FISHERIES RESEARCH STATION DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES, CEYLON

Bulletin No. 10

CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE MARINE ALGAE OF CEYLON

by

M. DURAIRATNAM (Research Officer, Department of Fisheries)

1961 PUBLISHED BY THE FISHERIES RESEARCH STATION, CEYLON CONTENTS

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. LOCALITIES 7

3. REMARKS 8

4. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 9

5. LIST OF THE SP:E1CIES OF THE ALGAL FLORA OF CEYLON AND THE OUTLINE OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION 10

6. LIST OF MARINE ALGAE NEW TO Cli1YLON 16

7. DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES EXAMINED 17 (CHLOROPRYTA P. 17; PHAEOPHYTA P. 31; RHODOPHYTA P. 47.)

8. KEY TO Cli1YLON MARINE ALGAE 75 (CHLOROPHYTA P. 75; PHAEOPHYTA P. 81; RHODOPHYTA P. 89.)

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 108

.0. li1XPLANATION OF FIGURES AND PLATES 117

J. N. R 12429-1,008 (10/60) CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF TI-IE MARINE ALGAE OF CEYLON by M. DURAIRATNAM, Research Officer

INTRODUCTION Reports, No. II. Some specimens included in her list were from the diaries of Professors DESCRIPTIONS of Ceylon marine algae are Herdman and Hornell. This is not a critical scattered through a range of scientific publi­ list for she accepted records without any cations which are not readily available to attempts to eliminate incorrect identifications. students and research workers in Ceylon. The most important paper so far published There are few detailed studies in Algal taxo­ is that of Dr. Boergesen who visited India nomy and the general distribution of algae in in 1927-28, and made a short trip to Ceylon. Ceylon has not been studied thoroughly. Some He examined the coral reefs at Galle and work has been done by foreign phycologistR collected algae near Galle. In 1936 he published each of whom was in the island for a few a paper on" Some Marine Algae From Ceylon" months only and experienced difficulty m in The Ceylon Journal of Science, Section A, collecting specimens from different parts of Botany, Volume 12, Part 2. His collections Ceylon. were made from a small area from the southern coast of Ceylon and not from other parts of Harvey was the pioneer in the study of Ceylon, so that there were many algae from marine algae in Ceylon. He visited Ceylon in Ceylon not included in his list. Very few collec­ 1853 and collected marine algae from Trin­ tions of algae from the north of Ceylon were comalee, Weligama and Galle. His collections made by phycologists who visited Ceylon. are preserved at Trinity College, Dublin, and In 1952 the Ministry of Industries and duplicates at the Royal Riksmuseum in Stock­ Fisheries, Ceylon became interested in the holm, and in the algal herbarium of J. G. study of marine algae with the view to utilising Agardh in Lund. Collections of marine algae those of economic importance. Accordingly were also made by W. Ferguson and are pre­ the author was requested to carry out a syste­ served in the British Museum. Duplicates of matic survey of the seaweed beds and seaweed his collection are also kept in the herbarium resources of the Ceylon coast. For this purpose at Peradeniya and in the herbarium of J. G. the coast of Ceylon was divided into the follow­ Agardh in Lund. Professor Nils Svedelius ing sections, as suggested by Dr. C. C. John stayed in Ceylon for about ten months and then Deputy Director of Fisheries, Ceylon:- studied the algal vegetation at Galle. The results of his investigations were published in 1. J affna peninsula coast and J affna lagoon. two important papers, The Oaulerpas of Ceylon 2. Jaffna islands and adjoining seas. (Ecological and Systematic studies of the 3. The Gulf of Mannar including Pearl Banks. Ceylon species of Oaulerpx in Ceylon Marine Biological Reports, No. 4, 1906) and the algal 4. Region between Kalpitiya and Ambalan­ vegetation in the coral reef at Galle (Ueber goda. die Algenvegetation eines Ceylonischen Koral­ 5. R3gion between Ambalangoda and Ham­ lenriffes mit besonderer Riicksicht auf ihre bantota. Periodizitat in Botaniska Studier tillagnade 6. East Coast, namely Mullaitivu and Trin­ F. R. Kjellman den 4, November 1906, Uppsala). comalee. Miss Ethel S. Barton (Mrs. A. Gepp) has published a small list of marine algae, collected The survey was mostly confined to the in­ by Professor Herdman in 1902, in the Ceylon shore waters. However some algae were dredged Pearl Oyster Fisheries, 1903, Supplementary in the off-shore waters during the pearl surveys in March 1956 and 1958. The investigations the species belonging to .the Chlorophyceae, reveal that there were many species of algae Phaephyceae ·and Rhodophyceae examined in the west coast of Ceylon, but very few in byrne. the east coast since this coast is made up of My collections are from all parts of Ceylon. long sandy beaches and sheltered bays. The However I am paying special attention to the most common seaweeds found in Ceylon are algal flora of J affna and its surrounding islands the brown seaweeds belonging to the genus as well as the algae that were dredged during Sargassum. They grow on rocks and other solid the pearl Eurveys carried out in 1956 and 1958. objects, but are easily broken loose from the The flora of the J affna peninsula and the stratum of attachment during heavy monsoon surrounding islands are interesting in that seasons and are W'1shed ashore. Some float specimens were collected from shallow lagoons, about in the ocean in large quantities. Exten­ tide pool rocks, and sandy pockets as well as sive beds of seaweeds are found in Jaffna, the coast exposed to the open sea. Palk Strait, Gulf of Mannar, Pearl Bank off Silvathurai and along the south-west coast of Some of the species recorded earlier are now Ceylon extending from Ambalangoda to Galle. not recognised as specially distinct, some of the The extent of the beds and intensity of growth specific names used earlier are considered to be diminish progressively as we move from nort,h synonyms, while the names of some of the to south along the west coast. genera have been changed recently. The references to scientific literature are not res­ In the present contribution to the study of tricted to original literature but also include algae from Ceylon, I propose to enumerate all general publications. LOCALITIES Eastern Coast : Mullaitivu, Kuchchaveli, Trincomalee and Mutur Bay. THE materials of the present "''ork were Southern Coa·-;t: Hambantota, Tangalle, collected from the places indicated below- Dondra Head, Matara and Weligama. Northern Coast: Point Pedro, Kankesan­ Western Coast : Pearl Banks in the Gulf of turai, Keerimalai, Senthamkulam, Ka­ Mannar, Kalpitiya lagoon, Bambala­ rainagar, Jaffna lagoon and the pitiya, Colpetty,. Wellawatte, Dehi­ surrounding islands of M-mdativu, wala, Mount Lavinia, Ambalangoda, Pungudutivu, Kayts and Delft. Beruwala, Hikkaduwa and Galle.

7 REMARKS As regards the distribution of marine ala-ae in Ceylon most of the red alo-ae are fo~nd IN the present Ceylon marine algal investi­ growing in the southern and w:stern parts of gation I have examined 4 7 species of Chloro­ C~ylon where the coast is rocky and fringed phyceae, 42 species of Phaeophyceae and 85 With coral reef. These coasts, especially the species of Rhodophyceae. This shows that the reefs, . present a different picture during the Rhodophyceae is by far the largest group two different monsoons. During the south-west in my collection. The total species of 17 4 belong monsoon the sea is very rough and huge waves to 35 families and 78 genera of which 8 families break on the edge ofthe reef and rocks. Due to and 17 genera belong to the Chlorophyceae, the violent waves many algae are torn off and 7 families and 18 genera to the Phaeophyceae, cas~ on the shores. Thus the algal vegetation and 20 families and 43 genera to the Rhodo­ along these coasts shows a series of florietic phyceae. The largest family is the Rhodome­ deviations and several species appear which laceae which have 10 genera and 19 species. are not found during the north-east monsoon. Then comes the Sargassaceae with 4 genera and In the northern coast the shores are shallow 18 species, and the Dictyotaceae having 7 genera with sandy beaches in most places, and Chloro­ and 17 species. This is followed by the Gracila­ phyceae are abundant. The northern coast is riaceae with 3 genera and 16 species. also rich in brown algae and Sargassum are found in large quantities here as well as in the Murray (1887) has included in his catalogue Pearl Banks in the Gulf of Mannar. It is rather 223 specief of Ceylon Algae of which 15 belong strange that very few algae are found in the to the Cyanophyceae and fresh water algae. north-east of Ceylon especially in Trincomalee However some of the species recorded earlier where the rocks appear to be good places for are not recognised as specially distinct and algal growth. However, laro·e quantities of some of the species recorded earlier are con­ Gracilaria verrucosa and Hypnea Valentiae sidered to be synonyms. Boergesen (1936) in are cast ashore in the eastern coast from Au o-ust his paper on "Some Marine Algae from Ceylon" to September during the north-east mons~on. has listed only 68 species of which 21 belong The monsoons play an important role in the to the Chlorophyceae, 8 to the Phaeophyceae algal vegetation of Ceylon and some of the and 39 to the Rhodophyceae. His list included algae found during the north-east monsoon 27 species not included in Murray's list. Ae disappear during the south-west monsoon far as I am aware 261 species of marine algae and vice versa. excluding the Cyanophyceae and diatoms have A~ regards the world distribution of Ceylon been recorded for Ceylon by various algologists. marme algae, several species are found in the In the present paper there are 174 species algal :flora of India, the Indian Malayan Archi­ of marine algae belonging to the Chlorophyceae, pelago, Mauritius and Japan. A complete list Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae. Of these of the marine algae so far recorded and their distribution in India, Mamitius, Danit,h West 54 species have not been recorded in Ceylon Indies, JapB,n, Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic before. These were composed of 10 species Ocean and Red Sea, are given in a separate belonging to the Chlorophyceae, 11 to the Phaeo­ table which follows. Most of the Japanese phyceae and 34 to the Rhodophyceae. Most marine algae common to Ceylon are from the of these species were collected from places southern coast of JapB,n. A direct relation whi0h are not easily accessible. Thus the seems to exist between winds and the appea­ Ceylon marine algal flora recorded up till now rance of algae in the southern coast of Japan is 316. and the west coast of Ceylon.

8 ACKNOWLEDGMENT sities for their help. To Professor Koshi of Jaffna College, and to Mr. N1hal de Silva, Mr. N.L.R. Munasinghe, Mr. S. Sivalingam and I wish to express my sincere thanks to Mr. A. S. Mendis of the Fisheries Research Professor Y. Yamada, Faculty of Science, Station, Colombo, I wish to express my thanks Hokkaido University, and Professor S. Ueda for sendina me marine algae collected from of the Tokyo University ofFisherie~, for valuable various pl~ces in Ceylon from time to time. guidance and encouragement throughout m! I also owe a debt of gratitude to the gentlemen work. I am greatly indebted to them for their of Asia Kyokai who made arrangements for kind permission to make free use of the rich my research work in the Japanese Universities herbarium and the library. I wish to thank and to the Japanese Government for granting Mr. K. Iwamoto, Mr. A. Miura, Mr. Sakai and me a scholarship under the Colombo Plan to the research workers of the above Univer- enable me to carry out this research.

9 LIST OF THE SPECIES OF THE ALGAl. FLORA OF CEYLON AND THE OUTLINE OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION

(The mark (*)indicates the plants examined by me, 'tohile,fhe others were reported by other algolog·osts but not examined by me. The ma1·k (t) indicates that the plant is present in the region.)

Region Danish Medi- Name of Species India Manri- T¥est Japan terranean Atlantic Red tius lniie.; Sea Ocean Sea CHLOROPHYCEAE ULVALES *Ulva lact1tca L. t t *Ulva jasciata Delile t t t t * Ulva retiwlata Forssk. t t * Ulva rigida Agardh t *Ulva fenestrata Post et Rupr. Ulva latissima L. t t *Enteromopha compressa (L.) Grev. t t t *Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link t t *Enleromorpha- prolifera (Mueller) .J. Ag. t t t t Enteromorpha bulbosa (Suhr) Kuetz. Endodermc vird-o. (Rk.) Lagerh. t t OLADOPHORALES *Rhizoc!cnium ripw·ium (Roth) Harvey Rhizoclonium kockianum Kuetz. t t t Rh~zoclonium jo-rdmale Kuetz. Cladophoramauntiana Kuetz ... Cladophora heteropsis Kuetz_ .. Cladophora valonioides Sond. . . *Cladophora (aegagropila )Sibogae Reinbold t *Cladophorajascic~daris (Mert.) Kuetz. t t *Cladophora. saracenia Boergs ... t *Oladophcra colabense Boergs. . . t Cladophora prolifera Kuetz. t *Chaetomorpha antennia Kuetz. t t t t t *Chaetomopha aerea (Dillw.) Kuetz. t t t t *ChaetomJrpna crassa (Ag.) Kuetz. t t t Chaetomorpha implexa Kuetz ... t t Chaetom'Jrpha obscura K~ ellman *Chaetomorpha indica Kuet.z. . . t t *Chaetomorpha brachiona Harvey t t *Chaetomopha. rlavata (Ag.) Kuetz t *Chaetcmorpha gracilis Kuetz ... t t t t SIPHONALES *Halimeda tuna (Ell. & Sol.) Lamour. t t t *Halimeda macroloba Decaisne t t * H aUmeda gracilis Harvey t t *Halimeda opuntia (L.) Lamour. t t t t t Codium tenue Kuetz. t t t t Codittm ovale Zanard. *Cod{um adhaerens (Cabr.) Agardh t t t t *Codium geppei Schmidt t *Ccdium tcmentosum Stackhouse t t t t *Codi1~m jrag~le (Suring) Hariot t *Codium repens (Croun.) Vickers t t Codittm co1·onatum Setd.ell t t *Bryopsis hypne>1'des Lamour. t t Bryopsis plumcsa Agardh t t t t *Bryopsis pennata Lamour. t

10 Region Danish Medi- N arne of Speqies India Mauri- West Japan terranean Atlantic Red tius Indies Sea Ocean Sea SIPHONALES (contd.) * U dotea flabellum (Ell. & Sol.) Howe t t t *Oa~derpa crassifolia (Ag.) .J. Ag. t t t *Oaulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) Agardh t t *Oaulerpa sertularioides (Gmelin) Howe t t + t + *Oaulerpa cupressoides (Vahl) Agardh t t t t *Oaulerpa uvifera (Turner) .J. Ag. t t *Oaulerpa peltata (Turner) Lamour. t t t t *Oaulerpa chemnitzia (Esper) Lamour. t t *Oaulerpa scalpeliformic; (Brown) Weber Van Bosse t t t *Oaulerpa Fergusonni Murray t Oaulerpa macrophysa Sond. t Oaulerpa plumaris Forssk. t t t Oaulerpa verticillata J. Ag. t t .t. Oa~blerpa Freycinetti C. Ag. t t t t I Oaulerpa Lesson~i Bory t Oaulerpa clavifera (Turn.) C. Ag. t t t t t t .!. Oaulerpa corynephora Mont. .. I Oaulerpa laetevirens Mont. t t t t t rJaulerpa dichotoma Svedelius Oaulerpa nummularia (Harvey) Rke. t t t Oaulerpa imbricata Kjellm. t Oaulerpa parvula Svedelius t G. longistipitata (W.V.B.) t Oaulerpa sedoides (R.Br.) C. Ag. t t Avrainvillea Rideyi A & E. S. Gepp t Avrainvillea papuana Murr. et Boodle t t

SIPHONOCLADALES Struvea anastomosans (Harvey) Piccone t t t t Valonia fastigiata Harvey t *Valonia utricularis (Roth) Ag. t t t t t Boergesenia Forbesii (Harvey) Feldm. t t t *Dictyospheria cavernosa (Forssk.) Boergs. t t t t *Oladophoropsis membranacea (Ag.) Boergs. t *Ernodesmis vertic·illata (Kuetz.) Boergs. t t * V aloniopsis pachynema (Martens) Boergs. t t t *Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) Ag. t t Microdictyon Agardhianum Dne. t t

DASYCLADALES *Acetabularia crenulata Lamour. t Acetabularia mediterranea Lamour.

PHAEOPHYCEAE Ectocarpales .. Ectocarpus columellaris Boergs. Ectocarpus ceylanicus Boergs. Ectocarpus arabicus Kuetz. t t t Ectocarpus indicus Sond. t t Ectocarpus macrocarpus Crouan. *Ectocarpus breviarticulatus J. Ag. t t t *Ralfsia ceylanica Harvey

SPHACELARIALES Sphacelaria furcigera Kuetz. t t t t

CHORDARIALES rJladosiphon erythraeus J. Ag. t t

11 Reg1:on Danish Medi- Name of Species india Mauri- West Japan terranean Atlantic Red tius Indies Sea Ocean Sea DIOTYOSIPHONALES *Rosenvingea intricata (J. Ag.) Boergs. t t t *Oolpomenia sinuosa (Roth) Derbes and Solier .. t t t t t t *Hydroclathrus clathratus (Bory) Howe t t t t Asperococcus orientalis J. Ag. *Ohnoospora jastigiata J. Ag. t t t DIOTYOTALES

.!. *Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) Lamour. I t t *Dictyota ciliata J. Ag. t *Dictyota Ba1·tayresiana Lamour. t t t t *Dictyota crenulata J. Ag. t *Dictyota indica Sond. t t t *Dictyota maxima Zanardini t t *Dictyota atomaria Hauck t Dictyota acuminata Kuetz. t Dictyota jasciola Lamb. t Dictyota ceylanica Kuetz. Spathoglossum Schroederi (J. Ag.) t *Spathoglossum aspe·rum J. Ag. t t Glossophora Kunthi Ag. *Stoechospermum marginatum (Ag.) Kuetz. t t Stoechospermum pcttens Hering .!. Stoechospe1·mum maculatum J. Ag. t t I Stoechospermum Suhrii Kuetz. Pocockiella variegata (Lamouroux) Papenfuss t t t t *Stypopodium zonale (Lamouroux) Papenfuss t t t *Dictyopter1·s Woodwardii (Brown) J. Ag. t *n~:ctyopteris polypoides (Desf.) Ag. t t *Dictyopteris delicatula Lamour. t t *Padina pavonia (LJ Lamour. t *Padina commersonii Bory t t t *Padina tetrastromatica Hauck t t

FUOALES *Oystoseira triq·uetra (L) J. Ag. t t Oystoseira articulata Ag. t t Oystophyllum muricatum (Turn) J. Ag. t t *Turbinaria conoides Kuetz. t t *Turbinaria ornata J. Ag. t t t Sargassum asperijolium Her. et lVIart. t *Sargassum tenerrimum J. Ag. t *Sargassum cinereum J. Ag. *Sargassum carpophyllum J. Ag. t *Sargassum crassifolium J. Ag. t t *Sargassum cristaefolium Ag. .. t t t *Sargassum ilicijolium (Turn.) 0. Ag. t t t t *Sa.rgassum Swartzii (Turner) 0. Ag. t *Sargassum Wightii (Grev.) t *Sargassum cervicone Grev. t t *Sargassum polycystum 0. Ag. t t *Sargassum pilulijerum (Turn) Ag. t *Sargassum Binderi Sond. t *Sa1gassum virgatum (lVIert.) Ag. t .!. Sargassum tenui J. Ag. I Sargassum marginatum J. Ag. t Sargassum spinijex 0. Ag. t t Sargassum squarrosum Greville t Sargassum biserrula J. Ag. t Sargassum microcystum J. Ag. t t Sargassum myriocystum J. Ag. t

12 Region Dani-~h Medi- Name of Species India Mauri- West Japan terranean Atlantic Red tius Indies Sea Ocean Sea RHODOPHYCEAE BANGIALES *Erythorotrichia carnea (Dillw.) J. Ag. t t t t Erythrocladia subintegra Rosenv. t t t Porphyra umbilicalis (L.) J. Ag. t *Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellman

NEMALIONALES Nemalion attenuatum J. Ag. *Dermonema Frappieri (Mont. & Mill.). Boergs. t t t *Liagora pulverulenta Ag. t t t t Liagom viscida Forssk. t t t Liagora orientalis J. Ag. t *Acrochaetium sargassicola Boergs. t Chantransia Saviana (Menegh) Ardiss. t Brachycladia marginata (Soland) Schm. *Scinaia furcellata (Turner) Bivonia t t Scinaia carnosa Harvey *Actinotrichia jragilis (Forssk.) Boergs. t t t Galaxaura jragiliss Lamour. t t t *Galaxaura rugosa (Sol.) Lamour. t t t Galaxaura lapidescens (Soland.) Lamour. t Galaxaura Pikeana Dickie t Galaxaura obtusata Lamour. t t GELIDIALES Pterocladia lucida (R. Br.) J. Ag. *Gelidiella acerosa (Forssk ) Feld. and Hamel t t t t *Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le J olis t t t *Gelidium heteroplatos Boergs... t t *Gelidium micropterum Kuetz. t t t *Gelidiopsis repens (Kuetz.) Schimitz t t *Gelidiopsis variabilis (Grev.) Schmitz t t t CRYPTOMENIALES Melobesia zonalis (Crouan) Fosl. Dermatolithon pustulatum (Lamour.) Fosl. t t t Amphiroa jragilissima Lamour. t t t t *Amphiro rigida Lamour. t t t Amphiroa dilatata Lamour. t Amphiroa anceps Lamour. t Amphiroa Bowerbankii Harvey Amphiroa anastomosans Web. V. Bosse Cheilospermum cultratum (Harvey) Aresch. t Cheilospermum pulchellum Harvey Arthocardia capensis Leach *Jania natelensis Harvey var. tenuior Harvey .. t J ania micrarthrodia Lamour. . . t *Chondrococcus Hornemanni (Mert.) Schmitz t t t *Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J. Ag. t t t t *Grateloupiajelicina (Wulf.) Ag. t t t t t *Carpopeltis rigida (Harv.) Schmitz t t *Halymenia polydactyle Boergs. t *Halymenia porphyroides Boergs. t *Halymenia dilatata Zan. t t *H alymenia Durvillaei Bory var. ceylanica Kuetz. t Halymenia platycarpa Ag. H alymenia Floresia Clem. t t t t Halymenia imbricata (Dickie) Murray Halymenia amoeina Bory H alymenia dubia Bory * Polyopesligulatus (Harv.) Schmitz Corynomorpha prismatica J. Ag. t

]3 Region lJarliish .111edi- Nr :·me of Species India Mauri- Wc&t Japait terrunean Aflantic Red flUS Indie-s Sea Ocean Sea GIGARTINALES Agardhiella tenera (J. Ag.) Schmitz i" i" Agardhiella rob·usta. ( Grev.) Boergs. i' i" Euryomrna platyca.rpa (Harv.) Schmitz *Ahnfelt·ira furcellata. Okamura .. i" *Ahnjeltia plicata (Hudson) Fries ..;. t *Gymnogongrus pygmae.us (Grev.) J. Ag. + *Gymnogongrus glornemtus ,T. Ag. ,. Gymnogongrus vcrmicularis (Turn.) J. Ag. ,. Phyllophora JI;Jaillwrdi :.\font. et }II. .... *Qq:gartina acicularis J. Ag. t t t I Kallyrnetda pe1jorata J. Ag. .. t t .L *Me1'istotheca papulosa (Mont) J. Ag. I t t t *Cemtodictyon spong'irosum Zanardini + .. *H ypnea pannose~ J. Ag. t t t *Hypnea hwmnlosa (Turn.) 1\iont. t t t *Hypnea cervicornis J. Ag. t t t *Hypneo, muscijormis (Wulf.J Lamour. t i• t t *Hypnea. Valvntiae (Turn.) :Mont. i• ,. t *Hypnea Saidana Holmes *Hypnca cenomyce J. Ag. t Hypnco spinella Ag. *(hacilaria corticato, J. Ag. ,. t t *Gra!.:ilaria Jolilijera (Forsskl. J Boergs. t .I *Gracilaria cra88a (Harv.) ,J. Ag. t t t "'Uracilaria lfergusonii J. Ag. + *Gracilaria art1wta Zan. -r t + *G·racilaria Textori Suring. + *GTaciZar'ht cyUndrica Bocrgs. t *Gracilaria gigas Harvey t *Gracilaria cacalia (J. Ag.) Boergs. t t *OraC'ilaria verr·ucosa. (Huds.) Papenfuss t t t t i' *Gracilaria edulis (Gmel.) Silva t t ·r *Gracilaria b1J.rsa-pastoric1J (Gmel.) Silva t + *Gratilaria minor (Sond.) comb. nova. t t t Gracilaria ·;rmltiparita Clem. t t Grac.ilaria obtusa J. Ag. t t '1'8arcod'ia ceylanica Harvey t RHODY:;,\:1ENIALES Chry6,'.jrnenq:a 'U'/Jaria "\

CERAM:IALES Gallithumnion purpurijeru·m J. Ag. Griffithsia thyrsigera (Thwait.) Grun. Griffithsia opuntioides J. Ag. .. -r- Griffithsia coralUna J. Ag. t t t *Centroceras clavulat~m1 (Ag.) Schmitz i' t t t Garpoblepharis ceylanica Harvey Kuptilota Fergusonii Cotton .. Croucmia attenuate J. Ag. ... -:- '!' i' *Geran.iurn truncatum Boergs. 1 *Ceramium tra-nsversale Collins and Hanrey t t t t "'CeramiWft~ TaylorU Dawson *Geramlum strictum G-rev. et Harvey t ··-I t *Ceramiumjastigiatum (Roth) Harvey i' Ge.ramiu.rn miniutum Suhr, t

1.4 Region Danish Medi- Atlan- Name of Species India. Mauri- West Japan terranean tic Red tius Indies Sea Ocean Sea CERAMIALES (contd.) *Spridia insignis J. Ag. t *Spyridiafilamentosa (Wulf.) Harvey t t t t *Spyridia aculeata (Schimp.) Kuetz. t t t *Oalaglossa Leprieurii (Mont.) J. Ag. t t t t t Nitophyllum unciniatum (Turn.) J. Ag. Nt:tophyllum marginale Harvey t Claudea multifida Harvey t TT anvoorstia spectabilis Harvey t t t TT anvoorstia coccinea Harvey Dasya stuposa J. Ag. Dasya fiussoniana Mont. t Dasya villosa Harvey t t *Dasya naccarioides Harvey Bryothamnion Seajorthii Kuetz. t M artensia jragilis Harvey t Rhodomela crassiculis Harvey Dictyurus purpurascens Bory .. t t Fieterosiphonia struthiopenna J. Ag. Lopocladia Lallemandi (Mont.) Schmitz t t t *Laurenci' heteroclada Harvey tI *Laurencia intermedia Yamada t *Laurencia cbtusa !Huds.) Lamour. t t t t *Laurencia paniculata (Agardh) J. Ag. t t *Laurencia platyclada Boergs. . . t * Laurencia ceylam:ca J. Ag. t t *Laurencia Poitei (Lamour.) Howe i" t Laurencia papillosa (Forssk.) Grev. i" t t t Laurencia perjorata (Bory) Mont. t t Lawencia hybrida J. Ag. t t t Laurencia concinna Mont. t Laurencia Brongniartii J. Ag... t Laurencia jastigiata Mont. t t *Roschera glomerulata (Ag.) Web. V. Bosse t t t *Bryocladia Tkwaitessi Harvey t *Okondria dasypkylla (Woodw.) Ag. t t ....t t *Herposiphonia tenella (Ag.) Naegel. t t r t *Herposiphonia secunda (Ag.) Naegel. t t t t t i· Murrayella periclados (Ag.) Schmitz. t t t *Bostryckia tenella (Vahl.) J. Ag. t t t t t *Acanthopkora delile Lamour. .. t t t Acantkophora dendroides Harvey t *Acantkopkora spicifera (Vahl) Boergs. t t t *Le·oeillea jungermannioides (Mart. et Her.) Harv. t t *Neurymeniajraxinijolia (Mert.) J. Ag. t t Ophiocladus simpliciusculus (Crouan) Falkenberg t t Polysiphonia utricularis Zanard. t *Polysiphonia mollis Hook. et Harv. t Polysiphonia corymbosa J. Ag. t I· ..!.. Polysiphonia jerulacea Suhr. t t t r t Polysipkonia rigidula Kuetz ... Tolypiocladia glomerulata (Ag.) Schmitz. Haloplegma preissi Sond. t Pt2lota Fergusonii Grun.

Dan. Atlan- Ceylon India Mauri- West Japan Mediter. tic Red tius Ind. Sea Ocean Sea Chlorophyceae 84 51 45 32 32 8 14 9 Phaeophyceae 65 41 25 ll 19 3 6 8 Phodophyceae 166 79 59 39 76 16 20 11 Total . . 315 . . 171 .. 129 82 127 27 40 28

15 LIST OF MARINE ALGAE NEW TO CEYLON

CHLOROPHYCEAE l. Enteromorpha interstinalis (L.) Link 2. Enteromorpha prolifera (Mueller) J. Agardh 3. Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey 4. Cladophora (aegagropila) Sibogae Reinbold 5. Cladophorafascicularis (Mert.) Kuetz. 6. Cladophora saracenia Boergesen 7. Cladophora colabense Boergesen 8. Chaetomorpha gracilis Kuetz. 9. Cladophoropsis membrancea (Ag.) Boergesen 10. Ernodesmis vertict"llata (Kuetz.) Boergesen

PHAEOPHYCEAE 11. Ectocarpus breviarticulatus J. Agardh 12. Rosenvingea intricata (J. Ag.) Boergesen 13. Dictyota ciliata J. Agardh 14. Dictyota bartayresiana Lamour. 15. Dictyota indica Sond. 16. Dictyota maxima Zanardini 17. Dictyota atomaria Hauck 18. Dictyopteris Woodwardii (Brown) J. Agardh 19. Pocockiella variegata (Lamour.) Papenfuss 20. Sargassum Swartzii (Turner) Agardh 21. Sargassum virgatum (Mert.) Agardh

R;HODOPHYCEAE 22. Acrochaetium sargassicola Boergesen 23. Act·inotrichiafragilis (Forssk.) Boergesen 24. Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jollis 25. Gelidium heteroplatos Boergesen 26. Gelidiella acerosa (Forssk.) Feld. and Hamel 27. Halymenia polydactyle Boergesen 28. Halymenia porphyroides Boergesen 29. Ahnfeltia furcellata Okamura 30. Ceratodictyon spongiosum Zanardini 31. Hypnea cervicornis J. Agardh 32. Hypnea musciformis (Wulf.) Lamour. 33. Hypnea Valentiae (Turn.) Mont. 34. Hypnea saidana Holmes 35. Hypnea cenomyce J. Agardh 36. Gracilaria Fergusonii Boergesen 37. Gracilaria arcuata Zan. 38. Gracilaria Textori Suring. 39. Gracilaria cylindrica Boergesen 40. Gracilaria gigas Harvey 41. Gracilaria minor (Sond.) comb. nova 42. Champia globulifera Boergesen 43. Ceramium strictum Grev. at Harvey 44. Ceramium transversale Collins and Harvey 45. Ceramium Taylorii Dawson 46. Spyridia filamentosa (Wulf.) Harvey 47. Spyridia aculeata (Schimp.) Kuetz. 48. Laurencia intermedia Yamada 49. Laurencia paniculata (Agardh) J. Ag. 50. Laurencia platyclada Boergesen 51. Laurencia Poitei (Lamour.) Howe 52. Roschera glomerulata (Ag.) Weber Van Bosse 53. Herposiphoniatenella (Ag.) Naegel. 54. Chondria dasyphylla (W oodw.) Agardh

16 DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES Distribution in Ceylon: Ja:ffna lagoon and EXAMINED Matara. Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Japan, DIVISION I. CHLOROPHYTA P ASCHER Australia, Red Sea and Pacific Coast of America.

