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Fireworks Safety Student’s Guide Grades 9th – 12th www.celebratesafely.org CELEBRATE SAFELY CURRICULUM Bibliography • Tenney L. Davis, The Chemistry of Powder & Explosives, (1943) • John A. Conkling, Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, Basis Principles and Theory, (1985) • Jack Kelly, Gunpowder, (2004) • Robert Temple, The Genius of China, 3000 Years of Science, Discovery & Invention, (2007) • Megan Rocker, How it Happens at the Fireworks Factory, (2004) • Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) www.cpsc.gov/safety-education/safety-education-centers/fireworks/ • Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) www.atf.gov/explosives/fireworks Other online resources • www.history.com/news/fireworks-vibrant-history • science.howstuffworks.com/innovations/everyday-innovations/fireworks.htm • www.americanpyro.com –12th Fireworks Safety th Next Generation Science HS-­‐PS1-­‐1 Matter and Its Interactions Student’s Guide StandardsStandards: Grades 9 Students who demonstrate understanding can use the periodic table as a th th http://www.nextgenscience.org model to predict the relative properties of elements based on the patterns Grades 9 – 12 of electrons in the outermost energy level of atoms. HS-­‐PS1-­‐5 Matter and Its Interactions Students who demonstrate understanding can apply scientific principles and evidence to provide explanation an about the effects of changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which a reaction occurs. Common Core State Standards S-­‐IC Making Inferences Justifying and Conclusions for Mathematics Table of Contents Make inferences and justify conclusions from sample surveys, experiments, http://www.corestandards.org/ and observational studies Math LESSON 1 Common Core State Standards Reading Standards for Informational Text 6–12 The History of Fireworks 4 for English Language Arts & Key Ideas and Details Literacy in History/Social LESSON 2 (1) Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what Studies, Science, and Technical The Safe Use of Fireworks 6 Subjects the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. http://www.corestandards.org/ Writing Standards 6–12 LESSON 3 ELA-­‐Literacy Text Types and Purposes Illegal and Homemade Fireworks 9 (3) Write narratives to develop real or imagined experiences or events using LESSON 4 effective technique, -­‐ well chosen details, and -­‐ well structured event sequences. The Science of Fireworks 12 Speaking and Listening Standards 6–12 LESSON 5 Comprehension and Collaboration The Engineering of Fireworks: (2) Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or How Fireworks are Put Together 16 formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source. Language Standards – 6 12 Vocabulary Acquisition and Use (4) Determine or clarify the meaning of unknown -­‐ and multiple meaning words and phrases based on grades 9–10 reading and content, choosing flexibly from a range of strategies. American Pyrotechnics Association's Safety and Education Foundation Fireworks Safety Curriculum, Grades 9th–12th Standards: Grades 9th–12th 3 Lesson 1 The History of Fireworks Celebrate Safely! American Pyrotechnics Association's Safety and Education Foundation Essential Standard Fireworks Safety Curriculum, Grades 9th–12th Explain the history of fireworks and how fire- Huo Yao—Chinese term for “Fire Drug” or works are used to celebrate holidays and gunpowder. events worldwide. Multicultural—relating to or including many http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/sher/standards/index.htm different cultures. The Standards: Centers for Disease Centers for Control Disease and Prevention, Control Division and of Prevention Adolescent and School Health developed Saltpeter (potassium nitrate)—a white powder these health education standards -­‐ grades Pre K through twelve. that exists naturally in some soils and that is Learning Targets used especially as a fertilizer, in medicine, and Standard 1. The student will comprehend concepts related to health promotion and disease prevention to make gunpowder. You will be able to: to enhance health. —a yellow chemical element that has • discuss the history and development of Sulfur a strong, unpleasant odor when it is burned Standard . 2 The student will analyze the influence of family, peers, culture, media, technology, and fireworks in China; and that is used in making paper, gunpowder, other factors on health behavior. • discuss the ingredients and their properties medicine, and other products. that make up the crude version of gunpowder; Standard 3. The student will demonstrate the ability to access valid information and products • explain why hollow bamboo shoots when How Are Fireworks Used? services to enhance health. ignited produced a popping noise; • explain how Chinese made bombs, fountains, The Chinese used fireworks to celebrate the Standard . 