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India's Domestic Political Setting
Updated July 12, 2021 India’s Domestic Political Setting Overview The BJP and Congress are India’s only genuinely national India, the world’s most populous democracy, is, according parties. In previous recent national elections they together to its Constitution, a “sovereign, socialist, secular, won roughly half of all votes cast, but in 2019 the BJP democratic republic” where the bulk of executive power boosted its share to nearly 38% of the estimated 600 million rests with the prime minister and his Council of Ministers votes cast (to Congress’s 20%; turnout was a record 67%). (the Indian president is a ceremonial chief of state with The influence of regional and caste-based (and often limited executive powers). Since its 1947 independence, “family-run”) parties—although blunted by two most of India’s 14 prime ministers have come from the consecutive BJP majority victories—remains a crucial country’s Hindi-speaking northern regions, and all but 3 variable in Indian politics. Such parties now hold one-third have been upper-caste Hindus. The 543-seat Lok Sabha of all Lok Sabha seats. In 2019, more than 8,000 candidates (House of the People) is the locus of national power, with and hundreds of parties vied for parliament seats; 33 of directly elected representatives from each of the country’s those parties won at least one seat. The seven parties listed 28 states and 8 union territories. The president has the below account for 84% of Lok Sabha seats. The BJP’s power to dissolve this body. A smaller upper house of a economic reform agenda can be impeded in the Rajya maximum 250 seats, the Rajya Sabha (Council of States), Sabha, where opposition parties can align to block certain may review, but not veto, revenue legislation, and has no nonrevenue legislation (see Figure 1). -
Guyana: an Overview
Updated March 10, 2020 Guyana: An Overview Located on the north coast of South America, English- system from independence until the early 1990s; the party speaking Guyana has characteristics common of a traditionally has had an Afro-Guyanese base of support. In Caribbean nation because of its British colonial heritage— contrast, the AFC identifies as a multiracial party. the country achieved independence from Britain in 1966. Guyana participates in Caribbean regional organizations The opposition People’s Progressive Party/Civic (PPP/C), and forums, and its capital of Georgetown serves as led by former President Bharrat Jagdeo (1999-2011), has 32 headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), a seats in the National Assembly. Traditionally supported by regional integration organization. Indo-Guyanese, the PPP/C governed Guyana from 1992 until its defeat in the 2015 elections. Current congressional interest in Guyana is focused on the conduct of the March 2, 2020, elections. Some Members of Congress have expressed deep concern about allegations of Guyana at a Glance potential electoral fraud and have called on the Guyana Population: 782,000 (2018, IMF est.) Elections Commission (GECOM) to not declare a winner Ethnic groups: Indo-Guyanese, or those of East Indian until the completion of a credible vote tabulation process. heritage, almost 40%; Afro-Guyanese, almost 30%; mixed, 20%; Amerindian, almost 11% (2012, CIA est.) Figure 1. Map of Guyana Area: 83,000 square miles, about the size of Idaho GDP: $3.9 billion (current prices, 2018, IMF est.) Real GDP Growth: 4.1% (2018 est.); 4.4% (2019 est.) (IMF) Per Capita GDP: $4,984 (2018, IMF est.) Life Expectancy: 69.6 years (2017, WB) Sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF); Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); World Bank (WB). -
BTI 2020 Country Report — Sierra Leone