Class I. Cblorophyceae Kuetzing 2. Ulva lactuca Linnaeus ORDER I. ULVALES BLACKMAN ET (Plate I, Fig. 3) TANSLEY FAMILY I. ULVACEAE GREVILLE 1753, Sp. Plant, Vol. 2, p. 1163; Thuret 1854, Note Syn. Ulva lactuca p. 24; Thuret 1. Ulva J..,innaeus and Bornet 1878, Etudes phyc. p. 5, pl. 2. 3 ; Collins 1909, Green algae p. 214, f. 75 ; Setchell Key to the species of Ulva and Gardner 1920, Mar. Alg. Pac. ·Coast, Chlorophyceae p. 265. l. Fronds narrow with reticulate tissue and profusely perforated ...... 1. Ulva reticulata Fronds short, usually broader than long, blades more or less ovate, at times laciniate. l. Fronds variously shaped ...... 2 Fronds attached from a disk from a broad and 2. Cells square or nearly so in cross section attenuate base, generally deeply and irregularly ...... 2. Ulva lactuca split, light to dark green in colour, delicate in 2. Cells distinctly vertical in cross section texture, margins plane or ruffled, membrane ...... 3 40-50[.!. thick usually 40[L, cells, in section nearly square with rounded angles or slightly elon­ 3. Fronds broad in proportion to height gated, chloroplasts cup shaped. Growing ...... 4 attached to rocks in the littoral region. 3. Fronds narrow in proportion to height Distribution in Ceylon : Mullaitivu and Galle. ···················································· 5. 4. Fronds apparently regularly and abund- Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Alaska to antly perforated ...... 3. Mexico. Ulva fenesterata 3. Ulva fenestrata Post. et Rupr. 4. Fronds with distinct short cylindrical (Plate I, Fig. 2; Plate XXI, Fig. 1) stipe short ovate, plane usually cleft with no perforations ...... 4. Ulva 1840, III. Alg., p. 21, pl. 37 ; Setchell and rig ida Gardner 1920, Mar. Alg. Pac. Coast of N. 5. Thallus divided into many narrow lobes America p. 267. with the margins irregularly dentate or sinuate Fronds many free and expanded with small ...... 5. Ulva fasciata rounded or elongated openings with undulate edges, margins often wavy, membrane up to 1. Ulva reticulata Forsk. 65[L ; cells thick, in transverse section slightly 1775, Flora Aegypt-arab., p. 187 ; J. Agardh vertically elongated, about 20[L high by 16[L 1883 Till Algernes Systematic, 3. p. 166, Kuetz. broad in thicker sections. The characteristic 1856, Tab. Phycol. Vol. VI, pl. 29. feature is the presence of regular holes with undulate edges. Found growing on rocks The specimen resembles Kuetzing's :figure 1 a, on the littoral belts. but reticular tissue is slightly broader in the Ceylon specimen. In transverse section of Distribution in Ceylon : Kankesanthurai and thallus, cells almost square with thin cuticula; Mandativu. thallus profusely perforated and 40-45[L thick. Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean and Alaska They were found entangled with other algae. to Puget Sound, Washington.

17 3-J. N. R 12429 (10/60) 4. Ulva rigida Agardh 2. Enteromarpha Link 1822, Sp. Vol. I, part 2, p. 410, Ulva lactuca Key to the species of Enteromorpha var. rigida. Le Jollis Alg. Mar. Cherb., 1863, l. Plants simple, infrequently or sparingly p. 38 ; Collins, Green Alg. of North America, proliferous, cells in surface view 9-15fL ...... 1909, p. 215; Setchell and Gardner, Chlorophy­ ...... l. Enteromorpha intestinalis ceae Part II, Mar. Alg. of N. America, 1920, p. 270; G. M. Smith, Mar. Alg. of Mont. Pen. l. Plants clearly branched...... 2 California, 1944, p. 47. 2. Branches restricted towards base of the Frond 5-8 em. tall, dark-green, blades lan­ plant, irregularly placed ...... ceolate or ovate lanceolate, firm and stiff with ...... 2. Enteromorpha compressa distinct stipe ; membrane 60-120a thick ; cells 2. Branches scattered, cells in younger in cross section vertically elongated, 1· 5 to 3 parts always in longitudinal rows ...... times the breadth, chloroplasts cup-shaped usu­ ...... 3. Enteromorpha prolifera ally filling outer two thirds of cell. The speci­ mens resemble Ulva conglobata Kjellm. and l. Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link Ulva fasciata forma caespitosa Setchell in habit and structure, but in these two algae the cells (Plate I, Figs. 4-6) are only slightly elongated, as such they may be 1820, Epistola, p. 5; J. Agardh, Till Alg. referred to forms of U. lactuca. According to Syst. part 3, 1833, p. 131 ; Collins, Green Alg. of Setchell Ulva rigida is a rigid plant with deeply N. Amer. 1909, p. 204; Setchell and Gardner, divided lobes, rather thick, and with cells 1920, Mar. Alg. of N. Amer. p. 252, Ulva vertically elongated in section. This specimen intestinalis, Linnaeus, Flo. Suec., Ed. II, agrees with Setchell' s description. Grows on 1755, p. 418. rocks or epiphytic on other algae. Frond simple, with a few branches similar to Distribution in Ceylon: Galle. the main frond at the base ; occasionally a few Geog. distribution: Atlantic Ocean, Alaska proliferations, sometimes compressed and con­ (Uyak Bay) to Baja California, (La Paz). torted. Cells in surface view 10-16fL in dia­ meter, thickness of membrane varies 20-50fL thick. Cells in transverse section vertically 5. Ulva fasciata Delile rounded oblong, about 13-18fL deep. They (Plate I, Fig. 1) grow attached to stones and shells. Distribution in Ceylon : Keerimalai and 1813, Flora d'Egypte, Paris. p. 153, pl. Kankesanthurai. LXIII, fig. 5 ; Harvey 1858, Nereis Boreali Geog. distribution : Widely distributed. Americana, Part 3, Smithsonian Contrib. knowledge, Vol. X, p. 1858; Collins 1905-9; Green Algae of North America, p. 216. 2. Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Greville Frond divided into more or less linear seg­ (Plate I, Fig. 7) ments, margin smooth or undulate ; in cross section the two layers of cells separate some­ 1830, Alg. Brit., p. 180, pl. 18 ; Collins, what at the margin, which is rounded with a Green Algae of North Amer. p. 201 ; Mar. small space between the rows. Thickness of Alg. Vancouver Islands, 1913 p. 101; Setchell membrane about 80a. Frond is similar to and Gardner, Alg. of North-west America, U. lactuca and U. dactylifera. It differs from 1903, p. 221 ; Hauck, Meeresalgen p. 428 ; U. dactylifera in being not much raffled in the Ulva compressa Linnaeus, Fl. Suec., Ed. II, margins of the frond and in the basal portion. 1755, p. 433. Found attached to rocks in the littoral belt. Plants generally grow gregariously, attached, Distribution in Ceylon: Colombo to Galle. bright to dark green in colour. Fronds tubular more or less compressed, sometimes constricted Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Medi­ varying much in dimensions ; branches usually terranean Sea. Tropical Atlantic and Pacific simple or spreading above, 2-10 mm. wide, Ocean. in either case narrowed at the base, similar in

18 appearance to the main stem ; cells small Plants growing in a felt-like layer spreading 9-l5p. diameter, rounded subquadrate and considerably on stones and rocks. The fila­ placed irregularly in adult plants, the walls ments are regularly with one to many tapering not thickened. Membrane 15-20[-L thick and rhizoidal branches 20-30[-L in diameter. The cells vertically elongate in transverse section. cells are cylindrical 20-30[-L broad and with a length l-5 times the breadth. My specimen Distribution in Ceylon: Mandativu, Jaffna has a close resemblance to variety implexum lagoon. (Dillwyn) Rosenvinge (Phyc. Bor. Amer. 266; Geog. distribution : Europe, America, Tas­ Rosenvinge 1893, Groenlands Havalger p. 915 mania, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. as R. implexum) in that the branches are lacking. 3. Enteromorpha prolifera (Mueller) Distribution in Ceylon: Ja:ffna lagoon. J. Agardh Geog. distribution: North-eastern coast of North America. (Plate I, Fig. 8) 1833, Till Algernes Systematic, part 3, p. 129, pl. 4, f. 103-104; Collins, Green Alg. of N. 4. Ohaetomorpha Kuetzing Amer. 1909, p. 202, Setchell and Gardner 1920, Key to the species of Ohaetomorpha Mar. Alg. of N. Amer. part II, p. 255 ; Ulva prolifera, Mueller in Fl. Dan., Vol. 5, fasc. 13, l. Filaments horizontal and entangled...... 2 1778, pl. 763, f. I. l. Filaments erect ...... 3 Frond long usually tufted or compressed or 2. Cells of filaments less than lOOp...... tubular more or less abundantly proliferously ...... l. Ohaetomorpha gracilis branched, branches vary much in length and 2. Cells of filaments l25-l75p...... diameter. Cells 10-12[-L thick in diameter, ...... 2. Ohaetomorpha brachyona in the younger parts always arranged in longi­ tudinal series, which may become less distinct 2. Cells of filaments 400-650[-L ...... in older parts, membrane 15-18[-L thick but ...... 3. Ohaetomorpha crassa firm, and cells rounded, sub-angular l0-20p. in 3. Cells of filaments below 400[-L, cells l-2 diameter. E. prolifera resembles E. intestinalis diameters long ...... 4 Ohaetomorpha aerea in habit, but they possess smaller cells than 3. Cells of filaments more than 400[-L ...... 4 E. intestinalis and cells arranged in longitudinal rows in lower portion at least, and in the 4. Basal cell annulated ...... 5 Ohaeto- branches. Grows on rocks in sheltered areas. morpha antennina 4. Basal cell not annulated ...... 6 Ohaeto- Distribution in Ceylon : K.ankesanthurai. morp ha clavata Geog. distribution: North America, Ber­ muda, Indian Ocean and Japan. l. Chaetomorpha gracilis Kuetzing 1845, Phycologica germanica p. 203 ; 1849, ORDER 2. CLADOPHORALES FRITSCH Species Algarum p. 276 ; 1853, Tab. Phycol. Vol. 3. pl. 52, fig. l ; Hauck, Meeresalgen p. FAMILY l. CLADOPHORACElE (HASSALL) 440; Reinke 1889, Algen Flora der westlichen DE TONI Ostsee Deutschen Anthelis p. 84; Boergesen 3. Rhizoclonium Kuetzing 1913, Danish West Indies Vol. l. p. 19. l. Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harvey Plants are filamentous and entangled among other algae or forms a spongy mass, light green 1849, Phyc. Brit. Vol. 2., pl. 23 ; Collins, in colour. Filaments are 30-70[-L thick and the 1909, Green Algae of North America p. 328; length of the cells a bout 2-4 times the diameter. Smith, 1944, Marine Algae of Mont. Peninsula The specimen has a close resemblance to p. 63, pl. 7, fig. 4; Taylor, 1957, Marine Algae Ohaetomorpha indica Kuetzing but differs of North East Coast of North America, p. 81, in that Chaetomorpha indica have cells whose pl. l, fig. 3. length is usually half the breadth and only in

19 very rare cases about twice as long as broad, later coalesce into a solid disc. Cells and the filaments are a little narrowed at the 125-350[.!. diameter, cylindrical, almost spherical cross walls. in the fertile segments, 1-2 di8meter long, basal Distribution in Ceylon : Pungudutivu. segments much longer, membrane hyaline, thick at times lamellate, chromatophores at first Geog. distribution : France, Singapore, Medi­ continuous finely fenestrate, zoospores formed terranean Sea, Mauritius. at the upper cells of the filament. This specimen was collected from a rock pool in Galle. 2. Chaetomorpha brachyona Harvey Distribution in Ceylon : Galle and J affna (Plate III, Fig. 6) Lagoon. 1858, Ner. Bor. Americana, p. 84, Pl. XLVI. Geog. distribution : Throughout all the warm A; Rhizoclonium capillare Vickers 1908, Phyc. and temperate oceans, Mauritius and N. Barb., Pl. XI, figs. 1-3. America. Filaments are free, entangled, curved or twisted from a strata on the rocks or among 5. Chaetomorpha antennina (Bory) Kuetz. other algae. Cells 125-175[L diameter, uni­ formly nearly as long as broad except after (Plate I, Figs. 11-13; Plate III, Fig. 4) dividing. Kuetzing, Spec. Alg. 1849, p. 379; Vickers Distribution in Ceylon: Delft and Sentham­ 1908, Phyc. Barbadensis p. 19, Pl. VIII ; kulam. Boergesen, Mar. Alg. Danish West Indies, Geog. distribution: West Indies, Mexico, Vol. I, 1913, p. 16, figs. 4-5; 1940, Marine Algae Florida. from Mauritius, Chlorophyceae, p. 37-39 ; Conferva antennina Bory, Voyage, 1804, p. 161 ; Chaetomorpha media (Ag.) Kuetz. 1849, Species 3. Chaetomorpha crassa (Ag.) Kuetz. Algarum, p. 380 ; Hauck, Meeresalgen von 1845, Phycologica, p. 204, Tab. Phyc. Vol. Puerto Rico (Engler's Bot. Jahrb., Vol. IX, III, tab. 59, Collins, 1909, Green Alg. of N. 1888, p. 468) ; Boergesen Mar. Alg. from Canary Amer., p. 324. islands, Chlorophyceae p. 37, figs. 9-10; 1936, Some Marine Algae from Ceylon p. 64. Filaments entangled, cells cylindrical, or slightly inflated ; cells as long as broad, some­ For a long time it has been disputed whether times cells twice as long as broad, 400-650[J. thick Chaetomorpha antennina Bory described by usually entangled with other algae. In Ceykn Bory from Reunion was a different species of large quantities are cast ashore in the northern the plant found in the West Indies. Bory part during the monsoons. examined the type specimen of Chaetomorpha anntennina in Museum d'Naturelle and Distribution in Ceylon: Kankesanturai, described the species from Reunion as a species Keerimalai, Senthamkulam, Karaitivu, Mullai­ other than that from the West Indies in his tivu, Beruwala, Weligama, Galle. paper on "The Marine Algae of Peru " (1914, Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Pacific p. 37). He stated that the basal cell was Ocean, Mediterranean, and coast of Europe. shorter in Chaetomorpha antennina from West Indies than the type from Reunion. As a 4. Chaetomorpha aerea (Dillw.) Kuetz. result Boergesen described the species from India and Ceylon as Chaetomorpha media. (Plate I, Fig. 10) Later Boergesen examined a tube containing Chaetomorpha in Dr. Vaughan's collection and 1849, Sp. Alg., p. 379 ; Collins, 1909, Green found that filaments contained basal cells up to Alg. ofN. Amer. p. 324; Conferva aerea Dillwyn, a length of 15-16 mm. but these were not found Brit. Conf., 1809, pl. 80; Setchell and Gardner, in all the filaments and in some the length was 1920a,p.200,pl. 14,fig.9-12. 3-4 mm. only and various lengths occurred in Plants gregarious, filaments erect, tall, dark the different elements. This was so in the green becoming yellow later, cylindrical through­ Ceylon specimens examined by me. I received out except at the base where it is tapering, two types of this species from Ceylon. Those attached to the substratum by rhizoids, which collected at Mount Lavinia were small reaching

20 a height of 2·5 em. and grew in tufts. Although branches beset with long densely fasciculate Boergesen described the basal cells as being ramuli 2-4 mm. long ...... 2. Cladophora about 6-7 mm. long in my specimen the basal fascicularis. cells varied from 2·5-6 mm. in length. The 2. Fronds reaching a height of 15 em. or less base of the basal cell varies from 180-200[L ...... 3 and the top from 500-550[L thick while the cells in the upper parts are about 500[J. thick and 3. Main filaments up to 100[J. in diameter, 2--4 times the diameter in length. The specimens ramuli short of 1-4 cells at the apex ...... collected at Hambantota and Beruwela were 3. Cladophora colabense. 8-10 em. long. According to Boergesen the basal cells had a length of 4·5 mm. but in my 3. Main filaments up to 200[L in diameter specimens they varied from 5-6 mm. The base with irregular ramification ...... 4. of the basal cell was about 200[L thick and its Cladophora saracenia. thickest about 450[L broad. They were attached to the substratum by irregularly ramified rhizoids. The walls of the basal cell are thick 1. Cladophora (aegagropila) Sibogae Reinbold and annular thickenings were found in both (Plate II, Fig. 2) forms but not always. Distribution in Ceylon : Mount Lavinia,. Eininge neue Chlorophyc. a us dem Ind. Ozean Beruwela and Hambantota. (Nouva Notarasia Ser. 16) 1905, p. 146 ; in Weber Van Bosse's Liste des alg. du Siboga Geog. distribution: Mauritius, Reunion, West vol. I (1913) p. 81 ; Yamada, Phyto geogr. Indies, Atlantic and Pacific coast of Mexico, relations between Chlorophyceae of Marion Africa. Carol. and Marshall Isl. and those of Malayan Archipelago, Australia and Japan (proceed. of 6. Chaetomorpha clavata (Ag.) Kuetzing the three Pan Pacif. Sci. Congress 1926) p. 964 and 965; Okamura, on the marine algae (Plate III, Fig. 5) from Kotosho Bull. of Biogeogr. Soc. of Japan, 1847, Bot. Zeit., Vol. 5 p. 166; Vickers 1908 Vol. 2, 1931, p. 96. Phyc. Barb. p. 17, Pl. VII; Collins 1909 The plant forms dark green cushions and the Green Alg. ofN. Amer., Vol. 2, p. 323. body is rigid. Lower part of plant dichotomous, Filaments erect and stiff up to 60 em. in upper part often branched, branch and branch­ height, cells at the base 500-750[L in diameter lets often opposite or verticillate branching only gradually increasing to 1 mm. at the tip, those on one side in the upper portion. All branches of the upper part about as long as broad more more or less compressed, rhizoids thread like or less moniliform, very much inflated cells and coiled often from the upper branch. Cells 550-600[L thick. Found growing in the muddy of main branch 120-150[L thick and those of bottom. branchlets 40-100[.1. thick. The length of cells Distribution in Ceylon : Senthamkulam. 6-8 times as long as broad sometimes 2--4 times as long as broad. Cells of the upper frond are Geog. distribution : West Indies, Atlantic and mostly constricted. Pacific coasts of Mexico, Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Ocean, Japan, Pacific coast of America. Distribution in Ceylon : Mandativu. Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Japan, 5. Cladophora Kuetzing Caroline, Dongola. Key to the species of Cladophora 2. Cladophora fascicularis (Mert.) Kuetz. 1. Fronds in spherical clumps ...... 2 (Plate II, Fig. 1) 1. Fronds in spherical clumps filaments main branch 120-150[L in diameter ...... Kuetz. Phyc. gen. p. 268, 1843 ; Vickers 1908, Phyc. Barb. p. 18, Pl. XIII ; Collins Green 1. Cladophora (aegagropila) Sibogae. Reinbold Algae of North America, 1909, p. 265 ; V. J. 2. Fronds reaching a height of 30 em. or Chapman, 1956, Marine Algae of New Zealand, more, main filaments 200-250[L, ends of Journ. of Linnean Society of London, Botany, 21 Vol. IV, No. 360 p. 447, fig. 98; Oonferva Plants forming roundish tufts attaining a fascicularis Montagne, 1839, p. 4, Pl. VII, height of about 10 em. They are composed fig. l. of irregularly ramified and much interwoven Plants filamentous reaching a length of filaments. The main filaments 100-200[1. 30 em. or more. Main filaments and principal in diameter and length of the cells 5-10 times branches flexuous sparingly alternately the diameter. Branches are given off irregularly branched. Ends of the branches are beset with on all sides and ~orne of them become main long densely fasciculate ramuli about 2-4 mm. filaments. The short branching systems are long. Main filaments 200-250[1. sometimes up given off from each cell in the main branch or to 350[1. in diameter. Cells 2-4 times as long as at small intervals. Branches a.re given off broad; ramuli 70-130[1. diameter, 1-5 times as on one side or in opposite sides. The short long as broad. My specimens have a close shoots are richly branched and incurved. In resemblance to Vicker's fig. 1, Pl. XII in Phy. most of the short shoots ramuli are given off Barb. 1908. unilaterally on the convex side of the incurved axis. Near the apex ramuli are 30-60[1. thick. Disbribution in Ceylon : Senthamkulam, Apices are obtuse. Jaffna. Distribution in Ceylon : Keerimalai. Geog. distribution: N. Carolina, Bermuda, Florida, West Indies, Brazil, Peru, Red Sea, Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean. South Australia, Japan. ORDER 3. SIPHONALES (GREVILLE) 3. Cladophora colabense Boergesen OLTMANS (Plate III, Fig. 3) FAMILY 1. CODIACEAE (TRAVIS) ZANARD. 1935, List of Marine Algae from Bombay. Biologiske Meddelelser XII, 2. p. 19-22, figs. 6. Oodium Stackhouse 9 and 10. Key to the species of Oodium Plants growing in tufts reaching a height of l. about 15 em. The main filament about Plants forming a continued expanded 80-100[1. gradually decreasing to about 50[1. incrustation prostrate ·------2 at the apex. The main filaments are divided 1. Plants not forming a continuous expanded at shorter or longer intervals and give off incrustation erect ------3 single or two branches from the same joint. 2. Utricles 50-70[1. sometimes 100[1. dia­ Main filaments are 4-7 times the diameter. Long rows of ramuli are given off from the meter ------·---·------I. Oodium adhaerens upper parts of the thallus. These are usually 2. Plant cylindrical, slender procumbent, issued unilaterally, sometimes two opposite creeping utricles broad and pyriform 50-200[1. ramuli are given off. ,According to Boergesen in diameter ------2. Oodium Geppei the ramuli are short, consisting of 1-3 cells 2. Utricle& long narrow and clavate 175-225[1. but in my specimen there are ramuli with in diameter------·------3. Oodium repens 4 cells also. The ramuli are about 30[1. thick with obtuse apices, usually protruding with 3. Plants cylindrical or compressed, utricle thick walls. blunt or smooth------4. Oodium tomentosum Distribution in Ceylon : Delft island near 3. Plants cylindrical or compressed, all or Jaffna. part of utricle mucronate ______5. Oodium fragile Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean. l. Oodium adhaerens (Cabr.) ,A.gardh 4. Cladophora Saracenia Boergesen (Plate IV, Fig. 1) (Plate. II, Figs. 3, 4) 1822, Species Algarum Vol. I, part 2., 1935, List of Marine Algae from Bombay, p. 457; Harvey 1846-51, Phyc. Brit. Pl. XXXV. Biologiske Meddelelser XII, 2. p. 16-19, figs. A; Collins 1905 Green Alg. of N. Amer. 7 and 8. p. 387. 22 Thallus expands forming an incrustation 1846 pl. 93; Vickers, 1908, Phyc. Barb. p. 22, layer closely attached to the substratum, pl. 26; Setchell and Gardner, 1920, p. 174. dark green with rounded lobes the filaments Thallus erect dichotomously branched, and utricles united by gelatine, utricles clavate branches terete but frequently flattened at 50-60[L, rarely 100[.1. diameter. This species dichotomies, utricles obovate clavate, 100-150\L was found attached to the rocks in the Jaffna rarely 200[J. in diameter, about 5-8 times as lagoon. long as the diameter, apex obtuse, unarmed, Distribution in Ceylon : J affna lagoon, apical wall moderately thickened. Gametangia Mandativu. ovoid or oblong or fusiform 100-200\L diameter, Geog. distribution : Red Sea, Mauritius, 500-650[J. long; apex obtuse unarmed apical Friendly Islands, Mediterranean, Bermuda, wall moderately thickened. West Indies, British Channel, ,Asia. Distribution in Ceylon: Karaitivu and Pearl Bank in the Gulf of Mannar. 2. aodium Geppei Schmidt Geog. distribution : Europe, Asia, Mrica, Morocco, and Algeria. (Plate IV, Fig. 4 ; Plate XX, Fig. 2)

1923, Beitr. zur Kenntnis der Gattung 4. aodi~rm fragile (Suring) Hariot aodium Stach., Bibl. Bot. Heft 91, p. 50. Bergesen 1936, Some Mar. Alg. from Ceylon, (Plate IV, Fig. 3) p. 68. aodium divaricatum Gepp. The Codia­ 1889, "Algues du Cap. Horn. p. 22" ; Oodium ceae of the Siboga Expedition 1911, p. 136, mucronatum, J. Agardh. 1886, Till Algernes figs. 195-199. Syst. V, pp. 43-44; Setchell, W. A. and Gardner, Thallus procumbent, creeping attached by N. L. Algae of N. W. America, 1903, p. 232. rhizoids here and there to the substratum. Fronds with one to several cylindrical dichto­ Thallus 1 ·5-3 mm. thick, divaricate-dichoto­ mously branched erect shoots arising from a mously branched, slender throughout. Utricles broad spongy disc, 25-40 em. high, 2-10 mm. of external stratum obovatoclavate or elongated in diameter, glossy dark green, finely rugose on fusiform, small up to 360[J. in length and 50-200[J. the surface or at times densely tomentose broad thin walled all round. Plants found in with long hyaline hairs, utricles cylindrical exposed locality on rocks at Kankesanturai, or more often clavate, 150-350\L occasionally usually washed ashore during the monsoons. 630\L in maximum diameter and 5-10 times as It differs from a. repens in the shape of the long as broad, provided at least when young peripheral utricles which are short broad and with a more or less distinct spine like thickening, pyriform while those of a. repens are long gametangia female fusiform 1-3 to each utricle, narrow and clavate resembling a. tomentosum. 250-450\L long and 75-150\L in diameter. The It resembles a. tenue in slender habit, but mucronate tip of the plant is subject to extreme differs from it in having more bushy ramifiea­ variation. tions, and the utricles are pyriform and only a bout half as wide as those of a. tenue. In Distribution in Ceylon: Kankesanturai. C. tenue utricles are turbinate and truncate Geog. distribution : Pacific Ocean, N. above. America, Japan, Indian Ocean. Distribution in Ceylon : Kankesanturai, Point Pedro. 5. Oodium repens (Orouan) Vickers Geog. distribution: Malayan Archipelago, (Plate IV, Fig. 5) Celebes, Mauritius. 1908, Phyc. Barb. p. 23 Pl. XXXIX ; Collins, 3. aodium tomentosum Stackhouse 1928, p. 308 Taylor, 1928, Marine Algae of Florida, p. 80 (Pl. 6, fig. 8, Pl. 7 fig. 8). (Plate IV, Fig. 2; Plate XX, Fig. 1) Plants prostrate, 6-12 em. in diameter 1801, Ner. Brit. (fasc. 3), p. XXIV, pl. 7 ; attached by rhizoidal filaments at intervals, Howe, Phyc. Studies V. 1911, p. 493, Collll:s, irregular or dichotomously branched, branches Green Algae, 1905, p. 388 ; Harvey Phyc. Bnt. entangled 3-5 mm. in diameter, fl.attene,d

23 dorsiventrally. Utricles clavate or cylindrical margin thick, entire or slightly crenualted. about 500-1000[-L in length and 150-300[-L in Largest joint about 20 mm. long, 29 mm. diameter, terminal walls hardly thickened. broad, about 1 mm. thick. Peripheral cells Distribution in Oeylon: Galle. 30-37[.1. across. Surface view 75-150[-L long held together by chalky matrix. Geog. distribution: Barbados, Guadelopa, N. America. Distribution in Ceylon : Dondra Head. Geog. distribution : Red Sea, Indian Ocean, 7. Halimeda Lamouroux Pacific OcE>an Australia, Japan. Key to species of Halimeda A. Central filaments do not fuse, but commu­ 2. Halimeda opuntia (L.) Lamouroux nicate directly with one another by means of (Plate VI, Figs. 1, 2) large open pits. Filaments at apex of node hang together under treatment ...... ! 1812, Bull. Soc. Philom., Vol. III, p. 186 ; B. Central filaments fuse usually in pairs Harvey 1858, Ner Ber. Amer., part 3, p. 23, or in threes very rarely more at the apex of pl. XI. B; Vickers 1908, Phyc. Bard. p. 25. Pl. each joint. Filaments separate easily under XXXV; Collins, 1905, Green Alg. of N. Amer. treatment ...... 2 p. 300 ; Barton 1901. The genus Halimeda, Siboga Expeditie p. 19. I. Joints flat, broad, oval or rounded in outline ...... I. Halimeda macroloba. Plants 10-25 em. high, but usually 10 em. high, branched sparingly in one plane, to a thick 2. Filaments fuse in pairs, joints ribbed and tuft with numerous radiating branches; seg­ much calcified ...... 3 ments much calcified very variable in shape, 2. Filaments fuse in twos or threes, very with intermediate forms, discoid, cordate, or rarely more branching di-or trichotomously in trilobed, more or less ribbed. Size varies to the next joint. Joints not ribbed, slightly about 12 mm. long 20 mm. broad, 75 mm. calcified flat discoid or cuneate ...... 4 thick between the ribs. Peripheral cells 20-50[-L 3. Fusion incomplete limited to the surface diameter in surface view, rarely 60[-L long. of contact oflateral walls .... 2 Halimeda opuntia. forma typica an irregular mass; much 3. Fusion complete, fused portion branches branched and in more than one plane, distinctly later trichotomously in the next joint ...... 3 ribbed, so that the upper rounded margin Halimeda gracilis. appears waved ; lower margin forming more or less of a right angle with a midrib joints not 4. Lateral walls of adjacent peripheral cells overlapping each other. in contact for a very small fraction of their length ...... 4. Halimeda tuna. forma cordata J. Ag. Joints rounded, prolonged below into two well marked auricles, which overlap the lower joint. I. Halimeda macroloba Decaisne formn triloba Decne. Joints markedly (Plate XXI, Fig. 3) trilobed, segments deeply cut, thick, ribs distinct. They grow attached to rocks in 1841, Arch. Museum, Hist. Nat. Paris shallow waters. p. liS ; Harvey, 1863, Phyc. Austral. vol. Tab. 267 ; J. Ag> 1887, Till Algernes Systematic Distribution in Ceylon : Matara, Mullaitivu, VIII, p. 81 ; Barton 1901. The genus Halimeda, Gulf of Mannar. p. 24, fig. 33-38. Geog. distribution : Throughout warm seas Frond varies in length from 7-16 em. not deep­ and tropical seas, Japan and North America. ly calcified, branched in one plane. Root gener­ ally bulbous or little elongated. Joint imme­ 3. Halimeda gracilis Harvey diately above root short, thick, subcylindrical ,and stalk-like; other joints very irregular, Ceylon Algae No. 72; Barton 1901, The subcylindrical and stalk-like; other joints Genus Halimeda, Siboga Expedities, p 22; very irregular discoid, oval cuneate, or trans­ Vickers, 1908, Phyc. Barb. p. 24, pl. XXXIV; . vlilrsely rounded, not ribbed, thick, sessile, Collins 1905, Green Alg. of N. Amer. p. 399. Fronds of varying length up to 40 em.; much Geog. distribution : Europe, N. America, calcified below, upper segments less, branched Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, North Atlantic, in one plane ; segments cuneate to subcylin­ West Indies, Brazil and Japan. drical not ribbed, 1/2-9 mm. long, 1 1/2-11 mm. wide. Filaments of central strands fused in pairs, single fused filaments branching later 8. U dotea Lamouroux trichotomously, peripheral utricles 30-45tJ. 1. Udotea flabellum (Ell. and Sol.) Howe diameter. Barton 1902, reported that the fruit of (Plate XX, Fig. 2) H. gracilis grow out in small, short tufts from 1904, Notes on Bahaman algae, Bull. Torr. the margin of a, point, but these tufts are con Bot. Club, Vol. XXXI, p. 93 ; Lamouroux, fined to those points on the margin at which 1816, Hist. des polyp. p. 311, pl. XII, fig. I, the branches of the central strands emerge, Harvey 1858, Ner. Bor. Amer. p. 26; Gepp, and these branches instead of continuing their 1911, The Codiaceae of the Shiboga expedition course so as to form a new side joint, grow out LXII, p. 131, figs. 26-28. into tufts of fruiting filaments. The dis­ Frond up to 21 em. high, usually calcified, tinguishing feature of H. gracilis lies in the root mass bulbous to elongate, stipe simple complete fusion of t,he filaments of the central short 16 mm. long to 5 mm. thick, flattened strands in pairs at the apex of a joint. When above, variable in its outer appearance, flabel­ the fused portion is destined, however, to bear lum entire and cuneate-reniform, suborbicular Bporangiophores instead, it branches dichoto­ or divide into a few similar lobes, mostly irre­ mously to form two sporangiophores, from gularly lobed and with many proliferations, which the sporangia emerge all round and form longitudinal filaments of the flabellum flexuous, a kind of raceme. rather distant their short ramuli forming a Distribution in Ceylon : Bentota, Galle, Gulf cortical layer, the whole covered with a stony of Mannar. incrustation. They occur in shallow lagoons Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean and growing on the muddy bottom. It is found Pacifi~ Ocean. also in deeper areas up to a depth of 40 meters growing on the loose sandy bottom. 4. Halimeda tuna (Ell. & Sol.) Lamouroux Distribution in Ceylon : J affna lagoon. 1812, Bull. Soc. Philom., Vol. III, p. 186 ; Geog. distribution: Friendly Islands, Ber­ Harvey 1858, Ner. Bor. Americana, part III, muda, West Indies, Red Sea., Indian Ocean, p. 25, pl. XL. A; Collins, Green Algae ofN. Amer. N. America. 1905, p. 400; Barton, The genus Halimeda, Siboga Expedities, 1901, p. II. FAMILY 2. BRYOPSIDIACEAE (BORY) Plants usually not exceeding 20 em. in height, DE TONI generally about 10 em., moderately calcified, branching in one plane, root short more or less 9. Bryopsis Lamouroux bulbous, a few of the lower segments thick, Key to species of Bryopsis the others thin, about 1 mm. va-rying in form but mostly cuneate, not ribbed, margin entire. 1. Erect branches pinnately branched...... Peripheral utricles 30-70[J. diameter adherent 1. Bryopsis pennata. for one twenty fifth to one tenth of their 2. Erect branches radially branched ...... length, rather easily separable; utricles 2. Bryopsis hypnoides of subcortical layer 35-110tJ. diameter, spo­ rangia globose to pyriform, 200-330\L diameter, deep green, borne on simple or forked pedicels, 1. Bryopsis pennata Lamouroux on margin or surface of the segments. They (Plate V, Fig. 3) are attached to rocks in shallow waters. This specimen was dredged from a depth of about 1809, Journ. de Bot. p. 134; J. Agardh 1887, 10-15 fathoms in the Pearl Banks. Till Algernes Systematik, VIII, p. 23. Distribution in Ceylon : Point Pedro, and in Frond erect, 4-7 mm. high, with small the Pea,rl Bank in the Gulf of Mannar. pinnules, feather-like aranged in two rows on

25 the axis, pinnules leaf-like, linear lanceolate B. Terete or compressed fronds ...... 3. branches in two vertical rows, pinnules at the base equal in length to those at the centre. 3. Frond beset with ramuli varying from long clavate to spherical pedicellate...... Distribution in Ceylon : Matara and Tangalle. 4. Oaulerpa uvifera. 3. Frond with short peltate ramuli ...... Geog. distribution: West Indies, Malayan 5. Gaulerpa peltata. Archipelago. 3. Frond with long peltate ramuli...... 6. Gaulerpa cheminitzia. 2. Bryopsis hypnoides Lamoureux 3. Frond more or less angled, with short ramuli of various forms, the lowest always Mem. sur trois nouv. generes, 1809 a, vol, rostriform ...... 7. Gaulerpa cupres- 2, p. 135, pl. I, f. 2a, b; Setchell and Gardner. soides. Alg. ofN. America 1903, p. 230; Harvey, Phyc. Brit. 1846, pl. 119 ; Vickers, Phyc. Barb. 1908, 3. Frond large scarcely or clearly dented p. 30, pl. 53, f. 1. 2 ; Smith 1944, Mar. alg. of ...... 8. Gaulerpa scalpelliformis. Mont. Pen. p. 73. C. Fronds vesicular ...... 4. Frond more or less erect reaching a height up to 10 em. It is pale green in colour. Bran­ 4. Vertical axes jointed...... 9. ching of axis profuse and radial. Branches are Gaulerpa Fergusonii. irregularly placed, becoming progressively smaller with not much difference between the The Ga1llerpas of Ceylon have been dealt very lesser branches and the slender branchlets. well by Nils Svedelius in his monograph on Long rhizoids are found at the bases of lower "Some Species of Oaulerpas from Ceylon" in branches which grow downward along the axis. 1906. I have not come across any new species of oaulerprts. However I shall list below the Distribution in Ceylon : Galle, Keerimalai. caulerpas I have collected with brief descriptions as the papers of Svedelius and Collins are not Geog. distribution : British Channel, West readily available now. Indies, N. America, Japan, Bermuda. 1. Gaulepa crassifolia (Ag.) J. G. Agardh 1872, Till Algernes Systematik, I, p. 13 ; FAMILY 3. CAULERPACEAE REICHENB M. A. Howe, 1905 a, Phycological studies II., p. 574 ; Svedelius, I. c., p. III; Boergesen, I. c. 10. Oaulerpa Lamoureux p. 130; Syn. Gaulerpa pinnata, Weber V. Bosse Key to the species of Oaulerpa 1898, Monographic des Gaulerpes, p. 289 ; Gaulerpa Harveyana Kuetzing, Tab. Phyc. A. Pinnate fronds with linear lanceolate VII, pl. III ; Gaulerpa M exicana Sond. Murray outline ...... 1. catalouge p. 38 ; Collins, 1905, Green Alg. of N. America. p. 413 ; Svedelius 1906, Ceylon 1. Pinnules flat ...... 1. Gaulerpa species of Gaulerpa, p. III. crassifolia. Stolon creeping, naked, frond is on the top l. Pinnules mucronate or tapering at of a pedicel which is cylindrical or flattened, tip ...... 2. from creeping horizontal axis several assimila­ tors are given off and these have very clear pro­ 2. Pinnules narrow at base and tapering to liferations, sometimes petiole wanting, leaf tip ...... 2. Gaulerpa taxifolia. linear lanceolate, pinnate up to 10 em. high, pinnules opposite, plane, at the base as wide 2. Pinnules at the base somewhat larger than as at the middle, erect, top rounded or the curved and mucrons.te tip ...... 3. Gaulerpa mucronate. Grows at a depth, varying from sertularioides. 1-10 meters.

