TRAFFIC SAFETY on BUS PRIORITY SYSTEMS Recommendations for Integrating Safety Into the Planning, Design, and Operation of Major Bus Routes
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TRAFFIC SAFETY ON BUS PRIORITY SYSTEMS Recommendations for integrating safety into the planning, design, and operation of major bus routes A program of the www.embarq.org Report by: Nicolae Duduta Associate Transport Planner, EMBARQ, World Resources Institute [email protected] Claudia Adriazola-Steil Director of Health and Road Safety, EMBARQ, World Resources Institute [email protected] Carsten Wass Technical Director, Consia Consultants [email protected] Dario Hidalgo Director of Research and Practice, EMBARQ, World Resources Institute [email protected] Luis Antonio Lindau Director, EMBARQ Brazil [email protected] Vineet Sam John Research Analyst, EMBARQ, World Resources Institute [email protected] This report was made possible through funding from A Product of The WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities Design and layout by: Carni Klirs, Graphic Designer [email protected] CONTENTS i. Foreword 3 ii. Executive Summary 4 1. Research Overview 6 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 2. Speed management 19 3. Recommendations for street segments, midblock sections, and crossings 23 4. Case Study: TransOeste BRT, Rio de Janeiro 31 5. Recommendations for intersections 35 6. Case Study: Metrobús Line 4, Mexico City 57 7. Recommendations for stations 59 8. Case Study: BRT Operating on a Freeway: Metrobüs Istanbul 71 9. Recommendations for major transfer stations 87 10. Research and Analysis 92 11. Acknowledgments 106 12. References 107 2 CITIES AND BUS SYSTEMS COVERED IN THIS REPORT Istanbul Delhi Guadalajara Mexico City Ahmedabad Bogotá Lima Arequipa Belo Horizonte São Paulo Rio de Janeiro Curitiba Brisbane Porto Alegre Melbourne ROAD SAFETY INSPECTIONS ROAD SAFETY AUDITS ON BUS CORRIDORS • Rede Integrada de Transporte, Curitiba • Metrobús Lines 3, 4, and 5, Mexico City • TransMilenio, Bogotá • SIT, Arequipa, Peru • BRTS, Delhi • C. Machado and Dom Pedro II Busways, Belo Horizonte • Janmarg, Ahmedabad • Antonio Cerlos Busway, Belo Horizonte • TransCarioca BRT, Rio de Janeiro CITYWIDE CRASH • TransOeste BRT, Rio de Janeiro FREQUENCY MODELS • BRT, Izmit, Turkey • Mexico City • Guadalajara DATA SOURCES • Porto Alegre • Ministerio de Transporte, Colombia, 2011 • Bogotá • Transmilenio S.A. 2011 • Gobierno de la Ciudad de México 2011 ADDITIONAL DATA • Secretaria de Vialidad y Transporte de Jalisco, 2011 COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS • Estudios, Proyectos y Señalización Vial S.A. de C.V. 2011 • Metrobús Line 2, Mexico City • Empresa Pública de Transporte e Circulação (EPTC), • Macrobús, Guadalajara Porto Alegre, 2011 • TransMilenio, Bogotá • Matricial Engenharia Consultiva Ltda., 2011 • Megabús, Pereira • Empressa de Transporte e Trânsito de Belo Horizonte S.A. • BRT, Santiago de Cali (BHTrans), 2011 • SIT, Arequipa • Urbanização de Curitiba S.A. (URBS), 2011 • Busways, Belo Horizonte • Companhia de Engenharia de Tráfego de São Paulo, 2011 • Boqueirao and South Line, Curitiba • Delhi Police, 2010 • South East Busway, Brisbane • Road Safety and Systems Management Division, Brisbane, • BRTS, Delhi Queensland, Australia 2009 • Busways, São Paulo • Instituto Metropolitano Protransporte de Lima, 2012 • Metrobüs BRT, Istanbul • Istanbul Elektrik Tramvay ve Tunel (IETT) Traffic Safety on Bus Priority Systems 3 FOREWORD Investment in high quality public transport systems in developing world cities can help achieve significant traffic safety benefits, while meeting the growing mobility needs of city residents. Over 1.2 million people die in traffic crashes their public transport systems. The recent on the world’s roads every year, according commitment by eight multilateral development to the World Health Organization, and the banks to direct $175 billion over ten years to majority of these deaths occur in rapidly sustainable transport will further contribute to motorizing low and middle income countries. this growth. This situation is expected to worsen in the absence of policy interventions, and traffic The evidence in this report clearly shows crashes could become the fifth leading cause that high quality public transport systems of premature mortality worldwide by 2030. can result in significant safety benefits on the streets where they are implemented, reducing In response to this unacceptable trend, the injuries and fatalities by as much as 50 percent. United Nations declared 2011–2020 as the But in order to achieve these benefits, it is Decade of Action for Road Safety. EMBARQ important to ensure that the new systems being and the World Bank have been closely involved built incorporate high quality infrastructure and in furthering the goals of the Decade of Action safety features. This report provides detailed, and helping achieve