BTI 2020 Country Report Sierra Leone This report is part of the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) 2020. It covers the period from February 1, 2017 to January 31, 2019. The BTI assesses the transformation toward democracy and a market economy as well as the quality of governance in 137 countries. More on the BTI at https://www.bti-project.org. Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2020 Country Report — Sierra Leone. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2020. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Contact Bertelsmann Stiftung Carl-Bertelsmann-Strasse 256 33111 Gütersloh Germany Sabine Donner Phone +49 5241 81 81501 [email protected] Hauke Hartmann Phone +49 5241 81 81389 [email protected] Robert Schwarz Phone +49 5241 81 81402 [email protected] Sabine Steinkamp Phone +49 5241 81 81507 [email protected] BTI 2020 | Sierra Leone 3 Key Indicators Population M 7.7 HDI 0.438 GDP p.c., PPP $ 1604 Pop. growth1 % p.a. 2.1 HDI rank of 189 181 Gini Index 34.0 Life expectancy years 53.9 UN Education Index 0.403 Poverty3 % 81.3 Urban population % 42.1 Gender inequality2 0.644 Aid per capita $ 71.8 Sources (as of December 2019): The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2019 | UNDP, Human Development Report 2019. Footnotes: (1) Average annual growth rate. (2) Gender Inequality Index (GII). (3) Percentage of population living on less than $3.20 a day at 2011 international prices. Executive Summary General elections were held in Sierra Leone in March 2018 to elect the president, parliament and local councils. -
Beach Road. Lumley. Freetown. Sierra Leone
Beach Road. Lumley. Freetown. Sierra Leone PAID UP MEMBERS 2013 1. A.B Johansen 23. Admira Brown 2. A.O. Tejan Jalloh 24. Afriyie Assammy (NIMO) 3. A.O.U. Collier (BREWERY) 25. Ahmed Akar Ahmed 4. Abass H. Kamara (NATCOM) 26. Aina Moore (ECO BANK) 5. Abdul Aziz Sowe (BSL) 27. Alex Coker 6. Abdul Bundu (BSL) 28. Alex Mason (BSL) 7. Abdul Kalokoh 29. Alfred Samah (BSL) 8. Abdul Karim Sesay 30. Alhaji Alieu Mahdi (RCB) 9. Abdul Salam Noah 31. Alice Caroline Kamara (GTB) 10. Abibatu E. John Langba (NP) 32. Alie Hassan 11. Abraham Aziegbe (GTB) 33. Alie Sillah (ECO BANK) 12. Abu Bakar Dizo-Kamara 34. Alieu Kokabaye 13. Abu Bakarr Finnoh 35. Alieu M Sesay 14. Abu Bakarr Jalloh (NATCOM) 36. Alpha I. Sesay 15. Abu Bangura 37. Alphonso Pratt (RCB) 16. Access Bank 38. Alusine J. Sisay (NATCOM) 17. Access Bank 39. Amadu Massaley 18. Access Bank 40. Amy Wright (RCB) 19. Access Bank 41. Anne Koroma (UTB) 20. Access Bank 42. Annie Wonnie (AIRTEL) 21. Ade Taylor (NIMO) 43. Arthur Yaskey 22. Aderinoal A. Michael 44. Assiatu Bangura (UTB) 45. Augustus A. Kanu 71. David Carew 46. Augustus Wachuku- King (RCB) 72. Dominic Y.K. Mansaray (BSL) 47. Ayoku Liadi (GTB) 73. Dr Kishae Shankerders 48. Bertrand Kerqueleu 74. Dr Omodele R.N Jones 49. Bintu Alhadi (GTB) 75. Edwin Michael 50. Birch Conteh (RCB) 76. Ekpcnisi Tqunber Emmuranl 51. Brian Gilpin 77. Emanuel Assammy (NIMO) 52. Bridget Tukel (GTB) 78. Emenca Karfa Kargbo 53. Brinsley K Johnson 79. Emile C Carr 54. -
Unicameralism and the Indiana Constitutional Convention of 1850 Val Nolan, Jr.*
DOCUMENT UNICAMERALISM AND THE INDIANA CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1850 VAL NOLAN, JR.* Bicameralism as a principle of legislative structure was given "casual, un- questioning acceptance" in the state constitutions adopted in the nineteenth century, states Willard Hurst in his recent study of main trends in the insti- tutional development of American law.1 Occasioning only mild and sporadic interest in the states in the post-Revolutionary period,2 problems of legislative * A.B. 1941, Indiana University; J.D. 1949; Assistant Professor of Law, Indiana Uni- versity School of Law. 1. HURST, THE GROWTH OF AMERICAN LAW, THE LAW MAKERS 88 (1950). "O 1ur two-chambered legislatures . were adopted mainly by default." Id. at 140. During this same period and by 1840 many city councils, unicameral in colonial days, became bicameral, the result of easy analogy to state governmental forms. The trend was reversed, and since 1900 most cities have come to use one chamber. MACDONALD, AmER- ICAN CITY GOVERNMENT AND ADMINISTRATION 49, 58, 169 (4th ed. 1946); MUNRO, MUNICIPAL GOVERN-MENT AND ADMINISTRATION C. XVIII (1930). 2. "[T]he [American] political theory of a second chamber was first formulated in the constitutional convention held in Philadelphia in 1787 and more systematically developed later in the Federalist." Carroll, The Background of Unicameralisnl and Bicameralism, in UNICAMERAL LEGISLATURES, THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL DEBATE HAND- BOOK, 1937-38, 42 (Aly ed. 1938). The legislature of the confederation was unicameral. ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION, V. Early American proponents of a bicameral legislature founded their arguments on theoretical grounds. Some, like John Adams, advocated a second state legislative house to represent property and wealth. -