26 Distribution of Ceylon : Weligama, Pearl Stolons naked and creeping, frond simple or Banks in the Gulf of Mannar especially from branched, pinnate, pinnules opposite or sub­ North Moderagam Paar. opposite, cylindricalorcompressed; base slightly larger than the apex which is curved and Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Pacific mucronate, rachis narrow, distance between Ocean, .Atlantic Ocean from the West Indies to the pinnules equal to the width of the pinnule. Canaries. The specimen I collected is forma longiseta with long narrow pinnules in close rows, 2-3 em. 2. Oaulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) .Agardh high. They grow in tufts on exposed rocks in the littoral region at a depth varying from 1822, Species ,Algarum, p. 435; Weber V. 1·5-15 meters. In forma brevis the leaves Bosse 1898, Monographie des Oaulerpas. p. are l em. in height. 292; Vickers, 1908, Phycologia Barbadensis p. 26, Pl. XLI ; Greville 1853, p. 2, Pl. I, fig. Distribution in Ceylon : Tangalle, W eligama, I ; Collins, species of caulerpas, p. 112. Galle, Colombo, Jaffna, and Trincomalee. This specimen was dredged from the Pearl Geog. distribution: Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Banks and it belongs to the forma tristichophylla, Friendly Islands, and West Indies. where some of the assimilators have the pin­ nules at the base clearly arranged in three rows. 4. Oaulerpa uvifera (Turner) J. Ag. Several forms of 0. taxifolia are found in the shores of Ceylon. In forma typica the pinnules 1872. Oaulerpa racemosa var. uvifera., Till are sickle-shaped, curved upwards, 4 to 5 .Algernes Syst. Vol. IX, p. 35 ; Collins 1905 times as long as the breadth of the main axis. 420; Svedelius 1906, Ceylon species of Oauler­ Syn. Oaulerpa falcata. Kuetzing Tab. Phyc. p9s. p. 121. VII. 5. V.; in forma asplenoides the pinnules Frond delicate simple or branched with dense are straight and not sickle-shaped, usually found multiseriate ramuli, usually obovoid, sometimes in deep water. Forma interrupta is similar to globular. In Ceylon 0. uvijem is restricted to forma asplenoides but smaller and in the main the littoral region. It is found in large quanti­ axis there are naked parts between the pinnules. ties on the beaches of Kankesanturai washed This form is formed by repeated rhythmical ashore from deep areas. It has a richly point growth of the assimilator. In all forms developed root system than 0. racemosa. The of 0. taxifolia stolons are naked and creeping, root branches are longer and more branched fronds in one plane lanceolate linear, simple into innumerable fine root branchlets and or branched pinnate up to 30 em. long, opposite, adhere firmly to sand and shell particles. erect, contracted at the base, and long attenu­ ate at the tip, ending in a short mucro, rachis Distribution in Ceylon: Bentota, Kankesan­ slender. It is similar to 0. sertularioides turai and J affna Islands. but have characteristic sickle-shaped narrow Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Pacific pinnules arranged oppositely and contracted Ocean and Atlantic West Indies. at the base. Distribution in Ceylon : Matara, Colombo, 5. Oaulerpa peltata (Turn.) Lamouroux. Pearl Banks. Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, West Indies, 1809, Memoire surles Oaulerpes. Journ. de Flores, Australia, Sandwich Islands. Bot. Vol. II, Pl. III, fig. 2; J. Agardh 1872, Till .Algernes Syst. I, p. 37; Weber V Bosse, Monographie des Oaulerpes, 1898, p. 372, Pl. 3. Oaulerpa sertularioides (Gmelin) Howe XXXI, figs. 9-11, XXXII, fig. 8; Svedelius, 1905 a., Phycol. Studies II, p. 576; Vickers, 1906, Ceylon species of Oaulerpas. p. 131. 1908, Phycologia Barbadensis p. 26, Pl. XLII. ; Stolon naked, creeping, robust or delicate, C. plumaris, Harvey, 1858, Ner. Bor. Americana branched. .Axis long and horizontal giving part III. p. 17, Weber V. Bosse 1898, p. 294, rise to vertical axes with numerous peltate pl. XXIV, figs. 5-6 ; Collins 1905, Green .Algae branchlets, with a diameter from 3-8 mm. of N . .Amer. p. 414; Svedelius, 1906, Ceylon usually 3 mm. The disc-shaped branchlets species of Oaulerpa, p. 114. are more or less closely set, but they radiate in

27 all directions with the peltate aBsimilation sub navicular pinnules are arranged in three discs directly obliquely upwards. Length of rows along the main axis, occasionally branch vertical axis varies from 1-10 em. with the pinnules in two rows. Distribution in Ceylon: Kankesan1jurlti, Galle. Distribution in Ceylon : Kankesanturai and Geog. distribution: Indian Ocea.n, Pacific Pearl Bank in the Gulf of Mannar. Ocean, Red Sea, Canary Islands and West Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Pacific Indies. Ocean, Atlantic West Indies.

6. (Esper) Lamouroux Oaulerpa chemnitzia 8. Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R. Brown) J. G. Agardh, 1872, Till Algernes Systematic. Weber V. Bosse I, p. 36 ; Syn. 0. racemosa var. Ohemnitzia, WeberVBosse1898,Monographie des Oaulerpes. 1898.' Monographie des Caulerpes, p. 298, p. 370; Svedelius 1906, Ceylon species of Svedehus 1906, Ceylon species of Oaulerpas, Oaulerpas. p. 129. p. 109. This species is a transition form between forma intermedia Weber V. Bosse. C.racemosa (Weber V Bosse) and 0. Peltata. But forma denticulata (decaisne) Weber V. Bosse. it possess branchlets of different kinds. At the base of the vertical axis they are partly cylin­ These ~re large forms, attaining as much as drical, but gradually becomes broader and trum­ 36 em. 111 length. Fronds lanceolate-linear pet-shaped upwards. The branchlets vary very lobes varying considerably in shape scarcely much, sometimes cylindrical basal axes are few den~ated and slightly curved upwards, mostly and sometimes trumpet-shaped axes begin very straight, sometimes short and broad, clearly early and constitute major branchlets. In dented but not curved. Some different forms Ceylon species the branchlets developed higher occur in the same or different leaf from the are spherical. Characteristic features are that same rhizome. Most Ceylon species belona to the first formed and earliest developed branches forma intermedia. Regenerating shoots o is are cylindrical, but later form trumpet-shaped characteristic of this species. These arise swellings with flattened points. Usually found from t~e points of the lobes or median part of in deeper waters. thelamma. As described by Svedelius numerous veins run through the centre of the leaf and Distribution in Ceylon : Kankesanturai, from them fan-shaped veinlets run .into the Mandativu and Jaffna lagoon. lobes, but curve back again towards the :main Geog. distribution : Red Sea, Indian Ocean veins. This feature is characteristic of 0. scal­ and Atlantic West Indies. pelliformis. Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the 7. Caulerpa cupressoides (Vahl) Agardh Gulf ofMannar. Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Mauritius, 1822, Species Algarum, p. 411 ; Weber V. Australia, Tasmania, West coast of Africa. Bosse 1898, Mon. des Caulerpes, p. 323, Pis. XVII and XVIII; Harvey 1858. Ner. Bor. Amer. 3, p. 21, Pl. XXXIX. B; Collins, 1905, 9. Caulerpa Fergusonii Murray p. 416; Svedelius 1906, Ceylon species of Caulerpa p. 115. 1891, On new species of Caulerpa. Trans. of Stolon thick and naked, frond cylindrical the Linn. Soc. of London, 2nd series, Vol. III, at the base, complanated above, branches Botany, London, p. 212, pl. 53, fig. I ; Weber regular erect or slightly spreading or irregular V. Bosse, 1898, Monographie des Caulerpes, with dichotomous branching surrounded by p. 398; Svedelius 1906, Ceylon Species of ramuli which are di- tri- or multiseriate, sub Caulerpas, p. 140 ; Okamura, 1914, Vol. III. navicular in form with broad base at the leones of Japanese Algae, p. 120, Pl. CXXX. central axis and rounded dorsally ; other figs. 10-14. ramuli ovoid conical, compressed or even Stolon naked and cylindrical, vertical axis cylindrical always mucronate. Characteristic simple or alternately branched, compressed feature is the great regularity with which the elongated up to 22 em. in length, articulated in

28 short distance, with cuneate obovoid joints Vickers I908, p. 2I, Pl. XXII; Taylor, I928· which measure 6-7 mm. in length, ramenta Mar. Alg. of Florida, p. 72 (Plate 5, figs. 10, compressed, obovate, tapering below, rounded 25 ; Plate II, fig. I5). at apex, distichous and opposite, arising from The original species in Ulva cavernosa Forssk. every articulation, about I em. long, 5-6 mm. C. Agardh mentioned Ulva cavernosa in Species broad. Substance juicy and membranaceous. Algarum p. 426 as "Miki ignota species" The plant is closely related to 0. cactoides. and in Systema Algarum p. I90 as a species Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the enquirenda. The plants are I-7 em. in dia­ Gulf of Mannar. meter consisting of a single layer of cells or Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Japan. irregularly more than one layer, increase by internal division of cells or by budding cells, I-1 mm. in diameter attached laterally by ORDER I. SIPHONOCLADALES (BLACK­ tentaculae. The characteristic feature is the MAN AND TRANSLEY alternately placed hapteras along the margin of the cells. FAMILY I. VALONIAC.l£ NAEG Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the SUB-F.Al\'1ILY I. VALONICE.lE BOERGESEN Gulf of Mannar. Geog. distribution : West Indies, Mexico, II. Valonia Ginnani India, Pacific Ocean and Mauritius. I. Valonia utricularis Agardh

I822, Species Algarum I. p. 431 ; Kuetzing, SD'B-F~MILY 2. BOODLEAE BOERGESEN Pl. LXXVI, fig. 2b-e, I856; J. Agardh, Till Algernes Systematic VIII, p. 98 ; Collins, 13. Cladophoropsis Boergesen Green Algae of North America, I909, p. 173. Vescicle stout, cylindrical-clavate with 1. Cladophoropsis membranacea (Ag.) similar proliferations, peripheral cells cut off Boergesen at the apex of the vescicle grow out into branches which may give rise to tertiary ones. Lower (Plate III, Figs. l, 2) parts of fronds decumbent or creeping among 1905, Boergesen, contri. ala conn. du Genra other algae, then erect up to 6 em. high often Siphonocladus Sch. Acad. Roy. Sci. Denmark, forming dense tufts, membranes dark green. p. 27 ; Vickers, 1908, Phyc. Barb. p. 20, Pl. This specimen was dredged from a depth of XVII ; Siponocladus membranaceous (Ag.) 15 meters in the Pearl Banks. They were found Bornet in J oun. de Botanique, vol. I, 1887, attached to small soft stones. p. 56. Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the Plants occur as aegagropila-like clumps Gulf of Mannar. lying loose in the bottom and cast ashore in Geog. distribution : Mediterranean, Altantic large quantities. or epiphytic on other algae. coast of Spain and Madaira, Bermuda, Bahama They form cushions or clumps which consist of Europe. numerous filaments woven together and some­ times fixed by means of rhizoids or tena.cula. 12. Dictyosphaeria Decaisne Ramification of filaments irregular, branches grow from all sides, sometimes only from the 1. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forssk.) apex of the filament, several branches grow Boergesen out secundly, cells have a very different length, short and long cells mixed together. Diameter I932, A revision of Forsskal's algae men­ of filament from 150-280[L. Zoosporangia. tioned in the Flora Aegypticaco-Arabica p. 2 ; are formed in some cases and zoospores escape Boergesen I946, An additional list of species through a pore from a lateral outgrowth. to part I., Chlorophyceae in some Marine Algae Found in shallow waters and in exposed places. from Mauritius, Biol. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 20 No. 6, p. I3; Dictyosphaeria favulosa (C. Distribution in Ceylon : Keerimalai, Galle. Agardh) Decaisne, I842, p. 32 ; Harvey I958, Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Florida, Ner. Bor. Americana p. 50, Pl. XLIV B; West Indies.

29 SUB-FAMILY 3. SIPONOCLADEAE BOERGESEN Thallus forms dense tufts on rocks about 3 em. high. Thallus consists of cylindrical 14. E rnodesmis Boergesen filaments about 600-700fJ. thick, filaments placed more or less vertically but many grow l. Ernodesmis verticillata (Kuetz.) Boergs. out in various directions between the upward directed filaments, thus felted cushions are (Plate V, Fig. 4) formed. Cushions fastened to rocks by haptera. When division is going to take place in the 1912, Some Chlorophyceae from Danish filament the uppermost end becomes a little West Indies, II, Botanisk Tiddsskrift, 32. thicker and the internal cell content accumulates Bd. p. 259 ; Valonia verticillata Kuetz. Species into a spherical mass which becomes separated Algarum, p. 508 ; Tab. Phycol., Vol. VI, p. 88, by a wall and begins to grow in length. Mter J. Agardh 1887, Till Algernes Systematik. development 2 cupola-like outgrowths appear VIII, p. 100 ; Valonia aegagrophila elongata, just below the wall and become swollen with C. Agardh, 1822, Species algarum, p. 430. cell content and are separated by walls and soon begin to grow. Cells contain roundish Plant fixed to ground by irregularly ramified or polygonal chromatophores with elongated and septated rhizoids, annular corrugations corners forming a more or less coherent net. occur in the lowermost stalk leaving a small Numerous roundish nuclei are scattered under passage open in the middle of the cell. Main the chromatophores. The thick wall is com­ stalk broadly rounded, sometimes little swollen, posed of several layers. bears a bundle of branches 5-8 sometimes more, branches similar to mother cell, clavate, thinnest Distribution in Ceylon : Galle, Dehiwala, at the base. Branches separated by conclave Keerimalai, Mandativu. wall from the mother cell. In the upper ends Geog. distribution: West Indies, India, the branches again are ramified. Reproduction Australia and Malayan Archipelago. whole cell transformed into sporangium and perhaps zoospores escape through numerous pores formed in the cell wall. The plant occurs notonlyfixed but also in aegagropila-like clumps and are often cast ashore. In such cases the 16. Anadyomene Lamouroux basal part is usually lacking. l. Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen) Agardh Distribution in Ceylon : Moderagam Paar in the Pearl Bank. (Plate V, Fig. 5)

Geog. distribution : West Indies, Brazil. 1822, Species Algarum, Vol. I, p. 400; Vickers 1908, Phyc. Barb. p. 21, Pl. XXI ; A.jlabellata, Harvey 1858, Ner. Bor. Americana, p. 49, Pl. XLIVA ; Collins, 1909, Green Alg. of SUB-F.AlVIILY 4. ANADYOMENCEAE BOERGESEN N. America, p. 365, pl. 14, fig. 125.

15. V aloniopsis Boergesen Frond often tufted 5-6 em. tall and 8-10 em. diameter with foliaceous expanded lobes, usually l. V aloniopsis pachynema (Martens) Boergs. ovate or reniform in outline. They consist of a single layer of cells, stipe produced into (Plate V, Figs. 1, 2) palmately arranged clavate cells forming similar­ ly dividing series throughout the frond, inter­ 1934, Some marine algae of the northern spaces filled with similar oblong cells issuing part of the Arabian Sea. pp. 10-17, figs. 1, 2; at right angles to the ribs and forming a con­ Valonia confervoides Harvey, Alg. Ceylon exsicc. tinuous membrane. Frequently found in rock no. 73 (nomen nudum); J. Agardh 1887, Till crevices or found on rocks and corals. Algernes Systematik, p. 100, Bryopsis pachynema Distribution in Ceylon : Galle. Martens, Die Preu. Exped. nach Ostasien, Bot. Theil. Die Tange von G. V. Martens, Geog. distribution : Mediterranean Sea, p. 24, pl. IV, fig. 2 (1866). Bermuda, West Indies, and S. America

:30 ORDER 5. DASYCLADIALES FELDMANN and Gardner, Marine Algae, Gulf of California 1924, p. 724, Pl. 19, figs. 58 ; Sauvageau, Rem. FAMILY l. DASYCLADIACEAE (ENDL.) sur les Sphac. 1901, p. 156. CRAMER Filaments erect and closely tufted up to 1 em. 17. Acetabularia Lamouroux in height and growth by an apical cell. The terminal hairs sometimes take the place of 1. Acetabularia crenulata Lamouroux the terminal cell. Erect filaments 15-45\L in (Plate V, Figs. 6, 7) diameter, usually about 35\L in diameter below bearing slender propagulae whose stalk is 1816, Histoire des polypiers coralligenes attached to the axis by a poorly developed flexibles vulgairement nommes zoophytes Caen. pedicellar joint. Stalk of propagulum about p. 249 ; Harvey 1858,. Ner. Bor. Americana Vol. 800\L long and 25\L in diameter. It bears at X., p. 40, Pl. XLII. A; Vickers 1908, Phyc. its summit two slender spreading arms about Barb. p. 29, Pl. XLVIII; A. Oaraibica Kuetz­ 450\L in length, rays about 5-8 cells not attenu­ ing, Tab. Phy. Vol. 6 p. 33, Pl. XCIII. ated towards the apices. Stipe up to 10 em. high bearing a terminal The present species were found epiphytic on disc, which is basin-shaped, rarely flat, strongly Sargassum. calcified, with crenulate margin 6-15 mm. Distribution in Ceylon : Colpetty, Bambala­ diameter and often several other discs at pitiya, Mullaitivu and Pearl Banks in the Gulf various points or nodes showing the position of Mannar. of former discs, rays 30-80 firmly united, ends attached with a short cupola-like apiculum Geog. distribution : Florida, Gulf of Cali­ at the middle, corona superior, 15-26 mm. fornia, Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Ocean and diameter with hair scars on each ray; aplano­ the European seas. spores 75-140\L in diameter, 300-500 in a sporan­ gium. Stipes with a single disc. A. crenulata ORDER 2. ECTOCARPALES SE110HELL varies much as to the shape of the apex of the AND GARDNER rays. Rounded and emerginate apices are common. But the Ceylon species are FAMILY J. RALFSIACEAE KJELLMAN emarginate. 2. Raljsia Berkeley Distribution in Ceylon : Senthamkulam, J affna lagoon and Kankesanturai. 1. Raljsia Oeylanica Harvey Geog. distribution: West Indies, North Harvey No. 59. America. This alga was not distributed with Harvey's numbered sets, but the British Museum possesses a specimen which had been sent to Professor DIVISION 2. PHAEOPHYTA PASCHER Dickie from Trinity College Herbarium, by Fer­ guson. I have received a few fragments of Class 1. Phaeophyeeae Hauck this specimen from Mrs. Y. M. Butler, British Sub-elass I. Phaeosporeae Thuret Museum. On examining this species I find that it has a close resemblance to R. pacifica ORDER I. SPHACELARIALES OLTMANNS Hollenburg (ross) and toR. verrucosa Anderson FAMILY I. SPACELARIACEAE REINKE of (Areschoug) J. Ag. in that the thallus has (EMEND) OLTMANNS the upper surface with radial or concentric ridges. Cells of the lower portion of the thallus 1. Sphacelaria Lyngbye about 15\)- broad and in upwardly curving rows with cells in the upper portion of thallus 1. Sphacelaria furcigera Kuetzing about lOy. broad and in vertical rows. The (Plate VI, Figs. 4-7) gametophytic plant with uniseriate gametan­ gium about 80\L long. I have not examined 1855, Tab. Phyc. Vol. 5, p. 27, pl. 90 fig. 2; the sporophytic plant. Since the material R.einke Beitr. zur vergal. Anat. u. Morph. de I have is rather scanty I am unable to decide Sphacel. 1891, p. 14, pl. 4, figs. 5-13 ; Setchell whether this species is a synonym of R. pacifica

31 Hollen. and R. verrtwosa Anderson. This can Encoelium intricatum Kuetz. Spec. Alg. p. 551, be decided if I happen to collect them in Tab. Phycol. Vol. 9, Tab. 5; Hydroclathrus future in Ceylon. intricatus Heydr., Beitr. AlgenfJ.ora von Osta­ Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean. sien, p. 286. (Hedwigia 33, 1894.) Plants form intricated tufts as irregularly ramified filaments felted together, tubular FAMILY 2. ECTOCARPACEAE HARVEY cylindrical or somewhat flattened alternately 3. Ectocarpus Lyngbye or subdichotomously, bl'anching abundantly in the upper portion, branches 1-10 mm. in l. Ectocarpus breviarticulatus J. Ag. diameter, generally contorted, cells of the epidermis angular. In transverse section it (Plate VI, Figs. 10, II) consists of large cells near the cavity and small Nya algen fraan Me:x:ico, Ofversigt af K. cells near the periphery. These cells are Vetensk-Akad. Forhandl. 1847, p. 17; Boer­ covered by a layer of polygonal cells about 14[-L gesen, Mar. Alg. Dan. West Indies Vol. I, p.173, broad and each containing a disc-shaped, fig. 136, 1913; South Indian Marine Algal Flora roundish or slightly lobed chromatophores. II, 1937, p. 312 ; 1908 Phyc. Barb. Part II, Sporangia somewhat clavate in shape about Pl. 29. 15-16[-L long and 5-7[-L broad. Hairs are present in small groups or are scattered. Plants form law dense tufts about 2-4 em. high attached to rocks or other suitable sub­ Distribution in Ceylon: Mandativu, Delft stratum and are composed of thin or thick rope­ and Pearl Banks in the Gulf of Mannar. like spongy masses. The plants become twisted Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Florida, together by means of bent ramuli and numerous Danish West Indies. hooks spread along the main filaments. Some­ times thin rhizoids are found in place of ramuli or hooks. Growth takes place from any 5. Oolpomenia Derbes and Solier point of the filament. The .filaments are about 25-30[-L thick and the cells about 1-2 1. Oolpomenia sinuosa (Roth) Derbes and Solier times their diameter in length, and contain (Fig. 1) discoid chromatophores. The plurilocular sporangia are barrel-shaped or somewhat ovoid 1856, Memoire sur quelques points de la and placed nearly at right angles to the fila­ Physiologie des Algques, p. II, pl. 22, figs. ment and stalk consists of only a single cell. 18-20; Boergesen, 1914, Marine Algae of Danish Length of sporangium about 60[-L and 50-60[1. West Indies, p. 176, figs. 138 ; Setchell and broad. This species occurs on exposed places Gardner, Algae of N. W. America, 1903, p. on rocks and stones. 242; Taylor, 1928, Marine Algae of Florida p. Distribution in Ceylon : Mandativu. llO, Pl. 7. fig. I, Pl. 19, figs. 3 and 4; Smith, 1944, p. 128, Pl. 20. fig. I ; Ulva sinuosa Roth, Geog. distribution: Mexico, West Indies, 1806, Catalecta Botanica III, p. 327, tab. XII, Indian Ocean. fig. A; Encoelium sinuosum Ag., Spec. Alg. I, p. 146 ; Systema p. 267 ; Kuetzing, Spec. Alg. ORDER 3. DICTYOSIPHONALES SETOHELL p. 552; Tab. Phycol. Vol. IX, pl. 8. A.ND GARDNER l!,rond rounded and inflated hol1ow rigid and somewhat coriaceous, size and shape FAMILY I. SCYTOSIPHONACEAE FOSILE irregular and lobed, solitary or clustered, when 4. Rosenvingea Boergesen large 3-5 em. in diameter, wall 0·3 to 0·4 mm. in thickness, surface much convoluted folded l. Rosenvingea intricata (J. Ag.) Boergesen at maturity with tubercles ; walls composed (Plate VII, Fig. 6 ; Plate XXII. Fig. 2) internally of nearly coloured cells up to 180[1. in diameter with small cells 4-8[-L in diameter 1914, Marine Algae of Danish West Indies p. towards the surface richly filled with chromato­ 182 ; Vickers, 1908, Phyc. Barb. p. 41, Pl. 24 phores. Plurilocular sporangia in dense groups as Striaria intricata; Taylor, 1928, Marine scattered all over the surface layer being Algae of Florida, p. III, Pl. 15,. figs. 15-17; formed round the depressed group of hairs.

32 Sporangia cylindrical or clavate and para­ Ohnoospora Jastigata var. pacifica J. A g. Spec. physes obovate. This specimen was found .Alg. 1848 p. 171-172 ; Barton, On the fruit of growing in sheltered areas on the rocks. Ohnoospora fastigiata, 1898a, · p. · 507 ; Taylor Distribution in Ceylon: Galle. 1942, as G. pacifica in Caribbean Marine .Algae p. 51. Geog. distribution: India, Japan, England, Florida, widely distributed in the warm seas. Plants growing in gregarious tufts attaining a height of 10 em. or more, attached to the substratum by means of a solid dis,_-shaped 6. Hydroclathrus Bory holdfast. They are dark brown in colour, l. Hydroclathrus clathratus (Bory) Howe wiry, and branching irregularly dichotomous, somewhat expanded below in forks 2-4 mm. 1920, The Bahama Flora, New York, p. wide 1 mm. thick in acute angles. They were 590 ; Taylor, 1928, Marine Algae of Florida, found growing on rocks in the intertidal region. p. II, Pl. 15. fig. 19, Pl. 19. fig. I ; 1942, Carib­ These specimens were found growing in abun­ bean mar. Algae p. 52 ; HydroGlathrus cancel­ dance on rocks. latus Bory "Diet. class VIII, p. 419 ",Harvey, Distribution in Ceylon : Matara, Hambantota 1852, p. 21, Pl. 9, figs. A, l-3 ; Vickers, 1908, and Keerimalai. Phyc. Barb. p. 41, Pl. 23; Boergesen, 1914, Mar. Alg. Danish West Indies, p. 177; Enocoe­ Geog. distribution : Indian and Pacific Ocean, li·um clathratum Ag. Spec. Alg. p. 412; Aspero­ Japan, Australia, West Indies. coccus clathratus J. Ag., Spec. Alg. I. p. 75. Plants spreading forming expansions attached Sub-class 2. Aplanosporeae Setchell and by under surface to rocks ; becoming hollow Gardner and irregularly lobed perforate and net-like. The young fronds are somewhat pressed ORDER 4. DICTYOTALES KJELLMAN together and have small rounded holes. The holes expand and grow wider as the membrane FAMILY l. DICTYOTACEAE HARVEY expands and new holes are also formed in the 8. Stoechospermum Kuetzing interspaces so that the whole membrane becomes bag-like and converted into a delicate I. Stoechospermum marginatum (Ag.) Kuetzing lace network. The margin aro·.md each hole (Plate VII, Fig. 7) is involute. Walls about 0·2-0·3 mm. thick composed of a central parenchyma of cells 1843, Phycologia gener. p. 339; Spec. Alg. 50-150[1. in diameter with small ones towards 1849, p. 560 ; Tab. Phyc. Vol. IX, tab. 40, the surface layer I'ichly provided with chromato­ fig. I; Zonaria marginata Ag. Systema, p. 266; phores, hairs found in the depressions of the Stoechospermum patens J. Ag., Spec . .Alg. Vol. I, sori. These specimens were found in the l8.goons p. 97; Kuetzing Tab. Phyc. Vol. IX, Pl. 40, at a depth of 1-2 meters. fig. 2; Boergesen, 1932, Some Indian Green and Distribution in_Ceylon: Kalpitiya lagoon and Brown Algae, Ind. Bot. Soc. Vol. 9, p. 67, fig. 8. J affna lagoon. Fronds grow in tufts reaching a height of Geog. distribution: Tropical seas, Nether­ 12 em. or more. The base consists of irregularly lands, West Indies, Aruba Island, Venezuela, ramified and bent decumbent branches woven Florida, Japan. together. They are attached to the substratum by means of numerous rhizoids. Spathu1ate outgrowths are given off from the decumbent FAMILY 2. CHNOOSPORACEAE SETCHELL branches and they generally grow upwards like AND GARDNER erect parts of the thallus. Plants have marginal 7. Ohnoospora J. Ag. growth. In transverse section greater part consists of large paren{lhymatous cells in the l. Ohnoospora Ja~tigiata J. Ag. middle covered by two layers of small cells. Large groups of hairs are scattered on both (Plate VI, Figs. 8, 9, Plate XXII, Fig. 1) sides of the thallus. Tetrasporangia arranged in 1847, Nya Alg., p. 7; Setchell and Gardner, longitudinal rows with irregular outlines towards Marine algae of California 1924, p. 72S; the margin. A great number of Acrochaetium

33 4-J. N. R 12429 (10/60) and Erythrotrichia species were attached to cortex of a single layer of small cells 8-14[Llong both surfaces of the thallus. They were found and 10-12[L broad in surface view. Sub­ growing on rocks. corticallayer oflarger cells, upper submedullary Distribution in Ceylon : Colpetty, Mandativu. layer of thin cells of the same lateral dimensions. Geog. distribution : India, Red Sea. The number of subepidermal layers usually equal on both sides of the blade, marginal growing cells very large 40-45[J. wide, the lower segments dividing less than the upper. The 9. Spathoglossum Kuetzing specimens were attached to the rocks in the L Spathoglossum asperum J. Ag. sub-littoral region. 1894, Analecta algologica Cont. I, p. 36 ; Distribution in Ceylon : Kankesanturai and Boergessen 1935, List of Marine Algae from Col petty. Bombay p. 35 ; Alg. Mauritius, Il, 1941, p. 48. Geog. distribution: Mexico, Ecuador, Pacific Plants are bushy reaching a height of 10-30 and Indian Ocean, Japan. em. Thallus palmate, strap-shaped ~md divided in an irregular manner into numerous large and smaller lobes. They are elongate 11. Stypopodium Kuetzing linear lanceolate tapering. downwards into a more or less acute base and upwards with an 1. Stypopodium Zonale (Lamouroux) :acute or rounded apex. Other lobes become Papenfuss broadened out irregularly and are deeply cleft. Short spines are found along the margin of the (Plate VII, Fig. 8.) lobes more densely on the lower part of the thallus. The surface of the thallus is smooth 1940, Notes on South African Marine Algae and surface cells seen from above are arranged I, p. 205, Botanisca Notiser; Stypopodium in more or less distinct rows. They are lobatum J. Ag. Analecta Cont. I, 1894, p. 20; quadratic about 30-40[L broad. Fructiferous Zonaria lobata J. Ag., C. Ag., 1824, Systema organs scattered on the surface of the thalius. Algarum p. 265 ; J. Ag. 1848, Sp. I, p. 109, Plant greenish in colour. Till Algernes Syst. II, 1872, p. 46 ; Harvey, 1852, Ner. Bor. Amer. t. VII. C; Zonaria Distribution in Ceylon : Delft. zonata C. Ag. Syn. Alg. Scand. XX, 1817 ; Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Mauritius. Zonaria zonalis Howe in Britton Flora of Bermuda, p. 507, 1918; Stypopodium Juli­ ginosum Kuetz, Tab. Phyc. IX, 1859, t. 63, f I; 10. Pocockiella Papenfuss Spathoglossum multiparitum, Tab. Phyc. IX, l. Pocockiella variegata (Lamouroux) 1859, t. 50. Papenfuss Thallus 10 em. or more attached to the (Plate VII, Fig. 9) substratum by an irregular holdfast and rhi­ zoids on the branches. Thallus cleft into 1943, American Journ. of Botany 30, p. 467, segments which are narrowly cuneate to linear figs. 1-14; Gymnosorus variegatus J. Ag. 1894, from slender stalk-like base, sometimes broadly Analecta Algologica Cont. I, p. 11; Gymno­ triangular blades are arranged irregularly. sorus collaris J. Ag., ibid; Zonaria variegata Each medullary cell is covered by a layer Taylor 1928, p. 124, pl. 15, figs. 20 to 22, Pl. 17, composed of several epidermal cells. Para­ fig. 4; Aglaozonia canariensis Setchell and physes are absent in the sporangia! sorus and Gardner, 1930, p. 147. sporangia bordering the hair zones and pro­ Plants crustaceous about 5-6 em. tall ducing only 4 spores. Specimens were cast attached by monoliform rhizoids on the under ashore during the monsoon. surface. Thallus cleft becoming triangular Distribution in Ceylon : Mullaitivu. :to sub-orbicular up to 4 em. broad, blades light brown. They consist of a marginal row of Geog. distribution: West Indies, South apical cells which develop into a single laycr of Africa, Canaries, Bermuda, Florida, Brazil to large central medullary cubical cells. Upper Cape of Good Hope.

