

Machinery Lambagaon Bhedu Mahadev Nagrota Bagwan Number Number Number % users % users % users E R Gap E R Gap E R Gap Maize sheller 56 54 155 101 35 188 226 38 19 90 120 30 Thresher 100 212 228 16 94 235 246 11 100 281 423 142 Tractor 81 320 409 89 61 346 411 65 33 270 425 155 Iron plough 19 1,85 1,692 207 33 1,274 1,801 527 98 1,766 2,012 246 Spray pump/ 6 1,12 2,275 763 57 1,777 3,180 1,403 37 1,998 2,511 521 power sprayer Chaff cutter 14 3,116 4,000 884 19 4,225 6,086 1,861 26 2,421 5,452 3,031 Power tiller 6 5 85 80 5 4 58 54 9 15 90 75

67

Table 4.10 Contd…

Machinery Kangra Rait Dehra Number Number Number % users % users % users E R Gap E R Gap E R Gap Maize sheller 13 120 190 70 22 122 142 20 76 365 472 107 Thresher 81 174 275 101 100 186 190 4 100 202 320 118 Tractor 21 192 275 83 38 296 322 26 72 329 428 99 Iron plough 67 3,566 4,250 684 59 6,917 8,975 2,058 34 5,057 7,131 2,074 Spray pump/ 37 2,924 3,612 688 7 1,089 2,308 1,219 54 704 1,7081,004 power sprayer Chaff cutter 42 2,212 3,208 996 16 3,407 3,843 436 76 1,994 3,565 1,571 Power tiller 14 35 130 95 4 12 100 88 2 20 117 97

Table 4.10 Contd…

Machinery Pragpur Nagrota Surian Nurpur Number Number Number % users % users % users E R Gap E R Gap E R Gap Maize sheller 80 300 362 62 98 326 345 19 89 222 416 194 Thresher 100 290 405 115 100 307 350 43 100 319 346 27 Tractor 71 48 150 102 83 40 224 184 81 214 377 163 Iron plough 31 1,455 2,150 695 27 1,150 1,943 793 35 2,286 3,120834 Spray pump/ 26 1,003 1,645 642 29 768 1,860 1,092 32 1,148 1,265 117 power sprayer Chaff cutter 25 425 1,593 1,168 38 6,960 8,200 1,240 49 3,592 4,992 1,400 Power tiller 8 15 75 60 4 14 78 64 15 20 60 40

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Table 4.10 Contd…

Machinery Dharmshala District Number Number % users E R Gap E R Gap Maize sheller 80 36 56 20 2100 3187 1087 Thresher 82 119 158 39 2891 3790 899 Tractor 55 84 94 10 2342 3719 1377 Iron plough 56 3,460 4,533 1,073 34,019 47,045 13,026 Spray pump/ power sprayer 18 490 1,925 1,435 18,349 37,889 13,540 Chaff cutter 26 357 1,575 1,218 30,195 46,347 16,152 Power tiller 6 28 84 56 273 2,012 1,739 Note : E = Existing, R = Required Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

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Table 4.11 Existing Block Level Schemes for Agriculture and Rural Development

Scheme Baijnath Punch- Bhawa- Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi rna gaon Mahadev Bagwan Water harvesting No. of Schemes 5 25 130 1 - 23 1 10 Villages covered 6 56 390 2 - 22 17 4 Population covered - - 9,750 - - - - - Area covered - - - - - 58 5,000 0 Beneficiary families (No.) 300 276 325 200 - - - 10 Fund Centre share 39 11.30 0 58 0 24.80 0 0.4 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 4 7.36 0 0 0 2.75 0 0 Panchayat 0 0 0 1 0 12 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Total budget 43 18.67 195 58 0 27.56 0.03 0.4 Status Complete (No.) - 25 30 - - 23 - 4 Incomplete 5 - 100 1 - - 1 6 (No.) Additional funds required 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Soil/land conservation No. of Schemes - 14 25 1 - 6 2 - Villages covered - 32 75 2 - 6 11 - Population covered - - 2,250 - - - - - Area covered - - - - - 9 60 - Beneficiary families (No.) - 158 75 425 - - 22,360 - Fund Centre share 0 0 0 300 0 0 0 0 allocation (Rs. State share 0 8.71 0 0 0 3.76 0 0 Lakhs) Panchayat 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

70

Banks 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 Total budget 0 8.71 40 33 0 3.75 0 0 Status Complete (No.) - 14 8 - - 6 - - Incomplete - 0 17 1 - - 1 - (No.) Additional funds required 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Horticulture project No. of Schemes 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 Villages covered 206 135 166 289 274 45 245 61 Population covered - 2,000 - - - - 22,360 - Area covered - - - - - 195 - - Beneficiary families (No.) 2 987 370 - 225 721 2,500 - Fund Centre share 0 0 50.00 26.16 100.00 0 10.00 0 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.50 0 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 0 83.00 50.00 26.16 0 0 11.50 0 Status Complete (No.) ------Incomplete (No.) - 2 1 1 1 - 1 - Additional funds required 0 50 10 50 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Fisheries (Pond construction) No. of Schemes 3 - 25 - - - 3 24 Villages covered 3 - 120 - - - - 40 Population covered - - 0 - - - 100 - Area covered - - 12 - - - - - Beneficiary families (No.) 3 - 500 - - - 10 24 Funds Centre share 0 0 5.00 0 0 0 0 0 allocation

71

(Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 0 0 10.00 0 0 0 0 0 Status Complete (No.) - - 15 - - - - 24 Incomplete - - 10 - - - - - (No.) Additional funds required 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Livestock improvement schemes No. of Schemes - 2 1 5 1 2 2 4 Villages covered - 57 80 289 274 47 245 6 Population covered - - 1,000 - - - 22,360 - Area covered ------Beneficiary families (No.) - 5975 1,000 - - 11057 - 841 Funds Centre share 0 5.00 1,300.00 0 0 0 0 1,300.00 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 5.30 0 0 0 0 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 0 5.00 1,300.00 5.30 0 0 0 1,300.00 Status Complete (No.) ------4 Incomplete - 2 1 1 - - 2 - (No.) Additional funds required 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Other agricultural schemes No. of Schemes 4 5 - - 1 6 4 10 Villages covered 206 135 - - - 314 245 291 Population covered - - - - - 6,900 22,360 - Area covered - - - - 628 - - -

72

Beneficiary families (No.) 2,506 7,339 - - 750 19,881 - 18,000 Fund Centre share 4.00 22.50 0 0 30.00 23.98 28.00 12.00 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0.50 2.00 0 0 0 2.41 0.00 3.00 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 4.50 24.50 0 0 30.00 26.39 28.00 15.00 Status Complete (No.) - 5 - - - - - 10 Incomplete - - - - 1 6 4 - (No.) Additional funds required 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Roads (Kms) No. of Schemes - 400 40 37 387 16 - 15 Villages covered - 108 120 99 274 314 - 10 Population covered - - 3,600 - 77,674 - - 12,000 Area covered - - - - 0 - - - Beneficiary families (No.) - 12,077 120 - 13,561 19,881 - 3,000 Fund Centre share 0 0 60 0 0 1420 0 2,200 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 0 0 166 0 0 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 506 0 500 Total budget 0 0 60 0 0 2,090 0 2700 Status Complete (No.) - 400 20 - - 8 - - Incomplete - - 20 - - - - - (No.) Additional funds required 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Bridges No. of Schemes - 76 6 5 20 - - 6 Villages covered - 135 30 - 274 - - 8

73

Population covered - - - - 77,674 - - 1,000 Area covered - - - - 13,561 - - - Beneficiary families (No.) - 15,097 300 - - - - 2,000 Fund Centre share 0 0 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 Panchayat 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400.0 Total budget 0 0 7.0 0 0 0 0 400.0 Status Complete (No.) - - 5 - - - - 2 Incomplete - - 1 - - - - 4 (No.) Additional funds required 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Rural markets No. of Schemes - 35 6 25 - 4 1 - Villages covered - 135 40 289 - 314 - - Population covered ------Area covered ------Beneficiary families (No.) - 15,097 400 - - - - - Fund Centre share 0 0 30.0 0 0 0 0 0 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 5.0 0 0 0 0 0 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 0 0 35.0 0 0 0 0 0 Status Complete (No.) - - 4 - - - - - Incomplete - - 2 - - - - - (No.) Additional funds required 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs)

74

Other No. of Schemes ------Villages covered ------Population covered ------Area covered ------Beneficiary families (No.) ------Fund Centre share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Status Complete (No.) ------Incomplete ------(No.) Additional funds required 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs)

Table 4.11 Contd… Particular Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fateh- Dharm- District Surian pur shala Water harvesting No. of Schemes 4 50 1 1 20 3 - 274 Villages covered 4 27 11 1 20 27 - 587 Population covered 800 1,200 - - - 3,000 - 14,750 Area covered 6 - - - - 3,000 - 8,064 Beneficiary families (No.) 69 1,800 0 0 1,000 975 - 4,955 Fund 1.99 0 0.03 90 0 9 0 23,4.51 allocation Centre share (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0.22 0 0 10 0 0 0 24.34 Panchayat 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

75

Total budget 2.22 0 300 100 0 9 0 1,050 Status Complete (No.) 4 25 - 1 10 2 - 124 Incomplete - 28 1 - 10 1 - 153 (No.) Additional funds required 0 2.5 0 0 15 0 0 117.50 (Rs. Lakhs) Soil/land conservation No. of Schemes - 75 2 5 3 1 16 150 Villages covered - 27 2 5 2 2 50 214 Population covered - 1,700 - - 10 120 1,200 5,280 Area covered - - - - - 128 - 197 Beneficiary families (No.) - 2,200 25 157 - 20 - 25,420 Fund Centre share 0 0 1.09 90 0 0 0 121.01 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 5 10 0 0 0 22.97 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 42.26 0 43.26 Total budget 0 0 2.4 747.65 0 42.26 0 877.78 Status Complete (No.) - 60 2 - - - - 90 Incomplete - 15 2 5 - - 16 57 (No.) Additional funds required 0 3.5 0 0 50 7.5 0 81 (Rs. Lakhs) Horticulture project No. of Schemes 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 24 Villages covered 64 80 223 120 175 0 107 2,190 Population covered 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 24,560 Area covered 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 195 Beneficiary families (No.) 526 240 0 700 15,000 0 0 21271 Fund Centre share 60.32 - - 100.00 - - 1,420.00 1,760.00 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.50

76

Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 60.32 0 0 735.00 0 0 1,420.00 2,380.00 Status Complete (No.) ------Incomplete (No.) - - - 1 - - 3 10 Additional funds required 50 0 0 250 0 0 0 410 (Rs. Lakhs) Fisheries (Pond construction) No. of Schemes 10 1 8 20 4 2 126 226 Villages covered - 8 8 7 2 2 107 297 Population covered - - - - 4 20 - 124 Area covered ------12 Beneficiary families (No.) 10 8 8 70 - 2 125 760 Funds Centre share 0.00 0 0 15.00 0 0 100 120 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.5 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 1.00 0 0 15.00 0 0 0 31.02 Status Complete (No.) 10 - 8 13 - - - 70 Incomplete (No.) - - - 2 - - 126 138 Additional funds required 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 (Rs. Lakhs) Livestock improvement schemes No. of Schemes 4 - 1 2 3 1 2 30 Villages covered 110 - 117 52 208 - 64 1,549 Population covered ------23,360 Area covered 2300 ------2,300 Beneficiary families (No.) - - 1097 - 21,000 900 750 42,620 Funds Centre share 1,880.00 0 0 100.00 0 0 80.00 4,660.00 allocation

77

(Rs. Lakhs) State share 625.66 0 0 0 0 0 0 630.96 Panchayat 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 2,500.00 0.00 13.00 405.00 0 0 80.00 5,610.00 Status Complete (No.) ------4 Incomplete (No.) - - 1 2 - - 2 11 Additional funds required 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 (Rs. Lakhs) Other agricultural schemes No. of Schemes 5 - - 4 - 1 - 40 Villages covered 350 - - 65 - 30 - 1,636 Population covered ------29,260 Area covered ------628 Beneficiary families (No.) 2500 - - 130 - 90 - 51,196 Fund Centre share 20.00 0 0 2.16 0 0 0 142.64 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 2.20 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 10.36 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 22.20 0 0 4.80 0 3.20 0.00 158.59 Status Complete (No.) - - - 2 - - - 17 Incomplete (No.) ------11 Additional funds required 4 0 0 0 0 3.32 0 7.32 (Rs. Lakhs) Roads (Kms) No. of Schemes - - 1 437.8 100 207.83 500 2,141.63 Villages covered - - 157 206 50 265 107 1710 Population covered - - - - - 15,000 - 1,08,274 Area covered ------Beneficiary families (No.) - - 1,418.5 - 5,000 - - 55,057.5 Fund Centre share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,680 allocation

78

(Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 166 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 305 0 0 0 100 1,410 Total budget 0 0 1,730 - 50 3,120 - 9,750 Status Complete (No.) - - 0 0 0 0 0 428 Incomplete (No.) - - 1 - - - - 21 Additional funds required 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Bridges No. of Schemes - - - 19 2 31 - 165 Villages covered - - - 61 5 125 - 638 Population covered - - - - - 35,788 - 1,14,462 Area covered ------13,561 Beneficiary families (No.) - - - 305 500 15,000 - 33,202 Fund Centre share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 Panchayat 0 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0.0 Banks 0 0 0 813.8 0 0 0 1,210.0 Total budget 0 0 0 813.8 0 0 0 1,217.0 Status Complete (No.) - - - 19 - - - 26 Incomplete (No.) ------5 Additional funds required 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 12 (Rs. Lakhs) Rural markets No. of Schemes - - - 1 - - - 72 Villages covered - - - 52 - - - 830 Population covered ------Area covered ------Beneficiary families (No.) - - - 24,541 - - - 40,038 Fund Centre share 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.0 allocation

79

(Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 100.0 0 0 0 105.0 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 0 0 0 100.0 0 0 0 135.0 Status Complete (No.) - - - 1 - - - 5 Incomplete (No.) ------2 Additional funds required 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 (Rs. Lakhs) Other No. of Schemes ------Villages covered - - - - - 8 - 8 Population covered ------Area covered - - - - - 100 - 100 Beneficiary families (No.) - - - - - 120 - 120 Fund Centre share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 allocation (Rs. Lakhs) State share 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Panchayat 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total budget 0 0 0 0 0 36.6 0 36.6 Status Complete (No.) ------Incomplete ------(No.) Additional funds required 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

80

Table 4.12 Status of Existing Irrigation Schemes

Schemes completed Baijnath Punch- Bhaw- Lamb- Bhedu Nagrota Bagwan Kangra Rait rukhi arna agaon Mahadev Lift irrigation Number - - 5 10 6 3 - 6 Amount spent 0 0 94.1 638 242 0 0 238 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - 14 26 49 9 - 24 Beneficiaries (No.) - - 780 2,572 1,537 262 - 300 Command area (ha) - - 299 1,200 5,48.6 115.65 - 250 Actual irrigated area (ha) - - 177 66.8 548 66.02 - 230 Tube wells ------Number ------2 - Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------6 - Beneficiaries (No.) ------0 - Command area (ha) ------80 - Actual irrigated area (ha) ------40 - Kuhl ------Number 5 4 10 - 4 10 24 6 Amount spent 5 51.83 355.65 0 200 198.47 267 70 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered 10 8 133 - 36 28 225 20 Beneficiaries (No.) 500 148 5,705 - 2,218 1,268 3,000 300 Command area (ha) 200 145 4,177 - 1,690 513.08 276 120 Actual irrigated area (ha) 200 145 2486 - 1690 349.38 276 95 Canal irrigation Number ------Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs)

81

Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Tank irrigation Number - 48 31 - - 70 80 25 Amount spent 0 37.46 23.07 0 0 0.55 6.4 8 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - 18 0 - - 14 0 25 Beneficiaries (No.) - 18 312 - - 70 80 25 Command area (ha) - 6.5 47 - - 7.5 140 5 Actual irrigated area (ha) - 6.5 23.07 - - 7.5 0 4.5 Others Number - - 17 - - - - - Amount spent 0 0 12.12 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - 0 - - - - - Beneficiaries (No.) - - 184 - - - - - Command area (ha) - - 18 - - - - - Actual irrigated area (ha) - - 12.12 - - - - - Functional Lift irrigation Number - - 5 7 6 3 6 Amount spent 0 0 94.1 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - 14 38 - 9 - 24 Beneficiaries (No.) - - 780 800 - 262 - 300 Command area (ha) - - 299 620 - 115.65 - 250 Actual irrigated area (ha) - - 177 355 - 66.02 - - Tube wells Number ------2 Amount spent/ Required 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

82

(Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------4 Beneficiaries (No.) ------150 Command area (ha) ------56 Actual irrigated area (ha) ------25 Kuhl Number 5 48 10 - 4 10 21 6 Amount spent (Rs. Lakhs) 50 37.56 355.65 0 0 198.47 0 70 Villages covered 10 8 133 - - 28 20 20 Beneficiaries (No.) 500 148 5705 - - 1268 250 300 Command area (ha) 200 145 4177 - - 513.08 0 120 Actual irrigated area (ha) 200 145 177 - - 349.38 0 95 Canal irrigation Number ------Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Tank irrigation Number - 48 - - - 60 - 25 Amount spent 0 37.46 0 0 0 0.55 0 8 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - 18 - - - 60 - 25 Beneficiaries (No.) - 18 - - - 7.5 - 25 Command area (ha) - 6.5 - - - 7.5 - 5 Actual irrigated area (ha) - 6.5 - - - - - 4.5 Other Number ------Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs)

83

Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Non-Functional Lift irrigation Number - - - 31 - - - - Amount spent 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - - 8 - - - - Beneficiaries (No.) - - - 150 - - - - Command area (ha) - - - 303 - - - - Actual irrigated area (ha) - - - 247 - - - - Tube wells Number ------3 0 Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Kuhl Number ------Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Canal irrigation Number ------Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

84

(Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Tank irrigation Number ------Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Other Number ------Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Ongoing schemes Lift irrigation Number - - - 2 - - - - Amount spent 0 0 0 187 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - - 6 - - - - Beneficiaries (No.) - - - 350 - - - - Command area (ha) - - - 133 - - - - Actual irrigated area (ha) - - - 133 - - - - Tube wells Number ------

85

Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Kuhl Number 2 - - - - 2 - - Amount spent 35 0 0 0 0 40.58 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered 2 - - - - 2 - - Beneficiaries (No.) 120 - - - - 126 - - Command area (ha) 48 - - - - 63.3 - - Actual irrigated area (ha) 48 - - - - 63.3 - - Canal irrigation Number ------Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Tank irrigation Number - 11 - - - 4 - - Amount spent 0 88 0 0 0 0.38 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - 11 - - - 4 - - Beneficiaries (No.) - 11 - - - 2 - - Command area (ha) - 8.1 - - - 2 - - Actual irrigated area (ha) - 3.1 - - - 2 - - Sprinkler Number 24 ------

86

Amount spent 200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered 24 ------Beneficiaries (No.) 1200 ------Command area (ha) 250 ------Actual irrigated area (ha) 250 ------Potential/new schemes Lift irrigation Number - - - 116 4 10 - - Amount required 0 0 0 465 250 600 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - - 20 15 32 - - Beneficiaries (No.) - - - 1,450 800 400 - - Command area (ha) - - - 372 200 400 - - Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Tube wells Number - - - - - 2 - - Amount required 0 0 0 0 0 262.5 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - - - - 7 - - Beneficiaries (No.) - - - - - 200 - - Command area (ha) - - - - - 210 - - Kuhl Number 50 5 - - 20 5 2 Amount required 1250 508.75 2,286.25 0 0 1,250 125 92.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered 100 58 - - 45 40 19 Beneficiaries (No.) 5,000 635 - - 2,050 1,600 220 Command area (ha) 1,000 407 1,829 - - 1,000 100 74 Canal irrigation Number ------Amount required 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

87

(Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Soil conservation Number - - 23 - - - - - Amount required 0 0 200 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - 23 - - - - - Beneficiaries (No.) - - 469 - - - - - Command area (ha) - - 38 - - - - - Actual irrigated area (ha) ------

Table 4.12 Contd…

Schemes completed Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala Lift irrigation Number 14 5 6 10 11 1 - 77 Amount spent 294.38 3.25 93.98 200 113.26 200 0 2020 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered 3 9 15 49 - 198 Beneficiaries (No.) 27 430 261 1318 - 7,487 Command area (ha) 2,196 86 538.6 955.22 926.46 - 7,115.53 Actual irrigated area (ha) 390 80 114 142 472.34 - 2,286.16 Tube wells Number 1 2 35 28 58 30 - 156 Amount spent 22.62 1.3 924.56 709 800 575 0 3080 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - 2 39 29 - 49 - 125 Beneficiaries (No.) - 15 819 834 - 1318 - 2986 Command area (ha) 28 35 1004.2 943.32 - 926 - 3,016.52 88

Actual irrigated area (ha) 32 583 596 472.34 - 1,723.34 Kuhl Number - 20 - 2 3 - - 88 Amount spent 0 1 0 35.81 60 0 0 1240 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - 15 - 2 10 - - 487 Beneficiaries (No.) - 180 - 65 8,000 - - 21,384 Command area (ha) - 280 - 63.05 500 - - 7,964.13 Actual irrigated area (ha) - 250 - 50 300 - - 5,841.38 Canal irrigation Number - - - - 1 2 0 3 Amount spent 0 0 0 0 31,000 95,000 - 1,26,000 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - - - 42 - 42 Beneficiaries (No.) - - - - 8,000 2,250 - 10,250 Command area (ha) - - - - 9,000 4,400 - 13,400 Actual irrigated area (ha) - - - - 5,000 420 - 5,420 Tank irrigation Number - 50 - 1 - 26 - 331 Amount spent 0 12.5 0 0.9 0 9 0 97.88 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - 28 - 1 - 6 - 92 Beneficiaries (No.) - 120 - 6 - 90 - 721 Command area (ha) - 350 - 1.2 - 19.5 - 576.7 Actual irrigated area (ha) - 312 - 1 - 17.6 - 372.17 Others Number - 20 - - - - - 37 Amount spent 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 20.12 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - 32 - - - - - 32 Beneficiaries (No.) - 98 - - - - - 282 Command area (ha) - 230 - - - - - 248

89

Actual irrigated area (ha) - 200 - - - - - 212.12 Functional Lift irrigation Number - - - 10 11 - - 48 Amount spent 0 0 0 200 113.26 0 0 407.36 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - - 15 - - - 100 Beneficiaries (No.) - - - 261 - - - 2403 Command area (ha) - - - 955.22 - - - 2,239.87 Actual irrigated area (ha) - - - 142 - - - 740.02 Tube wells Number - - - 27 53 29 - 111 Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 710 0 710 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - - - - 44 - 48 Beneficiaries (No.) - - - - - 1,270 - 1,420 Command area (ha) - - - - - 910 - 966 Actual irrigated area (ha) - - - - - 890 - 915 Kuhl Number - - - 2 3 - - 109 Amount spent 0 0 0 35.81 60 0 0 737.49 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - - 2 - - - 221 Beneficiaries (No.) - - - 65 - - - 8,236 Command area (ha) - - - 63.05 - - - 5,218.13 Actual irrigated area (ha) - - - 50 - - - 1,016.38 Canal irrigation Number - - 1 - 1 - - 2 Amount spent 0 0 663.5 0 0 0 0 663.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - 45 - - - - 45 Beneficiaries (No.) - - 0 - - - - 0

90

Command area (ha) - - 3,150 - - - - 3,150 Actual irrigated area (ha) - - 185 - - - - 185 Tank irrigation Number - - - 1 - - - 134 Amount spent 0 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 38.91 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - - 1 - - - 104 Beneficiaries (No.) - - - 6 - - - 56.5 Command area (ha) - - - 1.2 - - - 20.2 Actual irrigated area (ha) - - - 1 - - - 12 Other Number ------Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Villages covered ------15 Beneficiaries (No.) ------13 Command area (ha) ------10.1 Actual irrigated area (ha) ------5.1 Sprinkler Number ------24 Amount spent 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------24 Beneficiaries (No.) ------1,200 Command area (ha) ------250 Actual irrigated area (ha) ------250 Potential/new schemes Lift irrigation