GUYANA Date of Elections: December 16, 1968 Characteristics Of
GUYANA Date of Elections: December 16, 1968 Characteristics of Parliament The National Assembly of Guyana comprises 53 deputies elected for a period of 5 years. The Speaker, who is elected by the Assembly, may be chosen either from those of its members who are not Min isters or Parliamentary Secretaries or from among persons who are not members of the Assembly but are qualified for election to it. Furthermore, under the amended Constitution of January 10, 1969*, the Governor-General may designate up to 6 Ministers from among non-members qualified for election, "or such greater number as Parliament may prescribe". These Ministers become ex-oflicio members of Parliament but are not entitled to vote. The last general elections were held on December 7, 1964. Electoral System All Guyanese citizens of both sexes, at least 21 years of age and resident in Guyana or abroad, are entitled to vote in general elections provided they are duly registered as electors. Commonwealth citi zens of the requisite age who have lived in Guyana for at least one year are also entitled to participate. Voters are furthermore re quired to be sound of mind and not to have been deprived of their civil or political rights by court order. Guyanese and Commonwealth citizens are eligible for election as members of the National Assembly provided they qualify as voters, * See Parliamentary Developments in the World, p. 13 37 2 Guyana have been resident in Guyana for at least 1 year, and are able to speak and read the English language with a degree of proficiency sufficient to enable them to take an active part in parliamentary proceedings. -
Sudan Opposition to the Government, Including
Country Policy and Information Note Sudan: Opposition to the government, including sur place activity Version 2.0 November 2018 Preface Purpose This note provides country of origin information (COI) and analysis of COI for use by Home Office decision makers handling particular types of protection and human rights claims (as set out in the basis of claim section). It is not intended to be an exhaustive survey of a particular subject or theme. It is split into two main sections: (1) analysis of COI; and (2) COI. These are explained in more detail below. Asessment This section analyses the evidence relevant to this note – i.e. the COI section; refugee/human rights laws and policies; and applicable caselaw – by describing this and its inter-relationships, and provides an assessment on whether, in general: x A person is reasonably likely to face a real risk of persecution or serious harm x A person is able to obtain protection from the state (or quasi state bodies) x A person is reasonably able to relocate within a country or territory x Claims are likely to justify granting asylum, humanitarian protection or other form of leave, and x If a claim is refused, it is likely or unlikely to be certifiable as ‘clearly unfounded’ under section 94 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Decision makers must, however, still consider all claims on an individual basis, taking into account each case’s specific facts. Country of origin information The country information in this note has been carefully selected in accordance with the general principles of COI research as set out in the Common EU [European Union] Guidelines for Processing Country of Origin Information (COI), dated April 2008, and the Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation’s (ACCORD), Researching Country Origin Information – Training Manual, 2013. -
Sierra Leone Presidential, Parliamentary and Local Elections, 7