34 1 2. Dictyopteris Lamoroux to the substratum by means of rhizoids. Thallus dichotomously or irregularly branched with Key to the species of Dictyopteris broadly round sinuses, when in contact they are 1. Margin of frond fringed with minute united by rhizoids. Branches 0·5-2 mm. wide, spine-like teeth ...... L D. Woodwardii margin nearly entire. The thallus· consists of I. Margin entire ...... 2 two layers of cells except the midrib and incon­ spicuous marginal ribs. Hairs present on one 2. Plants small, irregularly dichotomous side of the thallus placed in roundish or oval branching with broadly round groups and occur on both sides of the midrib. sinuses ...... 2. D. delicatula Sori in single rows on both sides of the midrib. 2. Plants large, dichotomously branched This specimen was dredged from a depth of with obtuse apex ...... 3 5-7 fathoms. D. polypoides Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the Gulf of Mannar. l. (Brown) Ag. Dictyopteris Woodwardii J. Geog. distribution : Florida, Bermuda, West (Plate XXIII) Indies, Brazil, Mexico and the Malayan Archi­ pelago. Spec. I, p. 116 ; Kuetzing, Tab. Phyc. Vol. IX, tab. 53, fig. 2 ; Fucus woodwardii Brown in Turner, Fu:;i tab. 158. 3. Dictyopteris polypodioides (Desf.) Ag. Plants of medium size attaining a height of 1820 as Haliseris polypoides Ag. Sp. I, p. 142, 15-25 em. Fronds repeatedly dichotomously 1824, Syst. p. 262; Grev. 1830 Alg., Brit. t. branching with distinct midrib, flat about XIX; J. Ag. 1848, Sp. I, p. 117 ; Kuetz, 1843, 0 · 6-0 · 7 em. wide, membranaceous, margin Phyc. gener. p. 340, t. 23 ; 1849, Sp. p. 261, fringed with spine-like teeth. Midrib passes 1859 Tab. Phyc. IX, t. 53, f. I, Ardiss, 1883, through the whole frond but lower part stiff and Phyc. Med. I, p. 488; Dictyopteris elongata et black, growing pale gradually to the same D. polypodioides Lamouroux 1809, in Desv. colour as the frond. Surface is perforated all J ourn. II, p. 421 ; Lamouroux, 1805, Diss. p~ 32, over on both sides with minute black scattered t. 24, f. 1-2. pores which give off short white jointed fibres, apices are bifid with short obtuse segments. Fronds arising from the base and attaining The intermediate space between spines being a height of 20 em. or more. Lamina 0 ·5-1 em. circular, almost crenulate. The membrane in width, several times dichotomously branched, at the base usually worn away by the attrition margin entire, apex obtuse with distinct midrib, of the waves, and the midrib is naked and has surface dotted with tufts of white filaments the appearance of a stipe. It is pale olive green issuing from minute pores. Sporangia linear in colour and light brownish grass green on oblong forming a linear series on each side drying. The specimens were cast ashore. of the midrib. Ovate sporangia solitary or scattered over the frond or aggregated forming Distribution in Ceylon : Point Pedro and oblong spots. The specimens were dredged Kankesanturai. from a depth of 10 meters. Geog. distribution : Au:stralia, China. Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the Gulf of M

35 l. Fructiferous organs found on both sides sometimes stipulate when young, width of lobes of a row of hairs ...... 2 greater than the length. Each lobe 2·5 em. or more in diameter. Entire frond marked with 2. Fructiferpus organs developed at every concentric zones, usually covered with white other row of hairs only ...... 2 pulverulent . substance ; margin revolute. P. pavonia Fructifications blackish ovate sporangia some­ 2. Fructiferous organs developed along each what erect, each fixed to the base of its pellucid row of hairs ...... 3. P. tetrastromatica case. Usually yellowish or reddish olive in colour. Distribution in Ceylon: Galle and Jaffna l. Padina commersonii Bory lagoon. (Plate VII, Figs. 1-3; Plate XXV) Geog. distribution: Throughout the warm 1828, Voyage de la Coquille p. 114; J. seas. Agardh, ~pee. Alg., Vol. I, p. 113; Till Algernes Systematik, V. p. 119 ; Hauck in Hedwigia 1887, p. 42 and p. 44; Weber Van Bosse A 3. Padina tetrastromatica Hauck Liste des Algues. d. Siboga Part I, p. 178: (Plate VII, Figs. 4, 5; Plate XXVI, Fig. 1) fig. 51 ; Boergesen 1930, Some Indian Brown and Green Algae, J ourn. Bot. Soc. Vol. IX, 1887, Ueber einige von J. M. Hilderbrandt Nos. 2 and 3, p. 170; 1936, Some Marine Algae im Rothen Meere und Indischen Ocean gesam­ from Ceylon, Cey. Jour. of Sci. Vol. II, p. 77. melte Algen (Hedwigia p. 43); Weber Van Bosse, 1913, Algues du Siboga, I, p. 180; Plants erect in several clusters arising from Boergesen 1930, Journ. Ind. Bot. Soc., Vol. IX; the base. Rows of hairs and rows of tetra­ p.l72, fig. 10 and plate II, 1936, Ceylon Journ., sporang~a are alternately arranged. Tetra­ of Science, Section A, Vol. XII, Part 2. sporangia are found just above the rows of hairs and indusium is absent. ·rhallus it:~ Plant erect in several clusters varying in size composed of a layer of smaller cells above and a reaching a height of 12 em. or more. The Ia:yer of bigger cells below. In older parts, the thallus often lobed and divided into narrow b1gger cells become gradually divided by section which are 1-2 em. broad. They are transverse walls into two cells. Thus thallus conspicuously zonate due to the rows of fructi­ is composed of three layers of cells. They were ferous organs. They are arranged on both found growing on rocks. sides of a narrow row of hairs. Hairs are usually seen only in the young thallus and in older Distribution m Ceylon : Kankesanturai, parts rudimentary or absent. Fructiferous Keerimalai. organs are developed along each row of hairs Geog. distribution: Mauritius, India, Tonga and indusium is absent. Rows of the fructi­ Islands, Malayan Archipelago, Australia. ferous organs and the rows of hairs together are about 0 · 5 mm. broad and sterile part in between 2 · 5 mm. broad. In cross section 2. Padina pavonia (L) Lamour. thallus consists usually of two layers of cells and three layers of cells near the base. The thallus (Plate XXVI, Fig. 2) near the margin consisted of 4 layers of cells. Surface cells rectangular 40-50[1. long and Diet. class d' hist. nat. XII, p. 589; Gaill. 20-25[1. broad. The plant agrees with Boer­ Diet. e' hist. nat. LUI, p. 371 ; Greville, 1830, gesen's description of the Indian species but Algae Britanniaceae p. 62. Tab. lD, Lamour, 4 layers of cells were seen occasionally but not Essai, p. 57, Zonaria pavonia Ag. Sp. Alg. V.I. in the whole thallus as described by Madame 1820, p. 125; Syst. Alg. 1824, p. 263. Weber (1913) or in the greater part of the ~ronds kidney -shaped almost sessile, sub­ thallus as described by Hauck. entrre or deeply lobed, usually pulverulent on Distribution in Ceylon: Galle and Jaffna. one ?r b?th sides, the margins revolute, con­ centric lmes numerous, several fronds arise Geog. distribution : Somaliland, Malayan from the base in erect tufts 5-12 em. high, Archipelago, India.

36 14. Dictyota Lamouroux summits. They form loose clumps attached to the substratum by means of rhizoids. Fruc­ Key to the species of Dictyota tiferous organs solitary or scattered over the 1. Thallus entire or somewhat proliferous surface of the thallus. They occurred in shallow ...... 2 waters growing loose covering t.he sandy bottom. l. Thallus with teeth along the margins Distribution in Ceylon : Delft island (Jaffna). ································································ 3 2. Internodes less than 4 times longer than Geog. distribution : West Indies, Indian broad, upper dichotomies broad about Ocean, Tropical Australia. 80 degrees ...... 1 D. bartayresiana 2. Internodes less than 4 times longer than 2. Dictyota crenulata J. Ag. broad, upper dichotomies narrower 1847, Nya, Alg. p. 7; Setchell and Gardner about 10-60 degrees ...... · 5 1924, Gulf of California, p. 730, pl. 18, figs. 3. Thallus with crenulate margin ...... 2 50-51 ; Dictyota bartayresiana var. denticulata D. crenulata Kuetz. 1859, Tab. Phyc. Ix, p. 8 ; Vickers, 3. Thallus in which the margin is not 1908, Phyc. Barb. Pl. XVI; Boergesen 1914, crenulate ...... 4 Danish West Indies p. 212, fig. 162-153; Dawson, 1944 Marine Algae, Gulf of California 4. Thallus with subcylindrical teeth on the p. 228 ; Taylor, 1945, Pac. Mar, Algae p. 90, margin ...... 3 D. ciliata pl. 10, fig. 1. 4. Thallus with cuneate base broadening Fronds small in size attached to a stupose upwards with acute ciliate teeth on the base, dichotomously ramified with wide sinuses, margins of the lobes, basal thallus segments linear, margins crenulate, dentate more than l em. in width usually along the margin of lobe, narrow below, tongue­ ...... 4 D. atomaria shaped above, areolae rectangular or quadrate, 4. Thallus in which the base is not cuneate sori sparingly scattered over the whole surface and base usually less than l em. margins of the segments, antheridia and oogonia occur on provided sparingly with teeth both sides of the frond. Found growing on ...... 5 D. maxima rocks in sheltered areas. 5. Internodes 5 to 10 times as long as Distribution in Ceylon : Galle. broad ...... 6 Geog. distribution : Mexico, California, Pacific 5. Internodes 15-20 times as long as Ocean, West Indies. broad ...... 7 6. Plants larger, lower portion a little dark 3. Dictyota ciliata J. Ag. below, upper angles about 15 to 45 degrees ...... 6 D. dichotoma (Plate XXIV) 7. Upper ends not ending in fibrillar 1841, In Historiam Alg. Symbolae (Linnaea) tendrils ...... 7 D. indica XV, p. 5 ; Till Algernes Systematik V. 1882, p. 94; Analecta Algologica cont. I, p. 75; Harvey, 1852, Ner. Bor. Amer. p. llO, pl. 1. Dictyota Bartayresiana Lamouroux VIII.a; Kuetz, Tab. Phy. Vol. IX, pl. 27 ; 1809, Exposition des caracteres du genera Vickers 1908, Phyc. Barb. pl. XVII. Dictycta in Journ. de Bot., t. II p. 43 ; J. Ag. Plants reaching a height of about 15 em. or Sp. I, 19.20, p. 94 ; 'Iill Algernes Systematic V. more rather dichotomously branched, the 1882, p. 57 ; Kuetz. Tab. Phyc. IX, t. 16 ; angles narrow rounded to acute, usually flat and Vickers, 1908, Phyc. Barb. Pl. Xll, figs. l-4, spirally twisted. Fronds 7-8 mm. below and XIII, figs. l-5; Boergesen, 1934, Mar. Alg. 3-5 mm. in breadth above the forking, margins Arabian Sea. p. 29. subentire to closely and rather ciliate. Prolifer­ Plants generally low dense branches usually ations along the margin are seen when growing complanate entangled 2-6 mm. broad, dicho­ in sheltered places. Tetrasporangia occur in tomies equal angle 45-90° usually about 80°, seattered groups on both sides of the frond lobes ending in acute sometimes rounded usually up to l 0 sporangia in each sorns. Oogonia are found in roundish ~ori and Tetrasporangia spread over the whole surface .antheridia in larger oblong to oval son on both This specimen was dredged from a depth sides of the thallus. Antheridia about 50(-J. of 10 meters. long and 30-35(-J. broad. This species was found Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the growing in muddy bottom in a sheltered area. Gulf of Mannar. Distribution in Ceylon : Senthamkulam Geog. distribution: Sarawak, India. (Jaffna). Geog. distribution : West Indies, Vera Cruz, Red Sea. 6. Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) Lamour. (Plate VIT, Fig. II) 4. Dictyota atomaria Hauck 1809 in Desv. Journ. de Bot. II, p. 42; (Plate VIT, Fig. 10) J. Agardh 1848, . Spec. Gen. p. 92 ; Hauck, 1885 Die MeeresalO'en Deut, undt Oest" p. 304, 1884, Cenni sopra alcune Alghe dell' oceano fig. l26, Yamada l925, Stud. ube2 die Meere­ Indiano in atte de M useo Civico de Storia salO'en von der insel Formosa p. 2;)3; Newton, Naturale, Vol. VII; Trieste p. 235; Boergesen, 193'1 Handbook of British Seaweeds, p. 212, 1932 Some Indian Green and Brown Algae, fig. 1'34; Taylor, 1928, Marine Algae of Florida, p. 69, .figs. 9-10, Plate 2. p. ll9, Plate 16, fig. 14. Plants grow in tufts fixed to the substra~um Plants erect and regularly dichotomously by means of rhizoids. They rea:ch a he1g.ht branched anD'le of dichotomy narrow usually varying from 15-:45 em. Thallus dichotomously 15 to 45< ribbon-like thallus attaining a height branched segments 1-3 em. in breadth. Erect of 20 em. or more in robust species, attached to parts of 'thallus have a cuneate base which substratum by irregularly shaped rhizome-like gradually broaden upwards, acute ciliate tee~h holdfast. Growth by a single biconvex apical are round on the margin of the lobes, absent m cell. In mature thallus small cells at surface young plants. Thallus is very thin and fragile, contain many chromatophores and those in the apex rounded. Proliferations :may occur from median layer few chromatophores, erect un­ the margins in the lower parts of tJ:te th.1llus. branched hairs present in old thallus. Gameto­ Fructiferous organs appear on both sides of the phytes are heterothallic and witJ:t sex orga~s thallus giving a spotted appearance.. Tetra­ borne in e1liptical sori on both sidts. Fertile sporangia solitary or a few together m small male and female plants distinguished by deeper groups. Antheridia occur in irregularly shaped colour of ooO'onial sori. Antheridia in male groups and margin surrounded by one ~r two sorus developed from artificial thallus c~ll. rows of sterile colourless cells. Oogoma are Oogonium also developed from superfimal formed in small groups scattered on the surface thallus 25-50 OOO'onia in oogonial sorus. of the thallus. Tbis alga is usually found SporanD'ia borne both sides of the thallus in growing on rocks. o~ poorly o developed sori not s_u:r:ounded by Distribution in Ceylon : Mullait1vu and in the involcures as in the case of anther1dmm. Found Pearl Banks in the Gulf ofMannar. growing on rocks. Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean and in Distribution in Ceylon : Galle. Danish West Indies. Geog. distribution : Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, West Indies, Red Sea, India, 5. Dictyota maxima Zanardini Japan. Phycearum indicarum pugillus, p. 4, No. 2. 7. Dictyota indica Sond. pl. I, figs. 1-3; Boergesen, 1935, List of M~r . .Alg. from Bombay, p. 38; 1937, Contr1b. S. Indian Marine Algal Flora II. (Plate XVIII, Fig. 2) Fronds with dichotomouslv branching thallus In Kuetzing Tab. Phycol. vol. IX, p. 8. divided into broad lobes. Margins are provided .tab. 17, fig. I ; Vickers 1908, Phyc. Barb. pl. sparingly with small teeth. Fructiferous XVIII; Boergesen, 1914, Marine Algae of organs _scattered on both sides of the thallus. Danish West Indies, p. 211.

38 Plants erect dichotomously branched attain­ Plants brown and opaque turning brownish ing a height of 12 em. or more, internodes 10 to black on drying. These specimens were cast 20 times as long as broad, branches 1-1·5 tn.m. ashore during the monsoon. broad not tapering. Thallus somewhat twisted. Distribution in Ceylon : Mandativu. Tetrasporangia scattered in small groups of 2-3 and found on both sides of the fronds. Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, New Usually grows in deeper areas. Some speci­ Holland, Japan, Malayan Archipelago. mens were dredged from a depth of 15 meters in the Pearl Banks. 16. Oystoseira C. Agardh Distribution in Ceylon : Keerimalai and Pearl Banks in the Gulf of Mannar. l. Cystoseira triquetra (L) J. Ag. 1851, Spec. Alg. I, p. 215 ; Fucus tnquetra Geog. distribution : Danish West Indies. L. Mant. p. 312; Turner, 1808, Hist. Fuc. I, p. 72, tab. 34; Horm·)physa tnquetra (L) Kuetz. Phyc. gen. p. 359 ; 1860, Tab. Phyc. X, p. 22, t. 60, f. 1 ; Setchell and Gardner, 1935, Cal. Sub-class 3. Cyelosporeae Areschoug Acad. of Sciences 4th series, vol. 21, p. 264; ORDER : FUCALES KYLIN Fucus articulatus Forssk, 1775, Flora Aegyptiaco­ Arabica, p. 191. FAMILY: SARGASSACEAE DE TONI Plants reaching a height of 30 em. or more about 3-4 mm. in breadth throughout, irregu­ 15. Oystophyllum J. Ag. larly branched with a cylindrical midrib wedged with a triple membrane and with 1. Oystophyllum muricatum (Turner) J. Ag. small teeth along the margins, branches arise from the angles of the frond. They grow in 1848, Spec. Alg. I, p. 231 ; Fuc1tS muricatus clusters, some simple, the others divided again. Turner, 1809, Hist. Fuc. 11, p. 108, tab. 112 ; Vescicles immersed in the middle of the sub­ Agardh, 1820 Sp. 66; 1824, Syst. p. 285 ; stance of the branches, smaller ones oblong and Oystoseira trinodes Ag., 1821, Icon. ined. t. 12 ; solitary separated from each other by a space Sonder, 1838, pl. Preiss 11, p. 159; · Boerge-sen, so that the whole branch has a moniliform 1933, Indian brown and green algae Bombay appearance. It is three-sided like the fronds, 111, p. 9. being winged with a triple membrane which is perforated with numerous mucifluous spores, Frond of moderate size reaching a height of internally hollow. These specimens were cast 30 em. or more with a cylindrical filiform ashore along with other algae. stem irregularly branched, branches similar gradually attenuated from the base to the apex. Distribution in Ceylon : Mandativu, Karativu, Upper parts of plants are usually destiuute of Hambantota. leaves and beset with distichous branches. Geog. di3tribution : Cape of Good Hope, Leaves distichous, mostly alternate sessile Red Sea, Malayan Archipelago, Australia, linear about 3-4 em. in length and 3---4 mm. in Japan and America. width with thin blackish midrib, apex: rounded, margins entire, vescicles innate with the lesser branches, l-3 in each with short intervening 17. Turbinaria Lamouroux spaces, monoliform subglobose perforated with mucifluous spores internally hollow and empty. Key to the species of Turbinaria The whole plant is beset with minute horizontal l. Branches at the base longer than those processes resembling the rudiments of stems at the top giving a subpyramidal and branches which give the plant a muricated outline ...... 1. T. ornata appearance. Fructification terminal consisting of cylindrical receptacles 3---4 mm. long, solitary 2. Branches at the base not longer than with unequal surface and spotted with small those at the top with densely crowded pores under which are embedded spherical leaves growing together all round the tubercles and containing a single sporangium. stem ...... 2. T. conoides

39 1 · Turbinaria Ornata J. Ag. or more. The. rhizoids are branched and densely crowded together. The stem is erect, (Piate XXVII) (lylindrical about 3 nim. thick with densely 1851, Sp. I, p. 26fi; Barton 1891, Syst. (lrowded leaves growing close together all round struct. acct. of Turbinaria, p. 219; Fucus the stem except at the base giving a charac­ turbinatus var. ornatus Turner, 1808, vol. I, teristic appearance of the species. The spaces p. 50, t. 24 f.c.h. ; Turbinaria denudata Bory between the leaves are filled with receptacles 1828, Voy. Coquille p. ll7 ex parte ; Turbinaria which are branched and grow in corymbose denudata var. Javanica Mont. in Ann. Sc. Nat. clusters from the base of the petiole. Branching Bot. 1857, p. 142. is monopodia!. V escicles arise from the junction of the stalk and lamina. Plant Plants attached to the rocks by a thin hermaphrodite and dioecious. Antheridia grow expanded disc with numerous long incurved on comparatively thick branched hairs. In fibres. Numerous fronds arise from the base addition to branched hairs there are unbranched attaining a height of 50 em. or more ; provided paraphyses in the fertile conceptacles. These with filiform fl.exuose undivided stem between specimens were detached from the rocks and cylindrical and compressed beset from the base were found floating in the lagoon. to ·the apex with branches in an irregularly spiral direction. Branchec; are simple and those Distribution in Ceylon : Dalft, Pungudutivu. near the root are generally longer than those Geog. distribution: Sumatra., Singapore, at the apex about 7-8 em. or more, the rest India. shortening gradually so that the plant assumes a sub pyramidal outline. They are naked near 18. Sargassum .J. Ag. the bases and rough with the remains of broken peduncles, while the rest are covered with Key to the species of Eusargassum vescicles and fruits. Vescicles are borne on l. Inflorescences of mixed receptacles, compressed petioles, perforated with musci­ vescicles and leaves ...... 3 :t;l.uous spores, triangular, the angles acute, I. Infl.orescences not of mixed receptacles slightly winged and toothed or nearly obsolete, vescicles and leaves ...... 2 hollow within terminated by a triangular or cordate membrane, either fiat or convex wider 2. Receptacles denate or spiny (at least than the vescides notched all round with oogonial) ...... 5 minute teeth. Fructification growing on the 2. Receptacles neither dentate or spiny .... l3 branches and the petiole of the vescicles, 3. Older receptacle prolonged into leaf or clustered composed of cylindrical vescicles, vescicle ...... I. S. carpophyllum simple or forked ·collected into a raeeme. Plants olive-brown in colour becolliing dark 3. Receptacles not prolonged into vescicles red when dried. The specimens were found or leaf ...... 4 growing on rocks. 4. Costa vanishing at or below the middle Distribution in Ceylon : Galle and Mandativu...... 2. S. cinerum Geog. distribution: Japan, Indian Ocean, 4. Costa vanishing above the middle and Java, Philppines, Hawaii, Tahiti, Australia. gradH.ally becoming indistin:}t ...... 3 S. tenerrimum 5. Infl.orescene without sterile axis ...... 6 2. Turbinaria conoides Kuetzing 5. Infl.orescene with more or less sterile 1860, Tab. Phyc. 10. p. 24, t. 66; Barton axis...... 7 1891, Syst, Struct. Account of Turbin. p. 217, 6. Axes of the branches and branchlets t. 54, f. I ; Fucus turbinatus L. Sp. Plant II, fl.attened above, branchlets disposed p. ll60; Turbinaria denudata Bory, 1928, in two rows from the margin ...... 8 Voy. Conquille par M. L. I, Duperrey pp. 97-136, 6. Axes of branches at least filiform in the Turb~naria vulgaris var. conoides J. Ag., 1851, branchlets above, branchlets given off Sp. I, p. 267. in almost all directions, those below Plants attached to substratum by means of fl.attened and branchlets sub dis- :rhizoids and reaching a height of about 25 em. tichous ...... 12

40 7. Receptacles loosely arranged and ]eaves The name of this species was first proposed smaller than S. crassifolium ...... 4. by J. G. Agardh in 1848 (Spec. Alg. I, 304) S. ilicifolium for a group of plants and mentions one in his 8. Vescicles slightly ellipsoidal on flattened own herbarium as a technical type and it is petioles longer than its own length.... 9 probable that his illustration in Spec. Sargas. Austral. p. 82, Pl. XXV, II is from the Ceylon 8. Vescicles slightly spherical in the adult specimen rather than from Australia as my plant on petiole about or equal to its specimen has a close resemblance to it. own length ···················'··················•••oooll 9. Vescicles borne in dense globose clusters The plants I possess are very slender and in which the outer ones are longer than beautiful. I am not able to see the holdfast the inner ones giving a tassel-like but the stem of the primary branches are appearance ...... 5. S. Wightii decompoundly composite, filiform and very ·9. Vescicles not having a tassel-like slender 0 ·5-1 mm. in thickness smooth and appearance ...... 10 rounded and are beset with similar branches about 3-4 em. long. Basal leaves are 2-2 · 5 em. 10. Leaves more than 5 mm. wide ...... long and 2 mm. wide sometimes 0 · 5 mm...... 6. S. Oervicone broad while the upper leaves are 1·5 em. 10. Leaves less than 5 mm. wide ...... long and about 1-2 mm. broad. Leaves ...... 7. S. Swartzii serrate-dentate linear lanceolate attenuated 11. Leaves at base more than 4 em. in length, to a blunt point with distinct midrib, with sharply serrate, vescicles borne on leaf cryptostomata scattered on beth sides of the like petioles ...... 8 S. Binderi midrib. The vescicles are spherical not apicu­ late borne on a short cylindrical pedicel 12. Cryptostomata of the leaves mostly about 2 mm. in length which is shorter than the conspicuous, leaves not crisped...... length of the vescicle. Receptacles supra ...... 9. S. crassifolium axillary, lanceoid cylindrical, furcate in young 12. Cryptostomatq, of the leaves incon­ ones while in older outer fork prolonged into spicuous or minute or nearly absent a leaflet or vescicle, the interior into a recepta­ with leaves very mu<:h crisped ...... cular br..... nch. These specimens were cast ...... 10. S. c1··istaejolium ashore . 13. lnfloresceneces squarrose-cymose without Distribution in Ceylon : Delft island (Jaffna). sterile axes ...... 14 Geog. distribution: Australia, Hong Kong. 14. Axes of the branches filiform above, compressed below branches given off from submargins ...... II. S. virgatum 2. Sargassum cinereum J. Ag. 15. Fertile branches axillary often with short receptacles, cylindrical in outline, (Plate VIII, Figs. 1-3) vescialos usually densly crowded ...... 1848, Spec. Alg. p. 305 ; 1889, Spe(:. Sargas...... 12. S. polycystum Austral. p. 84 ; Grunow, 1915, Addit. ad. cog. The key given above is partly adopted from Sarg. p. 378. J. G. Agardh and pa.rtly from Setchell Hong Plants of moderate size with thin and mem­ Kong Sea weeds. branaceous leaves. Leaves at the base 15-18 mm. long and 4-5 mm. wide, rounded at the tips and cuneate at the base with costa l. Sargassum carpophyllum J. Ag. disappearing above the middle of the leaf, leaves wavy and entire or sometimes with a (Plate VIII, Figs. 4-7) few coarse teeth. Upper leaves smaller cuneate 1848,Spec.Alg.I,p. 304, 1889,Spec.Sargas. lanceolate ll-15 mm. long and 2-3 mm. broad, Austral. p. 82 t. XXV. II ; Setchell and Gardner, coarsely dentate partly curved or oblique 1935, Hong Kong Seaweeds, IV, p. 7, Pl. 3, Single row of cryptostomata scattered on both 4, and 9, figs. 5 and 8. sides of the midrib. V escicles about 4 mm. 41 long and 3-4 mm. broad. Receptacles s~ng~e Grunow, Additamenta, 1915, p. 370 ; Boer­ or 2-3 together in a short leafy and vesciCuh­ gesen, 1933, Ind. Bot. Soc. p. II, fig. 6 ; Setchell, ferous raceme. 1935, Hong Kong Seaweeds p. 8, figs. 5 and 6. Distribution in Ceylon: Colpetty. The type locality of this specimen is Bombay. Geog. distribution : Hong Kong. Sargassum Campbellianum Grev. has a close ret:~emblance to this species. Agardh (1889) refers to S. Oampbellianum as a synonym of 2. Sargassum cinereum J. Ag. var. his species in " Species Sargassorum Austra­ berberifolia Grun. lica ". Grunow refers to GreviJie's species as a variety of Campbellianum Grev. of Sar­ 1915, Grunow A, Additamenta ad cogni­ gassum tenerrimum. I have not seen the type tionem Sargassorum p. 378; Boergesen 1933, specimens of S. Campbellianum but my speci­ Journ. Bot. Soc. Vol. XII, No. I, p. 13. mens have a close resemblance to his figure. The type locality of this specimen is Hong Kong. Grunow has divided the species cinereum Sargassum tenerrimum is a delicate plant into three varieties all of which were from which adheres to paper when dried. They Hong Kong. According to him all these attain a height of 50 em. or more and are varieties were oogonial short and cylindrical. attached to the substratum by means of a My specimens seem to agree with the descrip­ disc-shaped hoidfast. Stems cylindrical fiiiform tion of Grunow but the receptacles in my about 0·5 mm. in width. The branches specimen are young and as such it is difficult to arising several together from the short basal know whether it is oogonial or bisexual. primary axis. The branches are beset with similar branches, 3-8 em. long. These branches The stem of the main branch is glabrous and are clothed with leaves and receptacles. Leaves flattened about 2 mm. broad giving off scondary are petiolate, the leaves in the lower part 4-5 em. branches about 12-15 em. on both sides of the long and 5-6 mm. broad while the upper leaves stem. The stem of the secondary branches is vary from I· 5-2· 5 em. in length and 3-4 mm. less flattened and about 1 mm. broad. These broad. They are linear or linear lanceolate branches are beset with short branchlets 2-4 em. in shape with a narrow or rounded apex, in length. The leaves are about 2·5 em. thin and membranaceous, translucent with a lono- and 4-8 mm. broad, apex obtuse with narrow base which is cuneate. Margin dentato­ cu:eate base with a short stipe, midrib gradu­ serrate, presence of a distinct midrib with small ally disappearing below the apex with cryp­ cryptostomatas scattered on both sides. tostomata scattered on both sides of the mid­ Occasionally a single sharp tooth is found at the rib. Vescicles are spherical about 4 mm. base of the leaf. Vescicles are nearly spherical lono- and 3 mm. broad borne on cylindrical about 3-4 mm. long on pedicels shorter than pedlcels usually shorter than itBelf though some­ themselves. Receptacles axillary, linear oblong times vescicles are smaller. Receptacles sepa­ or fusiform, undividing or forming lax racemes, rate single or 2 or 3 in a short vesciculiferous margins serrate, the younger furcate on branch raceme. In my specimens receptacles are prolonged into a Jeaftet. Dredged from a depth immature. The specimens were cast ashore of 15 meters. during the monsoons. Distribution in Ceylon : Mandativu. Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Bank in the Gulf of Mannar. Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean. Geog. distribution : India, Australia, Hong Kong, Arabian Sea. 3. Sargassum tenerrimum J. Ag.