91

Number 8 7 6 - - - - Amount required 600 600 300 0 0 0 0 2,815 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered 8 7 6 - - - - Beneficiaries (No.) 400 350 250 - - - - Command area (ha) 400 400 200 - - - - 1,972 Tube wells Number - - - 3 200 13 - - Amount required 0 0 0 186 400 584 0 1432.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered - - - - 5 - - Beneficiaries (No.) - - - 90 150 420 - - Command area (ha) - - - 93 200 292 - 795 Kuhl Number 5 5 - 5 - 1 15 - Amount required 125 125 0 150 0 37.5 375 2,325 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered 10 10 - 5 - 1 10 - Beneficiaries (No.) 3,000 3,000 - 121 - 55 115 - Command area (ha) 100 100 - 120 - 30 300 5,060 Actual irrigated area (ha) Soil conservation Number ------Amount required 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------Actual irrigated area (ha) ------Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

92

Table 4.13 Irrigation Schemes: Funds for Repair and Maintenance (Rs. Lakhs) Particulars Baijnath Punch Bhawarna Lamba Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Functional Lift irrigation - - 46.5 50.0 8.0 Tube wells ------Kuhl 200.0 70.0 50.0 12.0 103.0 15.0 Canal irrigation ------Tank irrigation ------2.0 0.1 Other ------Non-functional ------Lift irrigation - - - 25.0 - 10.0 - - Tube wells ------Kuhl ------80.0 Canal irrigation ------Tank irrigation ------Table 4.13 Contd…. Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur DharmshalaDistrict Surian Functional Lift irrigation - 1.0 96.5 - 10.0 20.0 - 232 Tube wells - 0.5 295.0 - 20.0 65.0 - 381 Kuhl - 2.0 - - - - 20.0 472 Canal - 40.0 - - - - 40 Tank irrigation - 2.5 - - - 10.0 - 15 Non-functional Lift irrigation - - - - - 50.0 - 85 Tube wells - - - - - 25.0 - 25 Kuhl ------80 Canal irrigation ------Source: Field Survey, 2007-08 93

Table 4.14 Varietal and Technological Problems and Interventions for Cereals, Pulses and other Crops ( Per cent of Panchyats) Crops/problems Interventions Baij- Punch- Bhaw- Lamba Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait nath rukhi arna -gaon Mahadev Bagwan Maize Insects: Termites Demonstration on - 75.0 20.0 - - - - 66.67 insect control Diseases: Bacterial stalk Demonstration on rot, Turcicum and maydis plant protection - - - 83.33 20.0 33.33 50.0 55.56 leaf blights, banded leaf measures and sheath blight Animal menace Sterlization and growing of fruit 14.29 25.0 40.0 - 60.0 83.33 16.67 - trees, creation of Gosadans Poor seed availability Timely availability through proper - - 40.0 100.0 20.0 - 50.0 22.22 seed distribution network Weeds: Echinochloa colona, Demonstration on Commelina weed control benghalensis,Brachiaria sp.,Ageratum ------conyzoides,Polygonum alatum, Digitaria sanguinalis Setaria glauca Cyperus iria Lodging Lodging resistant ------varieties Not following package of Awareness for use practices of package of ------practices Lack of irrigation Development of ------rainfed varieties

94

Paddy: Insects: Leaf folder, Stem Demonstration on - - 40.0 16.67 16.67 33.33 borers, Black beetle insect control Diseases: Blast, Brown Demonstration on spot, Grain discolouration, plant protection - - 100.0 16.67 40.0 50.0 50.0 66.67 False smut measures Lack of irrigation Provision of 100.0 20.0 16.67 40.0 16.67 irrigation Poor seed availability Timely availability through proper - - - - 20.0 50.0 33.33 44.44 seed distribution network Weeds: Cyperus iria, Demonstration on Echinochloa crus-galli, weed control - - - - 20.0 - - 11.11 Fimbristylis sp. Scirpus sp.Commelina communis Wheat Late maturity Development of early maturing - - 20.0 16.67 - - 50.0 - varieties Weeds: Medicago denticulate, Demonstration on Anagallis arvensis, Poa annua, weed control Stellaria media, Phalaris minor - - - 33.3 40.0 16.67 - 11.11 Avena leudoviciana ,Juncus bufonius Hailing Development of hail resistant - - - - - 16.67 - - varieties Poor seed availability Timely availability through proper - 25.0 20.0 60.0 33.33 33.33 seed distribution network

95

Lack of Irrigation Development of - - 20.0 83.33 40,0 16.67 rainfed variety Insects: Termites Demonstration on - - 20.0 20.0 33.33 33.33 88.89 insect control Animal menace Sterlization and growing of fruit - - - - 20.0 - - - trees, creation of Gosadans Diseases: Rusts ( yellow & Demonstration on leaf rusts), loose smut, Hill plant protection ------bunt, Karnal bunt measures Barley Poor seed availability Timely availability through proper - - 20.0 16.67 16.67 11.11 seed distribution network Weeds: Medicago denticulate, Demonstration on Anagallis arvensis, Poa annua, weed control Stellaria media, Phalaris minor ------Avena leudoviciana ,Juncus bufonius Old varieties Improved ------germplasm Mash Disease: Leaf spots Demonstration on plant protection - - 20.0 - - - - - measures Lack of improved varieties Development of ------22.22 improved varieties Grams Diseases: Root rot and Demonstration on stem rot plant protection ------measures 96

Weeds: Medicago denticulate Demonstration on ,Chenopodium album, Sorghum weed control ------halepense Anagallis arvensis, Fumaria parviflora Lack of improved varieties Development of ------improved varieties Insects: Bean bug, Blister Demonstration on beetle, Pod borer, Hairy insect control ------caterpillars, Cutworms, Sarson Low yields Development of high yielding - - 20.0 - - - - 11.11 varieties Insects: Aphid complex Demonstration on ------11.11 insect control Linseed Low yields Development of high yielding - - 20.0 - - - - 22.22 varieties Diseases: Rust, Wilt Demonstration on plant protection ------measures Ginger Insects: Nematodes Demonstration on ------11.11 insect control Diseases: Rhizome rot Demonstration on plant protection - 100.0 40.0 - 20.0 33.33 16.67 44.44 measures Non availability of quality Availability of seed good quality and - - - - - 50.0 - 22.22 disease free seed Lack of irrigation Provision of - - - - 20.0 - - - irrigation

97

Marketing Organised marketing system ------and proper grading Garlic Non availability of quality Supply of good seed quality and - 100.0 20.0 - 60.0 50.0 - 55.56 disease free seed Market problems Organised marketing system - - 20.0 - - 16.67 - 33.33 and proper grading Sugarcane Lack of processing Provision of ------processing plant Diseases: Stalk rot, leaf Demonstration on spots plant protection ------16.67 - measures Insects: Borer complex, Demonstration on ------11.11 Termites insect control Lack of irrigation Provision of ------irrigation

98

Table 4.14 Contd…..

Crops/problems Interventions Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpu Dharm- Surian r shala Maize Insects: Termites Demonstration on - - - 16.67 - 33.33 - insect control Diseases: Bacterial stalk Demonstration on rot, Turcicum and maydis plant protection - - 20.0 - - - - leaf blights, Banded leaf measures and sheath blight Animal menace Sterlization and growing of fruit - - 80.0 - - 50.0 25.0 trees, creation of Gosadans Poor seed availability Timely availability through proper 100 12.5 20.0 83.34 - - 50.0 seed distribution network Weeds: Echinochloa colona, Demonstration on Commelina weed control benghalensis,Brachiaria sp.,Ageratum 42.86 - - - - 16.67 conyzoides,Polygonum alatum, Digitaria sanguinalis Setaria glauca Cyperus iria Lodging Lodging resistant - - - - 100.0 33.33 25.0 varieties

99

Not following package of Awareness for use practices of package of ------75.0 practices Lack of irrigation Development of - - - - 40.0 - - rainfed varieties Paddy: Insects: Leaf folder, Stem Demonstration on - - 40.0 - - 66.67 25.0 borers, Black beetle insect control Diseases: Blast, Brown Demonstration on spot, Grain discolouration, plant protection - - 20.0 33.33 - 50.o 25.0 False smut measures Lack of irrigation Provision of - - 60.0 - 80.0 50.0 50.0 irrigation Poor seed availability Timely availability through proper 28.57 - - 33.33 - 33.33 75.0 seed distribution network Weeds: Cyperus iria, Demonstration on Echinochloa crus-galli, weed control 85.71 - - - - - 75.0 Fimbristylis sp. Scirpus sp.Commelina communis Wheat Late maturity Development of early maturing ------varieties Weeds: Medicago denticulate, Demonstration on Anagallis arvensis, Poa annua, weed control 71.43 - - - - 33.33 - Stellaria media, Phalaris minor

100

Avena leudoviciana ,Juncus bufonius Hailing Development of hailing resistant - - 20.0 - - - - varieties Poor seed availability Timely availability through proper 28.57 12.5 - 16.67 20.0 - 75.0 seed distribution network Lack of irrigation Development of 28.57 - 40.0 16.67 40.0 83.34 - rainfed variety Insects: Termites Demonstration on - 12.5 40.0 50.0 20.0 33.33 50.0 insectcontrol Animal menace Sterlization and growing of fruit ------50.0 trees, creation of Gosadans Diseases: Rusts ( yellow & Demonstration on leaf rusts), Loose smut, plant protection ------Hill bunt, Karnal bunt measures Barley Poor seed availability Timely availability through proper 14.29 - - - 20.0 - - seed distribution network Weeds: Medicago denticulate, Demonstration on Anagallis arvensis, Poa annua, weed control 14.29 ------Stellaria media, Phalaris minor

101

Avena leudoviciana ,Juncus bufonius Old varieties Improved - - - - - 25.0 germplasm Mash Disease: Leaf spots Demonstration on plant protection 42.86 - - - - 66.67 - measures Lack of improved varieties Development of 71.43 - 40.0 - - - - improved varieties Grams Diseases: Root rot and Demonstration on stem rot plant protection - - - - - 66.67 - measures Weeds: Medicago denticulate Demonstration on ,Chenopodium album, Sorghum weed control ------halepense Anagallis arvensis, Fumaria parviflora Lack of improved varieties Development of ------improved varieties Insects: Bean bug, Blister Demonstration on beetle, Pod borer, Hairy insect control - - 20.0 - - 66.67 - caterpillars, Cutworms, Sarson Low yields Development of high yielding ------varieties

102

Insects: Aphid complex Demonstration on - - 40.0 - - 50.0 50.0 insect control Linseed Low yields Development of high yielding ------100.0 varieties Diseases: Rust, Wilt Demonstration on plant protection ------100.0 measures Ginger Insects: Nematodes Demonstration on ------insects control Diseases: Rhizome rot Demonstration on plant protection - - 40.0 - - - - measures Non availability of quality Availability of seed good quality and - - - 16.67 - 16.67 - disease free seed Lack of irrigation Provision of - - - 16.67 60.0 - - irrigation Marketing Organised marketing system - - - - 60.0 - - and proper grading Garlic Non availability of quality Supply of good seed quality and disease ------free seed

103

Market problems Organised marketing system - - - 16.67 - - - and proper grading Sugarcane Lack of processing Provision of - - - 16.67 80.0 16.67 - processing plant Diseases: Stalk rot, leaf Demonstration on spots plant protection - - - 16.67 - - - measures Insects: Borer complex, Demonstration on ------Termites insect control Lack of irrigation Provision of - - 20.0 - - - - irrigation Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

104

Table 4.15 Varietals and Technological Problems and Interventions for Vegetables (Per Cent of Panchyats)

Crops/Problems Interventions Baij- Punch- Bhaw- Lamba Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait nath rukhi arna -gaon Mahadev Bagwan Potato Insects: Cutworm, Potato Demonstration on - - 80.0 - - - - 33.33 tuber moth insect control Diseases: Late blight, Demonstration on Bacterial wilt plant protection - - 100.0 - 60.0 33.33 33.33 44.44 measures Mixed seed Certified seed of - - - - 20.0 - - - one variety Marketing Organised marketing system ------and proper grading Peas Insects: Pod borer Demonstration on - - 40.0 11.11 insect control Diseases: Root rot/wilt Demonstration on complex, White rot plant protection - 100.0 80.0 - 60.0 33.33 83.33 11.11 measures Lack of irrigation Provision of - - - - 20.0 - - - irrigation Climatic conditions Development of ------suitable varieties Tomato Insects: Tomato fruit Demonstration on - - 40.0 - - - - 22.22 borer, Cutworm, Fruit fly insects control Diseases: Bacterial wilt, Demonstration on Fruit rot plant protection - 100.0 40.0 - 40.0 16.67 0 11.11 measures

105

Lack of irrigation Provision of - - - - 20.0 - - - irrigation Marketing Organised marketing system ------and proper grading Cabbage Insects: Caterpillar Demonstration on complex, Aphid complex, insect control - - - 16.67 - - - 22.22 Cutworms Diseases: Black rot, Stalk Demonstration on rot plant protection - 100.0 16.67 20.0 33.33 measures Lack of good varieties Development of high yielding and - - 20.0 - 20.0 - - 11.11 quality cultivars Marketing Organised marketing system ------and proper grading Cauliflower Poor varieties Development of high yielding and - - 40.0 16.67 quality cultivars Diseases: Black rot, Stalk Demonstration on rot plant protection - 100.0 - 16.67 - 16.67 - - measures Insects: Caterpillar Demonstration on complex, Aphid complex, insect control ------22.22 Cutworms

106

Table 4.15 Contd…

Crops/problems Interventions Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- Surian shala Potato Insects: Cutworm, Potato Demonstration on ------50.0 tuber moth insect control Diseases: Late blight, Demonstration on Bacterial wilt plant protection 42.86 - - - - - 100.0 measures Mixed seed Certified seed of 42.86 25.0 - - - - 50.0 one variety Marketing Organised marketing system ------and proper grading Peas Insects: Pod borer Demonstration on - - - 33.33 - - - insect control Diseases: Root rot/wilt Demonstration on complex, White rot plant protection 42.86 - - 16.67 - - - measures Lack of Irrigation Provision of - - - 33.33 60.0 - - irrigation Climatic conditions Development of - - - - 60.0 - - suitable varieties Tomato ------Insects: Tomato fruit Demonstration on ------borer, Cutworm, Fruit fly insect control Diseases: Bacterial wilt, Demonstration on Fruit rot plant protection - - - 50.0 - 16.67 - measures

107

Lack of irrigation Provision of - - - 16.67 20.0 - - irrigation Marketing Organized marketing system - - - - 20.0 - - and proper grading Cabbage Insects: Caterpillar Demonstration on complex, Aphid complex, insect control ------Cutworms Diseases: Black rot, Stalk Demonstration on rot plant protection ------measures Lack of good varieties Development of high yielding and ------quality cultivars Marketing Organised marketing system ------and proper grading Cauliflower Poor varieties Development of high yielding and ------quality cultivars Diseases: Black rot, Stalk Demonstration on rot plant protection ------measures Insects: Caterpillar Demonstration on complex, Aphid complex, insects control ------Cutworms Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

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Table 4.16 Estimated Yields and Yield Gaps in Crops (Q/ha)

Sr. Crop/Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawa- Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait No. rukhi rna gaon Mahadev Bagwan I Maize Experimental station 1 35.0 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 50 37.5 25 41.25 37.50 42 37.50 37.50 yield 3 Actual/average yield 22.37 25 20 14.92 21.32 24.91 17.48 19.23 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 12.63 10 15 20.08 13.68 10.09 17.52 15.77 Yield gap II (2-3) 27.63 12.5 5 26.33 16.18 17.09 20.02 18.27 II Wheat Experimental station 1 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 55 37.5 43.70 25 37.50 35 31.25 37.5 yield 3 Actual/average yield 26.86 22.5 20.5 13.27 23.56 29.49 17.92 30.45 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 10.14 14.5 16.50 23.73 13.44 7.51 19.08 6.55 Yield gap II (2-3) 28.14 15 23.2 11.73 13.94 5.51 13.33 7.05 III Paddy Experimental station 1 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 50 30 50 41.25 50 50 47.5 42.5 yield 3 Actual/average yield 32.08 20 25 17.4 24.79 23.80 22.58 23.27 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 7.92 20 15 22.60 15.21 16.20 17.42 16.73 Yield gap II (2-3) 17.92 10 25 23.85 25.21 26.20 24.92 19.23

109

IV Mash Experimental station 1 - - - - - 10 - - yield Progressive farmers’ 2 - - - - - 5.25 - - yield 3 Actual/average yield - - - - - 4 - - 4 Yield gap - Yield gaps (1-3) - - - - - 6 - - Yield gap II (2-3) - - - - - 1.25 - - V Sarson Experimental station 1 10 - - - 10 - 10 10 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 17.50 - - - 15 - 15 15 yield 3 Actual/average yield 8.33 - - - 7.50 - 3.95 10.12 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 1.67 - - - 2.50 - 6.05 -0.12 Yield gap II (2-3) 9.17 - - - 7.50 - 11.05 4.88 VI Potato Experimental station 1 - 175 175 175 175 175 - 175 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 - 300 375 200 300 375 - 275 yield 3 Actual/average yield - 20 250 125 213.18 183.33 - 198.55 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) - -25 -75 50 -38.18 -8.33 - -23.55 Yield gap II (2-3) - 100 125 75 86.82 191.67 - 76.45 VII Peas Experimental station 1 - 120 120 - 120 120 - 120 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 - 80 80 - 100 87.50 - 100 yield

110

3 Actual/average yield - 65 70 - 24.43 62.50 - 56.25 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) - 55 50 - 95.57 57.50 - 63.75 Yield gap II (2-3) - 15 10 - 75.57 25 - 43.75 VIII Tomato Experimental station 1 - 450 450 - 450 450 - 450 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 - 250 375 - 200 400 - 250 yield 3 Actual/average yield - 200 280 - 95.46 254.63 - 200 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) - 250 170 - 354.54 195.37 - 250 Yield gap II (2-3) - 50 95 - 104.54 145.37 - 50 IX Cabbage Experimental station 1 250 250 - - 250 250 - 250 yield Progressive 2 450 250 - - 90 275 - 250 farmers’yield 3 Actual/average yield 375 200 - - 53.67 175 - 137.50 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) -125 50 - - 196.33 75 - 0 Yield gap II (2-3) 75 50 - - 36.33 100 - 112.50 X Cauliflower Experimental station 1 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 300 250 175 200 100 312.50 250 yield 3 Actual/average yield 250 200 125 150 95.86 212.50 159.38 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) -50 0 75 50 104.14 -12.50 40.62 Yield gap II (2-3) 50 50 50 50 4.14 100 90.62

111

XI Bhindi Experimental station 1 - 100 100 - 100 100 - 100 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 - 125 100 - 100 125 - 100 yield 3 Actual/average yield - 100 80 - 45.41 66.03 - 70.31 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) - 0 20 - 54.59 33.97 - 29.69 Yield gap II (2-3) - 25 20 - 54.59 58.97 - 29.69 XII Brinjal Experimental station 1 - 250 250 - 250 250 - - yield Progressive farmers’ 2 - 250 250 - 110 275 - - yield 3 Actual/average yield - 200 200 - 75 175 - - 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) - 50 50 - 175 75 - - Yield gap II (2-3) - 50 50 - 35 100 - -

112

Table 4.16 Contd…

S.No. Crop/Particulars Dehra Prag pur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala I Maize Experimental station 1 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 18.75 37.5 62.5 50 40 31.25 32 38.68 yield 3 Actual/average yield 14.49 17.87 20.87 49.66 19.86 17.1 17.89 21.47 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 20.51 17.13 14.13 -14.66 15.14 17.9 17.11 13.53 Yield gap II (2-3) 4.26 19.63 41.63 0.34 20.14 14.15 14.11 17.21 II Wheat Experimental station 1 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 17.5 25 25 37.5 60 37.5 37.5 36.16 yield 3 Actual/average yield 14.05 15.87 10.64 18.30 27.31 17.46 24.03 20.81 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 22.95 21.13 26.36 18.70 9.69 19.54 12.97 16.19 Yield gap II (2-3) 3.45 9.13 14.36 19.2 32.69 20.04 13.47 15.35 III Paddy Experimental station 1 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 17.5 37.5 50 37.5 55 37.5 32 41.88 yield 3 Actual/average yield 15.78 19.9 18.4 24.32 31.79 16.82 20.17 22.40 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 24.22 20.10 21.60 15.68 8.21 23.18 19.83 17.60 Yield gap II (2-3) 17.20 17.6 31.6 13.18 23.21 20.68 11.83 19.48 IV Mash

113

Experimental station 1 10 - 10 - - 10 - 10 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 7.5 - 5 - - 10 - 6.94 yield 3 Actual/average yield 5.72 - 2.14 - - 2.77 - 3.66 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 4.28 - 7.86 - - 7.23 - 6.34 Yield gap II (2-3) 1.78 - 2.86 - - 7.23 - 3.28 V Sarson Experimental station 1 10 - 10 - 10 10 - 10 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 6.25 - 6.25 - 10 12.5 - 12.19 yield 3 Actual/average yield 5.15 - 4.25 - 7.22 6.21 - 6.59 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 4.85 - 5.75 - 2.78 3.79 - 3.41 Yield gap II (2-3) 1.1 - 2 - 2.78 6.29 - 5.60 VI Potato Experimental station 1 175 175 - 175 - - 175 175 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 250 125 - 175 - - 300 267.50 yield 3 Actual/average yield 197.92 71.43 - 125 - - 191.67 175.61 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) -22.92 103.57 - 50 - - -16.67 -0.61 Yield gap II (2-3) 52.08 53.57 - 50 - - 108.33 91.89 VII Peas Experimental station 1 - - 120 120 - 120 120 120 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 - - 100 62.5 - 100 37.5 83.05 yield 3 Actual/average yield - - 75 18.75 - 62.5 20 50.49

114

4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) - - 25 101.25 - 57.5 100 69.51 Yield gap II (2-3) - - 25 43.75 - 37.5 17.5 32.56 VIII Tomato Experimental station 1 450 - 450 450 - - - 450 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 300 - 175 312.5 - - - 282.81 yield 3 Actual/average yield 262.5 - 125 157.14 - - - 196.84 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 187.5 - 325 292.86 - - - 253.16 Yield gap II (2-3) 37.5 - 50 155.36 - - - 85.97 IX Cabbage Experimental station 1 250 ------250 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 150 ------230.71 yield 3 Actual/average yield 131.25 ------170.35 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 118.75 ------79.65 Yield gap II (2-3) 18.75 ------60.36 X Cauliflower Experimental station 1 200 - 200 - - 200 - 200 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 150 - 125 - - 250 - 211.25 yield 3 Actual/average yield 137.5 - 100 - - 200 - 163.02 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 62.5 - 100 - - 0 - 36.98 Yield gap II (2-3) 12.5 - 25 - - 50 - 48.23

115

XI Bhindi Experimental station 1 100 - - 100 100 100 - 100 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 100 - - 162.5 250 125 - 132.78 yield 3 Actual/average yield 90 - - 62.93 191.25 99.86 - 93.57 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 10 - - 37.07 -91.25 7.14 - 6.43 Yield gap II (2-3) 10 - - 99.57 58.75 32.14 - 39.21 XII Brinjal Experimental station 1 250 - - 250 - 250 - 250 yield Progressive farmers’ 2 150 - - 120 - 250 - 200.71 yield 3 Actual/average yield 100 - - 106.25 - 160.26 - 145.21 4 Yield gap Yield gaps (1-3) 150 - - 143.75 - 89.74 - 104.79 Yield gap II (2-3) 50 - - 13.75 - 89.74 - 55.50 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

116

Chapter-V

ALLIED AGRICULTURAL SECTORS

5.1 Horticulture

Agro climatic conditions of Kangra district are well suited for the production of different types of fruit ranging from temperate to sub tropical. The major area of fruit in the district is of sub tropical fruit, citrus and mangoes are the important fruit crops of the district. Apple plantations are found in Chhota and Bara Bangal areas of Baijnath block. The area and production of different fruit show a positive growth rate. The district is producing about 6 lakh qtls of different fruit. Major area and production of fruit was noticed in Nurpur and Indora block followed by other blocks of the district. The implementation of Horticulture Technology Mission (HTM) is playing an important role in the growth of area and production of fruit in the district. The block wise information on the number of existing schemes, area covered and budget spent has been given in Table 5.1. The existing area and production as well as future potential of different fruit grown in the district have been presented in Table 5.2. It is observed from the table that the highest area and production of mango was noticed in the district followed by citrus and stone fruit. Citrus and mango fruit are produced in almost all the blocks of the district.