ELECTION OBSERVATION DELEGATION TO THE PRESIDENTIAL, PARLIAMENTARY AND LOCAL COUNCIL ELECTIONS IN SIERRA LEONE (07 March 2018) Report by Neena Gill CBE, Chair of the EP Delegation Annexes: A. List of participating MEPs B. European Parliament Election Observation Delegation Statement Introduction: Following an invitation from the Sierra Leone authorities and the subsequent authorisation of the Conference of Presidents, a six member EP delegation travelled to Sierra Leone to observe the 2018 presidential, parliamentary and local council elections. The delegation followed a programme in the country from 4 to 9 March 2018 and was integrated into the EU Election Observation Mission (EU EOM) led by Chief Observer Jean Lambert (Greens/EFA, UK). The EP delegation was chaired by Neena Gill CBE (S&D, UK), and was also composed of Frank Engel (EPP, Lux), Claudia Schmidt (EPP, AT), Joachim Zeller (EPP, DE), Norbert Neuser (EPP, DE) and Jordi Solé (Greens/EFA, ES). The context of the 2018 elections: Sierra Leone is one of the poorest and least developed countries in the world, a situation exacerbated by the civil war which lasted from 1991 to 2002. It cost around 50,000 lives and led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people. The authorities subsequently faced the huge challenge of reintegrating the former combatants, many of whom had been child soldiers and a large population which had suffered physical mutilation. The Ebola epidemic in 2014 led to further loss of life. It is estimated that 81.4% of the population lives in poverty on less than $3.10 a day. The economy is heavily dependent on extractive industries and is therefore vulnerable to volatile international prices. -
The Role of the Argentine Congress in the Treaty-Making Process - Latin America
Chicago-Kent Law Review Volume 67 Issue 2 Symposium on Parliamentary Participation in the Making and Operation of Article 10 Treaties June 1991 The Role of the Argentine Congress in the Treaty-Making Process - Latin America Jose Maria Ruda Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Jose M. Ruda, The Role of the Argentine Congress in the Treaty-Making Process - Latin America, 67 Chi.- Kent L. Rev. 485 (1991). Available at: https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cklawreview/vol67/iss2/10 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Chicago-Kent Law Review by an authorized editor of Scholarly Commons @ IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. THE ROLE OF THE ARGENTINE CONGRESS IN THE TREATY-MAKING PROCESS Jose MARIA RUDA* I. INTRODUCTION The Argentine Constitution is one of the oldest in the Americas. It was adopted in 1853 and amended in 1860, 1866, 1898, and 1958. In 1949, during Per6n's first presidency, another constitution was adopted. But after the revolution that overthrew Per6n in 1955, the old 1853 Constitution was reinstated. Therefore, this 1853 Constitution with the subsequent amendments mentioned earlier is the present Constitution of the Argentine Republic. The adoption of the 1853 Constitution was the product of a long process. Several attempts to adopt a constitution for the country were made beginning in 1810, the date of the uprising against Spain, but they failed or the instruments adopted survived for only a short period. -
Deepening Democracy in SL IGR
- 1 - DEMOCRACY AND ELECTIONS IN SIERRA LEONE: CHANGING ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS ABOUT POLITICS AND ELECTIONS _______________ A report prepared by: Institute for Governance Reform 1 www.igrsl.org 1 The following contributed to the writing of this report: Andrew Lavali, Hassan Kallon, Abdulai Khanja Jalloh, Joel Abdulai Kallon, Aaron Hale, Fredline M’Cormack -Hale, and Charlie Hughes. - 2 - 1. Table of Contents 1. FOREWORD - 6 - 2. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS - 11 - 2.1.1. JUSTIFICATION FOR METHODOLOGY RE-DESIGN - 11 - 2.1.2. SAMPLING METHOD - 12 - 2.2. RESPONDENT CHARACTERISTICS - 13 - 2.2.1. GENDER - 14 - 2.2.2. AGE - 14 - 2.2.3. EDUCATION - 15 - 2.2.4. OCCUPATION - 15 - 3. PERCEPTIONS OF ELECTION MANAGEMENT BODIES AND ASSOCIATED AGENCIES - 16 - 3.1. NATIONAL ELECTORAL COMMISSION (NEC) - 16 - 3.2. POLITICAL PARTIES REGISTRATION COMMISSION - 18 - 3.3. THE SIERRA LEONE POLICE - 18 - 3.4. THE ELECTORAL JUSTICE SYSTEM - 19 - 3.5. CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS (CSO S) - 21 - 3.6. THE MEDIA - 22 - 3.7. VOTER PERCEPTION OF THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY - 24 - 4. VOTER BEHAVIORS AND PERCEPTIONS ABOUT POLITICS - 26 - 4.1 OVERVIEW OF VOTING BEHAVIOR - 26 - 4.1.1. AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTY SUPPORTERS /V OTERS - 26 - 4.1.1 CITIZEN PERCEPTIONS ABOUT DEMOCRACY - 27 - 4.1.2. CHANGING SUPPORT FOR POLITICAL PARTIES - 28 - 4.1.3. VOTING CALCULUS - 30 - 4.1.4. POLICY BASED VOTING - 30 - 4.1.5. THE DYNAMICS OF ETHNICITY IN THE 2018 ELECTIONS - 34 - 4.2. THE INFLUENCE OF MONEY ON VOTERS - 35 - 4.3. INFLUENCE OF INFORMATION ON THE 2018 ELECTION - 37 - 4.3.1. -