(Plate VIII, Figs. 8-10) 4. Sargassum ilicifolium (Turn) C. Ag. var. 1848, Spec. Alg. I p. 305; 1889, Spec­ conduplicatum Grun. Sargas. Austral. p. 83 ; Kuetzing, Spec. Alg. (Plate X, Figs. 9-ll) p. 626 ; Sargassum Campbellianum ~rev. Alg. OriEnt. in Ann. and Magaz. Nat. H1st. II, p. Reinbold in Weber van Bosse's Liste alg. 274, pl. V and Trans. Bot. Soc. 3, pl. VII; Siboga, Vol. I, 1913, p. 160; Grunow, Additam.

42 ad cognit. Sarg. (1915) p. 405; Y. Yamada, and at the margins in the younger leaves. 1942, Notes on Sargassums from the Southern Vescicles elliptical apiculate borne on a dilated parts of Japan III; in Japanese, fig. 27. petiole longer than itself. Vescicles 5-6 mm. long and 3-4 mm. broad. In young plants Plants of moderate size reaching a height of they are found in the axils of the leaves but 30 em. or more attached to the substratum by later found along with the fructification. means of disc-shaped holdfast. Several long Sometimes they. take the place of the leaves. erect branches arise from a very short main Receptacles axillary, filiform, compressed and axis about 5 mm. in length and these are beset very much divided, the exterior branches the with small branchlets up to 3 em. in length. longest so that racemes have a cymose or tassel­ The stem of the erect branch is about 1 mm. shaped appearance, the basal rounded and in thickness and slightly flattened while the smooth and the apex sparingly dented, each stem of the shorter branchlets are about half with its own pedicel or separated. The length the thickness of the stem of erect branches. varies from 5 to 13 mm. In some cases in Leaves cuneate oblong or ovate obtuse, sharply addition to producing axillary racemes the dentate acorn-shaped, 3-17 mm. long 3-8 mm. receptacles terminate in a large raceme ane wide. Receptacles female or bisexual in sub bear tassel-like axillary racemes. Male and cymose racemes, male often longer double­ female in the same plant. edged acutely dentate. V escicles few borne on slightly :flattened petiole. They are 3-4 mm. There is another variety with longer and in diameter awn-shaped and shorter than the broader leaves .. Long erect branches arise length of the petiole. from the base the stem of which is flattened Unlike inS. crassifolium and S. cristaefolium 1-2 mm. broad and they are beset with smaller the receptacles are loosely arranged. They branchlets 4-5 em. long with filiform stems less were found growing on rocks. than 1 mm. wide. The leaves are long 5-6 em. long and 3-8 mm. broad, margin entire or Distribution in Ceylon : Bambalapitiya and sinuate dentate with a distinct midrib on Pearl Banks in the Gulf of Mannar. either side of which are arranged cryptostomata Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Japan. ·in more or less linear series. V escicles more or less spherical about 4-5 mm. wide, apiculate borne on pedicel- about twice the length of the 5. Sargassum Wightii (Grev.) var. vescicle or more. In young plants they arise sublinearis Grunow from the axils of cauline leaves later accom­ panying the fructification. Receptacles axillary (Plate VIII, Figs. 11-18; Plate IX, Fig. 1) filiform compressed very much divided. They J. Ag. Spec. Alg. 1848, p. 329 ; Spec. Sarg. have a taE"sel-like appearance and vary in AustraJ. 1889 p. 86 ; Grev. Alg. Orient. in Ann. length from 5 to 8 mm. in length. Colour and Magaz. of Nat. Hist. Vol. III, p. 217, pl. dark olivaceous. IX and Edinb. Bot. Soc. Trans. Vol. III, p. 95, The type locality of this speuies is India. Pl. X; Grunow, 1915, Additamenta p. 382, Sargassum Swartzii (Turn) C. Ag. and Sar­ No. 81. gassum Wightii Grev. are closely related and Plants reaching a height of 40 em. or more the only difference I could notice was the tassel­ attached to the substratum by an expanded shaped appearance of the receptacles in S. rhizoidal disc. Several erect branches are Wightii which is not so in S. Swartzii and given off, the stems of which are 2 mm. below further the receptacles are longer in the former and gradually tapering towards the apex. than in the latter. However the large and broad-leaved species of S. Wightii differ from They give off rather long branches, which in S. Swartzii in which the leaves are very much turn are beset with shorter branchlets 2-5 em. in length and the stem is filiform. Leaves narrowec like S. Wightii (Grev.) var. sub­ vary from 4-6 em. in length and 2-3 mm. inearis. They were found growing on rocks. broad equally attenuated at each extremity Distribution in Ceylon : Kankesanturai. acute, entire, repando dentate, midrib present with few scattered stomata in the larger leaves Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean.

43 6. Sargassum cervicone Grev. as Fucus Swartzii and later as Sargassum (Plate IX, Figs. 16-18) Swartzii by C. Agardh (1821). According to Setchell in Hongkong Seaweeds V (1936) in 1848 Alg. Orient in Ann. and Magaz. of Nat. old and luxuriant plants the lower broad lanceo­ Hist. Vol. III, p. 217, pl. IX and in Edinb. late, costate leaves may disappear and the Soc. Trans. Vol. III, p. 96, pl. X; J. Ag., 1889, dissimilar upper leaves may alone be present Spec. Sarg. Austral. p. 81 ; S. Swartzii B ovatum or accompanied by fl

44 8. Sargassum Binderi Sond. slightly longer than the vescicle. They are formed in dense compact forked racemose­ (Plate IX, Figs. ll-15; Plate X, Figs. 1, 2) cymose globose clusters in the axils of leaves. J. Ag. 1848, Spec. Alg. I, p. 328 ; 1889, Spec. Receptacles possess wart-like teeth. This Sarg. Austral. p. 87, t. XXVI, II. specimen resembles Yamada's figures 14 and 15 in the notes on Sargassum from the Southern Plants rather small erect branches arising parts of Japan (1942). These plants were found from a very short main axis. Stem of branches growing on rocks. flat or compressed 2-3 mm. broad with leaves arranged distichously. Leaves at the base of Distribution in Ceylon: Beruwela. the stem 4-6 em. in length and 8-10 mm. broad Geog. distribution : Africa, Australia, Indian while the upper leaves are smaller 2-4 em. in Ocean, and Japan. length and 4--6 mm. broad, shape lanceolate, sharply serrate, sometimes linear at other times oblong, midrib glandular in a double row. 10. Sargassum cristaefolium Ag. V escicles borne on flattened petioles like the (Plate X, Figs. 3-5) leaves. Vescicles spherical or ellipsoidal and apiculate. Receptacles axilla.ry, aggregated in 1820, Spec. Alg. p. 13 ; 1824, Syst. p. 297 ; dense cymes, branches flat, margin warty den­ J. Ag. 1848, Spec. Alg. I, p. 325; 1889, Spec. tate. They were cast shore during the Sarg. Austral. p. 91; Reinbold, Sargassen vom monsoons. Indischen Archipel (1891) pag. 70-71, non Distribution in Ceylon: Delft Island (Jaffna). aliorum Sargassum ilicifolium Harv., AJg. Cey. No. 103. Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Java, Philippines, Australia. Rachis of leaves two-edged along the margins arranged distichously close together along the entire branches. The branchlets 3-5 em. in length arranged alternately on both sides of 9. Sargassum crassifolium J. Ag. the main stem which is rounded or slightly (Plate X, Figs. 6-8) compressed about 1 mm. wide. Leaves very much crisped 10-15 mm. in length and 5-8 mm. 1848 Spec. Alg. I, p. 326; 1889, Species wide double-edged at the apex, oblong elliptical, Sargassorum · Australiae. p. 89; Reinbold in obtuse apex, midrib gradually disappearing Weber V. Bosse's Liste des alg. du Siboga above, sharply dentate, teeth double edged, vol. I, 1913, p. 158; Grunow, Addit. ad cognit. cryptostomata very few and inconspicuous or Sarg. 1915, p. 390; Yamada 1942, Notes on absent, vescicles spherical, mucifluous flattened Sargassum from the southern parts of Japan in the margins, borne on short petioles. Recep­ 'l (in Japanese), p. 5ll, fig. 14. tacles are borne in dense globose forked Plants reaching a height of 30 em. or more racemose-cymose clusters in the axils as in S. attached to the substratum by means of a disc­ crassifolium. They grow in the sub littoral shaped holdfast. Stems rough and flattened belt attached to rocks. about 2-3 mm. broad. Petioles of leaves Distribution in Ceylon : Hikkaduwa, Galle. rounded and arranged on the sides of the bran­ ches. The branches several arising together Geog. distribution : Australia, Philippines, and these are beset with similar branch­ Indian Ocean. lets 5-6 em. in length. Fronds oblong elliptical with dentate acute margins, teeth bifid, midrib not distinct present only at the base dis­ ll. Sargassum virgatum (Mert.) Ag. appearing above the middle, upper ends of the (Plate X, Figs. 12, 13) leaves are double-edged. Leaves at the base 2-2·5 em. long and 1-1·3 em. broad while the 1824, Syst. p. 296; J. Ag. 1848 Spec. Alg. leaves near the apex are about 15-20 mm. long I, p. 333 ; 1889, Spec. Sarg. Austral. p. 103 ; and 8-10 mm. broad. Cryptostomata few Kuetz. Sp. p. 6ll ; S. leptophyllum Grev. Alg. but conspicuous. V escicles are long 4-5 mm. Orient. in Ann. and Magaz. of Nat. Hist. vol. in length ellipsoidal and apiculate borne on III, p. 504, t. XI; Fucus virgatus Mert., Mem. partly inflated petiole. Receptacles are p. 6.

45 Plants reaching a height of 45 em. or more membramiceous or rigid with cryptostomata attached to the substratum by a callous disc. scattered on both sides of the midrib. Clusters Erect branches about 30 em. in length or more of receptacles and vescicles arise from the axil arise from a short primary axis about 2-2 · 5 em. of the leaf. Vescicles small and numerous with in length. The stem is flat 2-3 mm. at the base prominent pores and borne on filiform stalks gradually becoming thinner towards the apex. 1-2 mm. long and arising from the lower rami­ These in turn are beset with branchlets 5-8 em. fication of the racemes. Receptacles forming long the stem of which are filiform and less racemes about 6-12 mm. long filiform and than 1 mm. in width. Leaves at the base elongated. Sometimes receptacles are folia­ 2. 5-3 mm. in length and 3 mm. wide but these ceous towards the upper extremity resembling are very few. Those above 1-2 em. in length linear leaves toothed at the margin. and 1-2 mm. wide, linear attenuated, entire with faint nerve and few pores. Young I have come across a small specimen which leaves ovate or elliptical. Vescicles numerous, is densely muricated with prominent pores and not apiculate, oval tuberculated with prominent apiculus excentric which bas a close resemblance pores, those at the base about 2-3 mm. to Sargassum myriocystum J. Ag. but due to wide those above much smaller borne on scanty material I prefer to place them under petioles 3-5 mm. long. Receptacles numerous S. polycystum for the present. They were axillary about 2 mm. in length cylindrical, found growing on rocks in the sub-littoral oblong or cuneate or partly divided forming belt. branched raceme along with the vescicles. Distribution in Ceylon: Mandativu, Keeri­ They were cast ashore during the monsoons. malai, and Matara. Distribution in Ceylon : Keerimalai. Geog. distribution : Singapore, Australia, Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean and Japan.

12. Sargassum polycystum C. Ag. 13. Sargassum pilulijerum (Turner) Ag.

(Plate X, Fig~. 14-18) Spec. p. 27 ; 1848 J. Ag., Spec. Alg. I, p. 289 ; 1889, Spec. Sarg. Austral. p. 55 ; Kuetz., 1824 Syst. Alg. p. 304 ; J. Ag. 1848, Spec. Alg. Sp. p. 616, Tab. Phyc. XI, t. 33 ; Fucus pilu­ I, p. 310 ; 1889 Spec. Sarg. Austral. p. ll9, lijer Turner, Hist. Fuc. Tab. 65; Yendo, 1907, Grunow, Addit. ad cognit. Sarg. 19li~, p. The Fuc. of Japan, p. 54, Pl. VI. Fig. 1-7. 444, Reinbold in Weber V. Bosse's Liste des. alg. du Siboga, vol. I, p. 169; Setchell, Temple­ I have only a fragment of this specimen which ton exped. Mar. Plants 1935, p. 266; S. was collected from a small island near J affna. microphyllum Yendo (non Ag.) Fuc. of Japan, The roots I have not seen, the stem flattened 1907, p. 137; Okamura Mar. alg. Kotosho, about 2 mm. wide uniformly and undivided 1931, p. 108; Yamada, Meeresalg. Formosa II, beset with short branchlets in a spirally alter­ 1925, p. 247; 1942, Notes on Sargassum from nate order separated from each other at intervals southern part of Japan I (in Japanese), figs. of about 15 to 25 mm. branchlets 3-5 em. long. 5 and 6. The stem of branchlets about 1 mm. wide. Fronds reaching a height of 50 em. or more Leaves are found only on the branches arranged attached to the substratum by means of dense loosely and alternately, apparently dichoto­ elongated branched root-like rhizoids. Several mously branched 2-4 times or sometimes erect long primary branches 10-15 em. long simple with pointed apices margins entire are given off from the base and these are beset with a thin blackish midrib. Vescicles scattered with smaller fructiferous ramuli with fibrilar over the branches, generally situated in the stems. The stem of the primary branches axils of the leaves and borne on filiform stalks as well as the branchlets are rough with short more than three times the length of the vescicle processes thus giving the plant a muricated Veseicle spherical about 4 mm. in diameter appearance. Leaves are ovate oblong or narrow smooth and rounded. Sometimes the apical lanceolate obtuse or acute remotely dentate .portion of bifurcated leaflet ends in a vescicle. about 2-2 · 5 em. below and 1-1· 5 em. above, Receptacles ramose and spirally arranged on

46 the ultimate ramuJets. They are cylindrical FAMILY 2. BANGIACEAE (ZANARD.) more or less tapering upwards about 2-3 mm. BERTHOLD long on stalks 1 mm. in length. A fragment of the specimen was collected from the shore. 2. Porphyra Agardh Distribution in Ceylon : Delft island near 1. Porphyra suborbiculata Kjellman Jaffna. 1897, Japan art af. Slagt. Porphyra, p. 10, Geog. distribution: America and Japan. t. 1, figs. 1-3, T. 2, figs. 5-9> t. 7, figs. 4-7 ; De Toni, Syll. Alg. IV, 1897, p. 15; Tseng Econ. Seaw. Amoy 1936, p. 34; Segawa, On DIVISION 3. RHODOPHYTA P ASCHER Mar. Susaki, Prov. Izu and its vicinity, 1935, p. 7l; Tanaka, 1952, The Japanese Proto­ Class : Rhodophyceae Ruprecht fl.orideae, p. 31, pl. III, 2--4 and fig. 16. Sub-class I. Bangioideae De-Toni Plants membranous attached to the sub­ stratum by rhizines. They are ovate or reni­ ORDER I. BANGIALES SCHMITZ ET form with a very minute stipe. Frond 3-10 HAUPTFLEISCH em. high and 3-8 em. broad, margin undulate with very minute spinulate processes at the FAMILY I. ERYTHROTRICHIEAE margins; base cordate, monostromatic, vege­ ROSENVINGE tative parts of fronds 28-50[L thick, cells in surface view angular with rounded corners, 1. Erythrotrichia Areschoug in transverse section quadrate with rounded angles, slightly higher than broad, cells contain l. Erythrotrichia carnea (Dillwyn) J. Ag. a star-shaped chloroplast and with a central (Plate XI, Figs. 3, 4) pyrenoid, monoecious, sporocarp and anther­ ridia in irregular patches arranged in the 1883, Till Algernes Systematic Pl. 35, figs. margin of the frond. There are 32 carpospores 3-7 ; Boergesen, Marine Algae of Danish West in each cystocarp. Cystocarpic area deep red Indies II, 1915, p. 7 ; 1936, Some Marine Algae in colour and antheridial area yellowish. from Ceylon, p. 79 ; Contrib. South Indian Grows on rocks in the upper littoral belt on the Mar. Algal Flora, 1937, p. 28; Tanaka 1952, coast. Syst. study of the Japanese Protofl.orideae, Distribution in Ceylon : Coral reef near Galle. 1952, p. 14, fig. 7. Geog. distribution: Japan and China. Plants simple filamentous erect usually epiphytic attached by a basal cell which becomes lobed, lobes extended to short ramified rhizoids, Sub-class 2. Florideae (Lamour.) 0 · 5 to 2 em. high, 12-27r in diameter usually Schmitz et Hauptfl.eich uniseriate attached to the host plant by means of short ramified rhizines radiating in all ORDER I NEMALIONALES SCHMITZ directions on the surface. Cells usually quadrate with rounded angles slightly longer FAMILY I. HELMINTHOCLADIACEAE than broad and contain a star-shaped chloroplast (HARvEY) SCHMITZ with a central pyrenoid, cell wall gelatinous. Reproduction by monosporangia usually cut off 3. Dermonema (Greville) Schmitz by an oblique wall near the distal end of the cell. Monospores spherical and contain granular 1. Dermonema Frappieri (Mont. et Millard.) contents. Boergesen My specimens were found epiphytic on (Plate XX VIII) Padina and Stoechospermum. 1942, Some marine Algae from Mauritius III, Distribution in Ceylon : Colpetty and Bam­ Rhodophyceae p. 42, fig. 21 ; Cladosiphon balapitiya. Frappieri Mont. et Millard, 1862, p. 20, pl. Geog. distribution: North America, Bermuda XXVI, fig. 1 ; Dermoneme gracilis (Mart.) Denmark, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Schmitz in Heydrich Algenfi. Ost. Asien. Japan. Hedwigia 33 p. 287, Weber Van Bosse Alg .

.47 Siboga p. 204; 1853 in Harvey Algae Ceylonicae are small and oblong. Cystocarps were found N. r. 93 ; Svedelius, 1906, as D. Dichotoma in the middle of the assimnating filaments. in Botanisk studier p. 210, fig. 210 ; Kylin, Filaments which develop from the cell beneath 1954, Die Gattungen der Rhodophyceen p. that upon which the carpogonial :filament is 106-107, fig. 61-62; Gymnophloea gracilis Mar­ placed are several times forked and bent tens, tange d. Preuss. Exp. n. Ost. .Asien 1866, inwards and surround the young cystocarp. p. 146; Kuetzing, 1867, Tab. Phycol. Vol. 17, In mature cystocarp they are present like a tab. l. whorl of filaments having a collar like appear­ Fronds short and erect reaching a height of ance as described by Boergesen. Antheridia 4 to 9 em. firm in texture, dichotomously and cystocarps were found in the same plant. branched thalli, erect even when exposed to the Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the tide, presence of a cylinder of thick walled Gulf of Mannar. mechanical cells running longitudinally at the Geog. distribution: Danish West Indies, Gulf periphery of the loose medulla. Carpogonia1 of Mexico. branches three-celled and possess elongate gonimoblasts. .Accordin5 to Boergesen (1942) the specimen from Mauritius is about half FAMILY 2. CHAETANGIACEAE SCHMITZ the size of those from Ceylon. Distribution in Ceylon : Coral reef in Galle. 5. Scinaia Bivonia Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Formosa, I. Scinaia furcellata (Turner) Bivonia N. Guinea and Mauritius. (Plate XI, Fig 6 ; Plate XXVIII, Fig. 2) 4. Liagora Lamouroux 1822, in " Iride (Palermo), C. icone, Flora Vol. I p. 135 ", .J . .Agardh, 1852, Spec. Alg., l. Liagora pulverulenta C . .Ag. vol. 2, p. 422 ; ibid. Vol. 3, 1, p. 512, 1876 ; (Plate XI, Fig. 5) Harvey, Ner. Bor. .Americana Part II, p. 136, 1853; Farlow, 1881, Proc . .Amer . .Acad. voL Species Aigarum 1821-2, p. 396; Agardh .J., 10 p. 367; Hauck Meeresalgen, p. 61, 1885; Epicrisis, 1876, p. 516 ; Analecta .Al5ologica De Toni, Syll. Alg. Vol. 4, sect. 1, p. 104, Continatio III, 1896, p. 101 ; Boergesen, 1915-6 1897; Setchell, 1914, The Scinaia Assemblage, Marine .Algae Danish West Indies, p. 80-85, Univ. Calif. Publications in Botany, VoL 6, figs. 87-92. No.5, p. 90-97, Pl. 10, figs. 1-12; Pl. 14, figs. Plants more or less dichotomously branched 41-43. but with many irregular proliferations here and Plants reaching a height of 2-8 em., several there. The assimilatory filaments are short times dichotomously branched, branches cylin­ about 300[L long and forked 3-6 times and drical and continuous and sl:ghtly attenuated having a corymbose outline. The lower portion upwards, contracted at their bases, apices of the filament cylindrical about 10(1. thick blunt or slightly acute. The axis of the frond but gradually tapers towards the upper end is made up of large filaments parallel to one and has a diameter of 3-6[L Apical cells are another or very loosely entwined and surround­ oval or spherical and having a diameter of ed by few slender corticating filaments. The 10-l2p... Long thin hyaline hairs are often cortex is composed of the epidermal layer, found in the summits of the young filaments. the hypodermal layer and a layer of corticating These hairs are clavate when young with filaments. The corticating layer is broad and much protoplasm in the thickened end but made up of slender :filaments arising from the later becomes cylindrical and elongated. Thin cells of the ascending filaments and from those :filaments are found running along between the of the hypodermal layer. The slender fila­ central filaments and the lowermost cells of the ments are vertical, oblique or horizontal and assimilating :filaments. The .filaments of the loosely arranged. The hypodermal layer· con­ medullary tissue subcylindrical, barrel-shaped sists of 2-3 layers of coloured cells which are having a diameter of about IOO[L. Many spherical, ovoid or clavate. The epidermis thin ones run in the mucilage between the consists of cells which are coloured. In mature larger filaments. Antheridia are developed plants they are inversely pear-shaped the outer in the ends of the assimilating .filaments and end being obtusely rounded and the inner

48 end contracted. These hyaline cells of the Distribution in Ceylon: Pearl Banks in the epidermis form the utricle. Carpospores are Gulf of Mannar. numerous immersed and scattered in pericarps. Geog. distribution: West Indies, Tropical These specimens were dredged from the Pearl Atlantic, Mauritius, S. Andamans, China, Tahiti, Banks and I also received a specimen from and Caribbean. Professor Koshi of J affna College which was collected in the Jaffna lagoon. Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the 7. Actinotrichia Decaisne Gulf of Mannar, and J affna lagoon. 1. Actinotrichia fragilis (Forssk.) Boergesen Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Australia, Japan, Atlantic and Mediterranean, N. America. 1932, A revison of Forsskaals Algae (Dansk. Bot. Arkiv. Bd. 8, p. 6, pl. I, fig. 4; Fucus fragilis Forssk. 1 c. p. 190; Actinotrichia rigida (Lamx.) Decaisne, Sur les Corallines in 6. Galaxaura Lamouroux Ann. Sc. Nat. II, Ser. Bot., vol. 18, 1842 ; p. 118 ; Okamura leones IV, 1916, p. 30, pl. 1. Galaxaura rugosa (Ellis and So lander) CLVIII, figs. 17-18; Weber Van Bosse, 1921, Lamouroux Liste des Algues Du Siboga II, Rhodophyceae, 1816, Historie des Polypiers coralligenes p. 207. fiexibles p. 263; J. Agardh, 1876, Epicrisis Fronds calcified reaching a height of about p .. 528 ; Kuetzing, 1868, Tab. Phycol. Vol. 7-8 em. growing in masses, branches cylindrical, VIIi, tab. 33, fig. 1 ; Kjellman 1900, Floride­ repeatedly dichotomously branched with patent Slagtet Galaxaura Svenska Vent. Akad. Handl. or acute axils, branches ending in blunt apices 33, No. 1, p. 55 ; Boergesen, 1916, Marine Algae with dense whorls of coloured hairs which are Danish West Indies p. 100, fig. 105-107; simple and branches closely arising in short Gorallina rugosa, So lander in Ellis and D. distances in a horizontal direction. Hairs Solander, "The Natural History of many consist of a single row of cylindrical cells curious and uncommon zoophytes, London, ending in thick blunt apices. Annural marks l786,p. 115,tab.22,fig.3. are often found due to the falling down of Plants regularly dichotomous, internodes of these hairs. Colour purplish red becoming the same length. Hairs sometimes present in yellowish with age. older parts 15-18[1. in diameter, surface smooth, Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Bank in the annulations present. Assimilatory filaments Gulf of Mannar. are the most striking feature compared to Geog. distribution : Red Sea, Indian ocean, other species. Usually grows in sheltered Pacific ocean, Japan. areas at moderate depths in shallow waters. Kjellmann bas not given any descriptions or figures but refers to the description of J. FAMILY 3. CHANTRANSIACEAE Agardh in Epicrisis and to the figures of Ellis (KUETZ.) TREV. and Solander p. 115, tab. 22, fig. 3 and of Kuetz­ ing in Tabulae Phycologiceae, vol. 8, tab. 23, 8. Ac.rochaetium Naegeli fig. l. However when referring to forms 1. .Acrochaetium sargassicola Boergesen formerly considered as Galaxaura rugosa he pointed out how it differs from this species. (Plate XI, Figs. 1, 2) The specimens I have show the differences Kjellman has noted. This species closely 1932, Some Indian Rhodophyceae esp. from resembles G. squalida Kjellman but differ in the shores of the Bombay Presidency, Kew not possessing the well developed annular Bull. No.3, p. 115, figs. 3-5. groups of hairs found in G. squalida. Also Plants reaching a height of about 1-2 mm. the reddish tinge originating from the hairs of The plant is embedded in the tissue of the host G. squalida is lacking. In transverse section plant by means of a small disc which is oblong the peripheral tissue consists of 3-4 layers of cylindrical and slightly narrowed in the middle. cells, the innermost cells of which were the The length of the cells about 24-28[1. and largest. breadth about 12-15()..

49 5-J. N. R 12429 (10/60) Erect filaments about 20-25[). long and 10 to 10. Gelidium Lamouroux 13tJ.. broad. Cells at the apex 7-9[). in diameter and apical cells rounded. Branches are given Key to the species of Gelidium off irregularly on all sides. Cells contain a l. Plants 1 · 2 em. in height ...... 2 parietal chloroplast and a single protruding l. Plants reaching a height of 4-6 em ...... 3 pyrenoid. Sporangia ellipsoidal in shape some­ times terminating in a filament. They are 2. Erect branches pinnately branched axis about 12[). thick and 15-20[). long. Antheridia and branches compressed, tetrasporangia arrang- are developed on short branchlets. Branchlets ed irregularly on branch tips ...... l. G. pusillum short of 5-6 cells. Ramuli with antheridia 3. Thallus alternately terete and compressed, produced on upper side of these cells. Car­ tetrasporangia scattered on the upper compressed pogonia rare and monsporangia occur in the branches and pinnules ...... 2. G. heteroplatos same plant. The plants were found growing 3. Thallus not arranged as above, with on Padina and Stoechospermum. sunken growing point bi- or tripinnate ...... Distribution in Ceylon : Colpetty...... 3. G. corneum Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean. l. Gelidium pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jollis ORDER 2. GELIDIALES KYLIN (Plate XIII, Figs. 1-5) FAMILY: GELIDIACEAE KUETZING 1863, List. Alg. Cherb. p. 139 ; Fucus pusil­ lus 1801, Stackhouse 1809, Nereis Brittanica 9. Gelidiella Feldmann and Hamel p. 17, pl. 6; Kuetz., 1868, Tab. Phycol. XVIII, l. Gelidiella acerosa (Forsskl) Feldman and 37; Feldman and Hamel, 1936, Floridees de Hamel France, Rev. Algologique 9, p. 112; Boergesen, 1933, Kew Bull. No.3, p. 114. (Plate XI, Fig. 10) Plants grow in tufts 1-2 em. high, thallus 1934, Observation sur quelques Gelidiacees, freely branched with erect branches. Horizon­ Rev. gener Bot. T. 46. Paris p. 528; Boergesen tal rhizome like branches cylindrical 0·2 mm. 1936, Mar. Alg. of Ceylon, p. 80; Fucus acero­ in diameter, erect branches pinnately branched, sus Forssk. Fl. Aegypt Arab. 1775 p. 190 ; the axis and branches compressed about 1 mm. Echinocaulon acerosum (Forssk.) Boergesen, in width distinctly narrowed at the base. Rev. Forssk. Alg. 1932, p. 5; "Gelidium Tetrasporangia irregularly arranged on branch rigidum Grev. in Montagne, Agues de Cuba tips. p. 19 ". Fronds on exposed rocks in the littoral zone. Plants from 5-9 em. in height, basal part Distribution in Ceylon : Hikkadua. decumbent bearing erect secondary branches Geog. distribution: India, West Coast of which are usually arcuate, irregularly or Europe, Mediterranean Sea, Malayan Archi­ sparingly branched ; main axis cylindrical pelago, Japan. flattened above bearing alternate pinnate or sometimes secund filiform branchlets. Plants are rigid wiry and cartilaginous. Rhizines 2. Gelidium heteroplatos Boergs. not present in the cortical cells in section. Tetrasporangia placed on stichidium like por­ (Plate XII, Figs. 5-7) tions on the tips of the branchlets. 1934, Some Indian Rhodophyceae of the Mostly found in the intertidal zones on rocks Presidency of Bombay IV, Kew Bulletin No.1, and corals. They are found in large quantities p. 3-4, fig. 3. in the northern coast of Ceylon. Plants form dense tufts on rocks 4-6 em. Distribution in Ceylon : Mandativu and Kan­ high. Thallus alternately terete and com­ kesanturai. pressed. The width of the compressed parts Geog. distribution: Bermuda, Florida to 600-800[).. Filaments distichously and irre­ Brazil, Japan, India and in most of the wa.rm gularly branched, the branches alternate, secund seas. or rarely opposite. Branches narrow at the

50 base terete <'r compressed which gradually the diameter in length. Cystocarps not known. broaden upwards and tapering near the apex. I was not able to observe any cystocarps in. In surface view peripheral cells oval roundish my specimens in spite of careful examination. 4-6[-L diameter. In transverse section oval Distribution in Ceylon: Kankesanturai, oblong about 12[-L long and 6[-L broad. Below Mandativu and Galle. these are 3-4 layers of coloured oval roundish cells, the larger ones elongate cylindrical. The Geog. distribution: Port Natal, South Mrica, uncoloured medullary tissue consists of long Australia and Japan. sub-cylindrical intertwisted cells of variable size between which are rhizoids. Tetrasporangia 12. Amphiroa Lamoureux scattered on the upper compressed branches and pinnules, and are 26[-L broad and 42[-L long. 1. Amphiroa rigida Lamoureux Distribution in Ceylon: Beruwela, Matara. 1816, Hist des Polyp. corall. flexibl. p. 297, Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean. tab. XI, fig. I ; Zanardini G., 1871, Iconographia Vol. 3, p. 79, tab. 99, fig. B; Yendo, 1902, 3. Gelidium corneum (Huds.) Lamouroux Corallinae verae Japoniceae, p. 6, pl. I, figs. 5-6, Pl. IV, fig. 4; Revised list of Corallinae 1813, Essai. p. 41; Boergesen 1916, Mar. 1905, p. 3; Boergesen 1916 Mar. Alg. Dan. Alg. of Danish West Indies, p. 114, fig. 124 ; West Indies p. 182-5, figs. 171, 172. Fucus corneus Huds., 1778, Fl Angl. 585 ; Turner, Fuci Vol. IV, 1819, p. 146. Plants grow in tufts reaching a height of 5-6 em. and well ramified with regular dichotomous Plants reaching a height of about 4-6 em .. branching. Basal filaments thicker than apical Thallus flat 1-2 mm. broad, apices blunt, region which is about half the diameter of the somewhat sunken growing point, bi- or tri­ base. Colour lightish red with a bluish tinge at pinnate, mostly bipinnate sometimes branches the top. Branches spreading angle of dichotomy absent from parts of thallus, irregular. In obtuse, sometimes acute. Joints long about transverse section medullary layer consists of 1-1·5 em. cylindrical and bifurcate at the uppt>r long cylindrical colourless cells and cortical ends, usually no dichotomous branching in the layer of short red coloured cells radially arranged upper end, but filaments are divided by nodes around the periphery of the thallus. Hyphae in a similar way as in ramified parts of the like filaments found between cells of the medul­ thallus. In section central strand consists of lary layer. two rows of long cells alternating regularly Plants are usually found in sheltered areas. with one row of short cells. Long cells 100[-L Distribution in Ceylon : Galle. in length and short ones 20[-L. Cortical tissue consists of several layers of short cells, shortest Geog. distribution : Atlantic Ocean, Medi­ at the periphery. terranean Ocean and Indian Ocean. Distribution in Ceylon : Dondra head. ORDER 1. CRYPTOIVlENIALES SCHMITZ Geog. distribution : Mediterranean sea, West Indies, Japan. FAMILY I. CORALLINACEAE (GRAY) HARVEY FAMILY 2. RHIZOPHILLIDACEAE SCHMITZ 11. J ania Lamoureux 13. Ohondrococcus Kuetzing l. Jania natalensis Harvey var. tenuior l. Ohondrococcus Hornemanni (Mert.) Schmitz "Ceylon Alg. exsicc. No. 25"; Yendo, 1905, Corallinae J ourn. Coil. of Science, Tokyo (Plate XII, Figs. 1, 2) Vol. XX, Art 12, p. 39; Harvey 1847, Ner. 1895 in Engler Bot. Jahrb. XXI, p. 170; Bor. Australia p. 107; Aresch in J. Ag. Sp, Boergesen in Kew Bull. 1933, No. 3, p. 117 ; II, 1851, p. 558. Fucus H ornemanni Mert. in Gottinger Gel. Fronds 4-8 em. high, clustered and erect, Anzeiger No. 64, 1815; Desmia Hornemanni dichotomous with acute axils, rigid with acute Lyngb., Hydropbytolog. Dan. p. 35, tab. 7c., apex with all joints cylindrical, lowermost 1819; E. S. Barton in Journ. Bot. 1896, p. 460; 2-3 times the diameter, those above 6-8 times Okamura leones Vol. 4, p. 58.