5.2 Animal Husbandry

Animal husbandry and dairy development play a prominent role in rural economy in supplementing household income and in generating employment opportunities for rural youth. The information on existing block level schemes for fisheries and livestock has been presented in Table 5.3. The livestock population of the district was about 10 lakh (Census, 2003), which mainly consists of cattle followed by buffalos, sheep and goats. The buffalos and cattle are reared in all the blocks of the district (Table 5.4). The production and disposal of livestock products have been given in Table 5.7. The production of milk in the district was estimated at 20,61,577qtls. The production of milk was higher in case of cross-bred cows followed by buffalos in different blocks but they are producing less milk than their potential (Table 5.16). The farmers generally reared low yielder local breeds. But over time, the increase in cross-bred cattle was noticed. Cross-bred cattle population was the highest in Indora block followed by Nurpur. The buffalo population was the highest in Pragpur followed by Dehra.

5.3 Poultry

Poultry is one of the fastest growing enterprises over the last two decades; it recorded an impressive annual growth rate of 10 to 20 per cent per annum in the country. The poultry farming in the district is practised as backyard and commercialization of poultry production is very limited. Farmers of most of the blocks reared poultry birds both for their own consumption as well as marketing. As a consequence, per capita egg and meat production availability is very

117 less than national average. The major problems that the poultry farmers in the district faced are the non-availability of quality chicks at affordable prices, high cost of production, high cost of feed ingredients, poor technical support and weak managerial skills of the farmers.

5.4 Fishery

Fish is a cheap source of animal protein, required to meet the nutrient deficiency of growing population. Fisheries may be broadly classified under reverine, reservoir, recreational and ponds fishery. There is rich biodiversity of fauna. There are natural lakes producing different species of fishes. The average temperature in the district exhibits wide variations, ranging from 00c to 420c. Pong dam is the principal reservoir in the district. The different species of fish are reared in Pong Dam on large scale. The marketing of these fish are well organized through cooperative. The pond fishery holds tremendous potential and offers ample scope for fish yield optimization through adoption of suitable management measures, people are also rearing pond fish in few blocks of the district. The different species of fish found in the district are Common carp, Mrigal, Silver carp, Mahseer, Trout, Rohu, Gidbata, Gold fish, Grass carp, Catla etc. Additional funds required for pond fisheries are given in (Table 5.3). The status and potential of fisheries in different blocks has been given in Table 5.5. It was noticed that maximum number of households engaged in fish farming was in Fatehpur followed by Lambagaon block. The potential fish farming was also noticed in other blocks of the district. The potential of fish production in the district was 1,311qtls. Gridbata Kalbasu, malli, soul and mirror carp are important potential species for the district.

5.5 Sericulture

Sericulture in the district has been practised as a subsidiary occupation. It provides raw material for large sector of industry. It is a viable alternative for generating additional employment and supplementing low income of the farm families. Sericulture is the agricultural practice of growing mulberry, raising silkworms for silk production and harvesting silk from cocoons and processing the cocoon silk into useful textile fibers. Sericulture plays an important role in the flow of income from urban riches to rural poor, as the demand for silk is largely from the higher income group. The silk seed station at Palampur meets the demand of silk seed. The rearing of cocoon is practised during spring (March –April) and autumn (August-September). The department of sericulture organizes seasonal cocoon market in different location of producing areas. Kangra district produces about 18-20 per cent of the total cocoon production of the state. Sericulture is practiced in various blocks, namely, Dehra, Nurpur, Lambagaon and Panchrukhi.

5.6 Bee Keeping

Bee keeping is a profitable domestic enterprise for generating employment and income to the farmers, especially the women. Due to conducive climatic conditions and rich flora, the farmers of Kangra district are rearing Apis mellifera. Honey producer also migrate these colonies to

118 other places to avail the good flora every year. The CSKHPKV, Palampur has established a honey bee research station on bee keeping at Nagrota Bagwan. The station’s scientists provide technical knowhow about the rearing practice of bee keeping. The beekeepers in Kangra block particularly near Kachhiyari and Beerta area were observed to face marketing problem. This needs attention of the planners.

5.7 Mushroom

The climate conditions of district are more conducive for mushroom cultivation. The farmers can produce button mushroom at a cheaper rate because of cheap and easily availability of raw materials particularly the wheat straw. The marketing infrastructure is poor which is not being taken care of and this is posing problems in the popularization of mushroom industry. The government has established mushroom technical unit at Palampur and Baijnath to provide technical knowhow, spawn and compost to the seasonal growers.

5.8 Tea

Tea cultivation in Kangra was first introduced in 1850 and at present it is important crop grown in Kangra. The area under tea in Kangra district is by stagnant at about 2312 ha for the last few years. The production of tea in Kangra is about 10 lakh kg and the state government earns revenue nine crore per annum. The Kangra tea is known internationally for its flavor. The production of tea in Kangra is about 10 lakh kg. The state government earns revenue of about Rs. 9 crore per annum. The Kangra green tea is known internationally. The CSKHPKV, Palampur has established department of Tea Husbandry and Technology to improve the production as well as quality of tea. Tea industry provides employment to large number of rural people. The more emphasis should be given to organic tea farming which will fetch higher price in the international markets. About six thousand ha additional area has been identify as neglected (non-tradional) area which can be brought under tea plantation in Chamba and Kangra district of the state. In Kangra some of such area has been identified in Shahpur tehsil of Kangra district.

5.9 Agricultural Marketing

Production and disposal of agricultural produce, livestock products, fruit and vegetables has been presented in Table 5.6 and Table 5.7. Among foodgrains, cereal was important item and marketable surplus is available in almost all the blocks of the district. The table also shows that marketed surplus of pulses and oilseed crop was not available in different blocks. In case of fruit and vegetables, 30-40 per cent of the produce was marketed in different blocks by the producers. They mostly sold the products locally and within the state. Among the fruit, citrus and mangoes were important fruit for market and were mostly grown in all the blocks. In case of livestock products, milk, wool and meat were the animal product produced and sold in the different blocks of the district. Milk was sold locally while wool was sold to local traders as well as to the Himachal Pradesh Wool Federation. Table 5.7 shows that marketed surplus of milk was

119 available in all the blocks of the district. The milk production was maximum in Kanga block and minimum in Bhedu Mahadev.

5.10 Marketing Infrastructure

Marketing infrastructure facilities are lacking in different blocks of the district. There were few regulated markets in the district and need strengthening. The marketed surplus of cereals, fruit and vegetables is brought to nearby local markets by the producers. The farmers also sold their produce within the village and outside local markets. The block-wise existing and required marketing infrastructure has been given in Table 5.8. It was noticed that different market facilities (agri. produce collection centre, market yard, storage/ godown), market information centre, co-operative marketing society, co-operative input society, banking and insurance facility were needed in most of the blocks of the district.

5.11 Institutional Infrastructure

The important institution for carrying out agricultural development activities are department of agriculture, horticulture, fishery, animal husbandry, CSKHPKV, Palampur and its research stations and research stations of UHF, Solan. These institutions are providing different types of trainings and assistance to the farmers in generating employment and income and in guiding cultivators in taking up avocations.

5.12 Human Resource for Agricultural Development

Existing human resources of different categories for agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, fishery, bee keeping, sericulture and mushroom etc., have been given in Table 5.9 and Table 5.10. The tables also show the physical and financial estimates for human resources for different blocks. It was observed that maximum number of AEOs followed by ADO and HEOs were needed in the district. About Rs 8.29 crore additional funds was required for different categories of human resources during the planning period to smoothly run the different activities of the concerned departments.

5.13 Un-employment and Potential Enterprises

Block wise unemployment status for different levels of educated males and females has been depicted in Table 5.11. Table shows the existing status of rural enterprises. This gives the number of units, persons employed and investment pattern of different enterprises. The potential enterprises which can provide employment to the rural unemployed youth are mushroom farming, dairy, bee keeping, nursery raising, food farming, medicinal and aromatic plants, vegetable farming and protected cultivation. The number of persons unemployed in the rural areas of the district were 8,254 out of which 57 per cent were males.

120 5.14 Agro Processing

Among agro processing units, atta chakki, rice seller, maize seller, rural craft and oilseed processing units were important in the area. The oil processing units in the district have decreased due to low production of oilseed crops (Table 5.12).

5.15 Agri-Business Establishment

The block-wise potential enterprises for unemployed youth have been given in Table 5.13. The agri-business establishments for different blocks include agro sale centres, PACs, rural handicraft and farmers cooperatives and these have been presented in Table 5.14. Table gives the existing status, required and gaps of agri-business establishments for different blocks. It was observed that there was more gap of agro sale centres followed by PACs, farmers co-operatives etc. at the district level and similar pattern was noticed in most of the blocks.

5. 16 Drudgery of Women

Women play an important role in agricultural development of the area as well as sustainability of family. The tools and techniques being followed by rural women have been depicted in Table 5.15. It was seen that 98 per cent of work done by women folk was in spreading and transporting the FYM and fertilizers in the district manually followed by clod breaking. Similar pattern was observed in most of blocks. It was noticed from the table that contribution of women in agriculture is generally higher than men. Most of agriculture operations in the Kangra district are mostly done manually except threshing. The livestock operations like, cutting of grasses, fetching of fodder, milking etc are mostly performed manually by women. The churning of milk and chaffing of fodder are also done with the help of machines by more than 50 per cent of the farmers. The breeding of animals is done mostly by Artificial insemination.

The livestock feeding practices followed for different categories of livestock for different blocks have been presented in Table 5.16, which reveals that the quantity of green fodder fed to the cross-bred cow was 10.96 kg per animal per day in the district as a whole. The block wise detail for feeding practices of the livestock has been given in Table 5.16.

5.17 Yield Gap Analysis

The yield gaps in fruit and live stock products have been presented in Tables 5.17 and 5.18. There was a gap between actual and potential yield for different fruit commonly grown in different blocks of district Kangra. The yield gap for different fruit in different blocks varied from 6 to 11 q/ha. The gap was lower in litchi and highest in mangoes. The gap in milk yield (Table 5.18) shows that the gap was the highest in cross-bred and lowest in local cow. Almost similar pattern was observed in most of the blocks. To bridge the gap , there is a need to strengthen research and development activities.

121 5.18 Reasons for Gaps in Yield for Fruit and Livestock

The various varietal and technological problems which cause yield gap in fruit crops have been given in Table 5.19. It can be seen that lack of proper knowledge of fruit cultivation i.e disease and pest management, lack of awareness of technology, fertilizer application, non-availability of quality material, non-availability of good quality varieties, low yield and lack of irrigation facilities were the main varietal and technological problems faced by farmers. The number of animals infected, mortality and treatment available has been depicted in Table 5.20. It was observed that endoparasites and ectoparasites were major diseases. The table also highlighted frequent repeat breeding in cattle. The gap in livestock products was due to lack of good quality fodder, lack of technical know-how and poor yielder animals. The wool yield was also low which was due to poor breed, reducing grazing lands and their poor productivity due to weed infestation (Table 5.21).

5.19 Interventions for Increasing Fruit and Livestock Productivity

The various interventions for raising productivity of fruit and livestock have been given in Table 5.19 and Table 5.21. It was noticed that development of high yielding fruit varieties, provision of technical knowledge about cultivation, development of frost resistant varieties, adoption of improved package of practices through trainings, demonstration and exposure visits were the major needed interventions similarly, irrigation, awareness of nutrient application and control measures for monkey menance were few other intervention required for increasing productivity of crops. The interventions for livestock improvement have been shown in Table 5.21. It was observed that emphasis should be given on construction of silage pits, growing of good quality fodder grasses and irrigation. In case of A.I., awareness and good quality of A.I. should be provided to the livestock keepers by appointing technically sound persons at a lower level. In case of de-worming and disease control, medication facility should be provided for good health of livestock.

5.20 Research / Extension Gaps

As far as livestock sector is concerned, very few organized dairy, sheep and horse breeding farms are run under government supervision at the place of their location. Similarly, horticultural orchards were maintained under government sector in some areas. The gaps between the average yields from the progressive farmers’ yields can be reduced through the improvement of support lands (private grasslands) by applying different techniques for the invasion of obnoxious shrubs and weeds and protection of forest grazing rights of shepherd community and imparting technical know-how about different processes of value-addition of the wild and cultivated apricot for oil extraction.

122 5.21 Researchable Issues

Animal Husbandry

 Sero surveillance of some important infectious diseases in sheep and goats  Surveillance, monitoring and control of the diseases of animals and birds including wild fauna  Development of a sustainable dairy husbandry package for hill livestock farmers in the face of livestock revolution 2020.  Evaluation of medicinal plants/herbs utilized in soft and hard tissue healing in animals  Identification and documentation of constraints in the adoption of improved dairy husbandry practices/technology and the indigenous livestock health and ethno-veterinary practices among livestock farmers and perceptions of stake-holders.  Appropriateness of the recommended animal husbandry technologies and identification and nutritional evaluation of the high nutrition fodder grasses in the district  Establishment of some more units of fisheries (cold water fisheries) Horticulture  Development of commercial fruit varieties  Introduction and field evaluation of improved cultivars in pecan, amla, low chill peaches in addition to mango, litchi and citrus  Identification of niche area and remapping of different fruit growing belts  Diversification of fruit and their varieties with under utilized fruit  Delineation of areas/locations suitable for different flower crops.  Standardization of location specific production technology for different flower crops.  Flower production as per the market demands  Recommendation of varieties  Standardization of planting time  Standardization of nutrients  Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and pest management  Irrigation management  Post harvest management and maintaining the cool chain system  Refinement of infrastructure (Green house technology) as per the location

123  Nutrient indexing and improvement of soil health  Irrigation water requirement and scheduling under conventional and high tech systems  Development of practices for organic farming under different cropping systems  Development of resource (soil & water) conservation horticulture practices  Development of technology for integrated nutrient management in fruit and vegetables  Protected cultivation technology and monitoring of soil health in poly houses  Disease and pest management in honey bees  Management of bee colonies for pollination in different crops for higher production  Management practices for migratory beekeeping for better economic returns  Quality analysis of honey for value-addition  Management practices for control of fungal diseases in cultural fish production  Availability of quality and quantity water for rearing cultured fisheries  Identification of critical/technical gaps in attaining the profitability under aquaculture  Standardization/verification and recommendation of low cost fish feed  Exploitation of gravity flow rivulets/kuhls for fish farming  Issues related to improved fish farming in different fish production system  Development of high yielding mulberry species  Development of organized marketing system for remunerating income for cocoon disposal  Technique for quality cocoon production  Analysing trends and pattern of demand, prices and markets of emerging crops and enterprise in the context of ongoing process of globalization  Understanding economic implications of climatic change towards cropping systems, cropping patterns and livelihoods of the farmers.  Assessing impact of the ongoing process of commercialization of agriculture on natural resource base( soil, water and environment) and its implications towards livelihoods of the farmers  Studies on impact assessment and policy implication of various developmental programmes/schemes

124 Table 5.1 Existing Block Level Schemes for Horticulture Development

Particular Baijnath Punch- Bhaw- Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi arna gaon Mahadev Bagwan Horticulture project No. of Schemes 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 1 Village covered (No.) 206 135 166 289 274 45 245 61 Population covered - 2,000 - - - 22,360 - Area covered (ha) - - - - - 195 - Beneficiary families (No.) 2 987 370 0 225 721 2,500 - Total (Rs. Lakh) 0 83.00 50.00 26.16 0 0 11.50 0 budget Additional funds required - 50 10 50 - - - - (Rs. Lakhs)

Table 5.1 Contd…

Particular Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm District surian shala Horticulture project No. of Schemes 1 1 1 1 4 1 3 24 Villages covered (No.) 64 80 223 120 175 107 2,190 Population covered - 200 - - - - - 24,560 Area covered (ha.) ------195 Beneficiary families (No.) 526 240 - 700 15000 - - 21,271 Total budget Rs. Lakh 60.32 735.00 - - 1,420.00 2,380.00 Additional funds required 50 0 0 250 0 0 410 (Rs. Lakhs) Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

125 Table 5.2 Horticulture Development (Area-Ha, Production-Qtls and Household (No.)

Crop Status Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Apple Existing Area 12 ------Production 156 ------Households 30 - - - - - 39.21 40.05 Potential Area 25 ------Production 460 ------New 85 ------Households Stone fruit Existing Area 85.8 - 111.2 132.75 - - - 330 Production 1,201 - 1,700.72 2,124 - - - 5150 Households 121 - 2,760 608 - - - 6200 Potential Area 1,662 - 1,095 247 - - - 830 Production 23,268 - 25,185 5,434 - - - 19,090 New 4,100 - 3,335 1,275 - - - 12,010 Households Citrus fruit Existing Area 220.4 237 331.1 551.7 386.95 335.10 446 244 Production 2,856 2,844 6624 8,571.60 7,628.40 5,733.4 6,980 4,392.30 Households 853 1,295 4370 2,154 2,492 812 1,185 813 Potential Area 2,040 493 690 948 938 905 1,265 951 Production 39,739 9,367 12,420 21,804 24,140 22,625 30,360 18,069 New 10,200 3,700 2,453 2,750 4,900 1,810 2,225 1,938 Households Mango Existing Area 604 364.75 462.5 531.45 475.24 287.72 707.5 424 Production 18,887 8,972.18 10,638 12,224.2 10,512.1 6,912 16,980 9,752.2 Households 2,102 2,665 993 3,348 1,452 2,405 2,892 2,898 Potential Area 964 699 823 1,220 954 517.30 1,042 769 Production 39,524 27,960 27,161 42,700 32,436 75,588.30 36,053 25,723 New 4,130 4,445 2,160 7,776 6,063 5,817 5,483 5,490 Households

126 Litchi Existing Area - 64.75 448.5 83.05 157.2 71.8 210.65 122 Production - 1,014.91 3,444.02 1,411.50 2,184.9 122.70 2,949.102,184 Households - 1,758 6,517 1,410 1,833 1075 839 2,440 Potential Area - 111 736 95.10 306 124 110 285 Production - 2,563 11,040 2,282 4,590 3224 2,860 7,695 New - 3,515 1,610 1,205 5,793 1630 825 2,033 Households Guava Existing Area - - 32.2 14.3 15.51 20.9 - 122 Production - - 1,880.78 17.10 403.60 480.50 - 2,440 Households - - 1,553 4070 353 250 - 1,220 Potential Area - - 63 65.00 66 45.20 - 102 Production - - 1,890 1625 1,710 1130 - 2,680 New - - 3,987 4610 1,246 510 - 1,030 Households Papaya Existing Area - - 17.48 16.5 7.52 1.8 27.5 Production - - 766.82 881.3 390.15 - - - Households - - 437 636 170 - - - Potential Area - - 92 85 514 - 550 - Production - - 4,508 4,675 45.14 - - - New - - 1,127 1,530 2,480.70 - 2,200 - Households Peach Existing Area - - 50 93.85 27.52 - - 61 Production - - 3,336.18 6,085 1,767.50 - - 4194 Households - - 537 1650 470 - - 1220 Potential Area - - 92 103.20 94 - - 80.50 Production - - 7,360 7,843.20 7,332 - - 6,310 New - - 1,825 2,210 3,055 - - 1,625 Households Kiwi Existing Area ------Production ------Households ------

127

Potential Area ------Production ------New ------Households Other Existing Area - - 46 - 94 36 2750 183 Production - - 1,660 - 2,350 - - 2,440 Households - - 960 - 3,290 - - 8,662 Potential Area - - 92 - 76 - - 244 Production - - 3,120 - 2,584 - - 2,745 New - - 1,840 - 2,400 - - 6,100 Households

Table 5.2 Contd….

Crop Status Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala Apple Existing Area ------12 Production ------156 Households ------109.26 Potential Area ------25 Production ------460 New ------85 Households Stone Existing Area - 65.25 - 52 - - - 777 fruit Production - 1,165 - 780 - - - 12,120.72 Households - 570 - 520 - - - 10,779 Potential Area 172 175 - 106 - - - 4,287 Production 2,408 4,375 - 2,332 - - - 82,092 New 2,080 1,100 - 900 - - - 24,800 Households

128

Citrus Existing Area 436.32 635.5 405.6 647.30 - 574 241 5,691.97 fruit Production 6,924.90 8,752 7,423.6 12,953.6 20,194.8 12,628.8 4,579 1,19,086.4 Households 1,833 2,588 1,923 6,760 9,125 4,070 728 41,001 Potential Area 925 993 712 1,245 1,203 966 3,640 17,914 Production 23,125 23,832 17,088 33,615 36,090 28,980 6,310 3,47,564 New 3,597 4,413 3,504 4,550 9,392 9,780 1,712 66,924 Households Mango Existing Area 580.8 530.80 690.4 1,648 1,895 1,009 340.04 10,551.2 Production 11,790 12,341 15,672 45,140 61,588 29,412.35 7,650 2,78,471 Households 3,167 3,961 3,436 13,295 3,900 4,570 910 51,994 Potential Area 941 1,175 1,148 1,970 3,226 2,906 812 9,166.3 Production 31,335 37,659 39,261 80,061 1,74,204 1,19,582 28,420 8,17,667.3 New 5,107 6,463 6,400 10,900 8,135 8,725 1,100 88,194 Households Litchi Existing Area - 45 - 52 98.5 66 127 1,546.45 Production - 774.25 - 795 1,710 1,122 2,467 20,179.38 Households - 563 - 577 1,142 744 410 19,308 Potential Area - 113 - 318 142 106 112 2,558.1 Production - 2937 - 7,950 3,550 2,544 2,870 54,105 New - 825 - 2,600 408 816 700 21,960 Households Guava Existing Area 44.8 17.25 - 104 170 - - 540.96 Production 1,428.5 846 - 486.84 5,107 - - 7,983.32 Households 2,960 775 - 459 - - - 11,640 Potential Area 224 188 - 277 - - - 1,030.2 Production 7,840 8,467 - 12,742 - - - 38,084 New 4,080 938 - 1,845 - - - 18,246 Households Papaya Existing Area 33.92 78.75 - 45.76 - - - 229.23 Production 1,960 3,771 - 2,314.4 - - - 10,083.67 Households 1,520 750 - 773 - - - 4,286

129 Potential Area 341 200 - 190 - - - 1972 Production 19,096 11,400 - 10,830 - - - 50,554.14 New 5,013 1,625 - 1,080 - - - 15,055.7 Households Peach Existing Area - 37.5 - - - - - 269.87 Production - 2,190 - - - - - 17,572.68 Households - 1,250 - - - - - 5,127 Potential Area - 75 - - - - - 444.7 Production - 5,400 - - - - - 34,245.2 New - 750 - - - - - 9,465 Households Kiwi Existing Area ------Production ------Households ------Potential Area ------Production ------New ------Households Other Existing Area 76.8 45 144 117 - - - 3,491.8 Production 2,150.2 624.75 3,288 1,560 - - - 14,072.95 Households 1,280 319 680 1,022 - - - 16,213 Potential Area 256 160 175 160 - - - 1,163 Production 7,680 4,045 5,625 3,120 - - - 28,919 New 6,400 3,000 826 1,300 - - - 21,866 Households Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

130 Table 5.3 Existing Block Level Schemes for Fisheries and Livestock Development

Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Fisheries (Pond construction) No. of Schemes 3 - 25 - - - 3 24 Villages covered (No.) 3 - 120 - - - - 40 Population covered (No.) ------100 - Area covered (ha) - - 12 - - - - - Beneficiary families (No.) 3 - 500 - - - 10 24 Total Rs. Lakh 0 0 10.00 0 0 0 0 0 budget Additional funds required 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Livestock improvement

schemes No. of Schemes - 2 1 5 1 2 2 4 Villages covered (No.) - 57 80 289 274 47 245 6 Population covered (No.) - - 1,000 - - - 22,360 - Area covered (ha) ------Beneficiary families (No.) - 5,975 1,000 - - 11,057 - 841 Total budget (Rs. Lakh) 0 5.00 1,300.00 5 0 0 1,300.00 Additional funds required 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs)

131 Table 5.3 Contd….

Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm District surian shala Fisheries (Pond construction) No. of Schemes 10 1 8 20 4 2 126 226 Villages covered (No.) - 8 8 7 2 2 107 297 Population covered (No.) - - - - 4 20 - 124 Area covered (ha) ------12 Beneficiary families (No.) 10 8 8 70 - 2 125 760 Total (Rs. Lakh) 1.00 0 0 15.00 0 0 0 31.02 budget Additional funds required 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Livestock improvement

schemes No. of Schemes 4 - 1 2 3 1 2 30 Villages covered (No.) 110 - 117 52 208 - 64 1,549 Population covered (No.) ------23,360 Area covered (ha) 2,300 ------2,300 Beneficiary families (No.) - - 1,097 21,000 900 750 42,620 Total budget (Rs. Lakh) 2,500.00 0 13.00 405.00 0 0 80.00 5,610.00 Additional funds required 70 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 (Rs. Lakhs) Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