its ambitious goal of data driven recommendations for incorporating decreasing global road fatalities in half by 2020. safety into the design, planning, and operation of different types of bus systems, drawing from data This report is an important part of this effort, analysis and road safety audits and inspections of as it highlights a unique opportunity to existing bus systems around the world. leverage the growing investment in Bus Rapid Transit and other bus priority systems in cities We encourage planners, designers, engineers, around the world to improve safety while and decision makers involved in the planning meeting the growing mobility needs. Indeed, and implementation of new bus priority the number of new Bus Rapid Transit systems systems to use the recommendations in has increased in recent years, as the early this report to make sure that the new public experiences in Latin America have inspired transport systems achieve their full potential cities in other regions of the world to improve for improving safety and quality of life. Marc H. Juhel Holger Dalkmann Claudia Adriazola-Steil Practice Manager, Transport Director Director, Health and Road Safety World Bank Group EMBARQ EMBARQ Transport & ICT World Resources Institute World Resources Institute 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Bus rapid transit (BRT) and bus priority systems have the world, and microsimulation models testing the become an attractive solution to urban mobility needs in impact of safety countermeasures on operational recent years because of their relatively low capital costs performance. and short construction times compared to rail transit. This report is designed as a practical guide for As these systems gain popularity,1 a number transportation planners, engineers, and urban of studies and planning guides have appeared, designers involved in the planning and design of bus illustrating the different design options available and systems. It covers a broad spectrum of system and their impact on the operational performance of the corridor types, ranging from curbside bus priority systems, as well as outlining some of the institutional lanes to high-capacity, multilane, and median-running challenges to implementation (see Rickert 2007; BRTs. We identify the main risk factors and common Hidalgo and Carrigan 2010; and Moreno González, crash situations, and suggest design concepts to Romana, and Alvaro 2013). address them. We also consider how the main design concepts impact the operational performance of the The traffic safety aspects of bus priority systems, bus system, with a focus on passenger capacity, however, are typically not as well understood as travel times, and fleet size requirements. the better documented impacts on travel times, greenhouse gas and local pollutant emissions, or land values. Our research shows that bus priority systems have had significant positive impacts on traffic safety, Figure 1 Safety impacts as a percentage reducing severe and fatal crashes on the streets of the total economic benefits of a typical where they were implemented by over 50% (Duduta, Latin American BRT Lindau, and Adriazola-Steil 2013). From this, we estimate that safety impacts typically account for 8% Public Health GHG to 16% of the total economic benefits on these types Impacts Emissions of systems (Figure 1).2 2% 3% This report is based on an extensive research project on the traffic safety aspects of bus priority systems, based on data analysis, road safety audits Trac and inspections on over thirty bus systems around Safety 16% Travel Time Safety impacts Savings 46% account for up to 16% Reduced Operating of total economic Costs benefitsof a typical 33% Latin American BRT Traffic Safety on Bus Priority Systems 5 HOW TO USE THIS GUIDEBOOK This guidebook provides a comprehensive overview impacts and for evaluating the economic benefits of the different aspects related to safety at different related to safety. We then illustrate the methodologies stages of planning, design, and operation of a bus with examples from Bogotá, Mexico City, Guadalajara, priority system. It is primarily intended for use on Ahmedabad, and Melbourne. This is relevant for high-capacity bus transit in cities of the developing the early phases of project planning and for funding world and mainly based on research from these decisions, as it can provide guidance for including regions. Nevertheless, many of the findings and safety in a cost-benefit or alternatives analysis. recommendations in this guidebook are also applicable to cities in the developed world and to rail-based The Design Recommendations section provides systems as well, particularly tramways and light rail. annotated illustrations of common street and intersection configurations where bus priority systems Indeed, our findings suggest that the main safety risks are implemented. They are grouped into the following on a transit