51 Fronds caespitose arising from a small disc FAMILY 4. GRATELOPIACEAE SCHMITZ 4-5 times pinnateJy branched in distichio­ alternate manner, subflabellately expanded 15. Grateloupia C. Agardh linear, compressed or thickened below, ecos­ ] . Grateloupia. filicinia (Wulf.) Ag. tate 12-15 em. high and 1-2 mm. broad. Main branches irregularly alternate rather naked 1822, Sp< c. Alg. p. 223 ; Systema, p. 241 ; below, ·lower branches long becoming short GrevilJe 1830, Alg. Brit. p. 151, pl. 16; ·Harvey above, all branches similar, with sharp or 1849 Phycol. Brit. Pl. 0; h uet,zing, 1867, deltoideo-obtuse, simple or divaricated teeth. Tab. Phycol. Vol. XVII, pl. 2~; J. Ag. Spec. All branches arising on roundish axils straight II, 1851, p. 180; Epicr. 1876, p. 153; Boer­ or rolled up at the apices. Glandular cells gesen 1915, Mar. .Alg. l)q,nish West Indies p. with yellowish contents scattered beneath the 123 ; 1935, List of "MHrine Algae Bombay, p. cortex. Tetrasporangia forming irregular 5S; 1936, Some Marine Algae from Ceylon p. roundish nemathecia, slightly elevated and often 83 ; Fucus .filicinus lWulf.) Ag. in Jacquin, arranged in a row along the margins or in the Collectania, Vol. III, 1789, p. 157, fig. 2. intramarginal surfaces of the branches, cysto­ Fronds grow in tufts on rocks reaching a carpic warts, similar in shape to tetrasporic height of 5-1f. em. Pinnate or bipinnate, main nemathecia. stem linear, attenuated about 2-3 mm. wide, unequal in breadth in different parts. Ramifi­ Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks, Bam­ cation monopodia!. Plants are very variable balapitiya, and Galle. with long branches in some speeimens and short Geog. distribution : Pacific Ocean, Indian in others. Some specimens with broad thallus Ocean, Japan. while others 8re filiform. In both cases the thallus is hollow. In transverse seetion the medulla iFt very loose in the middle but denser towards the periphery where it. grows evenly FAMILY 3. SQUAM:ARIACEAE HAUCK over the cortical layer. Filaments in the medullary 7-9[L thick, irregularly subdichoto­ 14. Peyssonnelia Decaisne mous, ramified and felted between each ot.Oer. Numerous tetraspores are formed in the cortex l. Peyssonnelia rubra (Greville) J. Ag. of the thallus and are cruciately diviaed. An­ therid1aandcystocarpsformedin thesame plant 1852, Spec. Alg. II, p. 502 ; 1876 ; Epicr. as described by Berthold. Antheridia formed Flor. p. 386; De Toni, Syll. Alg. Vol. V, sect. as outgrowths of the peripheral cells in the 4, 1905, p. 1696; Boergesen, 1916, Marine cortical layer. Spermatia are small and spheri­ Algae of Danish West Indies p. 146; 1936, cal. Cystocarps develop over the whole surface Ceylon Marine Algae p. 82. of tne thallus. They are spherical and spores are discharged by means of a pore tnrough the Plants membranaceous, lobed, light pinkish cortical layer. Carpospores densely crowaed red, incrustrated with c,arbonate oflime between together forming a spherical body about 20[L the rhizoids and in the basal mucous la.yer, in diameter. The plants are pinkish or pur­ makes the plant very brittle and calcareous, plish red, bluish green, dark red, red-violet or rhizoids unicellular. Hypothallium not sharply red-brown in colour and usually grows in more defined. Perithallium composed of laterally sheltered areas. joined vertical rows of ceHs. Marginal cells Distribution in Ceylon : Galle. viewed in radial section as high as the hypothal­ lic cells. Geog. diBtribution: Indian ocean, Pacific and Atlantic oceans, 'Mediterranean sea, Cape This specimen was dredged from a depth of of Good Hope. about 15 meters. 16. Carpopeltis Schmitz Distribution in Ceylon ; Galle, Pearl Banks in the Gulf of Mannar. l. Carpopeltis rigida (Harvey) Schmitz Geog. distribution: West Indies, Mediter­ 1895 Mar. Florid. v. Deutsch-Ost. Mrika ranean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, IndiB.n Ocean, a.nd p. 168; Heydr. 1907 Einige Algen V, Loo-choo Malayan Archipelago. Ber. d. Deutsch Bot. Gessel XXV, p. 64 ;

52 Cryptonemia rigida, Harvey, "AJg. exsicc. Cryptonemia lig1.1.,lata (Harvey) J. Ag., Spec. n. 51 " ; Okamura 1912, leones of Japanese AJg. Vol. III. 1876, p. 162 ; Boergesen, 1936, Algae, Vol II, p. 63, Pl. LXVI ; Boergesen, Some Marine Algae from Ceylon p. 83. 1943, Some Marine Algae from Mauritius, p. 27; Plants form tufts on rocks, dichotomously Phyllophora Maillardi Mont. et Millard; branched, segments strap-shaped and . some­ Algnes Reunion, 1862, p. 8, pl. 24 ; Suhria ? times constricted slightly, cartilaginous. In Zollingeri (Sonder) Grun., Alg. Novara, 1870, transverse section medUlla dense, filamentous p. 82, t. X, fig. 3. and spongy netlike, cortex :firm, dense of The plant was first named as Cryptonemia anticlinal rows of cells, smaller coils towards rigida by Harvey in Alg. Ceylon Exsicoatae the periphery, tetrasporangia in nemathecia. ; no. 51, as nomen nudum and later described 0ystocarps small immersed in the thickened by J. Agardh (1876). It was previously branch tips. described as a new speeies Phyllophora M aillardi Distribution in Ceylon : Galle. by Montagne and Millard. on the algae of Reunion. In 1870 Grunow described it as Geog. distribution: Malayan Archipelago. Suhria (?) Zollingeri on the material from Nicobar. Boergesen examined th0 original 18. Halymenia C. Agardh specimen Phyllophora Maillardi M. et M. the specimens of Harvey's plant and those of Key to the species of Halynenia Ceylon he had collected and compared with 1. Thalli broad, cordate or oblong leaf- specimens from Reunion. According to him the like ...... 2 plant from Reunion and the plant from Ceylon are the same. 1. Thalli narrow, forked with a divided blade ...... 3 Plants are dichotomously branched, cartila­ ginous, mostly pennate here and there arising 2. Base of thailus broadly cordate ...... from a disc-shaped haptera. Lower part of frond ...... 1~ H. porphyroides with a midrib, absent in the upper part, stem 2. Base of thallus reniform .... 2. H. diiatata slightly cylindrical. Plants 5-7 em. high, 3-4 3. Thalli with numerous proliferations from mm. in breadth, branches divide pinnately the margins but mc.re abundant in the dichotomously in fan-shaped clusters, terminal apices ...... 3. H. ceylanica parts dense and branched dichotomously, Thalli repeatedly forked with no proli- proliferous branches issued from both surfaces. 3. ferations ...... H. In transverse section the cortical layer consists 4. polydactyla of short densely placed anticlinal more or less furcated filaments composed of oblong cells. 1. Halymenia porphyroides Boerg. .The cells towards the inner cortex larger than those at the periphery. This takes place gradu­ 1932, Indian Rhodophyceae Bombay Pre­ ally, and the cells towards the periphery are sidency, Kew Bull. 3, p. 120; Syn. Callymenia rounded at first, but later become irregularly Harveyana J. Ag. in Syst. Alg. hod. advers. shaped. The innermost part of tissue is com­ 1888, p. 40 ; 1851, Spec. Alg. II, p. 288; non posed of thick walled densely interwoven fila­ Halymenia Harveyana J. Ag., Anal. Algology ments among which rhizoids are intermingled. 1892, pp. 55. Tetrasporangia and cystocarps produced Plant with short stipe, gradully becoming beneath the apex of the terminal segments, leaf-like lamina attached. to rocks by means of colour purplish red or yellow. a smaJI disc. Basd of thallus broadly cordate. Distribution in Ceylon ; Dondra Head, Galle. Thallus elastic with roundish, sinuate and waved edges and becomes gradually more or Geog. distribution: East coast of Africa, less lobed. Colour light ·red. In transverse India, Japan, and the Malayan Archipelago. section the peripheral layer on both sides composed of 3-4 rows .of small cells, those 17. Polyopes J. Agardh towards the centre being larger, vigorous 1. Polyopes ligulatus (Harv.) Schm. filaments connecting the layers on both sides are found in the central muscilaginous tissue, Englers Bot. Jahrb. 21, 1895, p. 166 ; Gymno­ stellate cells found in the cortex. Tetrasporangia gongrus Ugulatus Harvey .. "Cey. Alg. No. 50"; scattered on the cortical layer and are cruciately

53 divided. Cystocarps scattered in the interior Plant, soft and membranaceous, frond 1- of the thallus. A single duster of carpospores 1 · 5 em. in diameter with lateral branches formed from an auxiliary cell, and surrounding about 1 em. in width with numerous narrow filaments unite to form a loose-walled urceolate proliferations from the margins but more cavity. Oarpospores escape through ostiole. abundant at the apices. Proliferations flat­ Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the tened 1-3 em. in width and 2-4 em. in length. Gulf of Mannar. Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the Geog. distTibution: Indian Ocean. Gulf ofMannar. Geog. distribution: Japan.

2. Halymenia dilatctta Zan. 4. Halymenia polydactyla Boergesen In Flora, 1851, p. 35; Plant Mar. Rubr enum. p. 72, tab. III~ fig. I ; J. Agardh, Ana­ (£late XI, Fig. 7 ; Plate XII, Fig. 3) leota .AJgologica, 1892, p. 63 ; Okamura., leones, 1932, Some Indian Rhodophyceae, Bombay VoJ. IV, p. 109, pl. 176 et 177, :figs. 3-4; Boer­ Presidency, Kew Bull. No.3, p. 122. gesen, 1933, Contrib. S. Indian Mar. Alg. Flora III, p. 214. Plants of moderate size. Thallus repeatedly forked, fastigate, segments terete, compressed Fronds arising from a scutate disc, abruptly 5-7 mm. thick. Thallus below the forks 12-15 expanding with reniform base into a su bor­ mm. Upper ends of forks obtuse. Oo1our bicular membranaceous structure, sometimes reddish or dark purple of tough constituency. broadly oblong undulate curled, simple or In transverse section W'3,ll composed of small mor~ or less lobed becoming 15-20 em. in thick walled cells, roundish polygonal when breadth and height. Margin entire, crenulate seen from above. Beneath are large steilate or roughly subdentate, sinuose or :fimbricated cells. Cells short rayed near periphery, long with ligulate lobules and more or less crisped, rayed towards the interior forming a locse sometimes with small papilose or ligulate tissue in the mucilaginc·us interior of the tubes. processes. In transverse section the cortical Gland cells issuing stello.te cells are present layer is compcsed of small roundish or oblong here and there. TBtrasporangia occur in the cells with thin irregularly bent filaments epidermal tissue and are of variable size and running in aU directicns into the slimy interior. shape, roundish to oblong. Only a fragment Tetrasporangia scattered over the whole sur­ of this plant was dredged from the Pearl Bank. face of the frond. Cystocarps occur in small dots densely scattered all over the surface of the Distribution in Ceylon: Karativu Paar in frond. Colour purplish red with irregularly­ the Pearl Banks in the Gulf of Mannar. shaped small patches. The plant is very Geog. distribution: India and Jedan Islands. slimy. Distribution in Ceylon : Delft island. ORDER 4. GIGARTINALES SCHMITZ Geog. distribution : Red Sea, Somaliland, (EMEND) KYLIN Malayan Archipelago and Japan. FAMILY l. SOLIERIACEAE KYLIN 3. Halymenia ceylanica Kuetz. 19. Meristotheca J. Ag.

(Plate XXX, Fig. 1) I. Meristotheca papulosa (Mont.) J. Ag. H alymema Durvtllae~ Bory var. ceylonica (Kuetz.) Wever, 1921, Algues Siboga p. 235 (Plate XXIX) pl. VIII, :fig. I ; Halymenia ceylanica Kuetz J. Agardh, Bidr. Florid. System 1848, p. 143; 1866, Tab. Phyc. VoL 16, tah. 93.; "Ceyl. Alg Epicrisis, 1876, p. 584; Weber van Bosse, No. 39" 1828, Algues Siboga p. 402, fig. 182 ; Kylin, I have compared my spei..imens with the 1932, Die Florideenordn. Gigartinales p. 25, specimens determined by Okarrmra kept at the pl. 12, fig. 27; Boergesen, 1934, Indian Rhodo­ herbarium of the Tokyo University of Fisheries phyceae of Bombay Presidency IV, Kew Bull. and. my specimens resemole this. No. J, p. 13-16, fig. 10-11 ; Oallymenia papulosa

54 Mont., 1849, Pug. Alg. Yemensium in Ann. Sc. l. Hypnea musciformis (Wulf.) Lamuur. Nat. 3 ser 13, p. 246 ; Euhymenia papulosa, 1813, Lamouroux, Essai Thallas., p. 43 , Kuetz, 1867, Tab. Phyc. 17, t. 73. Kuetzing Spec. Alg. 184-9, p. 758; Tab. Phycol, Plants foliose with small papillae on the Vol. 18, tab. 19; J. Agardh, Epicr, 1876, surface. The margin is irregularly sinuate and p. 561 ; Fucus musciformis Wulf. in "Jacquin, dentate and several proliferations are present. Collectanea, III, p. 154, tab. 14 fig. 3 "; Esper. The thallus is brick red in colour and cartilagi­ 1800, leones Fuc. tab. 93; Turner, 1809 nous. In transverse section peripheral layer of Fuci. tab. 127. small assimilating cells with large roundish oval Plants epiphytic upon larger algae, usually storage cells in the centre. The medullary entangled and attached by mean of tendrils. tissue in the middle consists of loosely inter­ They are numerous and spreading up to about woven filaments. Spherical cystocarps scat­ 18 em. They are irregularly branched from tered upon the flat surface along the margin. the base, branches cylindrical broader at the Tetrasporangia spread over the surface and base gradually tapering above. Numerous zonately divided. branches about 8 em. or more in length and Distribution in Ceylon : Galle. these are beset with smaller ones. The Geog. distribution : Red Sea, Coast of Somali, primary shoot as well as the branches are covered India, Malayan Archipelago. with ramuli which are of the same texture, some placed close together while others at short distances away, the upper ones sometimes FAMILY 2. HYPNEACEAE HARVEY secund. Usually they are about 2-3 mm. long sometimes longer, apices slightly twisted 20. Hypnea Lamouroux as tendrils. The plant resembles H. japonica Tanaka in being membranous and slender. Key to the species of H ypnea Ramuli bearing tetraspores incrassated, pod­ A. Fronds intricate and caespitose, alter­ like in the middle, those with conceptacles natively branched branches and branchlets spmescent, civaricately bran<;hsd. caespitose erect not intricate. Distribution in Ceylon: "Kctrativu, Mandativu, l. Apex of the branches genrally hamate Delft, J a:ffna lagoon. ····------J. H. muscijormis Geog. distribution: Adriatic sea, West Indies, l. Apex of branches straight------2 New Zealand, Normandy, Egypt, Indian Ocean. 2. Fronds generally complanate ------2. Hypnea Saidanr:t Holmes ------2. H. Saidana New Mar. Alg. Japan (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot., 2. Fronds terete or sub terete ------3 vol. 31, 1895, p. 256 pl. II, fig. 3 ; De Toni, 3. Principal axis not percurrent, upper ends Syll. Alg. IV, 1897, p. 483; Okamura, Icon. of branches thing and antler like ------·------Japan Alg., vol. 2, no. 2, 1909 p. 24, pl. 57, -- ______. ______3. H. cer1.>icornis figs. 1-10; Tanaka, 1941, Sci. pap. of the 3. Principal axis percurrent upper ends of Instit. of Algological Research, Hok. Univ. branches not antler like ------··------4 Vol. 2, No.2. p. 239. 4. Fronds slender, spinous branchlets long Fronds forming rounded mass reaching a height of 6-10 em. and width 1-2 mm. They ·------4. H. Valentiae are compalanate membranaceous or slightly 4. Fronds rigid, spinous branchlets thick cartilaginous. Main branches, flexuose more and short------5. H. hc.mulosa or less dichotomous with alternate branches which are mostly curved with numerous short B. Fronds consisting of intricate cushion­ thorn-like branchlets. Tetrasporangia formed like portion and fertile upper branches. around the basal swollen part of branchlets, 1. Vegetative part matted, tetrasporangia tetraspores irregularly zonate. Colour blood borne on the side ofbranchlet ______6. H. pannosa red or yellowish red. The plant grows on rocks in exposed places. 2. Vegetative plant not matted, tetra­ spc.rangia borne around the branchlet ·------·- Distribution in Ceylon : Beruwela. ·------··-·.--·······-----·····------········-··-··-· 7. H. cenomyce Geog. distribution: Japan. 55 3. Hypnea cerviconis J. Ag. formerly considered separate namely H. seti­ culosa J. Ag. ; H. charoides Lamx. and H. Epicr. 1876 p. 564; Harvey, Ner. Bor. divaricata Kuetz. are referred to H. Valentiae Amer. II, 1853, p. 125; Okamura, Icon. .Japan (Turn.) Mont. (Fucu8 Valentiae Turner '' Fuci" Alg. Vol. IV, 1916, p. 35, pl. 159 figs. 6-9, pl. tab. 78, vol. II, 1807). In t.he above species 160, figs. 1-5; Boergesen, Mar. Alg. Dan. I have followed the suggestion of Hauck. I West Indies 1920, p. 383; Mar. Alg. Can. have some specimens which agree with the Islands 1929 p. 8·4; Taylor, Mar. Alg. of description of H. charoides Lamx. as described Florida 1928, p. 156; pl. 22, fig. II; Tanaka by Tanaka but I have placed them under H. 1941. The genus Hypnea from Japan, Sci. Valentiae (Turner) Mont. Pap. lnstit. of Algological Res. Hok. Univ. Vol. II. No.2., p. 241. Distribution in Ceylon: Karativu, Mandativu, Delft. Plants form bushes composed of numerous loosely arranged filaments. There is no dis­ Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Red Sea, tinct main branch, all branches being almost Australia, Japan and Tasmania. the same size and rather thin, branching rather irregularly in divaricato-dichotomous manner, 5. Hypnea hamulosa (Turn.) Mont. attached to the substratum by means of disc­ (Plate XV, Figs. 10, II) like attachments. Upper portion of rami­ fication have an antler-like appearance and thus "Pug. Alg. Yemens n. 16"; J. Aga.rdh, branches decrease in length towards the top. Spec. Alg. II, 1852, p. 447; Epicr. 1876, p. Fertile branches projecting beyond the tuft; 563; Zanardini, Pl. Mar. Rubr. 1858, p. 270, tetrasporangia in the middle or swollen part n. 97 ; Grunow, Algen der Fidschi. Tonga und ending in a simple or branching point. Cysto­ Samoa-Inseln (1874) p. 39; Weber Van Bosse, carps solitary or aggregate. .A,ntheridia in Liste alg. Siboga, IV, 1928, p. 453 :fig. 191 ; the basal swollen part of the ultimate branchlets. Syn. Fucus hamulosus Turner, 1809, Hist. Colour purplish red or brick red sometimes Fuci. T. 79; Tanaka, 1941, The genus Hypnea green in the upper portion. from Japan, p. 245, fig. 17. These specimens are found in abundance in Fronds slender, cylindrical or slightly com­ the J affna lagoon. pressed reaching a height of 8-10 em. Branches Distribution in Ceylon : J affna lagoon, Kara­ are scattered loosely entangled alternately tivu, Keerimalai and Pearl Banks in the Gulf or irregularly and are beset with short and long ofMannar. spinous branchlets. Branching simple di- or trichotomous. The entire frond is more or Geog. distribution : Easter Island, Brazil, less clothed with ramuli with acuminated Chile, Australia, and Pacific Ocean. segments. Tetrasporangia are present in the basal swollen part of the short branchlets. 4-. Hypnea Valentiae (Turn.) Mont. Colour pale transparent bright red slightly tinged with brown. My specimen has a close 1852, J. ~~gardh, Spec. Alg. II, 540; resemblance to Turner's figure in Hist. Fuc. Hauck, Ueber ein. v. I. M. Hilderbrandt im t. 79. Rothen Meere u. Ind. Ocean gesamm . .A,lgen in Hedwigia 26, 20, 1883 ; Boergesen, 1934 The present species is found in abundance Indian Rhodophyceae, Kew. Bull. No. I, p. 17: washed on the shores between Trincomalee and Kuchaveli during the North East Monsoon. Fronds arise from a callous disc with incurved creeping fibres and reaching a height of 10 em. Distribution in Ceylon: Kuchaveli. or more, cylindrical filiform, fl.exuose. Plants Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Pacific undivided or 2 or 3 times dichotomously Ocean, Cape of Good Hope, Red Sea, Japan. branched. Branches at intervals of 1 mm. are beset with slightly incurved spiniform 6. Hypnea pannosa J . .A,gardh ramuli, broad at the base and acute at the apex. (Plate XV, Fig. 9) Tetrasporangia are borne on branchlets in the base or middle. Cystoca:rps borne on branchlets Spec ..Alg. II, 1852, p. 453; Epicr. 1876, near the c3rpex. Hauck has pointed out in p. 565; Harvey, Ner. Bor . .A,mer. 1853, p. Hedwigia 26, 1887, p. 20, that several species 125 ; Okamura, Icon. Jap. Alg. Vol. I, no. 2,

.56 1907, p. 47. Taylor Mar . .Alg. Florid, 1928 p. 2. Two arms of dichotomy often arcuate 156; Boergesen, Mar . .Alg. Cey. 1936 p. 84; ...... 1. A. plicata Contrib. South Ind. Mar . .Alg. Flora II, 1937, p. 326; Tanaka, 1941, Sci. Pap. Instit. of .Alg. 3. .All branches ending in equal height, fur- Research, Hok. Univ. Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 247. cellate and fastigiate .. :...... 2. A. furcellata Plants pulvinate, sub cartilaginous, intri­ cately branched, branches attached to each l. Ahnfeltia plicata (Hudson) Fries other, the ex:terior ones conical acuminate forming dense matted tufts on the rocks. 1835, Corpus florarum provincialium Suciae, Fertile branches emerging from the mat, naked p, 310; Harvey, 1853, Phy. Bor. Amer. p. below pyramidal branched above, those bearing 163; Fucus plicatus 1762, Flora .A,nglica, p. 470 ; the tetraspores subunilaterally warted at the Smith, 1944, Mar. Alg. Mont. Pen. p. 271; base and pad-like below the apex containing a Taylor, 1957, Mar. Alg. N. E. Coast of North single or more sori ; tetraspores irregularly America p. 275. zonate ; colour purplish red. Plants form dense tufts arising from a thin Distribution in Ceylon: Delft island, Galle. disc reaching a height of about 12-l 5 em., Geog. distribution : Mexico, Pacific ocean, dichotomous or unilateral to irregularly Indian ocean, Japan. branched, branches cylindrical up to 0 · 5 mm. in diameter and 5-10 times dichotomous with an interval of 5-10 mm. between successive 7. Hypnea Cenomyce J. Ag. dichotomies. Proliferous branches are short when present and borne anywhere on the Spec. Alg. II, 1852, p. 452; Epicr, 1876, branches. Nemathecia forming oblong swell­ p. 564; De Toni, Syll. Alg. IV, 1900, p. 481; ings on the branches const1tuted of radi ·ting Tanaka, 1941, Sci. Papers of Alg. Res. Hokkaido rows of cells, the outer in localised spots forming University Vol. II. No.2, p. 250. monosporangia. Plants reaching a hejght of 5 em. cylindrical, 0 · 5-l mm. in width. The basal part of the frond Distribution in Ceylon : Matara. is cushion-shaped and forms expansions on Geog. distribution : N. Atlantic Ocean, Brazil, rocks and coral and gives off branches which are S. America, and Indian Ocean. irregularly arranged, sometimes sub pani­ culate. Ultimate branches are spinous about 1 mm. long and 0 · 5 mm. thick with acute apex, sometimes discoid. Cystocarps are subcylin­ drical, solitary or in groups of 2 or 3 on the 2. Ahnfeltia furcellata Okamura branches or branchlets. 1933, leones of Japanese Algae Vol. VII, The plant resembles H. hamulosa but can No. II, p. 16, 17, Pl. 310, figs. 6-10. be distinguished by the presence of cushion-like mass at the base. Fronds of m?derate size growing in tufts Distribution in Ceylon: Jaffna lagoon. from a callous disc. Fronds terete, lower portion naked and stem-like for more or less long Geog. distribution: .Australia, Japan. distances, branches widely parted regularly dichotomous decompound widely parted with forks which come close together. All branches FAMILY 3. Pl{YLLOPllORACEAE end in equal heights, furcellate with blunt KYLIN apices and fastigate in ultimate segments. 21. Anfeltia Fries In section the medulla pseudoparenchymatous with isodiametric cells and cortex parenchy­ Key to the species of Ahnfeltia matous with much smaller anticlinal cell rows. Cystocarps swollen immersed in the 1. Proliferous branches present occasionally terminal segments. ·····:··········································································2 Distribution in Ceylon: Beruwela. 1. Proliferous branches completely absent ···················································;···························· 3 Geog. distribution: Japan.