132 Table 5.4 Live Stock Population (No.) Sr. Type of animal Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait No. rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan I. Productive Crossbred cows 13,668 7,696 19,780 11,330 10,011 6,435 14,355 13,054 Local cows 6,120 740 5,750 1,980 2,115 1,800 4,565 12,261 Buffaloes 4,539 851 2,438 15,510 3,243 23,175 14,850 6,954 Goats 45,237 740 63,020 10,615 16,074 16,425 16,060 48,251 Sheep 79,152 592 63,112 4,400 5,640 5,040 2,365 40,382 Poultry 2,193 2,220 14,260 6,490 11,045 4,590 21,868 8,357 Broilers - - - 7,370 11,421 585 - 1,03,029 Young stock 7,344 1,739 1,260 3,520 3,431 5,625 1,130 6,771 Bullocks 4,794 2,627 7,820 3,685 8,413 11,745 27,115 19,764 Equines 969 444 1,472 1,100 799 1,305 6,325 915 II. Unproductive* 3,519 111 1,748 2,640 564 1,170 715 5,185 Table 5.4 Contd….. Sr Type of animal Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District No Surian shala I. Productive Crossbred cows 1,536 10,200 5280 19,864 39,592 9,828 16,884 1,99,513 Local cow 4,544 3,525 11,040 12,428 3,038 3,078 7,112 80,096 Buffaloes 20,032 22,725 19,824 10,400 14,308 14,958 1,764 1,75,571 Goats 11,712 - 45,216 10,296 7,252 5,346 30,464 3,26,708 Sheep 10,560 - - 1,872 2,058 4,914 27,328 2,47,415 Poultry - - - - 17,003 - 35,476 1,23,502 Broilers - - 72,000 1,30,416 - 1,56,384 - 4,81,205 Young stock 11,456 1,610 2,400 14,716 6,517 - 1,509 69,028 Bullocks 10,048 3,300 7,440 4,420 4,410 5,454 5,180 1,26,215 Equines - 600 864 572 833 702 1,344 18,244 II. Unproductive* 2,112 1,575 3,600 3,068 2,205 6,912 1,540 36,664 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

133 Table 5.5 Information on Cultured Fisheries

Development schemes Baijnath Punchrukhi Bhawarna Lambagaon Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait Mahadev Bagwan Households engaged E - - - 200 - 8 - 24 (No.) P - - - 250 400 9 - 10 Fish production (Qty.) E - 25 - - - 4 10 38 P - 100 - - - 11 50 Ponds (No.) E - - 6 5 - 8 13 24 P - - 30 10 400 10 34 Ponds (Area) E - 234 0.5 0.5 - 1 2104 1800 P - 0 2 1 - - - 2000 Existing Species 1 Common Common Common Common - Marigal Scale acrp Scale carp carp carp carp carp 2 Common Mirror Mirror - Silver carp Silver carp Silver carp Grass carp carp carp carp 3 Labeo - Grass carp Grass carp Grass carp Silver carp - Gold fish rohita 4 Schizothira - - Schizocarp Grass carp - - - x 5 Rohu and - Mahseer - Mahseer - - - Catla Potential of new species 1 Schizo Labeo Silver - Shizothorax Trout - Grass carp (Name) thera Rohita carp 2 Schizothora Cirrhina Grass - Mahseer - Mahseer Catla Catla x mrigala carp 3 Ornamental - - - - Rohu - Catla fish 4 ------Rohu Disease 1 - - - Fin rot - Bacterial gill rot Fungal 2 Tail and - - - - - Fungal Bacterial Fin rot 3 ------Dropsy -

134 Table 5.5 Contd….

Development Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District schemes Surian shala Households engaged E 10 5 8 7 3 650 - 915 (No.) P 5 8 - 10 700 - 1,392 Fish production (Qty.) E - - 21 150 600 0 80 928 P 0 0 0 250 700 0 200 1,311 Ponds (No.) E 10 5 8 15 9 2 30 135 P 5 8 0 25 - 15 30 567 Ponds (Area) E 1.5 0.81 2.56 5 - 9 0.6 4,159.47 P 1 1 7 - 25 0.8 2,037.8 Existing Species (Name) 1 Catla Catla Rahoo Rohu Rahu Mirror carp Katla 4,000 - 2 Labeo Common Kaitla Catla Catla katla Grass carp 4,000 - rohita carp 3 Mori Marigal mori Mergal Mahseer Rohu 4,000 - 4 Common Singhara Mahseer Grass carp Singhara Mrigal 4,000 - corp 5 Mahasir Singhara Mirror carp Grass carp Grass carp - - Potential of new species 1 Gidwata Kalbasu - Mahseer mori Mahseer - - (Name) 2 Kulwans Malli - - Mahseer - - - 3 Silver Carp Soul ------4 Mirror carp Mirror carp ------5 Sole Gid, bata ------Disease 1 - - - - fungal - - - Note: E – Existing, P – Potential Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

135 Table 5.6 Production, Disposal and Post-Harvest Losses of Agricultural Produce

Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Cereals Total production (q) 1,60,650 63,464.25 2,35,152 1,89,750 4,30,410 1,87,650 7,11,791.67 3,58,436 Consumption (q) 1,60,240 62,512.25 73,020.96 1,64,834 2,96,977 1,74,375 5,16,548.47 2,40,868 Marketed surplus (q) 1,59,240 - 60,117.76 22,770 1,29,124 9,522 1,28,122.70 1,14,699 Post harvest losses (q) 1,410 952 2,013.28 2,146 4,309 3,753 7,120.50 2,869 Markets where sold ------Local - - - - - Distant within state - - Distant outside state - - - - Pulses Total production (q) 76,500 138.75 - 5,500 235 540 1,155 - Consumption (q) - 138.75 - 5,450 230 540 1,137 - Marketed surplus (q) ------Post harvest losses (q) - - - 50 5 - 18.0 Markets where sold ------Local ------Distant within state ------Distant outside state ------Oilseeds Total production (q) 1,020 249.75 - 8,250 1,645 225 1,191.67 6,252.5 Consumption (q) 1,005 237.75 - 5,210 1,626 225 1,171.40 6,134.50 Marketed surplus (q) 15 ------Post harvest losses (q) - 12.00 - 40 19 - 20.37 113 Markets where sold ------Local ------Distant within state ------Distant outside state ------

136

Fruits Total production (q) 23,100 12,831 30,050 31,315 25,236 13,248 26,909 30,552 Consumption (q) 16,125 10,941 26,910 25,784 15,429 10,516 16,181 19,342 Marketed surplus (q) 6,725 1,560 2,350 4,935 8,922 2,089 9,622 9,850 Post harvest losses (q) 250 330 790 596 885 643 1,106 1,360 Markets where sold ------Local - - - - Distant within state - - - - - Distant outside state ------Vegetables Total production (q) 1,21,470 6,826.50 1,64,975 9,5812.5 82,750 67,600 1,70,958.33 67,588 Consumption (q) 66,300 6,416.50 71,160 58,456.25 54,615 35,358 88,938.88 45,284 Marketed surplus (q) 46,633 - 77,642 30,953.49 23,170 28,392 75,181.13 16,897 Post harvest losses (q) 8,537 410 16,173 6,402.76 5,565 3,850 6,838.32 5,407 Markets where sold ------Local - Distant within state - Distant outside state ------

Table 5.6 Contd…

Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm District Surian shala Cereals Total production (q) 2,98,569.14 31,031.25 2,63,040 2,10,600 7,66,414 2,29,500 1,13,715 42,50,173.31 Consumption (q) 1,59,935.49 21,822.13 2,00,238.42 1,65,756 12,34349 1,40,496 10,82,672 46,94,644.72 Marketed surplus (q) 1,34,656.58 8,998.45 30,697.26 40,934 6,36,600 87,134 30,840 15,93,455.75 Post harvest losses (q) 4,277.07 210.67 2,104.32 3,910 5,465 1,870 18,203 60,612.84 Markets where sold ------Local - - Distant within state - - -

137 Distant outside state ------Pulses Total production (q) 1,408 375 273.60 663 935.90 1,170 257 89,151.25 Consumption (q) 1,408 328 273.60 624 865.30 - 257 11,251.65 Marketed surplus (q) - 40 - - 70.60 - - 110.6 Post harvest losses(q) - 7 - 39.00 - - - 119 Markets where sold ------Local - - - - - - Distant within state - - - - - - - Distant outside state ------Oilseeds Total production (q) 1,647.54 305.36 340.8 996.67 9,228.67 1,350 630 33,332.96 Consumption (q) 1,621.88 298.36 334.80 946.24 8,951.67 1,350 630 29,742.6 Marketed surplus (q) - - - - - 15 Post harvest losses(q) 26.40 7.0 8.0 23.40 277 - - 546.17 Markets where sold ------Local ------Distant within state ------Distant outside state ------Fruits Total production (q) 24,254 30,464 26,383 64,030 83,493 43,163 14,696 4,79,724 Consumption (q) 12,288 17,462 15,885 20,567 20,874 18,277 13,104 2,59,685 Marketed surplus (q) 10,773 11,452 9,475 40,724 58,541 22,924 929 2,00,871 Post harvest losses(q)) 1,193 1,350 1,023 2,739 4,078 1,962 663 18,968 Markets where sold ------Local - Distant within state - Distant outside state -

138 Vegetables Total production (q) 60,570.67 3,535.71 8,963.60 37,246.67 2,01,170 28,260 9520 11,27,247 Consumption (q) 40,705.53 2,897.97 6,383 23,026.20 87,901 17,418 6570 6,11,430.3 Marketed surplus (q) 16,843.83 430.25 2,152.20 12,658.17 1,02,210 8,967.50 2380 4,44,510.6 Post harvest losses(q)) 3,032.31 207.49 428.40 2,062.30 11,059 1,874.50 570 72,417.08 Markets where sold ------Local - - Distant within state - - - Distant outside state - - - - Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

139 Table 5.7 Production and Disposal of Livestock Products

Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu- Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Milk Total production (q) 1,60,658.9 3,39,001.6 2,97,666.4 61,642 1,88,600 90,406.25 18,104.40 72,209 0 7 4 Consumption (q) 2,50,843.0 2,11,433.2 1,09,247 45,590 1,41,125 88,884.96 17,675.36 54,879 0 2 Marketed surplus (q) 51,411 1,60,562 47,475 1,521.29 429.04 17,330 88,158.67 86,233.22 Wool Total production (q) 1,125.60 592 791.25 1,320 84.60 70.56 34.10 654.60 Consumption (q) 719.20 592 704.04 1,245 84.60 55.46 34.10 654.60 Marketed surplus (q) 406.40 - 87.21 75 - 15.10 - - Meat Total production (q) 3,732.70 1,294.50 63,94 17,783.33 1,027.90 3,844 2,200 5,083.33 Consumption (q) 3,732.70 1,294.50 6,198 17,783.33 1,027.90 3,844 1,987.50 5,083.33 Marketed surplus (q) - - 196.00 - - - 212.50 - Eggs Total production (q) 2,85,090 22,958.50 83,950 18,63,333.33 5,87,500 3,91,720 10,49,664 1,83,000 Consumption (q) 2,85,090 22,958.50 83,950 17,92,280.36 5,87,500 3,91,720 10,33,489 18,300 Marketed surplus (q) - - - 71,052.97 - - 16,175 - Sheep/goats sold - - 12,650 - - - - 15,008 (No.) Poultry birds sold - - 4,600 - - - - 49,696

140 Table 5.7 Contd…

Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala Milk Total production (q) 2,03,008 7,404.69 2,06,198 22,186.7 1,37,494 1,03,480 1,53,517 20,61,577 Consumption (q) 1,33,183 5,454.87 16,903.1 22,186.7 90,203 69,819 1,05,926 13,63,353 Marketed surplus (q) 69,825 1,949.82 37,195.3 - 47,291 33,661 47,591 6,90,633.3 Wool Total production (q) 117.33 - - 132.24 28.1 66.7 287 5,304.08 Consumption (q) 117.33 - - 132.24 28.1 66.7 207 4,640.37 Marketed surplus (q) ------80 663.71 Meat Total production (q) 1,920 - 17,600 29,529.5 7350 1,040 2,618 1,01,417.3 Consumption (q) 1,920 - 17,475 29,529.5 7350 1,040 2,618 1,00,883.8 Marketed surplus (q) - - 125 - - - - 533.5 Eggs Total production - - - - 3,07,350 - 29,54,000 77,28,566 (No.) Consumption (No.) - - - - 3,07,350 - 29,54,000 74,76,638 Marketed surplus ------87,227.97 (No.) Sheep/ goats sold 13,600 1,404 1,012 2,00 2,380 48,754 - - (No.) Poultry birds sold - - - 2,600 19,600 10,800 8,960 96,256 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

141 Table 5.8 Marketing Infrastructure (No.)

Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Agri. produce collection E 12 centre R 9 8 7 12 22 12 Market yard E 4 R 7 21 7 Storage/godown) E 7 7 20 5 R 2676674415 Market information centre E 373 R 27 46 6 8 11 5 15 Co-operative marketing E 37 28 8 29 society R 51 31 19 4 18 Co-operative input society E 51 37 33 97 6 6 8 19 R 51 60 6 13 8 40 Banking and insurance E 5 37 13 4 7 12 21 facility R 41 46 6 4 27 50 Other E R - - - - 12 - - -

142 Table 5.8 Contd…

Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala Agril produce collection centre E 14 17 43 R 55 22 24 27 15 213 Market yard E 5 9 R 30. 3 46 10 5 129 Storage/godown E 9 48 R 5 12 7 8 14 121 Market information centre E 12 8 5 65 R 8 10 19 11 18 184 Co-operative marketing society E 9 12 32 23 29 13 220 R 16 13 32 41 46 23 294 Co-operative input society E 25 10 8 9 8 28 22 367 R 25 7 4 18 46 23 301 Banking and insurance facility E 5 12 9 7 9 14 11 240 R 5 5 16 14 8 43 26 291 Other E R ------12 Note: (i) E =Existing R = Requirement (ii) Total fund required for meeting marketing infrastructure = Rs 328 lakh) Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

143 Table 5.9: Human Resource for Agricultural Development (No.)

Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarn Lamba- Bhedu- Nagrota Kangra Rait

rukhi a gaon Mahadev Bagwan SMS (Agri) S 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 R - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 ADOs S 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 3 P 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 R 4 2 - 3 1 2 1 4 AEOs S 8 4 8 9 8 8 9 10 P 7 3 5 5 4 6 4 2 R 12 8 18 8 4 2 5 15 SMS (Horti) S ------P 2 ------R - 2 1 2 1 1 - 4 HDOs S - 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 P - 1 1 1 1 - 1 - R 2 2 1 4 1 - 1 2 HEOs S 5 5 5 4 2 10 5 5 P 5 1 2 2 2 4 4 2 R 8 8 18 6 2 - 1 5 Sr. Veterinary officers S - - 1 - - - 1 1 P - - 1 - - - 1 1 R 1 2 1 1 - - - - Veterinary doctors S 7 3 4 5 4 1 2 6 P 7 3 4 4 4 1 2 6 R - 1 - - - - - 3 Veterinary Pharmacist S 36 15 24 25 0 2 16 20 P 36 12 24 24 26 2 16 18 R - 1 - - - - - 2

144

Other S ------P ------R ------Extension Specialists for Bee keeping S ------2 - P ------R 1 5 10 1 2 2 Mushroom S ------P ------R 1 5 10 1 3 Floriculture S ------P - 3 ------R 1 - 5 1 - - - 2 Fisheries S 0 - 1 1 - - 2 - P 1 5 1 - - - 2 - R - - 10 - - - - Sericulture S - - 1 2 - 10 3 1 P 1 8 1 1 - 8 3 1 R - - 5 2 - 2 - 2

145 Table 5.9 Contd…

Particulars Dehra Prag Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District pur Surian shala SMS (Agri) S 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 13 P 1 1 1 - 1 1 - 13 R 1 - 1 2 1 1 1 11 ADOs S 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 29 P 2 - 1 1 1 1 - 18 R 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 30 AEOs S 8 10 8 9 6 9 - 114 P 4 3 2 3 2 3 - 53 R 6 7 8 8 6 9 8 124 SMS (Horti) S - - - 1 - - - 1 P - - - 1 - - - 3 R 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 22 HDOs S 1 2 1 2 2 1 - 18 P 1 1 0 2 1 1 - 11 R 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 25 HEOs S 6 6 4 3 4 1 - 65 P 2 2 4 0 2 1 - 33 R 6 4 8 12 4 2 2 86 Sr. Veterinary officers S 1 1 - 1 - - 1 7 P 1 1 - 1 - - 1 7 R - - - 6 3 0 1 15 Veterinary doctors S 2 6 5 6 3 5 6 65 P 2 6 5 24 0 5 6 79 R - - - 24 7 0 8 43 Veterinary pharmacist S 36 27 28 - 5 22 22 278 P 36 23 27 - 2 3 22 271 R - - 1 - - 19 5 32

146

Other S ------P ------R ------

Bee keeping S ------2 P ------R - - 1 2 1 - 28 Mushroom S ------P ------R - - 1 2 - - 2 25 Floriculture S - - 0 - - - P - - 0 2 - - - 5 R - - 1 - - - 1 11 Fisheries S 1 - 2 - 1 15 1 24 P 1 - 2 - 1 10 1 24 R - - 0 1 1 10 5 27 Sericulture S 1 4 0 5 - - 1 28 P 1 3 0 5 - - 1 33 R 1 1 1 5 - 2 5 26 Note: S – Sanctioned, P – Position, R – Required Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

147 Table 5.10 Financial Estimates for Required Human Resources (Rs. Lakh)

Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan SMS (Agri) 0 3.67 0 3.67 0 3.67 0 3.67 ADOs 12.29 6.14 - 9.22 3.07 6.14 3.07 3.07 AEOs 22.46 14.98 33.70 14.98 7.49 3.74 4.56 2.81 SMS (Horti) 7.34 7.34 3.67 2.69 0.00 3.67 7.34 7.34 HDOs 6.14 6.14 3.07 6.14 3.07 0 3.07 6.14 HEOs 14.98 14.98 1.87 11.23 3.74 0 1.87 3.74 Sr. Veterinary 5.47 10.94 5.47 5.47 0 0 0 0 officers Veterinary 0 1.68 0 0 0 0 0 5.04 doctors Veternary 0 1.44 0 0 0 0 2.30 3.36 pharmacist Bee keeping 3.67 6.36 3.67 3.67 0 0 7.34 7.34 Mushroom 3.67 6.36 3.67 3.67 0 0 0 0 Floriculture 3.67 0 3.67 0 0 0 0 0 Fisheries 3.67 0 3.67 0 0 0 0 0 Sericulture 0 0 0.00 4.94 0 4.94 0 0

148 Table 5.10 Contd…

Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fateh Dharm- District Surian pur shala SMS (Agri) 3.67 0 3.67 7.34 3.67 3.67 3.67 40.39 ADOs 6.14 6.14 3.07 6.14 6.14 6.14 6.14 82.94 AEOs 11.23 13.10 14.98 14.98 8.83 12.29 14.98 195.10 SMS (Horti) 3.67 7.34 3.67 7.34 7.34 3.67 3.67 76.13 HDOs 6.14 3.07 6.14 3.07 6.14 6.14 3.07 67.58 HEOs 3.74 7.49 7.49 10.46 7.49 6.14 6.14 101.38 Sr. Veterinary 0 0 0 0 0 10.94 11.47 49.78 officers Veterinary doctors 0 0 0 0 0 5.04 5.04 16.80 Veternary 0.00 5.76 0 0 0 5.76 7.20 25.82 pharmacist Bee keeping 3.67 0 3.67 3.67 3.67 0 7.34 54.10 Mushroom 0 0 3.67 3.67 0 0 0 24.72 Floriculture 2.47 0 2.47 2.47 2.47 2.47 0 19.70 Fisheries 2.47 0 3.67 7.34 0 0.00 0 20.83 Sericulture 3.67 3.67 3.67 4.94 0 3.67 0 29.52 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

149 Table 5.11 Unemployment Status (No.)

Education Sex Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Matriculate M 98.88 54.41 41.72 80.60 50.08 75.40 53.58 53.45 F 61.12 45.59 58.28 44.30 49.92 82.35 46.42 57.66 T 160 100 100 124.90 100 157.75 100 111.11 Plus two M 79.28 55.45 52.69 90.35 56.01 65.93 49.78 54.52 F 54.05 44.55 47.31 48.75 43.99 61.25 50.22 56.59 T 133.33 100 100 139.10 100 127.18 100 111.11 Graduate M 92.84 52.23 47.25 45.40 56.44 47.23 50.18 55.39 F 40.5 47.77 52.75 33.80 43.56 50.64 49.82 55.72 T 133.34 100 100 78.20 100 97.87 100 111.11 Post M 86.6 68.79 43.64 25.10 155.41 31.45 55.56 58.25 graduate F 46.74 31.21 56.36 12.40 94.59 27.55 44.44 52.86 T 133.34 100 100 37.50 250 59.00 100 111.11 Tech. M 63.33 44.44 53.92 16.10 166.67 32.60 45.56 62.8 Trained F 70 55.56 46.08 9.75 166.67 24.22 54.44 54.35 T 133.33 100 100 25.85 333.34 56.82 100 117.15 Over All M 84.18 55.06 47.84 51.51 96.92 50.52 50.93 56.88 Total F 54.48 44.93 52.16 29.8 79.74 49.2 49.06 55.43 T 138.66 99.99 100 81.31 176.66 99.72 99.99 112.31

150 Table 5.11 Contd…

Education Sex Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala Matriculate M 57.01 100.48 64.1 52.82 54.4 65.57 53.03 956 F 42.99 32.86 60.9 47.18 45.6 54.43 46.97 777 T 100 133.34 125 100 100 120 100 1,732 Plus two M 57.14 94.53 45.98 48.78 57.14 56.74 51.3 916 F 42.86 38.8 54.02 51.22 42.86 43.26 48.7 728 T 100 133.33 100 100 100 100 100 1,644 Graduate M 59.87 88.68 55.24 59.66 64.52 56.9 60.83 893 F 40.13 44.66 44.76 40.34 35.48 43.1 39.17 662 T 100 133.34 100 100 100 100 100 1,554 Post M 63.16 74.26 54.72 51.89 65.28 61.95 63.16 959 graduate F 36.84 59.07 45.28 48.11 34.72 38.05 36.84 665 T 100 133.33 100 100 100 100 100 1,624 Tech. M 69.91 Trained 101.47 72.99 53.9 100 57.51 55.79 997 F 30.09 31.86 27.01 46.1 0 42.49 44.21 703 T 100 133.33 100 100 100 100 100 1,700 Over All Total M 61.42 91.88 58.61 53.41 68.27 59.73 56.82 4,721 F 38.58 41.45 46.394 46.59 31.73 44.27 43.18 3,535 T 100.00 133.33 105.00 100.00 100.00 104.00 100.00 8,254 Note: M – Male, F – Female, T - Total Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

151 Table 5.12 Status of Enterprises

Enterprise Baijnath Punch- Bhawa- Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi rna gaon Mahadev Bagwan Atta chakki Existing No. of units 350 15 67 59 93 47 100 70 Persons 350 30 139 80 93 47 200 70 employed (No.) Investment 0.15 0.25 13.4 53 0.1 0.85 35 0.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - 10 - 12,220 1 141 0 400 Potential No. of units 400 15 15 8 20 120 150 140 Employment 400 30 30 16 20 120 350 140 Investment 0.15 0.1 30 1.6 0.1 120 0 0.2 (Rs. Lakhs) Oil expeller Existing No. of units 1 3 20 7 12 15 21 30 Persons employed (No.) 20 12 12 30 25 30 (No.) Investment 0 0.35 2.8 14.8 0 0.85 75 0.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - 150 0 0 - 7.5 - 0 Potential No. of units - 2 10 6 - 5 - 35 Employment - 0 10 6 - 5 - 35 Investment 0 1 1.5 5 0 2 0 0.6 (Rs. Lakhs) Rice sheller Existing No. of units 20 10 - 22 52 38 22 65 Persons 20 - - 22 52 38 20 65 employed (No.) Investment 0.25 0.4 - 2.2 0.08 0.85 30 0.1 (Rs. Lakhs)