4 The student will demonstrate the ability to use interpersonal communication skills to and rockets; and most important events in life—a birth, a wedding, enhance health and avoid or reduce health risks. a death, holidays, and coronations. • list the different occasions that Americans Standard 5. The student will demonstrate the ability to use decision-­‐making skills to enhance health. use fireworks to celebrate. The use of fireworks spread to Europe eventually first to celebrate military victories and later in Standard 6. The student will demonstrate the ability to use goal-­‐setting skills to enhance health. Essential Vocabulary public celebrations and religious ceremonies. Alchemy—a medieval chemical science that Legend has it that Captain John Smith set Standard 7. The student will demonstrate the ability to practice -­‐ health enhancing behaviors to avoid or tried to change less valuable metals into gold, off the first fireworks display in the American reduce health risks. discover a single cure for all diseases, and colonies in Jamestown, Virginia in 1608. He and discover how to live forever. other settlers used the fireworks to celebrate Standard 8. The student will demonstrate the ability to advocate for personal, family, and consumer special events. health. Black Powder— the explosive powder used in Fireworks were used in the very first Fourth of fireworks. It is made up of potassium nitrate, Preventing childhood injuries and health part problems is a of Standard 2 and Standard 7. sulfur, and charcoal. This material can be used July celebration in 1776. as a propellant charge, to produce sound, Americans use fireworks year-round to celebrate It is hope that schools will use this curriculum as part of the injury prevention and safety standards to compositions, or in the ignition fuse or timing national holidays, sporting events, and other prevent injury and deaths from the unsafe or illegal use of fireworks. system of fireworks. Also known as gunpowder. multicultural events, but the “big day” is still the Elixir—a substance held to be capable of Fourth of July. extending life. American Pyrotechnics Association's Safety and Education Foundation Fireworks Safety Curriculum, Grades 9th–12th p. 4 Fireworks Safety Student’s Guide | Grades 9th – 12th Standards: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Many historians believe that fireworks originally If you like fireworks, were developed in the second century B.C. in ancient Liuyang, China. thank the Chinese! The first “firecrackers” were bamboo stalks that when thrown in a fire, would explode with a bang because of the overheating of the hollow air pockets in the bamboo. The Chinese believed these natural “firecrackers” would ward off evil spirits. According to legend, a Chinese alchemist mixed three ingredients, saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal Other countries have at least one big “fireworks to produce a black, flaky powder. day” like we do. In Germany, for example, it is The Chinese named this black powder “huo New Year’s Eve, in France it is Bastille Day, and in England it is Guy Fawkes Day. yao” which means “fire chemical.” We call it a crude version of gunpowder. Assignments The Chinese then filled paper tubes with gunpowder and inserted fuses made from Research and describe the properties of each: saltpeter (potassium nitrate), sulfur, and charcoal. tissue paper to make firecrackers. Write a summary describing a celebration that Another version of fireworks that the Chinese does not currently include fireworks that you invented was called “ground rats,” which were believe would be enhanced by the addition of small tubes filled with the fire chemical that fireworks. Be certain to include the: scurried around the floor. • name and importance of the event; and Eventually, the Chinese learned that you can • reasons why fireworks would improve make fireworks react differently depending on the event. how you pack it: • packing the gunpowder into containers with harder shells produced bombs; • packing it into a cylinder with one side open produced sprays or fountains of fire and orange sparks; and • packing the fire chemical in a larger tube, with one end left open, produced hot gas to propel it forward and upward, producing a rocket. These are the same basic properties used today Celebrate Safety Learning Standards to create fireworks you see at big celebrations. th Grades 9 – 12th American Pyrotechnics Association's Safety and Education Foundation Fireworks Safety Curriculum, Grades 9th–12th Standards: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fireworks Safety Student’s Guide | Grades 9th – 12th p. 5 1 Some
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