57 22. Gymnogongrus Martius p. 190; Kuetzing, I868, Tab. Phy. Vol. XVIII, t. I ; Fucus acidularis Wulf. Crypt. aquate. Key to the species of Gymnogongrus 1803, p. 63, No. 50; Boergesen, I936, Some l. Fronds cylindric~! below, apex blunt and. Marine .Algae from Ceylon p. 88. compressed ...... l. G. pygmaeus Fronds tufted 2-4 inches in height divided I. Fronds flattened or compressed below somewhat dichotomously into spreading terminal apex crenulate and recurved ...... branches of nearly equal length forming a ...... 2. G. glomeratus roundish general outline, branches cylindrical acuminated divided dichotomously again or l. Gymnogongrus pygmaeus (Grev.) J. Ag. irregularly or pinnated with acute ramuli up to an inch or more long. Sometimes bearing minute Spec. Alg. II, p. 3I7 ; Epicrisis, 1876, p. 209; scattered spines, often ramuli partly secund Kuetzing, Tab. Phyc. Vol. XIX, t. 64 ; Chon­ and branches curved inwards at the apex. drus pygmaeus Grev. in M. S. in Hb. Rooker; Cystocarps spherical sessile scattered upon Boergesen, I936, Some Mar. Alg. ofCeylonp. 88; the ramuli. 1937, Contrib. to South Ind. Mar. Alg. Flora II Distribution in Ceylon: Galle. p. 329. Plants of small size, bushy growing from a Geog. distribution: Mediterranean Sea, .Atlan­ tic Ocean, .Australia, Cuba, Danish West Indies. disc-shaped holdfast. Fronds with cylindrical branches below, erect branches horny and fum repeatedly dichotomously branched, apex FAMILY 5. GRACILARIACEAE KYLIN blunt and compressed. Cystoearps form pro­ 24. Greville tuberances on the thallus, the cystoca.rps are Gracilaria. large and numerous, carpospores arranged in Key to the species of Gracilaria groups surrounded by rhizoid-like filaments embedded in the slime. They were found .A. Plants in which the thalli are not cons- growing with a species of Gelidium. tricted distinctly...... 1 Distribution in Ceylon : Bambalapitiya, Galle. l. Plants in which the thalli are cylindrical Geog. distribution: India, Japan. or slightly compressed ...... 2

2. Gymnogongrus glomeratus J. Ag. 1. Plants in which the thalli are flattened ...... 9 I849, in Act. Holm. Oefvers p. 88 ; Sp. II, p. 322 ; Epicrisis 1876, p. 2I2, Chondrus rhodo­ 2. Branches arched and decumbent develop- phyllus Kuetz. Tab. Phyc. XVII, 1867, t. 62. ing haptera on reaching substratum ...... Frond compressed below, above in dense ...... I. G. crassa dichotomous branching ('lusters, flabellate, 2. Branches not as above ...... 3 branches dense and overlapping; segments short and linear, terminal apex crenulate and 3. Branches cylindrical with obtuse apex recurved. Cystocarps numerous hemispherical and with narrow constrictions on the branches .... forming protuberances on the thq,llus...... 2. G. cylindrt"ca Distribution in Ceylon : Matara. 3. Branches with no narrow constrictions .... Geog. distribution: Mauritius, Cape of Good ················································································ 4 Hope. 4. Branches extremely divergent, often arcuated flexous or corymbose ...... 3. G. arcuata FAMILY 4. GIGARTINACEAE SCHMITZ (EMEND) KYLIN 4. Branches not arcuate ...... 5 23. Gigartina Stackhouse 5. Plants ramified only at about half the height of the erect shoots which are divided l. Gigartina acicularis (Wulf.) Lamouroux several times pseudodichotomously and (Plate XXXI, Fig. I) branches grow in a fan-like manner ...... 4. G. Fergusoni1~ 1813, Essai Thalassiophytes p. 48; J. Ag. I85I, Spec. Alg. Vol. II, p. 263; Epicrisis 5. Plants not as above ...... 6

58 6. In transverse section inner cells thin- The specimens collected at Hikka.dna. near walled ...... 7 Galle is very similar to that described as 6. In transverse section inner cells thick- Oorallopsis opuntia by Svedelius along with walled ...... 8 figures in hisAlgen vegetation of Ceylon p.192-3 and figs. 4 and 5. This specimen does not 7. Epidermal cells large and thin, cortical have the characteristic constrictions of the cells layer sharply defined...... genus Oorallopsis. The plant is thick and ...... 5. G. bursa-pastoris cartilaginous, thallus terete about 3 mm. thick, 7. Epidermal cells small, inner cells large succulent, dichotomously branched, the gradually becoming smaller outwards ...... branches are arched and decumbent...... 6. G. gigas When they strike the rocks they develop 8. Habit indefinite, base of branch hapteras and are firmly attached to it. In constricted and branching variable ...... transverse section the cortex consists of two ...... 7. G. verrucosa layers of pigmented cells the outermost ones anticlinally disposed. Elliptical gland cells 8. Habit tufty to half tufty, branches are present as described by Ohmi. The medul­ hardly constricted at the base, branching lary cells are large and have thin walls making pinnate divaricately or somewhat corymbos~, the thallus collapse and giving a canaliculate thallus sometimes :flattened...... 8. G. edul~s appearance. They are found growing in the 9. Thallus more than 1 em. wide, usually littoral zones in exposed places between the lobed with blunt or ligulate apices ...... tides. The specimens collected from Puttalam ...... 9. G. Textorii lagoon and Mandativu have a more sinuated 9. Thalli less than 1 em. wide ...... 10 thallus with small narrow constrictions here and there. They are irregularly dichotomously 10. Thalli regularly dichotomous and divided and the thallus is more cylindrical. fastigate with fum cartilaginous consistency.... According to Boergesen (1952) it is evident ...... 10. G. corticata that Oorallopsis opuntia and Gracilaria crassa 10. Thalli not regularly dichotomous and is the same species. not with fum cartilaginous consistency...... Distribution in Ceylon ; Hikkaduwa, Galle, ...... 11. G. Jolilifera Mandativu, Nainativu, and Puttalam lagoon. Geog. distribution : Malayan Archipelago, B. Plants in which the thalli are constricted Vietnam, Japan, Mauritius. distinctly ...... 11

11. Thallus with unconstricted branched 2. Gracilaria cylindrica Boergesen axis but strongly constricted branchlets ...... 12. G. cacalia 1915, Marine Algae of Dan. West Indies, 11. Thallus in which axis and branchlets Vol. II, p. 37 5-77, figs. 364-365 ; Gracilaria are distinctly constricted with swollen nodes .... Blodgetti Borg., Some new or little known West ...... 13. G. minor Indian Florideae (Bot. Tidsskrift Vol. 30, 1909 p.18). Plants reaching a height of 15 em. or more 1. Gracilaria crassa (Harv.) J. Ag. attached to the substratum by means of a small (Plate XIV, Fig. 6) disc. The main stem is thin near the base and reaches its normal width of 1·5-2 mm. Harvey, " Alg. Ceylon exsic., no. 29 "; The branches are issued from all sides and J. Agardh, Epicrisis, 1876, p. 427; De Toni, Syll. branching is irregular with shorter or longer Alg. IV, 1900, p. 439; Weber Van Bosse, Liste distances between the branches. The cylin­ des Alg. du Siboga IV, 1928, p. 421; Yamada, drical branches are interrupted by narrowing Notes on so:rp.e Jap. Alg. V, 1933, p. 281, pl. 13; of the branches at the bases, and constriction fig. 10;Boergesen, Some Mar.Alg. from Ceylon, in the branches itself is rather common. The 1936, p. 86 fig. 8; Some Marine Algae from branches are similar to the main axis. Mauritius IV, 1953, p. 33; Ohmi, 1958, Species The branches at first are thin but later reach of Gracilaria and Gracilariopsis p. 25, pl. V, D-E, the normal size of the thallus. The branches do and Text-fig, II. not give off any branchlets but sometimes a few

59 are observed. It is fleshy and succulent often The plants grow in dense tufts reaching a collapsing completely on drying. In trans­ height of about 7 em. from a more or less verse section most of the cells are thin and expanded disc. Both young and old shoots transparent with very thin walls. They become are given off from the same disc and inter­ smaller towards the periphery and are mingled. The thallus is cylindrical, occasionally surrounded by a cortical layer of one or two narrowed. The thallus is in the lower region layers of rather thick-walled cells. This is about 2 mm. in thickness and gradually specimen was dredged from a depth of about tapers towards the apex and is a bout 1. 5 mm. 18 meters. in thickness at the upper ends. Apices are Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Bank in the broadly rounded. The plants are profusely Gulf ofMannar. ramified only at about half the height of the erect shoots. The shoots are divided into Geog. distribution : Danish West Indies. three or more branches which in turn . are divided several times pseudodichotomously. 3. Gracilaria arcuata Zanard. The branches grow in a fan~like manner in about the same plane and become shorter 1858, Plant. mar. Rubri enum., p. 265, n.82, upwards. In transverse section the medullary t.5, f.2; De Toni, syll. alg. IV, 1900, p. 439; layer consist of small thick wall cells of nearly Vol. VI, 1924, p. 252; Okamura, Icon. Jap. Alg. the same size, but at the surface the cells are VI. 1931, p. 40, pl. 272; Boergesen, Some Marine smaller and oblong. The cortical layer consists Algae from Mauritius III (2) 1943, p. 69, f. 35; of very small cells covered by a cuticle. The Ohmi, 1958, Species of Gracilaria and plants resemble Gracilaria crassa, however Gracilan:opsis p. 23, pl. V, A-C, and text fig. 10. their habitat are quite different and further in Plants reaching a height of about 10 em., transverse sections cells of the medullary tissue and 3-4 mm. broad. Fronds cylindrical, in G. crassa are more than twice that of G. irregularly pinnate with branches usually close Fergusonii and have thin walls. to each other and some portions appear dichto­ mous. Branches not constricted at the base, Distribution in Ceylon : Keerimalai. extremely divergent, :fiexous or corymbose in Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean. general outline. Branches are curved and possess secund branches or branches arising from. the curved side. In transverse section the 5. Gracilaria bursa-pastoris (Gmel.) Silva cortex consisits of 3 to 4 layers of cells, the outermost two layers are very small, roundish 1952, A review of nomenclatural conservation or oblong and pigmented. The third and of algae from the point of view of the . type fourth layer of cells adjoining these are five method, p. 265; Ohmi 1958, The species of i;o six times larger, roundish in shape. The Gracilaria and Gracilariopsis from Japan and medulla consists of 5-6 layers of roundish cells adjacent waters, Mem. of Fac. of Fish. Hokk. about 5-9 times the size of the inner cortical Univ. Vol. 6, p. 18, Pl. III, C-IV, B, text. cells. Tetraspores are scattered over the entire fig. 7; Gracilaria compressa (C. Ag.) Greville, surface of the frond. Cystocarps and antheri­ 'Alg. Brit., 1830, p. 125; Harvey, Phyc. Brit. dia were not observed in my specimens. II, 1849, tab. 205 ; J. Ag ., Spec. Alg. II, Plants brownish red in colour with a membra­ 1852, p. 593 ; Epicrisis, 1876, p. 417 ; De Toni, naceous and fleshy substa.nce. 1900, Syll. Alg. IV. p. 438 ; Boergesen, 1920, Distribution in Ceylon : Kankesanthurai, Mar. Alg. Dan. West Ind. p. 374; Okamura, Mandativu. Icon. Jap. Alg. V, 1927, p. 160, pl. 242, figs. 5-10 ; Taylor, 1928, Mar. Alg. Florida p. 152 ; Geog:-. distribution: Mauritius, India, Red Fucus bursa-pastoris Gmel., Hist. Fuc. 1768t Sea, '-'Mediterranean Sea, Malayan Archi­ p. 121, pl. 8, fig. 3. pelago. Fronds erect in tufts 15-30 em. or more in 4. Gracilaria Fergusonii J. Ag. length, 2-3 m.m. thick attenuated at the base and apex, attenuated from the base in a manner 1901, Spec. Alg. Vol. III, p. 60; Boergesen between dichotomous and pinnated. Main 1938, Journ. of Ind. Botanical Society, Vol. branches long somewhat curved and gradually XVII, No.4, p. 222. tapering to a subulate point. ' They arise

60 alternately or subsecundly with patent and It can be diRtinguished from G. bursa-pastoris rounded axils from unconstricted insertions. In which has a layer of large epidermal cells and transverse section the frond consists of thin­ thin ccrtirallayer sharply defined. walled rounded cells covered by a layer or two layers of smaller pigmented cells. The medullary Distribution in Ceylon : Delft. layer consists of 6-7 layers with smaller cells Geog. distribution : Japan. towards the outside gradually becoming larger towards the centre. Cystocarps sessile globe­ hemispherical or conical with a prominent 7. Gracilaria verrucosa (Huds.) Papenfuss oriface. Fronds soft and cartj}aginous (,r membranaceous, fragile adhering to paper on (Plate XIV, Fig. 7) drying. It is closely a,llied to Gracilaria 1950, Review of the genera of algae described verrucosa. It can be distinguished from Gra­ by Stackhouse p. 195 ; Ohmi, 1958, Species cilaria verrucosa which have regular secund of and Mem. Fac. branches, constricted base of the segments and Gracilaria Gracilariopsis, Fish., Hokk. Univ. Vol. 6, No. I, p. 6, Pl. I, non-dichotomous segments. Cortical cells many A-D, text figs. 1-2; more cells than G. bursa-pastoris which is made Gracilaria confervoides (L.) Greville, Alg. Brit., 1830, p. 123; Harvey, up of thin layer of sharply defined inner cells. Phyc. Brit. I, 1846, pl. 65; J. Agardh, Spec. Distribution in Ceylon : Karativu, Delft. Alg. II (2), 1852, p. 587 ; Epicrisis, 1876, p. 413 ; De Toni, Syll. Alg. IV, 1900, p. 431 ; May, Geog. distribution : Warm Atlantic Ocean, 1948, The Algal Genus Gracilaria in Australia, Mediterranean Sea, Great Britain, India and C. S. I. R. Bull. No. 235, p. 18 ; Dawson, Japan. Northeast Pacif. Gracilariaceae, 1949, p. 13, pl. 15 ; Fucus confervoides L., Sp. plant. ed. II, 1763, p. 1629; Turner, 1809, Fue. tab. 84; 6. Gracilaria gigas Harvey Fucus verrucosus Huds. Flora .Anglica, 1762, Harvey, 1859 Alg. Wright, in Proceed. p. 470. Amer. Acad. IV, p. 330, n. 24 ; De Toni, 1895, Fronds extremely variable in size and colour Phyc. Jap., p.28, n. 54; 1900, Syll. Alg. IV, p. and in the habitat in which they are found. 454; Okamura, Icon. Jap. Alg. V, 1923, p. Many fronds arise from the same base cylindri­ 1923, p. 159, pl. 241-242, figs. 1-4 ; Segawa, cal and filiform reaching a height from 8-15 em. On Mar. Alg. Susaki, Prov. Idzu., 1935, p. 81 ; Growth indefinite, branching irregular often Ohmi, 1958, Species of Gracilaria and Gracila­ secund or dichotomous, branches uniform in riopsis, p. 10, pl. I, E-II, A, and Text. fig. 3. width throughout, the plant tapering at the Fronds solitary or in tufts, cylindrical apices, sometimes divided near the bottom branches given off on all sides in an alternate and into a few simple branches, sometimes almost secund manner; irregularly and sparingly fastigiate at others dichotomous, smaller branched at short intervals and furnished with branches irregularly scattered either few or filiform ramuli attenuating into a fine apex. numerous. remote or crowded. They are spread­ They are thick and fleshy, somewhat trans­ ing attenuated at both ends. In transverse lucent, purplish red in colour and reach a section the cortex consists of two or three height of 20-30 em. with a diameter of 2-3 mm. layers of small cells and a thick medullary In transverse section the cortex consists of 6-8 tissue of round or isodiametric cells. The layers of pigmented cells of which the outer­ outermost cortical cells are heavily pigmented most cells are cuboid in shape and are anti­ and more or less anticlinally elongated. Transi­ clinally disposed, the inner cortex consists tion from inner medulla to outer cortex of 3-4 layers of periclinally oblong cells. The abrupt. The cells of the medulla are thick cells are thin-walled and the inner cells are walled. Cystocarps sessile and hemispherical larger than the cortical cells. Tetrasporaugia with a subacute prominent oriface. Tetra­ are oval or oblong in shape and are scattered sporangia densely scattered over the greatest over the surface of the frond. The plant part of the frond. Colour varies from yellow, closely resembles G. verrucosa and a thickened green, purple to red. The specimens were frond of G. bursa-pastoris. Unlike G. verru­ found in quiet estuarine waters as well as the cosa, G. gigas does not have inner thickened cells. open sea and sandy bottom.

61 Distribution in Ceylon : Trincomalee, Mutur, 9. Gracilaria Textorii (Suringar) J. Agardh Mannar, Puttalam lagoon and Jaffna lagocn, Sp. Alg. III, I, Epicr., 1876, p. 426 ; De Toni, Geog. distribution : Distributed in all the Syll. Alg. IV, 1900, p. 449 ; Okamura, IlJust. warm seas. Mar. Alg. Jap., I (5), 1901, p. 65, pl. 23; Inagaki, Mar. Red. Alg. Oshoro Bay, Hokkaido and its 8. Gracilaria edulis (Gmelin) Silva adj. waters, 1933, _p. 37, fig. 12; Ohmi, Contr. Knowledge of Gracilariaceae from Japan I, (Plate XIV, Figs. 4, 5) 1955, p. 320, pis. 1-6; 1958, Species of Gracilaria 1952, A review of nomenclatural conservation and Gracilariopsis p. 40, figs. 20-2, Sphaerococcus in the alga.e from the point of view of the type (Rhodymenia) Textorii Suring., Index prae­ ~et~od, p. 293; Ohmi, 1958, Species of Gra­ cursorius., 1867, p. 259; Gracilaria vivesii Howe, c~lana and Gracilariopsis, Mem. Fac. Fish. phyc. Stud. V, 1911, p. 503, pl. 30, 33 ; Dawson. Hokkaido Univ. Vol. 6, No. 1, p. 16, Pl. III, Stud. N. E. Pac. Gracil, 1949, p. 34, pl. 2, figs. B, and text fig. 6 ; Gracilaria lichenoides (L) 4-6, pl.14, figs. 1-6, pl. 15, figs. 1-6; Gracilaria Harvey in Lond. Journ. III, p. 445; J. Ag., johnstonii Set. et Gard. Mar. Alg. in Exped. Sp. Alg. II, 1852, p. 558 ; Epicrisis, 1876, p. Calif. Acad. Sci. to Gulf of Calif. in 1921, 1924, 412 ; De Toni, Syll. Alg. IV., 1900, p. 430 ; p. 752, pl. 22, figs. 11-14, pl. 60; Dawson, Mar. Okamura, Icon. Jap. Alg. VI, 1931, p. 39, Alg. Gulf of Calif., 1944, p. 293; Gracilaria pl. 271, figs. 1-5 : May, 1948, C. S. I. R. Bull. sinicola Set. et Gard., I.e., 1924, p. 752, pl. 62 235, p. 27 ; Fucus edulis Gmel. Hist. Fuc., G. vivipara Set. et Gard., lc. 1924, p. 750, pl. 24 1768, p. 113. figs., 28, 29, pl. 63. Plants grow in tufts, several branches arising Plants reaching a height of 10 em. or more from the base of the plant and most branches attached to the substratum by a disc. Stem arising irregularly from about that level. cylindrical expanding into a leaf-like frond. These branches bear, branchlets so that the Frond fiat coriaceous, dichotomously or pal­ upper half of the plant bears more branchlets. mately lobed with broad linear patent segments Thallus usually terete 2-2 · 5 mm. in diameter, whose axils are rounded. Segments 1-3 em. very rarely flattened reaching a height of 10-30 in width usually ending in a blunt or em. Branches gradually attenuating to a sometimes in acute or bifid apices. Terminal sharp point. They are irregular often dichoto­ segments divided repeatedly in a dichotomous manner. Thallus membranous, margin entire, ~ous and in parts distichous pinnate, sometimes m pa.rt secund. In some varieties constrictions sometimes undulated often provided with a.re found at the branch insertions. Width proliferous segments. In transverse section of branch varies from 0 · 5 to 2 mm. but usually inner cells are large and thick-walled, elongated about 1 · 5 mm. becoming narrower towards the between margins and extremely covered by a apex. In transverse section the medulla is few layers of cortical cells. There is an abrupt composed of 4-5 layers of large rounded cells transition from the large medullary cells to bordered by two layers of small peripheral the small cells of the cortex. Occasionally cortical cells. There is a distinct junction colourless hairs are present on frond surface. between the large central cells and the smaU Tetrasporangia densely scattered over both surfaces of the frond. Cystocarps hemi­ p~ripheral cells. Cystocarps hemispherical with spherical and densely scattered over both shg~t beaks at the ostiole. Tetrasporangia ovoid or oblong densely scattered on the sur­ surfaces of the frond. Pericarp thick of many layers of cells. Male fronds not available. face o~ the frond. The plants are yellow to green m colour becoming purple on drying. Distribution in Ceylon : Hambantota. The. thallus collapses on drying. Gracilaria Geog. distribution: Japan, Northeast Pacific. eduhs ~bows many varieties and are usually found m lagoons. They are also found in the 10. Gracilaria corticata J. Ag. open sea. 1852 Spec. Alg. II, p. 602; Epicr. 1876, p. 423; Distribution in Ceylon : Puttalam lagoon, Rhodomenia corticata J.Ag. Symbolae in Linnaea, Mannar, Mandativu, and Jaffna lagoon. XV, p. 14, 1841; Baerg. 1933 Kew Bull. No. Geog. distribution : India.. Australia' Japan' 3. p. 124; 1936, Some Marine Algae from Ceylon, East Indies, Pacific Ocean. Ceylon Journal of Science, Vol. XII, Part II,

62 p. 86; 1938. South Indian Mar. Algal Flora, J. Ag. var. granatea 1852, Spec. Alg. 2, p. 600 Ind. Bot. Society Vol. XVII, No. 4, p. 225. Fucus granateus Turner, 1819_, Fuci HiP.t. Tab. As pointed out by J. G. Agardh and Boer­ 215. gesen the species has a close resemblance to As mentioned earlier under G. corticata, G. folilifera and it is rather difficult to separate the differentiation of the broad species of the two groups. Most of my specimens agree G. corticata and this species is rather difficult with the desuription of J. Agardh and I have except that in G. corticata the thallus is come across two forms, those having a narrow regularly dichotomous and fastigiate with a almost linear thallus and those with broader firm and cartilaginous consistency. My :::peci­ thallus which probably J. Agardh refers to men has a close resemblance to the figure of Harveys Ceylon Algae No. 28. The plant Fucus granateus of Turner but not to Fucus grows in tufts reaching a height of 10 em. or aerginosus. Fronds numerous from the base more. Except for the upper parts they are reaching a height of about 15 em. They are rigid and cartilaginous. They are regularly repeatedly dichotomously divided or in a di- or tri-partite and the segments are narrow palmate manner, margins entire, apex bi- or 1-2 mm. wide and in some cases up to 3-4 mm. trifid with short acuminated segments. Thallus Apices of segments are acute and sometimes narrow at the base gradually becoming broader proliferous, proliferations being given off from upwards about 3 mm. in width. Colour green the apex of the thallus. The characteristic gradually becoming red. Thallus rather thin feature is the regularly dichotomous and and membranaceous. fastigiate thallus with a firm and cartilaginous consistency. Distribution in Ceylon : Beruwela. Distribution in Ceylon : Mount Lavinia, Geog. distribution: Atlantic coasts of Europe Chilaw, Hambantota, Keerimalai. and America, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Red Sea. Indian Ocean.

lOa. Gracilaria corticata variety ramalinoides 12. Gracilaria cacalia (J. Agardh) Dawson J. Ag. 1954., Notes on Pac. mar. Algal, Bull. Southern (Plate XXX, Fig. 2) Acad. of Sciences, Vol. 53, Part 1, p. 2; J. Ag., 1848, Spec. Alg. II, pt. I, p. 602 ; Epicrisis 1852 Spec. Alg. 2. 583 ; Epicrisis, 1876, 409 ; 1876, 424 ; Boergesen 1933, Indian Rhodo­ Boergesen, 1934, Kew Bull. No. I, p. 8; Coral­ phyceae Kew Bull. No. 3, p. 124. lopsis salicornia Decne. 1841, Plantes Arab. 184. The specimens are red in colour growing in tufts up to about 15 em. high. They are Plants of moderate size whose lower parts irregularly branched and branches become are branched irregularly. Branches slightly shorter upwards like short spines. Thallus or not attenuated at the base. One or two compressed very cartilaginous. In section inner brancblets are given off from the depressions cells larger with two layers of small cells towards on the summits of branches which are swollen. the periphery. My specimens agree with Kuetz­ Branchlets are elongate clavate, narrow at the ing's figure of Gracilaria spinescens (Tab. base and swollen at the apex which in turn are Phycol. XVIII 1868, t.79). This plant is beset with similar but smaller branchlets. rather common in the northern coast of Ceylon. Adventitious branchlets are given off occa­ Distribution in Ceylon : Keerimalai, Kanke­ sionally from all parts of the thallus. In transverse section a thick cuticle is present santhurai, Sethukulam. below which are 1-3 layers of small-celled Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Red Sea. assimilating tissue ; the cells in the centre are large and parenchymatous, but the cells 11. Gracilaria folilifera (Forssk.) Boergs. next to the periphery are small and contain a (Plate XXXI, Fig. 2) few scattered chromatophores. Distribution in Ceylon : Puttalam lagoon. 1932 in Dansk. Bot. Arkiv. VIII No. 2, p. 7, fig. I ; Fucus filiifer Forsskal, Fl. Aegypt Geog. distribution: Red Sea, North coast of Arabica p. 191 ; Gracilaria m~tltiparita (Clem.) Java, Thursday Island, and Indian Ocean.

63 12. Gracilaria minor (Sond.), Comb. nova Fronds erect and filiform, dichotomously branched several times partly fan-shaped, apex (Plate XIV, Figs. 1-3) of the segments often narrow. In transverse Oorallopsis minor (Sond.) J. Ag., 1876, Epi­ section the medullary tissue is composed of long crisis p. 409. De Toni, 1897, Syll. Alg. IV, I, thin cells. Cortex cells are rounded, larger p. 459; Oorallopsis salicornia var. minor Sond., cells towards the centre and smaller cells 1871, Alg. Trop. Austral. p. 24, t. 3, f. 6-11. towards the periphery. Tetrasporangia dis­ persed in the .cortex of the branched terminus. Frond stalked below soon becoming con­ Cystocarps oval produced on branch terminals. stricted and articulated above. Segments 4-6 times the diameter in length; apex swollen and Distribution in Ceylon : Hikkadua, Victoria inflated with 2-6 cystocarps in each segment. Park (Galle). I was fortunate in getting a plant with cysto­ Geog. distribution: Indian and Pacific Oceans. carps in one segment of the plant only. A longitudinal section of the cystocarp showed the characteristic features of the gracilariaceae in 2. Gelidiopsis variabilis (Greville) Schmitsz that the nutritive filaments extend to the (Plate XI, Figs. 8-9) pericarp. As suggested by Dawson (1954) that extreme constriction is insufficient reason In Engler's Bot. Jahrb. Vol.21, 1895-6 p. 148 for generic segregation, the generic name of the Feldmann J. in Recueil de traveaux, Cryptoga­ plant is reduced to Gracilaria. The plants miques dedies a Louis Mangin, Paris, p. 156; grow in the same manner as Gracilaria crassa Gelidium variabile (Grev.) J. Ag. Spec. Alg. II, and has arch-shaped downwardly bent branches, p. 468; Kuetzing, 1869, Tab. Phyc. Vol. 19, tab. which when they touch a suitable substratum c and D; Gigartina variabilis Grev. Mscr. in become fixed, and form dense cushions on Hb. Hookeri; Boergesen 1936, Cey. Mar. Alg. rocks. p. 81; 1937, Contrib. S. Ind. Mar. Alg. Flora II, p. 321. Distribution in Ceylon : Mandativu and Nainativu. Plants of very small size growing in tufts and reaching a height of 3-5 em. Filaments vary Geog. distribution : Australia, Holland, in length from 1 OO[J to 500[J. ; fronds terete Japan. filiform, branches sub-simple cylindrical, slightly irregularly branched ; tetrasporangia produced 25. Gelidiopsis Schmitz on branch terminals which are obtuse. Cysto­ carps oval and borne on branch terminals. Key to the species of Gelidiopsis Distribution in Ceylon : Matara, Beruwela, l. Frond filiform flattened above, repeat­ Galle, Pearl Banks. edly dichotomously branched, fan-shaped in appearance ...... !. Gelidiopsis Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean. repens. 2. Frond uniform cylindrical throughout, 26. Oeratodictyon Zanardini slightly irregularly branched ...... 2. Gelidi- 1. Oeratodictyon spongiosum Zanardini opsis variabilis. 1878, Phyceae papuanae n.8 ; Spongia carti­ laginea, Esper fide semper Nat. Existenzbed. l. Gelidiopsis repens (Kuetz.) Sclunitz d. Thiere II, p. 177-191; Marchesettia spongt·o­ des Hauck, Sopra ale. Alghe dell' Oceano 1895, in Engler's Bot. Jahrb. XVI, p. 148 ; Indiano 1882, p. 3, n. 3, t. III ; Hedwigia, 1889 Weber Van Bosse, Alg. Siboga, p. 425; Kuetz. p. 175. Tab. Phycol. Vol. 18, 1868, pl. 60; Gelidium acrocarpum Harvey, Alg. Ceylon No. 34; Kuetz. Fronds irregular, various mode of branching Tab. Phy. Vol.19, 1869, pl. 23; J. Ag. Spec. Alg. with thin branches, cylindrical, densely entan­ Vol. III, 1876, p. 552; Boergesen, 1937, Contrib. gled and fused with each other. CelJs evidently S. Ind. Mar. Algal Flora II, p. 321; 1936, Some radially arranged, medullary tissue composed Mar. Algae from Ceylon p. 81. of thin long cells. Cortical cells large in the

64 centre and small towards the periphery; ORDER 5. RHODYMENIALES SCHMITZ medullary tissue loose, cells of growing apex FAMILY I. CHAMPIACEAE BLIDING radially arranged. Branchlet producing cysto­ carp protrude from the spongy tissue of the 28. Champia Desvaux frond. Sterile part and fruitiferous part are Key to the species of Ohampia different in appearance. Tetrasporangia are 1. Plants with decumbent branches produced in nemathecia which are inflated...... !. Champia glob1dijera Cystocarps are produued on lateral side of branch. The specimens v>ere collected from a 1. Plants in which the branches are not sheltered area. decumbent ...... 2 2. Pla.nts forming globose tufts irregularly Distribution in Ceylon : Pungudutivu. branched...... 2. Chmnpia parvula. Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Japan. l. Champt·a glob1~lijera Boergesen 1937, Contrib. to study of South Indian Marine Algal Flora Ind. Bot. Society. Vol. XVI, No.6, p. 330, figs. 5-7. FAMILY 6. SARCODIACEAE KYLIN Plants form dense tufts 5-8 em. high several Sarcodia J . .Agardh shoots given off from a basal ilisc. Decumbent branches form new discs which gives rise to 27. Sarcodia ceylanica (J . .Ag.) Kylin new tufts. Branches solitary, opposite or verti­ cillate and given off in all directions. Main (Plate XIII, Figs. 6, 7) shoots about 2 mm. in diameter, branches 1932, Die Florid. Gigartinales, Lund, .Avd. 2, slightly narrower, narrowed at the base and Vol. 28, No.8, p; 56, Pl. 21, fig. 52; Carpococcus taper slowly towards the upper ends. apex ceylonensis J. Ag. Analecta Algologica, Cont. obtuse. Plante clearly constricted at the V, 1889 p. 46; Boergesen 1937. S. Indian Mar. diaphragms, segments barrel shaped and about Algal Flora II, p. 326. as long as broad but generally shorter upward. Structurally composed of two layers of cells, Plants of moderate size 10-20 em. or more, the larger cells of the walls becoming covered solitary or tufted arising from a scutate disc more or less completely by a oortical layer with cuneate base, 3-4 times dichotomously composed of rather large cel1s. Cystocarps branched, thallus irregularly shaped along the globose and scattered on the thallus; tetra­ margins, segments widely parted with round sporangia scattered in the walls of the branches· axils, some broadly linear, others widely cuneate varying from 5-10 mm. to 4-5 em. in Distribution in Ceylon : Karativu. breadth with blunt truncated ligulate or bifid Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean. apices. Margin smooth and entire or with wart­ like thickenings or papulose processes, often 2. Champia parvula (.Ag.) Harvey with simple ligulate or once or twice forked, 1853, Ner. Bor. .Amer. Vol. II, p. 76; Chondria cuneate proliferations, frond very much parvula Ag. 1824, Systema Algarum p. 207; thiokened when old. Tetrasporangia scattered Boergesen, 1937, Contrib. to South Ind. Mar. over the entire surface of the frond. In .Alg. Flora II, p. 330: transverse section cortical layer consists of very small cells arranged in vertical rows, and below Plants form dense globose tufts, often this is a tissue of cells growing larger and intricate 3-10 em. tall, pinkish brown or greenish stellate inwards, a filamentous medullary in colour. Fronds irregularly branched, tissue is found in the centre. Numerous branches occasionally somewhat pinnately com­ cystocarps are developed on both the flat sides pounded, mostly alternate branching, branches of the thallus along or within the margin. and ramuli patent, linear ending in a blunt Cystocarps subglobular and protrude much. point, hollow segments cask-shaped, tetrP­ porangia scattered in the segments. Distribution in Ceylon : Galle, Hikkaduwa. Distribution in Ceylon ; Galle. Geog. distribution : India, Japan, New Geog. distribution : Most warm seas, Ber­ Zealand. muda, Florida to Northern Massachusetts.