152 Prod/day/seas/yr - 10 - 44 0 152 - 400 Potential No. of units 5 5 3 - 5 50 25 75 Employment 10 10 - 5 50 30 75 Investment 0.8 1 5 0 0.7 10 0 0.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Bakery Existing No. of units 3 0 6 2 6 10 12 6 Persons - - 14 6 12 25 36 12 employed (No.) Investment 0.25 0 7 0 0 5.5 3 0.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 1 - 40 - Potential No. of units 5 10 1 4 40 - 10 Employment 10 10 4 10 90 - 20 Investment 0.3 0 10 5 0 25 0 0.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Maize sheller Existing No. of units - - - - 4 - - 60 Persons - - - - 4 - - 60 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.05 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr ------600 Potential No. of units - - 10 - - - - 100 Employment - - 10 - - - - 100 Investment 0 0 20.5 0 0 0 0 0.06 (Rs. Lakhs) Vermi-compost Existing No. of units 600 40 40 66 113 - - 20 Persons - 80 40 66 113 - - 20 employed (No.) Investment 0.015 0.3 12 4.85 0.3 0 0 0.2 (Rs. Lakhs)

153 Prod/day/seas/yr 10 500 0 - - 20 Potential No. of units 60 600 1,100 500 - - 100 Employment 120 400 1,100 500 - - 150 Investment 0 18 1.5 85 0.03 0 0 0.25 (Rs. Lakhs) Mushroom compost Existing No. of units 4 - - 4 3 - - - Persons 4 - - 8 - - - - employed (No.) Investment 0.03 0 0 0.48 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 7 - - - - Potential No. of units - - 2 12 - - 15 5 Employment - - 20 48 - - 15 50 Investment 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Rural craft Existing No. of units 6 8 2 20 - - - 50 Persons - 16 25 20 - - - 150 employed (No.) Investment 0 0.1 0.5 1 0 0 0 0.1 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 50 - - - 0 Potential No. of units - 20 5 2 - - - 100 Employment - 40 50 12 - - - 300 Investment 0 2 1.25 1 0 0 0 0.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Nursery raising Existing No. of units 40 20 50 3 5 3 - 20 Persons 40 20 50 6 0 4 - 80 employed (No.) Investment 0.05 0.4 6 12 0.32 2 0 0.2 (Rs. Lakhs)

154 Prod/day/seas/yr - 20,000 0 50,000 0 4,500 1,50,000 Potential No. of units - 40 5 3 50 15 300 30 Employment - 40 10 6 50 15 0 120 Investment 0 0.4 2 12 50 7.5 0 0.25 (Rs. Lakhs) Flower nursery Existing No. of units 5 - 6 1 - 3 - 5 Persons 10 - 40 2 - 5 - 20 employed (No.) Investment 1 0 15 3 0 1.5 0 0.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - 0 0 - 4,000 - 2,50,000 Potential No. of units - - 5 9 - 15 - 10 Employment - - 20 18 - 15 - 40 Investment 0 0 2 27 0 6 0 3 (Rs. Lakhs) Seed production Existing No. of units 2 - 1 - 32 - - 50 Persons 4 - 10 - 32 - - 200 employed (No.) Investment 0.1 0 50 0 0.03 0 0 0.1 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - - - 50,000 Potential No. of units - - 20 - 100 - - 100 Employment - - 50 - 100 - - 400 Investment 0 0 5 0 10 0 0 0.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Pottery Existing No. of units - 2 - 20 7 - - 20 Persons - 8 - 30 - - - 100 employed (No.) Investment 0 0.4 0 2 0.1 0 0 0.15 (Rs. Lakhs)

155 Prod/day/seas/yr - 0 0 80 - - - 45,000 Potential No. of units - 6 1 3 - - - 25 Employment - 24 5 16 - - - 125 Investment 0 1.2 0.2 2 0 0 0 0.2 (Rs. Lakhs) Feed mill Existing No. of units - - 2 1 - 1 0 - Persons - - 19 - - 6 - - employed (No.) Investment 0 0 52 0 0 3 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - - - 1.1 - - Potential No. of units - - 5 - 5 5 - 2 Employment - - 10 - 10 5 - 20 Investment 0 0 625 0 5 2.5 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Fruit and vegetable processing Existing No. of units 1 - - - - 2 - - Persons 4 - - - - 20 - - employed (No.) Investment 0.25 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - - - 12 - - Potential No. of units - - 2 - - 2 - 1 Employment - - 10 - - 20 - 100 Investment 0 0 5 0 0 10 0 10 (Rs. Lakhs) Pickles/squashes Existing No. of units 1 - 2 2 1 4 2 - Persons 4 - 200 15 - 11 12 - employed (No.) Investment 0.25 0 2.8 3 0 3 9.33 0

156 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - 0 20 - 24 - - Potential No. of units - - 2 1 4 6 - 1 Employment - - 10 10 10 12 - 75 Investment 0 0 2 5 2 3 0 5 (Rs. Lakhs) Pulse processing Existing No. of units 1 - 1 6 - - - - Persons - - 2 18 - - - - employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0.52 16 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 2 - - - - Potential No. of units - - 5 3 - - - - Employment - - 10 20 - - - - Investment 0 0 1.25 15 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Beekeeping equipments Existing No. of units - 4 - 1 1 - - - Persons - 20 - 2 - 3 - - employed (No.) Investment 0 0.3 0 4.75 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - 10 - 5 - - - - Potential No. of units - 8 7 6 2 - - - Employment - 40 0 18 5 - - - Investment 0 0.3 1 6.84 2 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Honey processing Existing No. of units - - 5 - - 1 - - Persons - - 5 - - 2 - - employed (No.)

157 Investment 0 0 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - - 3 - - Potential No. of units - - 2 1 1 1 - - Employment - - 7 5 5 2 - - Investment 0 0 1.5 1 2 1 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Wool carding Existing No. of units 200 - 2 1 - - - - Persons 300 - 6 - - - - - employed (No.) Investment 0.1 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr ------Potential No. of units - - 5 1 - - - 1 Employment - - 5 3 - - - 4 Investment 0 0 0.5 2 0 0 0 0.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Cotton carding Existing No. of units - - 23 10 - 10 - 40 Persons - - 23 10 - 6,000 - 40 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 1 2.3 0 0.01 0 0.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - 20 - 5 - 5,000 Potential No. of units - - 7 3 - 50 - 50 Employment - - 10 3 - 50,000 - 50 Investment 0 0 1.5 6 0 0 0 0.75 (Rs. Lakhs) Shawl, woolen garments Existing No. of units 40 - 4 3 - 9 5 10 Persons 180 - 12 - - 20 30 10 employed (No.)

158 Investment 0.1 0 1.5 0 0 0.8 2 0.1 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - 0 - - 4 - 5,000 Potential No. of units - - 2 2 - 10 - 15 Employment - - 5 6 - 20 - 15 Investment 0 0 0.5 1 0 5 0 0.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Silk reeling Existing No. of units - 2 ------Persons - 30 ------employed (No.) Investment 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - 2 ------Potential No. of units - 0 10 1 - - - - Employment - - 15 10 - - - - Investment 0 0 1 10 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Household khadi Existing No. of units - - 40 - - - - - Persons - - 80 - - - - - employed (No.) Investment 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr ------Potential No. of units - - 20 - - - - - Employment - - 20 - - - - - Investment 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs)

159 Table 5.12 Contd…

Development schemes Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala Atta chakki Existing No. of units 89 6 400 150 54 270 - 1,770 Persons 178 10 600 150 115 500 - 2,562 employed (No.) Investment 1.5 8.6 0 1.5 56 300 0 470.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr 200 - - 2 500 2,700 1,078.27 Potential No. of units 120 10 - - - 300 150 1,448 Employment 250 40 - - - 500 300 2,196 Investment 1.5 2.22 0 0 0 500 150 805.87 (Rs. Lakhs) Oil expeller Existing No. of units 22 - 20 35 36 108 - 330 Persons 45 - 20 35 720 200 - 1,149 employed (No.) Investment 2 0 0 0.06 0.007 100 - 196.367 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr 50 - - 0.3 7,000 1,000 - 547.18 Potential No. of units 25 - - - - 150 25 258 Employment 50 - - - - 200 25 331 Investment 2 0 0 0 0 200 2.5 214.6 (Rs. Lakhs) Rice sheller ------Existing No. of units 68 - - 2 13 - - 312 Persons 140 - - 5 160 - - 522 employed (No.) Investment 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 36.88 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr 200 - - 20 17,500 0 1,221.73

160 Potential No. of units 80 - - - - 4 28 280 Employment 160 - - - - 10 28 378 Investment 1 0 0 0 0 20 1 39.65 (Rs. Lakhs) Bakery Existing No. of units 9 3 22 4 5 8 - 96 Persons 30 9 60 8 25 10 - 247 employed (No.) Investment 0.5 0.18 0 0.25 0 10 0 26.83382 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr 50 0 - 0.4 500 1,000 - 106.0933 Potential No. of units 15 5 - - - 10 10 110 Employment 45 20 - - - 20 35 264 Investment 0.5 3.5 0 0 0 15 1 60.45 (Rs. Lakhs) Maize sheller Existing No. of units 389 - 200 275 - 254 - 1182 Persons - 400 275 - 300 - 1039 employed (No.) Investment 1 0 0 0.1 0 50 0 51.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 2 - 250 - 56.8 Potential No. of units - - - - - 300 2 412 Employment - - - - - 500 2 612 Investment 0 0 0 0 0 300 0.5 321.06 (Rs. Lakhs) Vermi-compost Existing No. of units - 6 10 30 - 40 - 965 Persons - 5 60 - 40 - 424 employed (No.) Investment 0 0.3 - 0.15 0 6 0 24.11 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - 0 - 30 - 40,000 - 2,704

161 Potential No. of units - 35 - - - 100 140 2,635 Employment - 100 - - - 150 140 2,660 Investment 0 0.3 0 0 0 20 0.1 125.18 (Rs. Lakhs) Mushroom compost Existing No. of units - - - 5 2 - - 18 Persons - - - 5 10 - - 27 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 11,51,060 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 3 1,00,000 - - 6,667.333 Potential No. of units - - 1 10 - 5 1 51 Employment - - 10 30 - 10 10 193 Investment 0 0 25 3 0 50 5 89.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Rural craft Existing No. of units - - - 160 - 54 - 300 Persons - - - 160 - 150 - 521 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 40 0 10 0 11.7 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 2 - 50 - 6.8 Potential No. of units - - 10 - - 60 200 397 Employment - - 20 - - 100 0 522 Investment 0 0 4 0 0 20 0 28.4 (Rs. Lakhs) Nursery raising Existing No. of units 4 - - 5 - - - 150 Persons 12 - - 25 - - - 237 employed (No.) Investment 0.1 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 21.17 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - 5,000 - - - 15,300

162 Potential No. of units 10 - 4 4 - 10 10 481 Employment 20 - 8 20 - 15 20 324 Investment 0.1 0 6 5 0 10 10 103.25 (Rs. Lakhs) Flower nursery Existing No. of units 2 - - 2 - - - 24 Persons 6 - - 11 - - - 94 employed (No.) Investment 0.5 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 21.8 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 0.2 - - - 16,933.35 Potential No. of units - - 4 3 - 10 10 66 Employment - - 8 30 - 15 20 166 Investment 0 0 6 2 0 0 10 56 (Rs. Lakhs) Seed production Existing No. of units - - - - - 638 - 723 Persons - - - - - 700 - 946 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 100.23 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - - - 10,000 - 4,000 Potential No. of units - - - - - 1,000 200 1,420 Employment - - - - - 1,500 200 2,250 Investment 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 115.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Pottery Existing No. of units 18 - - 5 - - - 72 Persons 36 - - 15 - - - 189 employed (No.) Investment 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.75 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr ------3,005.33

163 Potential No. of units - - 4 - - 5 - 44 Employment - - 20 - - 10 - 200 Investment 0 0 2 0 0 20 0 25.6 (Rs. Lakhs) Feed mill Existing No. of units - 1 - - 5 - 1 11 Persons - 3 - - 35 - 10 73 employed (No.) Investment 0 5.78 0 0 40 0 5 105.78 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr ------0.073 Potential No. of units - 4 - - - 4 - 26 Employment - 20 20 - - 40 - 125 Investment 0 2.4 25 0 0 20 0 679.9 (Rs. Lakhs) Fruit and vegetable processing Existing No. of units - - - 1 4 - - 8 Persons - - - 10 20 - - 54 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 6 4 0 0 14.25 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 0.75 - - - 0.85 Potential No. of units - - 1 2 - 5 - 13 Employment - - 15 20 - 50 - 215 Investment 0 0 10 15 0 25 0 75 (Rs. Lakhs) Pickles/squashes Existing No. of units - - - 1 - - - 13 Persons - - - 8 - - - 250 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 23.38 (Rs. Lakhs)

164 Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 17.5 - - - 4.1 Potential No. of units - - 20 2 - 10 - 46 Employment - - 400 20 - 20 - 557 Investment 0 0 20 20 0 10 0 67 (Rs. Lakhs) Pulse processing Existing No. of units - - - - 1 - - 9 Persons - - - - 2 - - 22 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 16.72 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr ------0.13 Potential No. of units - - - - - 10 - 18 Employment - - - - - 20 - 50 Investment 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 26.25 (Rs. Lakhs) Beekeeping equipments Existing No. of units - - - 200 - - - 206 Persons - - - 450 - - - 475 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 45.05 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - 100 - - - 7.67 Potential No. of units - - 3 200 - 10 1 237 Employment - - 15 600 - 20 5 703 Investment 0 0 1.5 10 0 10 1 32.64 (Rs. Lakhs) Honey processing Existing No. of units ------6 Persons ------7 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 (Rs. Lakhs)

165 Prod/day/seas/yr ------0.2 Potential No. of units - - - - - 5 - 10 Employment - - - - - 7 - 26 Investment 0 0 0 0 0 10 - 15.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Wool carding Existing No. of units - - - - - 5 - 208 Persons - - - - - 5 - 311 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 0 0 1 - 16.1 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - - - 1,000 - 66.67 Potential No. of units - - - - - 10 2 19 Employment - - - - - 10 10 32 Investment 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 13 (Rs. Lakhs) Cotton carding Existing No. of units - 10 - - - - - 93 Persons - 20 - - - - - 60,093 employed (No.) Investment 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 78.06 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr ------335 Potential No. of units - 3 - - - - - 113 Employment - 9 - - - - - 50,072 Investment 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 9.15 (Rs. Lakhs) Shawl, woolen garments Existing No. of units - 3 - - 4 16 - 94 Persons - 70 - - 4 25 - 351 employed (No.) Investment 0 0.74 0 0 0.4 0 0 5.64 (Rs. Lakhs)

166 Prod/day/seas/yr ------333.6 Potential No. of units - 4 - - - 50 - 83 Employment - 65 - - - 100 - 211 Investment 0 5 0 0 0 30 0 41.65 (Rs. Lakhs) Silk reeling Existing No. of units - - - - - 24 - 26 Persons - - - - - 30 - 60 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 0 0 12 - 27 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr - - - - - 2,400 - 160.13 Potential No. of units - - - - - 100 - 111 Employment - - - - - 150 - 175 Investment 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 610 (Rs. Lakhs) Household khadi Existing No. of units ------40 Persons ------80 employed (No.) Investment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 (Rs. Lakhs) Prod/day/seas/yr ------Potential No. of units ------20 Employment ------20 Investment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 (Rs. Lakhs) Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

167 Table 5.13 Potential Enterprises for Unemployed

Blocks Enterprises Assistance (Tick off) Man days Training Credit Baijnath Agro Processing 115 Protected cultivation 127 Fruit farming 80 Dairy 135 Wool Weaving & spinning 15 Nursery raising 70 Bhawarna Bee keeping 90 - Fishery 110 - Poultry 125 Wool waste small scale industry 112 Floriculture 120 Mushroom 140 Protected vegetable cultivation 180 Dehra Bee keeping 110 Fruit farming 40 - Poultry 175 - Dairy 190 - - Medicinal and Aromatic plants 90 Protected vegetable farming 120 Dharmshala Fishery 220 Mushroom 110 Protected vegetable cultivation 160 Floriculture 120 Dairy 310

168 Fruit cultivation 80 Bee keeping 140 Tea cultivation 85 Fatehpur Poultry 210 Dairy 272 - - Mushroom 120 Bee keeping 95 - - Protected vegetable cultivation 165 Farm Machinery (Hiring in ) 76 - - Vermi compost 150 Indora Sericulture 60 - Fruit farming 90 - - Vegetable cultivation 95 - - Bee keeping 70 Dairy 120 Poultry 140 Vermi compost 150 - Kangra Dairy 210 Fruit/Vegetable processing 120 Bee keeping 125 Mushroom 120 Poultry 160 Nursery growing 75 - Protected cultivation 160 Pisculture 114

169 Lambagaon Sericulture 110 - Mushroom 180 Fishery 120 - Bee keeping 180 Vermi compost 140 - N Bagwan Vegetable 125 - - Potato processing 85 Dairy 120 - - Bee keeping 65 Mushroom 90 N Surian Dairy 140 - - Bee keeping 70 - - Floriculture 120 Mushroom 110 Agro processing 75 Nurpur Fruit farming 75 - - Bee keeping 60 - Dairy 125 Sericulture 60 - - Mushroom 90 Protected vegetable cultivation 195 Panchrukhi Mushroom 170 Dairy 128

170 Bee keeping 120 Vermi compost 130 - Protected vegetable cultivation 135 Pragpur Bee keeping 85 - - Floriculture 110 Mushroom 110 Atta Chaki 290 Dairy 140 - - Rait Dairy 135 Bee keeping 70 Mushroom 90 Poultry 120 Vegetable 75 Agro processing 115 Bhedu

Mahadev Packaging 90 - - Baking 185 Potato chips making 75 Pickle preparation 205 Protected cultivation 225 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

171 Table 5.14 Agri-Business Establishments (No.)

Particulars Baijnath Punchrukhi Bhawarna Lambagaon E R G E R G E R G E R G Agro sale centres - 1 1 6 10 4 1 2 1 11 1 PACS 34 40 6 37 - - 52 8 - 53 - -

Public - - - 2 - - - - - 20 - - Private - - - 3 ------Cooperatives Public - 2 2 2 - - 2 21 19 - - - Private - 2 1 2 21 19 - - - Farmer co-operatives 2 4 2 2 - - 1 10 9 - - - Others ------0 82 82 - - -

Table 5.14 Contd…

Particulars Bhedu Mahadev Nagrota Bagwan Kangra Rait E R G E R G E R G E R G Agro sale centres 10 - - 65 75 10 6 55 49 2 PACS 58 12 - 49 5 - 55 - - 45 21 24 Public - - - 6 10 4 - - - 3 1 - Private ------Cooperatives Public - - - 20 28 8 - - - 2 1 - Private 1 3 2 20 ------Farmer co-operatives - - - 5 15 10 1 - - - - - Others - - - 2 12 10 0 - - - - -

172 Table 5.14 Contd… Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Surian Nurpur E R G E R G E R G E R G Agro sale centres - - - - 5 5 5 10 5 1 - PACS - - - - 5 5 48 - - 52 - Rural handicraft - - - - 4 4 - - - 5 10 5 Public ------4 4 - - - - Private Cooperatives - - - - 2 2 - - - 4 11 7 Public ------1 1 - - - - Private - - - - - 48 - - 5 - - - Farmer co- operatives Others - - - 5 5 5 10 5 1 - - 29

Table 5.14 Contd… Particulars Indora Fatehpur Dharmshala District E R G E R G E R G E R G Agro sale centres - 29 - - 35 35 65 10 10 18 129 112 PACS 22 - - 49 100 51 20 28 8 574 219 94 Rural handicraft 4 - - 54 100 46 - - - 94 125 31 Public ------3 4 1 31 Private ------1 Cooperatives - - - - 10 10 1 1 0 31 76 45 Public - - - 10 10 1 13 12 26 49 23 45 Private - - - 10 10 5 28 23 69 67 0 23 Farmer co------2 94 92 operatives Others 35 100 65 10 28 18 181 287 106 92 Note: E - Existing, R - Required, G - Gap Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

173 Table 5.15 Drudgery of Women (Per Cent Response)

Particulars Baijnath Punchrukhi Bhawarna Lambagaon Bhedu Mahadev Agricultural Operations Ploughing operations Bullocks - - - 21.39 45.48 Power tiller - - - 0.29 1.73 Tractor - - - 78.41 52.79 Clod breaking Manually 89.43 70 74.27 76.66 45.77 Power iron 6.88 20 8.82 - - Other 3.69 10 16.91 - - Paddy transplanting Manually 66.44 60 86.16 37.74 63.23 Transplanter - - - - - Manuring & Manually 87.62 80 87.43 100 83.62 fertilization Power 12.38 20 12.57 - 16.38 machinery Intercultural Manually 83.36 80 72.27 85.66 84.19 operations Power 16.74 20 27.73 14.34 15.81 machinery Threshing & Manually 62.35 20 50 66.97 81.77 winnowing Power machinery 37.65 80 50 33.0 3 18.23 Livestock rearing operations - - - - - Fodder resources Cultivated 44.38 15 61.5 - 53.13 Ghasni 61.35 20 59.33 - 30.36 Both 17.73 65 12.08 100 17 Fodder cutting Traditional tools 75 100 72 96 84 Improved Tools 25 - 28 4 16 Fodder On 94 92 95 80 88 transportation Head/Backload Tractor-Trolly 6 8 5 20 12

174 Fodder chaffing Chaff cutter 33 5 8 13 30 Without chaff 67 95 92 87 70 cutter Feeding system Inside manger 69.33 50 13.76 16.37 42.84 On floor 31.67 50 86.24 83.63 57.16 Feeding practices Stall feeding 72.72 28.06 78.15 11.03 59.93 Grazing 22.76 0.41 28.69 66.53 27.56 Both 21.91 92.05 12.08 92.91 10.93 Animal waste Bio-gas plant 1.35 0.28 0.21 0.51 disposal Head/Back-load 66.92 48.58 58.84 15.48 72.02 to field FYM 32.73 51.14 40.95 84.52 27.47 Cleaning of animals Manually 100 100 100 100 100 & sheds Water Pressure - - - - - Jet Milking operation Hand milking 100 100 100 100 94.36 Machine - - - - - milking Selling of milk Within village 68.31 99.21 60.46 99.42 64.63 Distant market 31.69 0.79 35.54 0.58 35.37 Churning of milk Manually 12.12 59.23 39.99 4.95 95.38 Using machine 87.88 40.77 60.01 95.05 4.62 Breeding methods Natural service 1.63 1 2.12 14.16 13.74 A.I. 98.37 99 97.88 85.84 86.26 Animal house type Single story 11.89 50 18.42 0 82.19 Double story 88.11 50 81.58 100 17.81 Animal shed Kacha 74.45 41.5 66.45 93.52 73.95 Pucca 25.55 58.5 33.55 6.48 24.92 Animal shed floor Kacha 64.38 50 80.96 66.55 91.36 Pucca 35.62 50 19.04 33.45 6.38

175 Table 5.15 Contd…

Particulars of operation Nagrota Kangra Rait Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Bagwan Surian Agricultural Operations Ploughing operations Bullocks - 75.75 40 32.66 21 26.38 Power tiller - 2 21.63 Tractor - 24.25 60 67.34 77 51.99 Clod breaking Manually 83.69 37.76 58 100 62.15 72.78 Power iron - - - - 27.72 6.01 Paddy transplanting Manually 87 85 72 100 71 89 Transplanter 13 15 28 - 29 11 Manuring & 84.65 92.72 67.15 100 100 98.8 fertilization Manually Power machinery 15.35 7.28 22.85 - - 1.2 Intercultural operations Manually 90.00 99.72 82.44 100 86.48 98.80 Power machinery 10 0.28 17.66 13.52 1.20 Threshing & 58.60 41.77 52.00 0 18.69 22.25 winnowing Manually Power machinery 41.40 58.23 48 100 81.31 77.75 Livestock rearing operations Fodder resources Cultivated 61.97 21.45 59.75 - 16.98 30.14 Ghasni 39.34 72.41 38.9 - 55.63 5.45 Both 28.83 12.83 7.88 100 36.83 63.84 Fodder cutting Traditional tools 94.25 73.68 80.29 100 89.15 79.38 Improved tools 5.75 26.32 19.71 - 10.85 20.62 Fodder transportation On Head/Backload 86.71 97.36 82.82 80.76 76.26 75.67 Tractor-trolly 13.29 2.64 17.18 19.24 23.74 24.33 Fodder chaffing Chaff cutter 46.43 65.00 34.00 75.33 33.66 46.48