Women in Power
Women in power Women Women in power: challenges for the 21st century GENERAL MANUELA SAENZ (1797-1856) is the controversial GROUP OF WOMEN PARLIAMENTARIANS OF THE AMERICAS FIPA and challenging Ecuadorian patriot whose picture illustrates the cover of these memoirs. Her relationship to Simón Bolívar Quito, 11-12 August 2010 and her many services to the fights for Independence in Ecuador, Colombia and Peru won her recognition as “the liberator of the Liberator”. One of the often forgotten causes to which she devoted her efforts is the rights of women, and she is also renowned for her firm, feminist stance. She died in exile, and almost complete neglected in Paita, Peru, during a diphtheria outbreak. She was buried in a common grave, but her campaign in Pichincha and Ayacucho has not been forgotten. The current Ecuadorian President declared her century st “Honorable General” on 22 May 2007, thus acknowledging a 1 military rank already awarded to her in history books. Sketch of Manuela Sáenz, by Oswaldo Guayasamín © Sucesión Guayasamín Challenges for the 2 Challenges for GRouP of WomEN PaRlIamENTaRIaNS of ThE amERIcaS fIPa PRESIDENT Linda Machuca Moscoso FINAL PROJECT DOCUMENTATION Gayne Villagómez Sandra Álvarez EDITORIAL COORDINATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY Directorate of Communication Ecuador’s National Assembly TITLE PAGE Sketch of Manuela Sáenz, by Oswaldo Guayasamín © Sucesión Guayasamín Assembly Member Linda Machuca Moscoso PRESIDENT DESIGN Luis Miguel Cáceres Verónica Ávila Diseño Editorial PRINTING Quito, 11-12 August 2010 FIRST EDITION Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador Quito, November 2010 TaBlE of coNTENTS I. Background 6 II. opening Remarks Foro Interparlamentario de las Américas Fórum Interparlamentar das Américas Licenciada Linda Machuca, President of the Group of Women Parliamentarians of the Americas 8 Mr. -
Preliminary Statement
European Union Election Observation Mission Sierra Leone Presidential, Parliamentary and Local Council Elections 2018 PRELIMINARY STATEMENT Election day went smoothly but the entire process was overshadowed by tensions and political attacks on the electoral commission Freetown, 3 April 2018 Summary This Preliminary Statement is delivered prior to the completion of the election process. It should be read in conjunction with the EU EOM Preliminary Statement issued on 9 March 2018. The final assessment of the elections will depend in part on the conduct of the remaining stages of the election process, in particular, the tabulation of results, and the handling of possible post-election day complaints and appeals. The EU Election Observation Mission (EOM) remains in country to observe post-election developments and will publish a Final Report, containing detailed recommendations, within two months of the conclusion of the electoral process. The run-off election took place on 31 March between the two candidates who received the most votes in the presidential election of 7 March 2018 - retired Brigadier Julius Maada Bio of the Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP) who gained 43.3% in the first-round, and Dr Samura Kamara of the incumbent All People’s Congress (APC) with 42.7%. Together with the vice presidential running mates, all four candidates are men. • The main institution administering the election, the National Electoral Commission (NEC) proved its genuine commitment to a transparent and inclusive election, a vital component of democratic consolidation. Contesting candidates and political parties however remained more ambiguous, publicly calling for peace but also fuelling a divisive discourse and unwarranted attacks and demands on the NEC.