176 Without chaff – 53.57 35.00 64.00 24.67 66.34 53.52 cutter Feeding system Inside manger 28.87 19.28 36.05 21.27 14.81 38.23 On floor 71.13 71.24 63.95 78.73 85.19 61.77 Feeding practices Stall feeding 57.3 88.13 56.22 - 60.44 70.42 Grazing 27.1 3.6 35.91 - 39.56 6.64 Both 35.82 8.35 2.23 100 10.25 22.94 Animal waste disposal Bio-gas plant 2.09 0.21 - - 15.59 1.04 Head/Back-load to 90.93 53.7 61.33 83.61 54.16 14.99 field FYM 80.10 74.47 57.34 16.39 56.09 82.61 Cleaning of animals & Manually 100 100 98.87 100 88.96 93.14 sheds Water pressure Jet - - 1.13 - 11.04 6.86 Milking operation Hand milking 85.78 100 90.46 100 100 100 Machine milking ------Selling of milk Within village 78.58 95 81.90 82.45 72.28 61.74 Distant market 21.42 5 18.10 17.55 27.72 38.26 Churning of milk Manually 33.77 65.48 34.11 74.12 53.97 10.16 Using machine 66.23 34.52 65.89 25.88 46.03 89.84 Breeding methods Natural service 19.35 41.09 10.82 - 52.65 10 A.I. 80.65 58.91 89.18 100 47.35 90 Animal house type Single story 1.51 74.07 10 15.39 23.88 97.8 Double story 98.49 25.93 90 84.61 76.12 2.2 Animal shed Kacha 88.02 91.89 92.13 79.24 91.93 82.5 Pucca 11.98 8.11 7.17 20.76 8.07 17.5 Animal shed floor Kacha 89.00 78.59 92.03 81.53 96.57 76.81 Pucca 11.00 21.41 7.97 18.47 3.43 23.19

177 Table 5.15 Contd…

Particulars of operation Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharmshala District Agricultural Operations Ploughing operations Bullocks 16.40 15.17 32.11 43.00 24.78 Power tiller - - 9.54 0.32 3.60 Tractor 83.60 84.83 58.35 58..68 71.62 Clod breaking Manually 3.25 24.19 22.25 100 94.07 Power iron 96.75 75.81 77.75 - 5.93 Paddy transplanting Manually 74.42 83.16 66.25 100 78.10 Transplanter 25.58 16.84 33.75 - 21.90 Manuring & Manually 88.34 87.5 88.20 100 98.00 fertilization Power machinery 11.64 12.5 11.80 2.00 Intercultural 32.21 85.53 84.37 100 83.01 operations Manually Power machinery - 14.47 - - 0.96 Threshing & 13.85 19.25 2.04 16 36.89 winnowing Manually Power machinery 86.15 80.75 97.96 83.62 63.11 Livestock rearing operations Fodder resources Cultivated 36.53 56.77 17.68 17.51 32.85 Ghasni 26.52 43.23 46.07 33.9 31.50 Both 28.34 26.31 22.55 48.59 34.85 Fodder cutting Traditional tools 87.26 95 94.78 95.24 87.58 Improved tools 12.74 5 5.22 4.76 6.22 Fodder transportation On Head/Backload 78.00 31.20 75.92 100 78.15 Tractor-trolly 22.00 68.80 24.08 11.85 Fodder chaffing Chaff cutter 28.88 89.78 87.96 9.76 38.29 Without chaff 71.12 10.22 12.04 90.24 61.71 cutter Feeding System Inside manger 33.56 61.55 40.15 59.33 38.10

178 On floor 66.44 38.45 59.85 40.67 61.90 Feeding practices Stall feeding 65.15 45.36 69.09 12.56 51.64 Grazing 0.84 28.33 19.44 30.07 22.50 Both 3.77 26.31 17.24 57.37 33.59 Animal waste Bio-gas plant 0.35 2.88 1.56 1.74 disposal Head/Back-load to 25 54.14 48.07 19.25 51.60 field FYM 64.71 85.27 56.17 38.26 55.84 Cleaning of animals Manually 100 98.78 100 100 98.71 & sheds Water pressure Jet - 1.22 - - 1.29 Milking operation Hand milking 82.90 100 100 100 96.90 Machine milking 17.10 - - - 3.10 Selling of milk Within village 40.14 58.59 41.83 52.48 60.00 Distant market 59.86 41.41 58.17 47.52 40.00 Churning of milk Manually 58.25 89.14 12.69 81.73 47.85 Using machine 41.75 10.86 87.31 18.27 52.15 Breeding methods Natural service 9.22 10.59 28.22 31.18 17.25 A.I. 90.58 89.41 71.78 68.82 82.75 Animal house type Single story 100 100 87.31 99.67 50.91 Double story - - 12.69 0.33 49.09 Animal shed Kacha 86.65 48.24 94.14 32.32 75.80 Pucca 13.35 51.76 5.86 67.68 24.20 Animal shed floor Kacha 83.80 48.24 83.33 49.42 75.52 Pucca 16.20 51.76 16.67 50.58 24.48 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

179 Table 5.16 Live Stock Feeding Practices (Kg/Animal/Day)

Sr. Type of Fodder and Baijnath Punch- Bhawa- Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait No. animal Feed rukhi rna gaon Mahadev Bagwan I. Productive Crossbred Green fodder 12.86 3.03 10.82 11 18.21 17.72 14.18 9.06 cows Dry fodder 6.17 5.66 6.1 5.21 7.17 9.65 7.05 7.75 Concentrate (gm) 122.07 442.74 110.78 579.05 480.63 215 392.43 202 Minerals (gm) 27.14 23.43 21.78 29.84 18.96 45.34 0 9.3 Local cow Green fodder 4.73 2.14 9.15 8.27 13.14 16.27 6.16 4.51 Dry fodder 3.05 5 6 3.84 319 6.11 5.78 5.7 Concentrate (gm) 470.94 271.43 - 420.77 490 463 534.69 205 Minerals (gm) - 11.43 - 23.50 - 8.43 - - Buffaloes Green fodder 8.05 9.21 6.82 16.63 16.12 18.46 21.64 14.69 Dry fodder 7.36 8 6.82 8.26 7.86 5.33 6.46 9.38 Concentrate (gm) 415.52 596.52 459 449.17 546.77 543.54 402.8 402 Minerals (gm) 13.01 23.12 - 36.28 21.75 20.60 - - Goats Green fodder 1.04 1 - 1.74 - 3.91 - 2.05 Dry fodder - 0.5 - 2.04 - 0.2 - - Concentrate (gm) 77 15 - 9 - - - - Minerals (gm) - 0.02 - 3.49 - - - - Sheep Green fodder 1.05 - 1.04 - 1.79 - 1.91 Dry fodder - - - 1.35 - 0.92 - 0.96 Concentrate (gm) - - - 84 - - - - Minerals (gm) - - - 3.98 - - - - Poultry Concentrate - - - 27.81 - 76.45 - 89.86 Minerals ------Broilers Concentrate (gm) - - - 15.63 - 135 - -

180 Minerals (gm) ------Young stock Green fodder 3.0 2.55 3.15 2.4 4.63 4.84 3.10 1.73 Dry fodder 1.50 1.13 1.06 1.77 3.84 2.28 2.32 3.68 Concentrate (gm) 15 13 16.10 22.12 0 31.21 22.66 Minerals (gm) - 0.01 8.66 0 5.59 Bullocks Green fodder 4.15 2.86 4.71 5.14 9.73 13.15 1.08 5.04 Dry fodder 3.82 5.43 3.82 4.11 8.22 10.68 3.24 5.41 Concentrate (gm) - 0.01 - 396.04 - 0.39 - - Minerals (gm) - 0.01 - 1.19 - - - - Equines Green fodder 2.54 3.88 1.72 - - 7.76 - 0.97 Dry fodder 1.26 6.75 20.00 6.33 8.2 5.45 0.14 2.93 Concentrate (gm) - - - 1432.1 105 100.48 0.94 Minerals (gm) ------II Unproductive Green fodder - 2.11 - 1.29 0.42 10.19 0.86 * Dry fodder - 2 - 1.29 2.36 9.05 1.2 1.42 Concentrate (gm) - - 2 82.35 - - - - Minerals (gm) - - - 3.91 - - - -

181 Table 5.16 Contd….

Sr. Type of Fodder and Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District No. animal Feed Surian shala I. Productive Crossbred Green fodder 11.15 13.44 10.13 9.15 11.10 108.25 9.75 10.96 cows Dry fodder 16 8.64 16.47 13.51 14.64 10 15.60 12.78 Concentrate gms) 122.03 113.22 186.46 163 240 260 212 475.51 Minerals (gm) 2.57 13.52 15.28 29.57 30 17.782 Local cow Green fodder 8.25 12.55 13.00 10.12 14.83 12.03 9.83 7.85 Dry fodder 4.54 4.46 7 5.38 8.24 5.11 3.63 4.85 Concentrate (gm) 421 - - 271 345 350 - 280.05 Minerals (gm) - - - 21.19 - - 24.29 4.58 Buffaloes Green fodder 25.33 10.4 15.52 16.25 23.41 18.58 17.10 17.34 Dry fodder 21.53 11.02 22.83 18.62 149.91 11.76 14.60 13.70 Concentrate (gm) 316 432 561 449 509 428 361 418.68 Minerals (gm) 42.73 23.65 5.49 27.68 - 28.54 14.85 Goats Green fodder - - - 1.86 0.78 - 0.16 - Dry fodder - - - 1.33 - - - - Concentrate (gm) ------Minerals (gm) ------Sheep Green fodder - - - 2.97 - - 0.06 Dry fodder - - - 3.17 - - - - Concentrate (gm) ------Minerals (gm) ------Poultry Concentrate (gm) - - - - 54.55 - 0.09 - Minerals (gm) - - - - 0.05 - - - Broilers Concentrate (gm) - 10 - - - 8.81 - -

182 Minerals (gm) ------Young stock Green fodder 10 3.0 3 1.28 6.32 3.14 2.76 - Dry fodder 2.15 4.25 5 1.37 4.62 2.06 1.94 - Concentrate (gm) - - 90 - 0.99 - - - Minerals (gm) - - 0.2 - - - - - Bullocks Green fodder 21.89 4.79 5.1 9.06 4.24 6.04 13.59 7.37 Dry fodder 19.12 6.19 9.61 6.31 4.31 7.72 6.54 6.96 Concentrate (gm) 0.66 63.81 - 0.08 0.33 - 0.73 30.80 Minerals (gm) - 16.33 - - - - 17.42 2.33 Equines Green fodder - - 7.14 1.14 1.51 3.79 8.48 - Dry fodder - 2.50 0.86 0.56 1.89 2.73 - Concentrate (gm) - - - 0.36 0.53 1.61 - Minerals (gm) ------II Unproductive* Green fodder - - 1.6 0.3 1.69 0.06 - 1.237 Dry fodder - - 2.53 0.44 1.42 - - 1.44 Concentrate (gm) ------5.62 Minerals (gm) ------0.26 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

183 Table 5.17 Yield Gaps in Fruit Crops (Q/ha)

Crop Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Apple A 13 ------P 18.4 ------G 4.6 ------Stone fruit A 14 - 15.30 16 - - - 15.70 P 22 - 23 23 - - - 24 G 7 - 7.70 7 - - - 8.30 Citrus fruit A 12.98 12 12 15.75 19.72 17 15.65 18.00 P 19.48 19 18 23 25.78 25 24 24 G 6.50 7 6 7.25 6.06 8 8.35 6.00 Mango A 31.27 24.65 23.15 23.50 22.13 24.10 24 23.05 P 42.98 40 33.18 36 34.04 34 34.60 33.45 G 11.71 15.35 10.03 12.50 12.09 9.90 10.60 10.40 Litchi A - 15.67 8 17 13.90 15 14.00 17.90 P - 23.94 15 24 25 26 26 27 G - 8.27 7 7 10.10 11 12 9.10 Peach A - - 66.70 64.83 64.22 - - 68.75 P - - 80 76 78 - - 78.38 G - - 13.30 11.17 13.68 - - 9.63

184 Table 5.17 Contd…

Crop Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala Apple A ------P ------G ------Stone fruit A - 17.85 - 15 - - - 15.60 P - 26 - 22 - - - 23 G - 8.15 - 7 - - - 7.40 Citrus fruit A 15.83 13.80 18 20 23 22 19 17 P 25 24 24 27 30 30 26 24.40 G 9.17 10.20 6 7 7 8 7 7.40 Mango A 22.60 23.25 22.70 27.32 32.50 29.35 22.50 25-10 P 33.30 32.05 33.20 40.64 42.00 41.15 35 36.40 G 10.70 9.20 10.50 13.32 9.50 11.80 12.70 11.30 Litchi A - 17.20 - 15.28 17.33 16.71 19.42 12.50 P - 25.92 - 25 24 24 25.62 19.40 G - 8.72 - 9.72 6.67 7.29 6.2 6.90 Peach A - 58.4 - - - - - 65.60 P - 72 - - - - - 76.90 G - 13.6 - - - - - 11.30 Note: A: Actual yield, P: Potential yield, G: Gap Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

185 Table 5.18 Livestock Production (Units/animal/day) Sr . Type of animal Baijnath Punchrukhi Bhawarna Lambagaon No. A P G A P G A P G A P G 1 Crossbred cows 7.1 15 7.9 3.69 8 4.31 3.97 8 4.03 4.67 12 7.33 (l/day) 2 Local cow 2.42 4 1.58 1.57 3 1.43 1.43 4 2.57 1.67 4 2.33 (l/day) 3 Buffaloes 4.72 10 5.28 3.31 9 5.69 3.07 9 5.93 2.48 10 7.52 (l/day) 4 Goats (l/day) 0.20 0.75 0.55 0.90 2.00 1.10 0.30 2 1.70 0.37 1.50 1.13 5 Sheep wool 1.52 2 0.48 1.75 1.90 0.75 1.23 2.5 1.27 1.25 1.43 1.18 (kg/year) 6 Poultry (yield, 124.14 2.75 50.86 120 260 140 128.93 260 131.07 74.98 150 75.02 eggs/year/bird) 7 Broilers (yield, ------1.92 3.25 1.33 meat/bird unit)

Sr. Type of Bhedu Mahadev Nagrota Bagwan Kangra Rait No. animal A P G A P G A P G A P G 1 Crossbred cows 5.77 11 5.23 5.57 12 6.43 7.18 15.5 8.32 8.04 14.5 6.46 (l/day) 2 Local cow (l/day) 2.51 5 2.49 2.47 3 0.53 2.22 6.5 2.28 2.12 4.5 2.38 3 Buffaloes 4.62 9 4.38 6.84 12 5.16 6.33 12.5 6.17 5.61 12 6.39 (l/day) 4 Goats (l/day) 0.45 1.70 1.25 0.48 2 1.52 0.50 1.60 1.10 0.67 1.40 0.73 5 Sheep wool 1.20 1.75 0.55 1.12 2 0.88 1.15 1.75 0.60 0.58 0.8 0.22 (kg/year) 6 Poultry (yield, 87.5 240 152.50 125.60 250 124.46 133.40 250 116.60 182.03 240 57.97 eggs/year/bird 7 Broilers yield, 1.43 2.20 0.77 1.59 2.30 0.71 - - - 1.46 2.0 0.54 meat/bird)

186 Table 5.18 Contd… Sr. Type of Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Surian Nurpur No. animal A P G A P G A P G A P G 1 Crossbred cows 7.18 10 2.86 4.18 13 8.82 7.28 15 7.72 4.06 11 6.94 (l/day) 2 Local cow (l/day) 2.38 5.55 3.17 1.79 4.5 2.71 1.75 4.5 2.75 2.21 5.5 3.29 3 Buffaloes (l/day) 4.91 8 3.09 6.73 12 5.27 4.5 10 5.5 4.41 8 3.59 4 Goats (l/day) 0.52 1.70 1.18 0.40 1.60 1.20 0.44 2.0 1.36 0.33 1.60 1.27 5 Sheep wool 1.20 1.60 0.40 1.10 1.90 0.80 1.20 1.80 0.60 1.7 1.80 0.63 (kg/year) 6 Poultry (yield, ------2.40 - eggs/year/bird) 7 Broilers (yield, ------1.24 - 1.16 meat/bird unit)

Sr. Type of Indora Fatehpur Dharmshala District No. animal A P G A P G A P G A P G 1 Crossbred 9.00 12 3.0 3.68 10 6.32 4.25 8 3.75 6.84 14.73 7.89 cows (l/day) 2 Local cow 3.20 4.50 1.30 1.76 4 2.24 1.38 4.5 3.12 1.99 4.66 2.67 (l/day) 3 Buffaloes (l/day) 6.16 12.5 5.34 4.68 10 5.32 3.2 10 6.8 5.30 9.73 4.43 4 Goats (l/day) 0.51 1.25 0.74 0.45 1.5 1.05 0.47 1.75 1.28 0.45 1.60 1.15 5 Sheep wool 1.30 2 0.70 1.14 1.60 0.46 1.10 1.75 0.65 1.16 1.76 0.60 (kg/year) 6 Poultry (yield, eggs/ 102.73 250 147.27 - - - 145.43 200 54.57 118.45 260 141.55 year/bird) 7 Broilers (yield, - - - 1.32 2.40 1.08 - - - 1.22 2.36 1.14 meat/bird) Note: A – Actual yield, P – Potential yield, G – Gap Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

187 Table 5.19 Varietal & Technological Problems and Interventions for Different Fruit Crops (Per Cent of Panchyats)

Crops Problem Intervention Baijnath Punch- Bhawa- Lamba- Bhedu- Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi rna gaon Mahadev Bagwan Citrus Non-availability of Supply of quality 45 48 44 52 39 35 40 42 quality material material Low yield High yield 55 58 64 62 59 55 60 58 varieties Infestation of Timely control of 65 68 66 60 68 52 60 64 diseases and pests diseases and pests Lack of awareness Demonstrations of technology and trainings, 55 58 64 62 59 55 60 58 exposure visits etc Low price of Remunerative 70 72 64 68 69 65 68 72 produce price Lack of processing Make availability & marketing of marketing and 74 76 66 72 70 68 72 74 facilities processing facility Lack of irrigation Irrigation 48 48 52 62 46 46 54 52 facilities No nutrient Awareness of application nutrient 72 74 78 74 69 70 68 70 application Monkey menace Need control 35 40 33 36 42 35 36 30 Mango Frost injury Frost resistant 72 74 76 78 78 74 78 76 varieties Non-availability of Supply of quality 52 54 48 64 49 50 58 60 quality material material Low yield High yield 74 70 70 72 72 70 68 70 varieties Infestation of Timely control of 72 69 70 74 74 78 68 70 diseases and pests diseases and pests

188

Lack of awareness Demonstrations of technology and trainings, 62 64 58 52 49 50 48 50 exposure visits etc Low price of Remunerative 78 74 72 74 70 70 68 69 produce price Lack of processing Make availability & marketing of marketing and 78 76 78 74 74 76 78 75 facilities processing facility Lack of irrigation Irrigation 48 48 52 62 46 46 54 52 facilities No nutrient Awareness of application nutrient 72 74 78 74 69 70 68 70 application Monkey menace Need control 48 49 53 56 42 45 48 50 Litchi Frost injury Frost resistant 62 64 66 62 60 58 58 56 varieties Non-availability of Supply of quality 54 52 50 60 50 50 54 58 quality material material Low yield High yield 74 70 70 72 72 70 68 70 varieties Infestation of Timely control of 72 69 70 74 74 78 68 70 diseases and pests diseases and pests Lack of awareness Demonstrations of technology and trainings, 62 64 58 52 49 50 48 50 exposure visits etc Low price of Remunerative 78 74 72 74 70 70 68 69 produce price Lack of processing Make availability & marketing of marketing and 78 76 78 74 74 76 78 75 facilities processing facility Lack of irrigation Irrigation 48 50 50 62 46 48 54 52 facilities

189

No nutrient Awareness of application nutrient 72 78 74 76 72 70 68 70 application Monkey menace Need control 48 46 51 54 42 44 45 45 Stone fruits Non-availability of Supply of quality 46 - 48 44 - - - 44 quality material material Low yield High yield 58 - 62 64 - - - 62 varieties Infestation of Timely control of 70 - 68 66 - - - 64 diseases and pests diseases and pests Lack of awareness Demonstrations of technology and trainings, 54 - 62 64 - - - 56 exposure visits etc Low price of Remunerative 70 - 70 70 - - - 70 produce price Lack of irrigation Irrigation 48 - 50 58 - - - 50 facilities No nutrient Awareness of application nutrient 70 - 76 74 - - - 68 application Monkey menace Need control 42 45 48 46 42 45 48 47

190 Table 5.19 Contd…

Crops Problem Intervention Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala Citrus Non-availability of Supply of quality 46 47 48 38 39 35 41 42 quality material material Low yield High yield varieties 57 56 62 66 60 58 60 60 Infestation of Timely control of 68 65 64 66 68 60 62 65 diseases and pests diseases and pests Lack of awareness Demonstrations and of technology trainings, exposure 58 60 64 54 52 55 50 56 visits etc Low price of Remunerative price 72 70 68 66 69 65 68 69 produce Lack of processing Make availability of & marketing marketing and 70 72 66 62 60 65 68 67 facilities processing facility Lack of irrigation Irrigation 78 78 68 62 60 64 54 65 facilities No nutrient Awareness of 74 72 78 54 49 55 68 65 application nutrient application Monkey menace Need control 32 34 33 34 30 32 38 42 Mango Frost injury Frost resistant 74 72 78 76 78 74 66 75 varieties Non-availability of Supply of quality 48 49 46 42 40 38 40 49 quality material material Low yield High yield varieties 57 56 62 66 60 58 60 66 Infestation of Timely control of 70 68 68 70 64 66 68 70 diseases and pests diseases and pests Lack of awareness Demonstrations and of technology trainings, exposure 56 62 65 56 54 52 52 55 visits etc

191 Low price of Remunerative price 70 72 68 68 66 68 70 70 produce Lack of processing Make availability of & marketing marketing and 68 72 70 64 60 66 68 72 facilities processing facility Lack of irrigation Irrigation 78 78 68 62 60 64 54 58 facilities No nutrient Awareness of 70 74 76 54 56 59 68 69 application nutrient application Monkey menace Need control 43 43 40 36 32 35 38 36 Litchi Frost injury Frost resistant - 72 - 68 68 66 58 64 varieties Non-availability of Supply of quality - 48 - 44 38 40 40 49 quality material material Low yield High yield varieties - 70 - 66 64 66 60 69 Infestation of Timely control of - 72 - 68 68 66 64 70 diseases and pests diseases and pests Lack of awareness Demonstrations and of technology trainings, exposure - 56 - 50 54 52 50 55 visits etc Low price of Remunerative price - 72 - 68 66 66 70 71 produce Lack of processing Make availability of & marketing marketing and - 72 - 64 60 66 68 72 facilities processing facility Lack of irrigation Irrigation - 78 - 62 60 64 52 58 facilities No nutrient Awareness of - 74 - 52 56 59 68 69 application nutrient application Monkey menace Need control - 32 - 30 32 35 34 40 Stone fruits Non-availability of Supply of quality - 50 - 46 - - - 46 quality material material

192 Low yield High yield varieties - 66 - 64 - - - 63 Infestation of Timely control of - 72 - 66 - - - 68 diseases and pests diseases and pests Lack of awareness Demonstrations and - 58 - 56 - - - 58 of technology trainings Lack of irrigation Irrigation - 74 - 70 - - - 69 facilities Low price of Remunerative price - 64 - 54 - - - 54 produce No nutrient Awareness of - 76 - 74 - - - 72 application nutrient application Monkey menace Need control - 33 - 36 - - - 45 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

193 Table 5.20 Incidence of Livestock Diseases (%) Type of animal Disease Baijnath Punchrukhi Bhawarna Lambagaon I M T I M T I M T I M T Cattle and Buffaloes a. FMD 10 - Y - - Y 10 - Y - - Y b. Hemorrhagic septicaemia 15 - Y - - Y - - - - - Y c. Tympany 10 Y 35 Y 30 2.5 Y 20 5 Y d. Pneumonia 15 1 Y 24 Y 30 5 Y e. Diarrhoea/dysentery 25 1 Y 12 3 Y 15 Y 30 20 Y f. Calf scour 5 - Y 18 1 Y 0 Y 20 2 Y g. Endoparasites 40 - Y 20 5 Y 80 15 Y 80 10 Y h. Ectoparasites 65 - Y 57 6 Y 10 0 Y 90 2 Y i. Repeat breeding 10 - Y 85 10 Y 95 10 Y 20 Y Other ------Sheep & Goats a. PPR/CCPP - - - 55 10 Y 50 - Y 0 - Y b. Mange - - - 42 - Y 10 - Y 30 - Y c. Lice and ticks 55 - Y 28 - Y 40 - Y 60 - Y d. Endoparasites 30 - Y 8 1 Y 100 10 Y 80 10 Y e. Diarrhoea/dysentery 30 2 Y 10 2 Y 10 2 Y 40 5 Y Other ------Poultry a. Coccidiosis ------20 10 Y b. Ranikhet disease ------Y c. Fowlpox ------Y d. Merek's disease ------Other ------Equine a. Respiratory distress 35 15 Y 15 0 Y 10 0 Y 20 4 Y b. Colic 15 0 Y 12 0 Y 5 0 Y 15 5 Y c. Internal parasites 25 0 Y 18 0 Y 50 0 Y 100 0 Y d. Glanders 30 Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

194 Table 5.20 Contd…

Type of animal Disease Bhedu Mahadev Nagrota Bagwan Kangra Rait I M T I M T I M T I M T Cattle and a. FMD ------7.5 - Y - - Y Buffaloes b. Hemorrhagic ------0.5 - Y - - Y septicaemia c. Tympany 1 - Y 30 - Y 1 - Y 1 - Y d. Pneumonia 0 - Y 20 - Y 10 - Y - Y e. Diarrhoea/dysentery 25.39 - Y 60 - Y 60 - Y 25.39 - Y f. Calf scour 0 - 0 10 - Y 0 - 0 4.5 0.05 Y g. Endoparasites 50 - y 70 - Y 75 - Y 0.673 0.01 Y h. Ectoparasites 50 - y 70 - Y 80 - Y 4.96 0.01 Y i. Repeat breeding - - - 40 - Y 15 - Y 13.6 0 Y Other - - - 1 - Y ------Sheep & Goats a. PPR/CCPP ------b. Mange - - - 25 - Y 2 - Y 1 Y c. Lice and ticks - - - 60 - Y 70 - Y 1 Y d. Endoparasites - - - 75 - Y 55 - Y 1 Y e. Diarrhoea/dysentery - - - 50 - Y 25 - Y 25 0.1 Y Other ------Poultry a. Coccidiosis ------2 - Y 1 0.01 Y b. Ranikhet disease ------10 - Y c. Fowlpox ------d. Merek's disease ------Other ------Equine a. Respiratory distress - - - 40 - Y 6 - Y 0 - - b. Colic - - - - Y 10 - Y 1.14 - Y c. Internal parasites - - - 50 - Y 1 - Y 2 - Y d. Glanders ------

195 Table 5.20 Contd…

Type of animal Disease Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Surian Nurpur I M T I M T I M T I M T Cattle and a. FMD - - Y - - y - - Y - - y Buffaloes b. Hemorrhagic - - Y 10 3 y - - Y - - y septicaemia c. Tympany Y - - 20 - y 1 - Y 5 - y d. Pneumonia - - Y 25 2 y 3.5 - Y 1 - y e. Diarrhoea/dysentery 7.5 - Y 25 2 y 4 - Y 20 - y f. Calf scour 7.5 - Y - - y 1 - Y 15 - y g. Endoparasites - - Y 38 2 y 18 - Y 40 - y h. Ectoparasites - - Y 5 - y 15 - Y 60 - y i. Repeat breeding 12.5 - Y 38 - y 2.5 - Y 40 - y Sheep & Goats a. PPR/CCPP - 17.5 Y - - - - - Y - - - b. Mange - - Y - - - - Y 20 - y c. Lice and ticks - - Y - - - 3.5 - Y 50 - y d. Endoparasites 27.5 - Y - - - 4 - Y 40 - y e. Diarrhoea/dysentery - - Y - - - 2.5 - Y 30 - y Poultry a. Coccidiosis - - Y - - - - Y 15 - y b. Ranikhet disease - - Y - - - - - 10 - y c. Fowlpox - - Y ------d. Merek's disease - - Y ------Other ------Equine a. Respiratory distress - - Y 4 - y 1 - Y 5 - y b. Colic - - Y 9 - y 1 - Y 5 - y c. Internal parasites - - - 28 - y 2 - Y 10 - y d. Glanders ------

196 Table 5.20 Contd…

Type of Disease Indora Fatehpur Dharmshala District animal I M T I M T I M T I M T Cattle and a. FMD 0 0 Y 20 - Y - - - 3.17 - Y Buffaloes b. Hemorrhagic 70 25 Y 10 - Y - - - 7.03 - Y septicaemia c. Tympany 30 - Y 5 - Y 1 0.1 y 12.66 - Y d. Pneumonia 0 - Y 2 - Y 50 10 y 12.03 - Y e. Diarrhoea/dysentery 50 - Y 10 - Y 30 5 y 26.61 - Y f. Calf scour 50 - Y 5 - Y 12 5 y 9.86 - Y g. Endoparasites 100 - Y 50 - Y 70 25 y 48.77 - Y h. Ectoparasites 90 - Y 70 - Y 80 5 y 51.79 - Y i. Repeat breeding 60 - Y 30 - 10 y 31.44 - Y Other ------0.06 - 0 Sheep & Goats a. PPR/CCPP 50 - Y ------34.66 - Y b. Mange 60 - Y 2 - Y 70 5 y 17.46 - Y c. Lice and ticks 50 - Y 80 - Y 80 5 y 38.5 - Y d. Endoparasites 100 - Y 80 - Y 70 25 y 44.7 - Y e. Diarrhoea/dysentery - 30 2 Y 30 5 y 18.83 - Y Poultry a. Coccidiosis 10 - Y 15 100 Y 25 10 y 5.86 - Y b. Ranikhet disease - - - 15 100 Y 0 0 0 2.33 - - c. Fowlpox ------d. Merek's disease - - - 10 100 Y - - - 0.66 - - Other - - - 10 10 Y - - - 0.66 - - Equine a. Respiratory distress - - - 2 - Y 20 10 y 10.53 - Y b. Colic 1 - Y 35 2 Y 80 40 y 12.60 - Y c. Internal parasites - - - 10 - Y 100 10 y 26.4 - Y d. Glanders ------2 - - Note: I= Infected, M= Mortality, T = Treatment available Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

197 Table 5.21 Interventions for Livestock Improvement

Particulars Interventions Baijnath Punch- Bhawa- Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi rna gaon Mahadev Bagwan Green Fodder Fodder Banks - - - - - - Plant forage crops - - - Irrigation - - - - - Grow good quality grass - - - - Dry Fodder Construction of silage pits - - - - Fodder banks - - - - Plant forage crops - - - Irrigation - - - - - - Grow good quality grass - - - - - Concentrates Subsidy - - - - - - - Availability - - - - - - Minerals Subsidy - - - - Availability ------Veterinary services Strengthening of lab - - - - - AI facilities Ambulabatory van - - - - - - Awareness - Good quality Strengthening of lab - De-worming facilities Medication

198

Disease control Strengthening of lab - - facilities Medication Strengthening of lab ------Pest control facilities Medication

Table 5.21 Contd…

Particulars Interventions Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm Surian shala Green Fodder Fodder banks - - - - Plant forage crops - Irrigation Grow good quality grass - - - Dry Fodder Silage pits - - Fodder banks - - - Plant forage crops - - Irrigation - - Grow good quality grass ------Concentrates Subsidy - - - Availability ------Minerals Subsidy - - - Availability ------

199

Veterinary services AI Strengthening of lab - - - - facilities Ambulabatory van - - - Awareness Good quality De-worming Strengthening of lab - - - - - facilities Medication Disease control Strengthening of lab - - - - facilities Medication Pest control Strengthening of lab ------facilities Medication Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

200 Chapter-VI

DISTRICT PLAN

The analysis of different aspects of agriculture and allied sector coupled with SWOT analysis of the district in the preceding chapters have thrown up several useful insights on yield gaps, constraints and interventions to realize the potential agricultural and allied sectors. This chapter inter alia gives the financial estimates of the plan alongwith their sectoral and yearly allocations, new sachems proposed in the plan, projected growth rates of different sectors and vision for next plan.

6.1 Plan Estimates

In order to generate more than 4 per cent growth rate in agriculture sector, the proposed plan has been prepared. The details about the total plan outlay and its sectoral allocation and yearly distribution have been presented in Table 6.1. The total plan outlay is Rs 92,425 lakh out of which around 10 per cent is earmarked for crop sector to reduce yield gaps by taking measures like promotion of high yielding variety seeds, improvement of soil health, protection of crops against biotic and abiotic stresses, promoting water use efficiency, and so on. Among different components of intervention to improve and enhance sustainability of crop production system, highest budget has been ear marked for natural resource conservation and management (Rs 58,807 lakh) and need based infrastructural development (Rs 17,620 lakh). The development of irrigation potential is expected to give a big boost to the overall development of agricultural and allied sectors including horticulture, fisheries and livestock. About 3.6 per cent and 1.68 per cent of the plan outlay is earmarked for livestock and horticulture sectors, respectively. Hence a sizeable amount of funds has been kept for the development of irrigation, water harvesting through check dams, which will increase irrigation potential in the district and help in diversification of the farming system. The varietals, technological and managerial gaps are major constraints responsible for the low yield of different fruit crops of the district. These issues need to be addressed by different interventions for which an outlay has been kept over, the plan period and the plan outlay has been allocated accordingly.

6.2 Innovative Schemes

Looking at the material resources potential of Kangra district, preference of unemployed youth, farming sector, agro-climatic conditions, market demand and available technologies, there is a need for popularization of commercial enterprises. Keeping these factors into consideration and as a result of PRA with panchayat level functionaries, the various innovative schemes have been identified for achieving and accelerating a reasonable growth in agriculture sector and for the overall development of agriculture economy of district. The innovative schemes for agriculture and rural development and irrigation development have been given in Tables 6.2 and Table 6.3.

201 The financial estimates for such innovative schemes have been given in Table 6.1. The innovative schemes include:

 Creation of water harvesting structures like improvement in khuls, ponds, check dams, tube wells, etc.,  The development of micro irrigation structures at individual farmer level, namely, sprinkler, drip and tank structures.  Natural resource (soil, land water) conservation and increase in resource use efficiencies  Protection of crops against biotic and abiotic stresses  Horticulture (Development of hill specific resistance cultivars)  Fish farming through pond construction and distribution of fish seed (fingerlings)  Livestock development (management/improvement and fodder development, supply of feed kits, mobile veterinary health care services)  Encouragement and awareness of organic farming and vermi-compost  Diversified farming  Encourage protected cultivation through poly house technology by providing financial assistance  Agro tourism particularly in Chhota and Bara Bangal area.  Development of rural infrastructure (rural markets, rural roads, bridges etc)  Agriculture mechanization (incentives on improved tools and hill specific machinery like power tillers, tractors, crop planter/harvesters, sprayers, clod breakers, chaff cutters, milk churners etc) to reduce women drudgery.  Enterprise, like bee keeping, mushroom, sericulture, nursery raising etc; need to be encouraged to reduce the unemployment among rural youth.

6.3 Prioritisation of Different Schemes

The matter w.r.t to the prioritization and implementation of different proposed schemes/works in different sectors viz. agriculture, horticulture, livestock sector were discussed in detail with the progressive farmers, panchayat representatives and stake holders of the line departments of the district. The prioritization of schemes emerging from the study has been shown in Table 6.4. It can be seen that strengthening and provision of irrigation facilities is accorded the first priority in most of the blocks. The diversification in favour of fruit and vegetables is the second most important priority in the district for agriculture development. Model nursery, quality planting material of fruit etc. at individual farmers’ level is the first priority in horticulture sector. Similarly, in the animal husbandry sector, improvement of pastures and grasslands by

202 introducing fodder trees and suitable grass varieties has turned out to be the fore most priority in the district. Checking monkey menace, boars, stray cattle and eradication of weeds were other priorities in the areas.

The critical factors responsible for lower yields of various components of the farming system have been addressed in the present plan. Commodity based interventions have been proposed in synchronization with various infrastructural support to obtain the potential yields in order to have the overall growth of above 4 per cent during the next five years. The key to increase the yields and achieve desired results, rests with the augmentation of land and water resources that offers various opportunities for diversification and increasing the overall productivity of these resources. Table 6.5 reveals that besides to existing cultivated land, a potential of 40,350 ha cultivable land and 31,912 ha of productive support land and 3,432 ha. of support land exists which can be exploited through eradication of weeds and various contour fencing for productive purposes. As schemes have been proposed to create irrigation potential of 7,827 ha by way of exploiting available water resources in the district through various irrigation schemes (lift and Kuhl) while 17,252 ha through rain water harvesting will be created under the plan. Both, natural resource management strategy along with irrigation infrastructure together with implementation of proposed interventions, the growth of different allied sectors is expected to achieve higher growth rates in comparison with present growth rates. Keeping the above assumption, the sector wise outcome of proposed plan are prescribed in Table 6.6 to 6.10. Attention should also be paid to attract the rural youth towards adoption of agriculture/horticulture/animal husbandry/fishery/ mushroom etc as avocation to check their migration from rural areas for want of jobs outside. The major out comes are given below:

6.4 Projected Outcomes, Growth Rates and Input Requirement

The projected growth in horticulture crops has been given in Table 6.8. It can be seen from the table that with the implementation of plan, the fruit production in Kangra district will increase. The higher rate of growth was noticed for litchi (14.17 per cent) followed by stone fruit (4.74 per cent), mango (3.15 per cent) and citrus (10.37 per cent) for the district. The projections for animal products have been given in Table 6.9. It can be seen that milk production from crossbred cows will increase at the rate of 16.58 per cent per annum due to implementation of plan. The production of milk of cross bred cow, local cow and buffalo is expected to register growth rate of 16.58 Per cent, 18.55 Per cent and 12.92 Per cent, respectively. In case of wool production expected growth rate is 11.51 Per cent per annum. Supply of fertilizers is increasing in response to increase in its demand (Table 6.10). Supply of different types of fertilizers i.e. Urea, CAN, IFFCO and SSP is projected to increase to 23,062, 825, 35,649 and 1,615 metric tonnes, respectively by the year 2012-13. Agriculture, horticulture, livestock and fisheries sectors are projected to grow at 7.91 Per cent, 13.00 Per cent, 14.26 Per cent and 15.57 Per cent, respectively. The overall growth of agriculture sector excluding fisheries is projected to grow at 9.40 Per cent (Table 6.11).

203  Irrigation potential shall be created which will provide irrigation to an area of 25,079 ha exploiting the water available resources and water harvesting through check dams, ponds and tanks etc.  Available water potential shall be exploited and thereby 25,079 ha. of land shall be brought under protected and assured irrigation by introducing cash crops in the traditional cropping system  A huge chunk of land amounting to 46,325 ha with erosion, stream bank erosion, etc shall be treated by adopting soil conservation measures.  Support land of 35, 344 ha shall be treated against invasive weeds and shrubs. This shall improve the fodder production to the level of 3,534 metric tonnes.  Food grain production shall increase an area from 3,12,933 metric tonnes to 4,15,563 Mt after the implementation of plan recording a growth rate 6.56 per cent per annum in scenario I and in Scenario II, when 20 per cent of irrigated land is shifted vegetable production. The growth rate in food grain production shall be 5.77 per cent per annum  Production of vegetables would increase from 1,00,835 metric tonnes to 1,24,288 metric tonnes in Scenario I, recording a growth role of 4.65 per cent per annum, when the proportion of where under these crops remained same and to 2,68,369 metric tonnes registering a growth rate of 33.23 per cent per annum in Scenario II when 20 per cent of irrigated area is length under there crops. This will generate a marketable surplus of 2,41,530 metric tonnes.  Based on yield of average farmer and that of progressive farmers of different crops along with the current area under different crops collected during the field survey. The projected production of different crops have been worked out. The growth rate over the existing production in case of citrus, pulses and oil seed crop have been estimated. The growth rates of maize, paddy, wheat has been calculated as 16.03, 17.39 and 14.75 per cent, respectively  Among the pulses, mash registered the highest growth rate of 21.30 per cent followed by gram.  Mango, citrus, litchi and stone fruits are grown in the district; based on yields of progressive farmer and yield of average farmers the production of different fruit crops is expected to a register growth rate of 10.37, 3.15, 14.17, 4.00 per cent respectively  The production of milk of local cows, cross bred and buffalo is expected to register a growth rate of 18.55, 16.58 and 12.92 per cent respectively. In case of wool production expected growth rate is 11.51 per cent per annum

204  The demand of different types of fertilizers like urea, CAN, IFFCO and SSP has been projected increase 23,062, 8,25,35,649, 1,615 metric tonnes respectively by the year 2012-13  The projected Sectoral growth rate would be 7.91 for agriculture, 13.00 per cent for horticulture, 14.26 per cent for livestock and 15.57 per cent for fertilizer respectively. The overall growth rate of agriculture sector excluding fertilizer has been projected at 9.40 per cent per annum during the plan period

6.5 Growth Drivers

The availability of suitable agro-climatic conditions to grow high value cash crops like fruit and vegetables, rising demand for these crops coupled with huge market for them in the neighbouring states including Azadpur market, New Delhi is the most important growth driver for the crop sector particularly for the cultivation of fruit and vegetable crops. Likewise, emerging huge local demand for dairy products, especially milk, in the district because of increase in income, changing food habits and development are important potential growth drivers of animal husbandry sector. The availability of basic infrastructural facilities like assured irrigation, rural roads, extension facilities are also important growth drivers for different sectors. The development and diffusion of new agricultural technologies to increase yield levels, eradicate weeds to improve the productivity of crop and pasture lands which also show rich potential available in the district.

6.6 Vision of Next Plan

The implementation of the proposed plan shall accelerate the ongoing process of diversification which includes not only the cultivation of vegetables and fruit but other high value cash crops like medicinal plants and spices as well. This shall make the district as one of the leading producers of vegetables and quality (citrus, mangoes and litchi) fruits. The proposed plan shall also strike on the existing constraints at grass root level, also shall examine the gaps in technology adoption with respect to input use. This plan will also focus on bridging yield gaps through various innervations by creating infrastructural base to support production level by scientific management practices and shall exploit natural resources for high growth rates on continuous basis. The plan shall also provide the adequate technical main power to meet the needs of farming community in growth and in sustaining potential enterprises during plan period and in future. Research and development being a continuous process needs regular commencement & refinement in technology. Keeping in this view, the location specific research able issues of the district have been identified and funds have been provided. The plan is open ended. The harnessing of irrigation potential through irrigation schemes like flow irrigation, lift irrigation and through watershed development shall go a long way in reducing risks and stabilizing the production of different crops. Likewise, improving rural connectivity and providing marketing infrastructure shall further accelerate the process of crop diversification

205 towards fruit and vegetables. The district has a potential to switch over to organic cultivation of different crops in particular pockets such as medicinal and aromatic plants/herbs which can be sold at a premium price both in the domestic and international markets. The crop diversification will result in significant increase in income and employment of the farmers. This whole process is expected to give rise to a number of rural non-farm activities encouraging the process of transfer of workers from agriculture to non-agricultural sector.

The climate change may invite the introduction of new crops and threaten the economic viability and ecological sustainability of existing crops. Many more new challenges are expected to emerge like the emergence of new diseases and insects and pests. Certain valuable flora and fauna may disappear. There might be shortage of water due to less snow fall and its early melting. Besides, climate changes several second generation problems may also emerge like newer and more efficient technologies which may endanger the economic viability of the existing crops and cropping systems. All these emerging challenges call for concerted efforts to understand full implications of such changes and devise effective strategies to cope up with such impending challenges.

The situation of managing material resources is not proper in the district. The common and supporting lands have been affected with obnoxious weeds and available water research have been exploited for which provision have been made in the present plan. The promising enterprises have been proposed by conducting survey in field based on respondents response, SWOT analysis and keeping in view the future needs. The district has potential to grow fruits & vegetable for which irrigation is needed. The proposed plan has provided for harnessing the irrigation potential through various water harvesting & irrigation schemes like renovation of Kuhls etc. The provisions have been made in the said plan.

Although the plan is holistic in its approach and is based on future perspective under some assumption, yet, future is uncertain. Some of the exogenous factors may fall beyond the control of the current plan, which may further be taken up by a new plan as per needs and available technology.

206 Table 6.1 Sectoral Outlay and Yearly Allocation (Rs. Lakhs)

Sr. Schemes Total Yearly Allocation No. Plan Outlay I II III IV V I Interventions to Improve and Enhance 8,830 1,324.5 1,766 1,766 1,766 2,207.5 Sustainability of Crop Production System 1 Improvement of productivity of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and spice 450 67.5 90 90 90 112.5 crops through promotion of HYV seeds including hybrids 2 Improvement of soil health through vermi- composting, bio- 550 82.5 110 110 110 137.5 fertilizers, micro nutrients, soil testing etc. 3 Protection of crops against biotic stresses (diseases, pests, weeds) and abiotic stresses 350 52.5 70 70 70 87.5 (hailstorms, drought, flash floods, etc) and other risk factors 4 Water use efficiency 3,340 501 668 668 668 835 through micro irrigation (i) Sprinkler 3,300 495 660 660 660 825 (ii) Drip 40 6 8 8 8 10 5 Agricultural mechanization through popularization of improved tools and hill specific machinery like power tillers, tractors, crop planters/ 750 112.5 150 150 150 187.5 harvesters, sprayers, clod breakers and gender friendly post harvesting equipments to remove women drudgery

207 6 Protected (poly house) cultivation to minimize risk factors and 3000 450 600 600 600 750 enhance quality and productivity 7 Strengthening and improvement of quality control infrastructure 90 13.5 18 18 18 22.5 (seed, pesticides and fertilizer testing laboratories) 8 Strengthening of seed production farms and promotion of infrastructure to 300 45 60 60 60 75 improve seed production and replacement II Need Based Infrastructure 17,620 2,643 3,524 3,524 3,524 4,405 Development 1 Irrigation 10,572 1,585.8 2,114.4 2,114.4 2,114.4 2,643 2 Improvement of on- farm water delivery and 1,330 199.5 266 266 266 332.5 efficiency of existing irrigation systems 3 Rural markets 328 49.2 65.6 65.6 65.6 82 4 Rural roads for 5,390 808.5 1,078 1,078 1,078 1,347.5 connectivity III Natural Resource Conservation and 58,807 8,821.05 11,761.4 11,761.4 11,761.4 14,701.75 Management 1. Soil conservation of arable and non-arable 677 101.55 135.4 135.4 135.4 169.25 land through engineering measures 2. Water harvesting check 43,130 6,469.5 8,626 8,626 8,626 10,782.5 dams, ponds, tanks, etc 3. Land improvement 15,000 2,250 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,750 IV Niche Based Enterprises for Rural 180 27 36 36 36 45 Entrepreneurs (i) Organic farming 60 9 12 12 12 15 (ii) Agro-tourism 75 11.25 15 15 15 18.75 (iii) Tea cultivation 45 6.75 9 9 9 11.25

208

V Fruit Production 1,550 232.5 310 310 310 387.5 VI Livestock, Poultry & 3,323 498.45 664.6 664.6 664.6 830.75 Fisheries 1 Livestock improvement 3,010 451.5 602 602 602 752.5 2 Fisheries 313 46.95 62.6 62.6 62.6 78.25 VII Human Resources 829 124.35 165.8 165.8 165.8 207.25 1 Additional man power 805 120.75 161 161 161 201.25 requirement 2 Capacity building of 24 3.6 4.8 4.8 4.8 6 extension personnel VIII Research & Extension 1,286 192.9 257.2 257.2 257.2 321.5 IX All Sectors & Schemes 92,425 13,863.75 18,485 18,485 18,485 23,106.25 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

209 Table 6.2 New Block Level Schemes for Agriculture and Rural Development

Development Baijnath Punch Bhawa Lamb- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait schemes - rukhi rna agaon MahadevBagwan Watershed harvesting scheme including tanks, ponds, check dams, etc No. of Schemes 7 17 75 3 1 12 30 1 Villages (No.) 16 17 250 27 25 12 0 200 Beneficiary 900 185 7,500 825 500 160 10,000 200 families (No.) Potential area 700 1,500 225 1,627 600 600 500 1,000 (ha) Funds required 1,750 3,750 562.5 4,067.5 1,500 1,500 1,250 2,500 (Rs. Lakhs) Soil/land conservation schemes No. of Schemes 10 0 15 6 1 10 15,000 15 Villages (No.) 10 28 45 20 100 20 - 20 Beneficiary 500 52 1,350 300 2,500 405 - 300 families (No.) Potential area 70 52 20 2,000 2400 340 - 20 (ha) Funds required 50 34.5 15 38 100 27.5 200 4.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Horticultural

schemes No. of Schemes 0 4 8 1 - 5 - 1 Villages (No.) 206 39 100 289 - 10 - 54 Beneficiary - 120 1,000 16,500 - 600 - - families (No.) Potential area - 30 150 31 - 150 - - (ha) Funds required 0 90 500 82 0 150 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Fisheries (pond constructions) No. of Schemes - 60 30 - 1 20 100 10 Villages (No.) - 20 25 - 25 20 - Beneficiary - 60 65 - 400 200 - 20 families (No.) Potential area - 10 2.5 - 0 40 - 0 (ha) Funds required 0 15 50 0 80 100 0 1 (Rs. Lakhs) Livestock improvement schemes No. of Schemes - 1 6 5 1 10 - 5 Villages (No.) - 54 166 289 150 314 - 291 Beneficiary - 5,975 5,000 0 6,000 1,414 - 1,600

210 families (No.) Potential area - 500 0 0 0 5,000 - - (ha) Funds required 0 5 2,200 78 75 100 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Rural roads (Kms) No. of Schemes - 70 30 7 - - 500 18 Villages (No.) - 19 90 20 - - 245 20 Beneficiary - 3,400 2250 2550 - - 22,360 12,000 families (No.) Potential area - 1,500 - - - - - 25,000 (ha) Funds required 0 1,000 6 700 0 0 0 1,900 (Rs. Lakhs) Bridges No. of Schemes - 34 1 1 - - 20 12 Villages (No.) - 135 3 10 - - - 21 Beneficiary - - 120 5,000 - - - 14,000 families (No.) Potential area ------15,000 (ha) Funds required 0 0 5 150 0 0 0 1,000 (Rs. Lakhs) Rural markets No. of Schemes - 7 - - 5 1 8 - Villages (No.) - 135 - - 20 20 245 - Beneficiary - 0 - - 500 225 22,360 - families (No.) Potential area - 0 - - 0 1,900 0 - (ha) Funds required 0 25 0 0 29 25 25 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Organic farming No. of Schemes 1 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 Villages (No.) 20 9 7 9 5 4 - 4 Beneficiary ------families (No.) Potential area 130 90 75 90 60 55 - 52 (ha) Funds required 16 8 6 9 5 4 - 5 (Rs. Lakhs) Agro tourism No. of Schemes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Villages (No.) 9 4 6 5 4 7 4 8 Beneficiary ------

211 families (No.) Potential area ------(ha) Funds required 12 6 8 7 4 8 4 10 (Rs. Lakhs) Tea No. of Schemes 1 1 1 - - - - - Villages (No.) 18 14 14 - - - - - Beneficiary ------families (No.) Potential area 350 260 265 - - - - - (ha) Funds required 15 12 10 - - - - - (Rs. Lakhs) Funds required for protected 499.2 51.9 94.8 145.8 90 137.4 177.6 272.2 cultivation (Rs. Lakhs)

Table 6.2 Contd…

Development Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fateh Dharm District schemes Surian pur -shala Watershed harvesting scheme including tanks, ponds, check dams, etc No. of Schemes 6 40 2 2 4 1 1 202 Villages (No.) 6 1,800 2 2 50 9 - 2,416 Beneficiary 60 1,100 50 48 4,000 287 - 25,815 families (No.) Potential area (ha) 1,000 2,500 2,000 2,300 1,500 700 500 17,252 Funds required 2,500 6,250 5,000 5,750 3,750 1,750 1250 43,130 (Rs. Lakhs) Soil/land conservation schemes No. of Schemes - 75 10 20 10 102 1 15,275 Villages (No.) - 235 10 20 150 22 2 682 Beneficiary - 400 200 80 650 480 500 7,717 families (No.) Potential area (ha) - 250 160 80 600 200 30 6,222 Funds required 0 15 80 40 50 10 12 676.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Horticultural schemes No. of Schemes 11 1 - 5 - 3 - 39 Villages (No.) 300 52 - 80 - 100 - 1,230

212 Beneficiary 1,200 2,200 - 350 - 500 - 22,470 families (No.) Potential area (ha) 600 500 - 400 - 800 - 2,661 Funds required 50 30 0 150 0 500 0 1,550. (Rs. Lakhs) 0 Fisheries (pond constructions) No. of Schemes 50 - 1 5 - 20 3 300 Villages (No.) 50 - - 10 - 20 - 170 Beneficiary 50 - - 50 - 20 - 865 families (No.) Potential area (ha) 0 - - 1 - 35 - 88.5 Funds required 5 0 18 4 0 40 0 313 (Rs. Lakhs) Livestock improvement schemes No. of Schemes - 1 - 1 - 1 - 31 Villages (No.) - - - 40 - 250 - 1,554 Beneficiary - - - 200 - 500 - 20,689 families (No.) Potential area (ha) - - - 35,000 - 500 - 41,000 Funds required 0 52 0 0 0 500 0 3010 (Rs. Lakhs) Rural roads (Kms) No. of Schemes - - - - 1,000 - 8 1,633 Villages (No.) - - - - 10 - 8 412 Beneficiary - - - - 1,000 - 2,993 46,553 families (No.) Potential area (ha) - - - - 2,000 - - 28,500 Funds required 0 0 0 0 54 0 0 3,660 (Rs. Lakhs) Bridges No. of Schemes - - - 4 4 - - 76 Villages (No.) - - - 7 20 - - 196 Beneficiary - - - 24,541 2,200 - - 45,861 families (No.) Potential area (ha) - - - 0 1,000 - - 16,000 Funds required 0 0 0 175 400 0 0 1730 (Rs. Lakhs)

213

Rural markets No. of Schemes - - - 21 - 1 - 128 Villages (No.) - - - 31 - 5 - 456 Beneficiary - - - 24,541 - 250 - 47,876 families (No.) Potential area (ha) - - - - 250 - 2,150 Funds required 0 0 0 178.5 0 45 0 327.5 (Rs. Lakhs) Organic farming No. of Schemes ------1 1 Villages (No.) ------4 62 Beneficiary ------families (No.) Potential area (ha) ------50 602 Funds required ------7 60 (Rs. Lakhs) Agro tourism No. of Schemes - - 1 - - - 1 1 Villages (No.) - - 3 - - - 10 60 Beneficiary ------families (No.) Potential area (ha) ------Funds required - - 4 - - - 12 75 (Rs. Lakhs) Tea No. of Schemes ------1 1 Villages (No.) ------17 63 Beneficiary ------families (No.) Potential area (ha) ------330 1,205 Funds required ------8 45 (Rs. Lakhs) Funds required for protected 3,204. 307.2 192.6 196.5 234.0 215.40 198.31 183.57 cultivation 7 (Rs. Lakhs)

Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

214 Table 6.3 Potential/New Irrigation Schemes

Potential/new schemes Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Lift irrigation Number - - - 116 4 10 - - Amount required (Rs. 0 0 0 748 402 965 0 0 Lakhs) Villages to be covered - - - 20 15 32 - - Beneficiaries (No.) - - - 1,450 800 400 - - Command area (ha) - - - 372 200 400 - - Tube wells Number - - - - - 2 - - Amount required 0 0 0 0 0 217 216 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages to be covered - - - - - 7 - - Beneficiaries (No.) - - - - - 200 - - Command area (ha) - - - - - 210 - - Kuhl Number 50 - 5 - - 20 5 2 Amount required 1,080 509 879 0 0 750 125 112 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages to be covered 100 - 58 - - 45 40 19 Beneficiaries (No.) 5,000 635 - - 2,050 1,600 220 Command area (ha) 1,000 407 1,829 - - 1,000 100 74 Canal irrigation Number ------Amount required 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages to be covered ------Beneficiaries (No.) ------Command area (ha) ------

215 Table 6.3 Contd…

Potential/new schemes Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala Lift irrigation Number 8 7 6 - - - - - Amount required 965 965 483 0 0 0 0 4,528 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages to be 8 7 6 - - - - - covered Beneficiaries (No.) 400 350 250 - - - - - Command area (ha) 400 400 200 - - - - 1,972 Tube wells Number - - - 3 200 13 - - Amount required 0 0 0 299 643 939 0 2,304 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages to be - - - - 5 - - - covered Beneficiaries (No.) - - - 90 150 420 - - Command area (ha) - - - 93 200 292 - 795 Kuhl Number 5 5 - 5 - 1 15 Amount required 25 25 0 50 0 30 15 3,740 (Rs. Lakhs) Villages to be 10 10 - 5 - 1 10 - covered Beneficiaries (No.) 3,000 3,000 - 121 - 55 115 Command area (ha) 100 100 - 120 - 30 300 5060 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

216 Table 6.4 Prioritizations of Different Works/Schemes (Ranks)

Schemes Baijnath Punch- Bhawarna Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait rukhi gaon Mahadev Bagwan Agriculture Irrigation systems 6 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 Diversification 7 2 2 3 2 2 4 2 Agri deptt. support for 1 3 3 4 3 3 5 3 input and extension Marketing 4 4 7 7 5 Agri personnel ------6 Weed control ------Animal menace ------Horticulture Irrigation 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 Planting material 2 2 4 2 2 3 2 2 Marketing - - - - 3 - 4 4 Horti personnel - - - - 5 - 5 - Weed control - - - - 4 - - - Animal menace ------Animal Husbandry Integrated Desert 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 Development Programme Improved breeds - 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 Fodder assurance - - - - 4 - 3 3 Human resource - - - - 5 - 4 - Gosadans ------

217 Table 6.4 Contd…

Schemes Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District Surian shala Agriculture Irrigation systems 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 Diversification 2 2 6 3 2 2 2 2 Agri deptt. support for 3 3 4 7 3 4 3 input and extension Marketing 5 7 - - - 4 6 4 Agri personnel - 5 - - - - 5 7 Weed control ------7 6 Animal menace ------Horticulture Irrigation 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 Planting material 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 Marketing 4 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 Horti personnel - 6 - 6 4 4 4 Weed control - 6 - - - 5 - 6 Animal menace ------5 Animal Husbandry Integrated Desert 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 Development programme Improved breeds 3 3 2 4 2 3 2 2 Fodder assurance - 4 - 5 3 3 Human resource - 5 - - - - - 4 Gosadans ------5 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

218 Table 6.5 Augmentation of Land and Water Resources: Physical Targets (Ha)

Blocks Cultivated Potential Productive Potential Existing Potential Irrigation potential land cultivable support support irrigated irrigated land through water land land land area harvesting Baijnath 6,996 594 0 0 200 1,000 700 Panchrukhi 7,213 1,523 78 52 152 407 1,500 Bharwana 5,442 1,164 1,200 800 4,541 1,829 225 Lamagaon 6,600 3,408 6,550 0 1,200 372 1,627 Bhedu Mahadev 4,714 492 3,100 145 2,239 200 600 Nagrota 6,901 856 2,659 0 637 1,610 600 Kangra 8,445 1,014 2,647 0 496 100 500 Rait 9,535 1,528 0 253 375 74 1,000 Dehra 11,552 3,130 5,380 0 2,224 500 1,000 Pragpur 25,061 1,248 2,081 0 981 500 2,500 N Surian 9,676 6,741 1,346 0 1,543 200 2,000 Nurpur 18,315 2,757 726 0 1,962 213 2,300 Indora 16,249 7,865 1,800 60 9,500 200 1,500 Fatehpur 12,375 7,417 2,930 2,122 6,272 322 700 Dharmshala 5,343 613 1,415 0 0 300 500 District 1,54,417 40,350 31,912 3,432 32,322 7,827 17,252 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

219 Table 6.6 Projected Output Growth of Agriculture

Crops Existing Potential production (MT) Growth (% p. a.) Area (ha) Production (MT) Yield (q/ha) Scenario I Scenario II Scenario I Scenario II Maize 58,,676 91,921 15.67 1,16,209 1,12,597 5.28 4.50 Paddy 37145 48,767 13.13 71,816 69,899 9.45 8.67 Wheat 91,783 1,65,520 18.03 2,17,806 2,11,301 6.32 5.53 Barley 2,570 3,410 13.27 3,936 3,802 3.09 2.30 Pulses 4,103 2,876 7.01 3,321 3,208 3.09 2.30 Foodgrains 1,94,731 3,12,933 16.07 4,15,565 4,03,268 6.56 5.77 Vegetables 6,038 1,00,835 167.00 1,24,288 2,68,369 4.65 33.23 Note: i Scenario I output growth with increased irrigated area and crop improvement programmes ii. Scenario II output growth with diversion of 20 % irrigated area to vegetable crops Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

220 Table.6.7 Projected Output and Growth in the Production of Different Crops Crops Current production (MT) Projected production(MT) Growth rate (% p.a.) A) Cereals Maize 1,56,136.40 2,81,288.70 12.49 Paddy 2,01,230.35 3,76,230.65 13.33 Wheat 2,45,253.72 4,26,157.53 11.68 Barley 2,211.56 3,596.49 10.21 B) Pulses Mash 729.46 1,506.68 15.61 Gram 636.07 1,103.22 11.64 Other 625.64 938.96 8.46 C) Oilseeds Toria 350.88 682.18 14.22 Sarson 2,686.91 4,970.17 13.09 Sesame 454.65 718.94 9.60 Linseed 173.70 250.13 7.57 D) Vegetables Potato 87,699.00 1,33,574.78 8.78 Peas 2,186.26 3,593.98 10.45 Tomato 63,999.77 91,941.53 7.51 Cauliflower 7,208.19 19,024.80 21.42 Beans 1,539.59 2,230.00 7.69 Capsicum 2,460.31 3,455.85 7.03 Cabbage 5,842.32 7,912.43 6.25 Cucurbits 33,358.00 38,762.47 3.05 Onion 10,208.04 12,575.33 4.26 Others 32,586.20 38,729.50 3.51 E) Spices Ginger 326.78 417.36 5.01 Garlic 4,134.78 5,769.84 6.89 F) Sugarcane 9,21,020.00 1,15,0000 4.54 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

221 Table 6.8 Projected Output Growth in Fruit Crop Production

Particular Existing Potential Growth rate in Production (MT) Yield (Q/ha) Production (MT) Yield (Q/ha) production (% p.a.) Citrus 11,909 17 13,888 24.40 10.37 Mango 27,847 25-10 38,406 36.40 3.15 Litchi 2,0180 12.50 54,105 19.40 14.17 Stone fruits 1,212 15.60 1,787 23 4.74 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

Table 6.9 Projected Output Growth of Livestock Products

Particulars Existing Potential Growth rate in Production (MT) Yield (L/day) Production (MT) Yield (L/day) production (% p.a.) Milk (Crossbred cow) 9,97,255 6.84 21,47,598 14.73 16.58 Milk (Local cow) 2,91,595 1.99 6,82,831 4.66 18.55 Buffalo 7,72,727 5.30 14,18,610 9.73 12.92 Wool 5,304 1.16 9,145 1.76 11.51 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

222 Table 6.10 Projected Fertilizers Demand for 11th Plan (MT)

Fertilizer Projected yearly requirement 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Urea 22,794 22,827 22,882 22,957 23,062 CAN 650 690 730 775 825 IFFCO 30,349 31,549 32,264 34,049 35,649 SSP 1,110 1,278 1,410 1,560 1,615 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

Table 6.11 Projected Value Output and Growth of Agriculture and Allied Sectors

Items Current value of output Projected value of output Growth rate (Rs. Lakh) (Rs. Lakh) (% p.a.) Agriculture 42,924.85 59,894.36 7.91 Horticulture 8,993.10 14,836.6 13.00 Livestock 31,239.15 53,517.75 14.26 Fisheries 14.47 25.74 15.57 Overall without 83,171.57 1,22,273.45 9.40 fisheries Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

223 224 Appendix-I Block-wise Demographic and Institutional Features (No.)

Sr. Particulars Baijnath Punch- Bhawa- Lamba- Bhedu Nagrota Kangra Rait No rukhi rna gaon Mahadev Bagwan Gram 1. panchayats 51 37 46 55 47 45 55 61 2. Villages 206 135 166 289 274 314 45 291 3. Households 10564 15097 17432 16500 13561 19881 22360 22031 4. Total population Male 39648 36553 40696 33426 36988 90753 48425 53839 Female 40859 36117 41041 30731 40686 44500 49060 55412 Schedule caste 19321 27762 15910 919 11562 46253 10261 24270 Schedule tribe 1164 2958 36 18 753 9112 87 71 Rural 80557 72670 0 0 100 68114 0 0 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sex ratio 1030 1000 0 1188 0 1039 1013 1053 5. Literacy rate Male 0 90 0 32757 91 87.51 0 78.61 Female 0 75 0 38936 87 70.65 0 70.44 Schedule caste 0 75 0 21142 80 0 0 0 Schedule tribe 0 73 0 17 0 0 0 0 Households 6. economic status Antodaya households 3515 0 2983 3050 0 3222 0 28960 BPL households 5307 3430 4589 4607 3208 4862 3398 3836 APL1 households 3012 11667 2884 68550 0 14910 1118 6065 APL2 households 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Village 7. amenities

225

Connected with pucca roads 49 108 200 62 100 0 220 170 Connected with kuchha roads 2 19 51 36 100 0 25 20 Connected with no roads 0 8 5 22 0 0 0 101 Drinking water supply 51 135 166 1 47 0 245 245 Villages elecrified 51 129 166 0 47 282 245 274 Tel connection to panchayats 51 135 46 0 47 0 55 1 Post office 50 65 40 0 40 40 0 51 Fair price shops Co-op depots 51 36 52 52 58 49 61 48 Private dealers 0 27 0 22 6 20 0 9 8. Educational and health institutions Primary schools 51 112 89 117 92 113 103 146 Middle schools 0 86 19 18 26 25 14 24 High schools 0 49 8 26 18 13 15 21 Technical institutions Polytech/Engg 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 ITI 0 1 1 2 1 0 0 1 Nurshing TI 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 College of Education 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 2 PHC 6 0 9 3 5 53 8 4 Dispensaries 23 5 0 0 12 0 0 1 Sub-health centres 0 21 26 30 0 0 30 36 Community HCs 1 0 2 1 2 0 1 1 Hospitals 3 5 1 1 1 0 1 0 226

Medl college cum hospitals 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Veterinary hospitals 7 2 5 5 4 25 1 4 Veterinary dispenseries 1 19 19 27 10 0 15 20 Gosadan 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other health institutions 0 0 219 0 0 0 0 0 Anganwaries/bal waries 254 158 217 270 123 0 361 357 9. Village/commun ity organizations Mahila mandals 268 119 228 65 257 342 215 193 Self help groups 151 46 46 74 50 64 85 62 Youth clubs 0 35 51 96 32 29 35 0 NGOs 0 1 5 2 3 2 4 0 Farmers co- operatives 34 1 20 0 50 50 1 0 Any other 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 Banking institutions Commercial banks 8 2 12 5 6 11 18 21 RRBs 0 1 3 7 0 0 0 0 Central co- operative banks 2 0 5 4 8 5 55 8 Co-operative credit societies 0 31 0 52 45 54 55 45 Any other 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0

227

Apendix-I Contd…

Sr. Particulars Dehra Pragpur Nagrota Nurpur Indora Fatehpur Dharm- District No Surian shala Gram 1. panchayats 64 75 48 52 49 54 28 767 2. Villages 507 281 223 303 208 295 107 3644 3. Households 16725 0 15765 24541 23256 18664 22475 258852 4. Total population Male 49763 52314 43400 101614 50187 46870 0 724476 Female 51368 52314 45428 51227 46005 47461 0 632209 Schedule caste 22108 18285 16178 22098 25588 16674 0 277189 Schedule tribe 2110 764 7 3660 0 1 0 20741 Rural 965005 0 0 101614 96192 94331 0 1478583 Urban 5126 0 0 0 0 94331 0 99457 Sex ratio 1.03 1016 0 1016 910 1000 0 684.402 5. Literacy rate Male 93 0 80 51 79 87.11 0 2232.949 Female 71 0 62.6 49 78 79.89 0 2638.639 Schedule caste 78 0 0 62 72 0 0 1433.933 Schedule tribe 52 0 0 60 0 0 0 13.46667 Households 6. economic status Antodaya households 0 2958 2954 207 2146 2997 0 52992 BPL households 5806 4465 4463 3030 3237 4541 2694 61473 APL1 households 10919 21738 0 0 3468 0 0 144331 APL2 households 0 0 0 0 14405 0 0 14405 Village 7. amenities

228

Connected with pucca roads 488 0 146 186 126 265 93 2213 Connected with kuchha roads 19 0 11 20 31 30 6 370 Connected with no roads 1 0 31 97 50 0 8 323 Drinking water supply 507 0 220 52 187 100 102 2058 Villages elecrified 507 0 223 52 208 100 107 2391 Tel connection to panchayats 23 0 0 52 4 100 28 542 Post office 52 0 36 6 49 168 55 652 Co-op depots 58 0 48 0 25 49 19 606 Private dealers 7 0 0 1 6 0 33 131 Educational and 8. health institutions Primary schools 140 156 118 129 93 65 90 1614 Middle schools 34 35 28 17 26 12 16 380 High schools 30 36 25 20 16 16 18 311 Polytech/Engg 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 ITI 0 5 1 1 0 1 1 15 Nurshing TI 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 College of Education 0 1 0 2 4 0 1 14 PHC 0 48 46 7 5 2 0 196 Dispensaries 0 30 0 15 0 22 0 108 Sub-health centres 0 7 0 24 43 0 0 217 Community HCs 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 12 Hospitals 0 3 0 1 0 4 1 21 229

Medl college cum hospitals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Veterinary hospitals 0 5 5 6 3 5 3 80 Veterinary dispenseries 0 22 27 24 19 22 15 240 Gosadan 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 4 Other health institutions 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 219 Anganwaries/bal waries 0 198 0 325 314 104 75 2756 Village/commun 9. ity organizations Mahila mandals 64 0 175 188 130 139 0 2383 Self help groups 0 216 85 175 361 74 0 1489 Youth clubs 96 0 30 104 0 2 0 510 NGOs 1 26 1 1 4 2 0 52 Farmers co- operatives 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 161 Any other 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 Banking 10 institutions Commercial banks 16 0 14 7 6 6 25 157 RRBs 0 0 0 3 0 2 2 18 Central co- operative banks 0 0 0 7 9 4 5 112 Co-operative credit societies 0 0 0 0 24 2 20 328 Any other 0 66 0 1 10 0 0 80 Source: Field Survey, 2007-08

230

Appendix-II Distribution of Workers and Categories of Farmers

Block Total Main Marginal Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Workers workers (%) labourers (%) industry workers (%) (No.) (No.) (No.) workers (%) Baijnath 33269 21414 11855 67.57 10.30 7.07 15.07 Panchrukhi 26052 14048 12004 62.85 13.75 5.56 17.84 Bhawarna 30498 17267 13231 55.48 17.78 7.26 19.48 Lambagaon 29815 13547 16268 82.63 5.69 2.89 8.79 Bhedumahadev 27441 12574 14867 73.73 11.98 1.98 12.31 Nagrota 44154 25174 18980 78.78 14.41 1.74 5.07 Bagwan Kangra 53819 32999 20820 78.23 13.27 1.97 6.52 Rait 43565 23206 20359 78.15 9.17 2.01 10.67 Dehra 69031 41416 27615 91.96 3.20 0.85 3.99 Pragpur 63531 34316 29215 90.20 4.52 1.45 3.82 Nagrota Surian 38715 18382 20333 76.88 10.27 3.56 9.29 Nurpur 33819 20214 13605 67.42 15.49 3.18 13.91 Indora 32607 22202 10405 34.32 33.50 10.57 21.60 Fatehpur 38942 18663 20279 75.07 14.46 3.14 7.33 Dharamshala ------District Source: Census, 2001

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