65 6--J. N. R 12429 (10/60) ORDER 6. CERMIALES OLTMANNS 1. Ceramium truncatum Boergesen FAMILY I. CERAMIACEAE (BONNEM.) (Plate XV, Fig. 7) NAEGELI 1936, Some marine Algae from Ceylon, Cey. 29. Centroceras Kuetz. Journ. of Science, Bot. Vol. XII, 1936, p. 91 figs. 11-12. l. Centroceras clavulatum (C. Ag.) Montagne 1846, Explor. sc. de l'Algeries, I, p. 140; J. Ag. Plants form dense tufts about a few em. 1851, Spec. Alg. p. 148 ; 876 Epicrisis p. 108 ; high on the host plant. It is densely dicho­ Harvey 1853, Ner. Bor. Amer. Part II, p. 211, tomously branched, apices of filaments erect tab. 336; Boergesen 1915-20, Marine Alg. and not incurved. Cortication in the lower Danish West Indies, p. 241 ; Taylor, 1928, part distinct with no outgrowths from the Marine Algae of Florida p. 189, pl. 28, figs. 6 margin but at the apex cortex aggregated and 7. without bare zone~ AduJt cells 170-180[1. high and 80-100[1. broad. Parts of axial cells Fronds form loose tufts or clumps attached to uncovered, shorter than the height of zones. the substratum by means of rhizoids. Branch­ Tetrasporangia occur in transverse or subverti­ ing dichotomous, equal or unequal; ultimate cillate rows. Fronds epiphytic on Gracilaria dichotomies forcipate. Filaments 50-75[1. in corticata. diameter ; central axis of large cells surrounded by regular cortex of longitudinally seriate rec­ Distribution in Ceylon: Bambalapitiya, Galle. tangular cells, nodes with prominent spines Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean. which are usually two-celled. Tetrasporangia verticillate in the terminal segments of axillary 2. Ceramium Taylorii Dawson torulose proliferations. Plants found in shel­ tered places in spongy masses. (Plate XV, Figs. 1-3, Fig. 8) Distribution in Ceylon : Mount Lavinia, 1950, A review of Ceramium along the Pacific Keerimalai. Coast of North America with special reference Geog. distribution : Throughout all warm to its Mexican representatives, Farlowia 4 (I) seas. p.l27, Pl.2, fig.13, Pl. 4., figs. 31-33; Ceramium fastigiatum Harvey, as interpreted by Taylor, 30. Ceramium (Roth) Lyngbye 19'45, Pac. Mar. Alg. p. 271 (in part); Hollen­ berg., 1948, Notes on Pacific Marine Algae, Key to the species of Ceramium Madrono 9 (5) ; p.158 as Ceramium gracillimum l. Apex of filaments erect and non forcipate Griffith & Harvey...... 2. Plants are epiphytic attached to the host 1. Apex of filaments distinctly incurved plant by means of rhizoids from the ventral ...... 3. nodal surface. Plants very small the erect 2. Cortex aggregated at the apex with no parts about 5 mm. high, 150-180[1. below and bare zones, outer cortical cells of nodal band 60-80[1. above in diameter. The alternately not separated into two groups by a horizontal branched tips are divergent, non forcipate and line ...... 1. Ceramium truncatum slightly incurved when young. Cortical bands 2. Cortex at apex with bare zones, outer about two-third as long as broad separated by cortical cells of nodal band separated into two internodal spaces about 140-160[1. below and 20-40[1. above and outer cortical cells of nodal groups by a layer of horizontal clear space at band separated into two groups by a layer of about the lower third of the node ...... horizontal clear space at about the lowPr third 2. Ceramium Taylorii. of the node. The plant was sterile. As des­ 3. Nodal cortication showing a series of cribed by Dawson Ceramium fastigiatum re­ notably transversely elongated cells ...... sembles Ceramium Taylorii in slze habit, and ...... 3. Ceramium transversale appearance of cortical bands. However they 3. Nodal cortication with no notable series are quite distinct in structure of the cortex. of transversely elongated cells and plants rela- in C. Taylorii the cortex is divided by a horizon­ tively tall reaching a height of 8 em ...... talline usually in the lower third into two parts ...... 4. Ceramium strictum. in which division does not obscure or disrupt this

66 line. No such division is observed in 0. fasti­ Distribution in Ceylon: Pearl Ba.nks in the giatum. The plant has & close resemblance Gulf of Mannar. to 0. Masonii in that the number of cell rows Geog. distribution : Warmer shores of Atlan­ in the lower third cortical is one, but the cells tic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea and Indian are angular and not distinctly horizontally Ocean, North America. elongated as in 0. Masonii. The plant was found epiphytic on Gracilaria corticata. 31. Spyridia Harvey Distribution in Ceylon : Mount Lavinia. Key to the species of Spyridia Geog. distribution: Baja California, Mexico. l. Branches with lateral spines in the upper nodes, branch tips tapered, sometimes 3. Ceramium transversale Collins & Harvey recurved or tendriliform but not swollen (Plate XV, Figs. 5, 6) ...... l. Spyridia filamentosa 1917 Alg. Bermuda, Proceed. of Amer. Acad. 1. Branches with one or more recurved of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 53, p.147, pl.V, figs. spines on the upper nodes of young branches 29-31; Boergesen 1916, Marine Algae, Danish ...... 2. West Indies Vol. II p. 243 fig. 233; H.E. Peter­ 2. Branch tips swollen and often uncinate son, Report on Danish Oceanographical expe­ ...... 2. Spyridia aculeata. dition 1908-10, Algae p. 14, fig. 5; Ceramium byssoideum Harv. 1853; Ner. Bor. Amer. 2. Branch tips not swollen with spreading p. 218. spines...... 3. Spyridia insignis. Plants epiphytic, nodal cortication showing a notable series of transversely elongated cells l. Spyridia filamentosa (Wulf.) Harvey in the lower portion of each band ; filaments 1833, in Hooker, Brit. Flora, Vol. II, p. 336 ; 60-80[1. in diameter the branches spreading , 1841 Manual Brit. Alg. p.101 ; Phylogica Bri­ lower internodes 6-8 times as long as broad ; tannica, pl. 46; 1853, Ner. Bor. Amer. Part II, tetrasporangia emergent, inflating lower por­ p. 204 ; Boergesen 1915 Mar. Alg. Dan. West tions of the nodal ba-nd, branching chiefly Indies p. 233, fig. 222-226. dichotomous. The specimens were found epi­ Plants bushy attached to the substratum phytic on Pocockiella variegata. by means of a disc-shaped holdfast. Plants Distribution in Ceylon : Galle, Kollupitiya. ramified on all sides and have corticated branches and branchlets. Ramuli in some Geog. distribution: West Indies, Mediter­ cases have a broad base and taper evenly ranean Sea:, Indian Ocean. upwards while in others it is of uniform breadth throughout. They end in attenuate or short 4. Ceramium strictum Grev. et Harvey spines and in some as long as broad. Individuals (Plate XV, Fig. 4) bearing cystocarps distmct from those that bear antheridia and have more dense habit. Cysto­ 1849, Phycologia Brit. pl. 334-; J. Agardh, carp bilo bed. Specimens were found entangled 1851, Spec. Vol. II, p.123 ; Epicr. 1876, p. 97 ; with Hypnea. Boergesen, 1918, Marine Algae, Danish West Distribution in Ceylon: Hambantota. Indies, p. 243. Geog. distribution : West Indies, Atlantic Plants grow in tufts up to 8 em. high; nodes Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Indian distinct, branches rather slender, regularly Ocean. dichotomous with few lateral proliferations, tips of branches forcipitate ; axial cells reach a 2. Spyridia aculeata (Schimp) Kuetz. length up to 400(1., breadth about 100[L. Zones 50-60[!. high and 70-120[1. broad. Tetraspores 1843. Phycologia generalis. p. 377; 1849, arranged verticillately and often developed in Spec. Alg. p. 668 ; 1867, Tab. Phyc. Vol. XII, the nearly straight summits of the filaments. pl. 51, figs. a-b; J. Agardh J. Spec. Alg. Vol. II, The specimen was dredged from a depth of 15 part II, p. 342; Epicrisis, 1876, p. 271 ; Harvey, feet. Ner. Bor. Amer. 1853, part II, p. 285.

67 Pla.nts densely ramified, branchlets and secondary segments or blades formed here or ramuli issue from both sides of the branches proliferously from the midrib of the blades. giving a feather-like appearance. Thalli terete Distribution in Ceylon: Pearl Banks in the densely corticated, rarely present in ramuli, Gulf of Mannar, and near Kelani River. cells at base as long as brol:l,d ; ramuli end in mucronate tip and spines developed below turn Geog. distribution: Widely distributed, N. downwards. America and Indian Ocean. Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the Gulf of Mannar. FAMILY 4. DASYACEAE ROSENBERG Geog. distribution : West Indies, Southern 33. Dasya C. Agardh Atlantic shores of Europe, Mediterra-nean Sea, Red Sea. 1. Dasya naccarioides Harvey (Plate XIX, Fig. 1) 3. Spyridia insignis J. Ag. In Hooker London J ourn. Bot., Vol. 3, p. 432 : (Plate XVII, Figs. 1, 2) 1844, Algae Tasmania, London, J ourn. of Bot. 1851, Spec. II, p. 344; Epicrisis 1876, p. 272; Vol. III, p. 302; 1847, Ner. Australia Lond. Spyridia erico1"des Kuetz. in Bot Zeit. 1847, p. 63, t. XXII ; 1864, Kuetz. Tab. Phyc. XIV, p. 37; Tab. Phycol. 1867, Vol. XII, tab. 52a-b; t. 64. Spyridia tetmcantha Kuetz. Tab. Phycol. 1862, Frond 20-30 em. in length or more, cartila­ Vol. XII, tab. 52d-e; Bindera insignis J. Ag. ginous shrinking on drying, quite bare of ramuli Adversaria. p. 36. without numerous undivided elongated lateral Frond terete, densely ramified branches branches throughout with second or third abruptly tapering towards the base, apex series in pinnate cr bipinnate manner, ultimate mucronate with 2-4 spines spreading out. branches are setaceous 6-13 mm. long, erect, I was not able to observe much difference patent naked a.t the base, but upper half densely between Spyridia insignis J. Ag. and Spyridia clothed with flaccid single-tubed jointed aculeata (Schimp) Kuetz. except in external ramuli. The ramuli many times dichotomous appearance. with patent axils, their lower parts thick with short joints, their upper parts very slender Distribution in Ceylon : Dond.ra Head and attenuated with much larger joints. (Matara). Stichidia borne on the ramuli, pedicellate Geog. distribution: India, Africa. ovate acute or mucronate. Colour of frond pale red. Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the FAMILY 3. DELESSERIACEAE Gulf of Mannar. (NAEGELI) SCHMITZ Geog. distribution: Australia. 32. Caloglossa (Harvey) J. Agardh I. Caloglossa Leprieurii (Mont.) J. AgardL FAMILY 5. RHODOMELACEAE HARVEY 1876, Epicrisis p. 499 ; Erika Post, 1936 34. Roschera Sond. Systematische and planzengeographische No­ I. Roschera glomerulata (Ag.) Web. Van tizen zur Botrychia Oaloglossa Association Bosse (Revue Algologique) vol. 9, p. 51 ; Delesseria Leprieurii Mont. in Ann. Sc. Nat. Bot. Ser. 2, (Plate XIX, Figs. 7-9) Vol. 23, p. 196, tab. V., fig. I : Harvey, 1853, Ner. Bor. Amer. p. 98; Farlow, 1881, Mar. Alg. 1914, Rhodophyceae Percy Staden Trust Exp. of New England p. 163. p. 289 ; Liste Siboga, p. 359 ; Okamura 1922, Icon. Jap. Alg. Vol. 4, p. 155, tab. 188; Boer­ Plants spreading or tufted, 4-5 em. across, gesen, in Kew Bull. 1931, p. 17, fig. II Hutchin­ blades about 2 mm. broad, constricted at the sia glomerulata C. Ag. Sp. Alg. II, 1828, p. 102 ; fork.ings; individual segments lanceolate 4-6 Tolypocladia glomerulata Schmitz. in Engler mm. long, sometimes linear, attenuate, more Bot. Jahrb, vol. 21, p. 160; Falkenburg, 1901, rarely ovate with rhizoids at the constrictions, Rhodomelaceen p. 177 tab. 21, fig. 27-29.

68 Fronds entangled among other algae. They Distribution in Ceylon : J affna lagoon. are erect and laterally branched and have four Geog. distribution: Red Sea, Indian Ocean, pericentral cells. Branch of unlimited growth Australia, Japan, New Guinea, Hawaii and surrounded throughout the whole length with Formosa. spirally arranged 1/4 alternately branched. Branches of limited growth or lateral branches look like star-shaped glomerules. Branches 36. Neurymenia J.·Agardh widely parted or horizontal. Branches which l. N eurymenia jraxinifolia. (Mert.) J. Ag. remain short have a small basal part but pro­ duce short thorn-like branchlets, from which 1803, Sp. II, part 3, p. 1135 ; Falkenberg trichoblasts arise. These are monosiphonous 1901, Rhodomelaceen des Golfes p. 444, t. 7, unbranched filaments the cells of which are figs. 20-29 ; Delessaria fraxinijolia Grev. 1830 first short and coloured but gradually the upper Alg. Brit. Syn. p. XLVII ; Dictymenia fraxini­ ones become colourless and die away. In folia Decaisne 1841 Pl. Arab. p. 174; Harvey trichoblasts destined to become androphores 1855, Mar. Bot. of Western Australia, Trans. the two lowermost cells remain undivided. Irish Acad. 22, p. 538; 1858-63, Phyc. Australica The upper ones of these elongate forming tab. CXXIV. together with the small one below the stalk of the Fronds leaf-like with a distinct midrib and antheridial strand. The other cells become parallel veins attached to a cylindrical stem. polysiphonous and after repeated division forms Leaves .simple or pinnately lobed, linear oblong. a somewhat oblique oblong body. Plants Branchmg takes place by means of similar seg­ brownish red in colour. ments formed repeatedly from both surfaces of Distribution in Ceylon : Keerimalai. the midrib. The lamina becomes decayed in older plants and the midrib becomes a stipe. Geog. distribution : Indian and Pacific Ocean Stem simple or branched. Lamina 8-15 em. and Japan. in length and 10-16 mm. broad. Lamina obtuse at the bases, emerginate and rounded at 35. . Leveillea Decaisne the apices slightly undulated serrated through out ; teeth along the margins spinose with l. Leveillea jungermannioides (Mart. et subulate and recurved ra.muli, similar processes Hering) Harvey also arise along the veins and midribs. Stichidia linear or lanceolate, acute shortly stipitate (Plate XIX, Figs. 12-14) containing a double row of tetrasporanaia. 1855, Some account of Marine Botany in the Specimens red. in colour becoming reddish colony of Western Australia, Trans. act. Irish brown on dry:mg. Acad. Vol. 22, p. 539 ; Boergesen, 1937, Contrib. Distribution in Ceylon: Galle, Pearl Banks in to S. Indian Mar. Algal Flora II, p. 354., Scagel the Gulf of Mannar. 1953, Morph. Study of some Dorsiventral Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Japan, Rhodomela.ceae, Univ. Cal. Press Vol. 27, No.I, Australia. p. 51. Plants reaching a height of 3-4 em. consisting 37. Bostrychia Montagne of several dorsiventral main axes which are l. Bostrychia tenella (Vahl) J. Ag. prostrate. They are attached to the substra­ tum by means of holdfasts along the ventral 1863, Spec. gen. II, Pt. 3, p. 869; 1897, Anal surface of the main axes. Numerous leaf-like Algologica cont. IV, p. 83; Boergesen, Mar branches occur in two longitudinallaterodorsal Alg. Dan. West. Ind., Vol. II, p. 300-302; 1937 series along the axes. The determinate branches Contrib. Stud. Mar. Alg. Flora, II, p. 351 alternate regularly from side to side along Falkenberg, 1901, Rhodomelaceen des Golfes the indeterminate axis and occasionally two von Neapeal, p. 515 ; Post, 1936, Systemische consecutive determinate laterals both produce und pflanzengeographisDhe Notizen zur Bos­ an indeterminate branch. The plant resembles tryahia Calaglossa Association Rev. AlO". 9 in habit, the jungermanniaceous liverwort. p. 25 ; Fuaus tenellus V ahl, Endeel' kryptoga-0 The plant was found growing epiphytically on miske Planter fra St. Croix (Skr. af Naturl. Sargassum. Selskab. 5 te Bd. Kobenhavn), 1802, p. 45.

69 Fronds reaching a height of about 2·5 em, towards main axis. Tetrasporangia are found The vegetative parts of thallus filaments are in the upper spine like branchlets one in each monosiphonous or nearly so but in the fruiting segment and in a straight line. The specimens parts they are short and polysiphonous in were found intermingled with other algae. the lower half portion or even higher. Plant Distribution in Ceylon : Wellawatte, Bamba­ attached to the substratum by means of lapitiya. rhizoids given off from any part of the filaments. Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean. It has 6-8 pericentral cells but fewer upwards in the branches. In cross section cent.ral and pericentral cells have very thick and strati­ 39. Polysiphonia Greville fied walls. Stichidia are formed from the ends 1. Polysiphonia mollis Hook et Harvey of the ramuli and have mostly four, sometimes fewer verticillated sporangia in each segment. (Plate XVI, Figs. 9-11) Cystocarps placed on summits of side branches. 1842, Ner Australia p. 43 ; Harvey, 1855 They are spherical and urceolate. The speci­ Account of Marine Botany of Western Austra­ mens were found in sheltered areas growing lia p. 539 ; Kuetz., 1849 Sp. p. 823 ; 1863. Tab. on stones and rocks in the lagoons. Phyc. XIII, t. 88 f. a-c ; J. Ag., 1863, Sp. II, 3, Distribution in Ceylon: Jaffna lagoon. p. 968. Geog. distribution : widely distributed. Fronds erect reaching a height of about 15 em., setaceous ~at the base and becoming 38. Bryocladia Schmitz capillary and slender above. Fronds are very much branched the primary branch sub-dicho­ 1. Bryocladia Thwaitesii (Harvey) De-Ton tomous but become inconspicuous, the branches and ramuli are decompounded in an irregular (Plate XVIII, Figs. 1-3) dichotomous manner, the ultimate ramuli Polysiphonia Thwaitesii Harvey, " List of simple elongate and erect, patent and fibrili­ Ceylon Algae, n. 15 ; De Toni, 1903, Syll. ferous. In the lower part of the &tem the IV, 968 ; Kuetzing, Tab. Phycol. XIV, 1864, articulations are short while those of the prin­ tab. 46, :figs. d-g ; Boergesen 1937, Contrib. S. cipal divisions are twice as long as broad. In Ind. Mar. Alg. Flora, Ind. Bot. Soc. Vol. XVI, the smaller branches divisions are shorter. No. 6, p. 349. Stem formed of four large tubes surrounding a minute central cavity. The specimen was Plants grow in tufts reaching a height of sterile. It was dredged from a depth of 15 4·5 em. The bases consist of decumbent creeping feet. It is closely allied to P. tongatensis :filaments felted together and are :fixed to the Harvey, however ramification differs. It is substratum by means of vigorous unicellular difficult to delimit these two species. rhizoids ending in a flat disc with irregular outlines. Erect shoots are given off from the Distribution in Ceylon : Pearl Banks in the decumbent creeping filaments which are rami­ Gulf of Mannar. fied and bend upwards. The basal :filaments Geog. distribution : Australia, Tasmania. and the erect ones are devoid of any cortical layer ; number of pericentral cells vary up to 40. Herposiphonia Naegeli 11 in vigorous :filaments. Erect :filaments have monopodia! growth. In the lower part they Key to the species of Herposiphonia are quite unbranched or nearly so with several bare segments between those that carry 1. Main axes or long branches with some of branches, they become densely ramified higher the nodes regularly without a branchlet or a up. Branches given off from almost every branch rudiment, the apices strongly upcurved, segment and placed in a spiral to the left. diameter 75-150(-L, branchlets generally with Branches are ramified several times. In the 7-8 pericentral cells ...... 1. H. secunda. lower parts the branches are only a few or 2. Main axes or long branches with a absent but placed densely higher up. Side branchlet or a branch rudiment from each node, branches· are often unbranched and spine-like apices of the main branches slightly upcurved, or provided with a few spiral-like branchlets branchlets generally with 12-14 pericentral at the upper ends. Branches curve slightly cells ...... 2. H. tenella.

70 l. Herposiphon·ia semtndu Ag. Naeg. 41. Acanthophora Lamouroux Bocrgesen. 1918, )fa,rine Algae Danish 'West Key to the species of Acanthophorn Indies, p. 288-291, and, 1920. p. 469-472, fig. 428; Falkenb., 1901, Rhodomelaceen des Golfes, 1. Ivlain axi<; spineless, tetraspores developed p. 307, pl. 3, fig. II. in stichidinl ramuli with spines ...... J .. Acanthophom spicijeru. Plants form dense felted covers on other algae. Main axes or long branches with some 2. :J.Iain axis with spines, tetraspores deve­ of the nodes regu1arly ·without a branchlet or loped on spinele&Fl ovate rounded stichiilia a brandt rudiment. The apiu~c; strongly up­ ·······-······--········----············ :2. Acanthophom Delilei curved, the diameter 7 5-151\J., 'branchlets generally \Vith 7-8 pericentral cells. Number l. Acanthophora spicifera (V i:l-hl) Bocrgesen of segments fe\Y in the branchlets. Distribut-ion in Ceylon : Hikkaduwa. (Plate XL~, Figs. 2-6) Geog. distribution: D::11li~h West Indies. 1918, Some new or little knu1vn algae of \Vest Indies p. 259 ; 1818, Mar. iUg. Danish VVest 2. Herposiphonia tencllu (Ag.) Naegl. I n d1es. 'v7 ol . II, p. ...,:J'"'~9 ·, fi gl-5.' ""8')'"'3 -_.o.-,....-5 ,· 1r_)._y -li n, 1954, Die Gttttungen der Rhodophyceen p. 582, (Plate XVIII, Figs. 4-0) fig. 441; Acunthophora Thieri·i Lamour., 1813, HerpcJ8l:phm1-l;(.b in Sehleiden und NagaelL Essai sur les generes p. 44; Harvey 1847, Ner. Zeicbr. f. wis8ensch Bot., 3--4 Heft. Zurich, Aus.tr[l.lia p. 34 (quoad descript), Boergesen, 1846, p. 238 ; Falkenberg. 1901, Rhodomelaceen 1936, Algae from Ceylon p. 9J. p. 304 ; Boergeseu 1918, Mar. Algae Dan. Plants bushy and ereot r·eaching a height of West Ind. Vol. II, p. 2SG and 1920, p. 472 figs. about 20 ern. Ere0t filaments are given off 287-8, 430-1 ; 1936, Ceylon ·Mar. Algae, p.95 ; from a lobed disc which is irregularly lobed. Okamura, 1932, leones of Jap. Algae p. 23. Pl. Spines absent in main :fihl.mentous bra.nehes. CCLXIV ; Kuetz., 1862 Tab. Phyc. XII, Brand•.let<;! ananged ,::pirally upon the fila­ t. 30B. ments. Spines found mos-tly in uppel' ends of Plants epiphytes forming dense tufts on other branchlets, bra,nehes issued from the l.>01.sal algae. Summits of the decumbent main stem cell of the trichoblast. The stiff cylindrical are curved upw<1rds and inwards turning its branches have five pericentral cells and a lJroad curved side to the substratum. Segments cut cortex, teLrasrwrangia in short lateral brauehes. off from the apicfltl cell and younger branchlets Pericarp urn-shaped sub-sessile in the axil of l>egin to grow in a monosiphonous manner and spine-like branchlet. :-oegments are developed into central ~md peri­ Distribution in Ceylon: Keerim..,Jai, Ku.n­ central cellB. Simple rhizoids are given off kesanthurai. from tho ventral side of the stem from the foremost end of the pericentml cell of the Geog. distribution; We::;t Inclies; J.\lbbyan main stern. Two types of branehes are found .Ar0hipclago, Indian Oeer.m. on the dorf:'al side. One of indefinite growth which cu.11 grow to a main filament lifre the 2. Acanthophora delile'i Lamouroux main stem. The other is a branch of limited growth placed alternately on bol~h si~les of the (Plate XXXII) main stem, one on each segment and are placed 1901, Falkenberg, Rhodomela.ceen des three segments between those bearing long Golies, p. 227, 'Lab. 22, figs. 2, 3 Cystosira shoots. The short shoots are more developed acanthophura Kuetzing, Tab_ Phyc. XV, 75, than long shoots a.t first and curled towards the a-c ; 18·13, Phycol. generalis Tab. 52, 4. inrolled end of stem. Number of segments in :-ohort shoot 10-14 and diameter of stem Plants erect cylindrical and tall reaching a.­ height of 10-15 em. with spines on the main 50-75t- and the short about 50(.t. stem, attached to the substratum by ineans of Di!:ltribution ro Ceylon : Bambalapitiya, rhizoids. Central axiF!- sunounded by five Mount LaviDia. pericentral cells covered by a soft tissue. The Geog. distribution : Meditet'J'anean Sea, cortical part becomes 8mall-celled towards the }Iorocco, \Vest Indies, Bermuda, Japan. surface. Growing apex a little protruded ofte.rli., in the apical groove. Tetraspores developed in l. Laurencia intermedia Y a.mada stichidial ramuli which are spineless ovate and (Plate XVI, Fig. 7) rounded. 1931, Notes on Laurencia with special Distribution in Ceylon : Mandativu, Karativu. reference to Japan, Univ. Of Calif. Publications, Vol. 16., No.7, p. 191, Pl. I, fig. c, Pl. II. Geog. distribution: Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea, Red Sea, shores of Somali, Indian Ocean. Fronds about 5 em. high, cylindrical_. pani­ culately branched branches are given off in all directions, branches clavate, both branches 42. Laurencia Lamouroux and branchlets are covered densely with wart­ like branchlets. Surface cells in section arranged Key to the species of Laurencia like palisade cells not projecting. No medullary l. Surface cells elongated radially and lenticular thickenings in the walls of the arranged like palisade cells in cross section .... 2 medullary cells, stichidia like the ultimate sterile branchlets. Cystocarps and antheridia l" Surface cells neither elongated radially are not known. nor arranged like palisade cells in cross section This plant belongs to the palisadae and of branchlets ...... 5 according to Yamada they resemble L. pani­ 2. Branches and branchlets covered very culata J. Ag. and L. papillosa Grev. They densely sooner or later with very short wart- resemble L. paniculata J. Ag. when young but like ultimate branchlets ...... 3 when they become older the branch and branch­ lets are · covered with wart-like branchlets 2. Branches with branchlets not as above .... 4 resembling L. papillosa Grev. Since the plant 3. When young branchlets very loose, only when young does not possess dense wart-like in age covered densely with wart-like branchlets branchlets as in L. papillosa Grev. and since L. paniculata J. Ag. does not possess dense wart­ ...... l L. intermedia like branchlets, it is better to place the plant 3. Branches covered with wart-like branch- under L. intermedia as described by Yamada. lets even when young ...... 2. L. papillosa Distribution in Ceylon: Kotegoda (Matara). 4. Branches with branchlets not abundant Geog. distribution: Japan. ultimate branchlets very short .... 3. L. paniculata 2. Laurencia papillosa (Forsskal) Greville 5. Fronds not clearly compressed ...... 6 (Plate XVI, Figs. 1-3) 5. Fronds densely compressed ...... 9 Greville 1830, Alg. Brit. p. 52 ; J. Ag. 1863, 6. Lenticular thickening absent, if present Spec. Alg. II, p. 756; Kuetzing, 1849, Spec. very few in the walls of the medullary cells ...... 7 Alg. p. 665; 1865, Tab. Phyc. Vol. 15, pl. 62 ; Boergesen, 1918, Dan. West. Indies, p. 246, 7. Stichidial branchlets compound, fronds fig. 236; Yamada 1931, Notes on Laurencia, not cartilaginous with percurrent axis p. 190 ; Fucus papillosus F0rssk. 1775, Fl...... 4. L. heterocladia Aegypt. Arab. p. 70. 7. Stichidial branchlets simple ...... 8 Plants reaching a height of a few centimeters and attached firmly to the rocks by means of a 8. Fronda. not cartilaginous with percurrent broad ·rather thin disc from which several erect axis ultimate branchlets Clavate .... 5. L. obtusa branches are given off. Thallus cartilaginous 8. Fronds not cartilaginous but without irregularly branched and covered densely with percurrent axis, fronds often slightly com- tuberculate branchlets. In transverse section pound ...... 6. L. Poitei the peripheral cells are radially elongated like palisade cells. In surface view not projecting, 9. Short ttiberculate branchlets profuse and cell-walls very thick. No lenticular thickenings ~onspicuous ...... , ...... 7. L. ceylanica in the walls of the medullary eclls. 9-. Ttibercula:te branches present sometimes Distribution in Ceylon : Kankesanturai. but not so profusely and conspicuously as in Geog. distribution : Atlantic Ocean, Mediter­ L. ·ceylm'hica ...... 8. L. platyclada ranean Sea, Red Sea, Sandwich Islands. 3. Laurencia paniculata (Agardh) J. Ag. Spec. Alg. Vol. 2, p. 750; 1876, Epicr. p. 653, Yamada, 1931, Univ. ofCal. Bot. Pub. Vol. 16, (Plate XVII, Figs. 3, 4) p. 222, Pl. 16, figs. a, b, o, Pl. 17, figs. a, b, c, 1862, Spec. Alg. vol. 2, p. 755 ; 1876, Epicr., Fucus obtusus H~dson, 1778, Flora angl. p. 586, p. 651; Yamada, 1931, Univ. of Cal. Press, Turner, 1808, Hist Fuo. Pl. 21. p. 192; Chondria obtusa var. paniculata Agardh, Fronds arising from a small disc with a few 1822, Spec. Alg., p. 343; Laurencia thuyoides root-like fibres. Fronds several arising from Kuetzing, 1865, Tab. Phyc. Vol. 15, p. 26, the same base, soft and cylindrical, filiform pl. 74, figs. A & B; L. paniculata J. Ag., Boer­ about 1-2 mm. wide, much branched from the gesen 1936, Cey. Mar. Algae, p. 53; 1938, base, branches few usually pinnate. In trans­ Journ. Ind. Bot. Soc. Vol. XVII, No.4, p. 230. verse section radially elongated cells are absent The plants reach a height of 5-6 em. in height, and no medullary lenticular thickenings are branches few, paniculate pinnate, the ultimate found in the walls of the medullary cells. branchlets are short and wart-like dispo~ed very According to Yamada who has examined loosely. In transverse section the peripheral Harvey's Ceylon Algae No. 20 and Ferguson's surfa0e cells are elongated radially and palisade­ Ceylon Algae Nos. 159 and 334, as well as like with thick walls. Iyengar's collection from Dwarka, the specie Distribution in Ceylon : Mandativu, Galle. has a close resemblance to L. Okamurai Yamada but can be easily distinguished as there are Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean, Mediter lenticular thickenings in L. Okamurai Yamada. ranean Sea, New Caledonia, Japan, Malayan Archipelago, Adriatic Sea. Distribution in Ceylon : Hikkaduwa. Geog. distribution : Atlantic Ocean, Mediter­ ranean Sea. 4. Laurencia heterocladia Harvey (Plate XVII, Fig. 8) 6. Laurencia Poi tie (Lamour.) Howe 1854, Account of Marine Botany of the Colony Df Western Austr. Trans. Irish Acad., vol. 22, (Plate XVI, Fig. 8) p. 544; J. Ag., 1876, Epicr. p. 647; Y. Yamada, 1905, Phycological studies II, in Bull. Torr. 1931, Notes on Laurencia, Univ. Cal. Press Bot. Club Vol. 32, p. 583; Yamada, 1931, Notes p. 238. on Laurencia, p. 219, Pl. 15, fig. a ; Fucus Fronds growing in dense tufts from creeping Poitei Lamour., Disserations sur plus, especes shoots, terete, rigid and tough, purplish .in de Fucus Agen 1805, p. 63, tab. 31, figs 2-3. colour, younger sometimes secundly branched Laurencia gemmifera, Harvey Nereis Bor. Amer, with erect branches and branchlets. The part II, 1852, p. 73, tab. lSB; Laurencia tuber­ adults usually panicled above, branches issued culosa J. Ag. Spec. Alg. Vol. II, p. III, 1863, 0n all sides, long and spreading, ramuli alternate p. 760; Laurencia mexicana Kuetz., Tab­ and spirally inserted. In section peripheral cells Phycology Vol. XV, 1865, p. 25, tab. 70, figs. not arranged like palisade cells and do not c, d. project in surface view. I have not observed Fronds growing in loose bundles. Thallus of any lenticular thickenings in the walls of the plant rather cartilaginous, terete fragile :flexuous medullary cells. and irregularly branched. Irregular branches Distribution in Ceylon : :S:ambantota. very variable in length, pinnate or bipinnate Geog. distribution : Australia, Japan. and scattered with small tubercle-like spirally disposed truncate ramuli, secondary branches 5. Laurenoia obtusa (I!uds.) Lamour. are given off at a distance of 2-2·5 em. In transverse section central axis not very distinct. (Plate XVII, Fig. 5) The peripheral cells are round and subquadratic not elongated radially or arranged like palisade Essai in Annales du Museum d'Hist. Nat. cells, and there are no lenticular thickenings in Vol. 20, 1813, p. 130; Greville, 1830, Alg. Brit. the walls of the medullary cells. p. 111 ; 1849-51, Harvey, 1849, Phyc. Brit. Pl., 148 ; Kuetzing 1849, Spec. Alg. p. 854 ; 1865, Distribution in Ceylon : Kankesanturai. Tab. Phyc. VoL 15, Pl. 54-55 ; J. Ag. 1863 ; Geog. distribution: Britain, West Indies.

73 7. Laurencia oeylanica J. Ag. Laurencia jlexuosa Kuetz. but this is much narrower than L. platyclada Boer. It has a (Plate XVII, Figs. 6, 7) slight resemblance to L. ceylanica J . .Ag. in 1876, Epicr. p. 660; Laurencia sp., Harvey's having short tuberculate branchlets but this Ceylon Alg. No. 17; Yamada, 1931, Notes on characteristic is far more numerous in L. Laurencia, p. 244, pl. 30, fig. a. ceylanica J . .Ag. Plants about 3-6 em. high and 2-3 mm. broad Distribution m Ceylon : Kankesanturai, attached to the rocks by a disc-shaped bold.fast. Keerimalai. They have characteristic short tuberculate Geog. distribution : Indian Ocean. ultimate branchlets. Branching takes place from the base as well as above, margin of fertile branches not undulate. In transverse 43. Ohondria C . .Agardh section of the branches surface cells are radially l. Chondria dasyphylla (Woodw.) Ag. elongated and somewhat palisade-like but in surface view they are quite smooth. (Plate XIX, Figs. 10, ll) Distribution in Ceylon : Hambantota, Hik­ Sp. Alg., p. 350; Fucus dasphyllus Woodw. in kaduwa. Transact Linn. Soc. II, p. 239, pl. 23, figs. 1-3; Geog. distribution: Indian Ocean, Japan, Harvey, 1853, Ner. Bor .Americana, p. 20 ; Hawaii, Copenhagen. Farlow, 1881, Mar . .Alg. of New England p. 166; Taylor, 1928a, Mar. Alg. of Florida p. 170. 8. Laurencia platyclada Boerg. Plants bushy reaching a height of about 20 em., light brownish purple in colour. Many long (Plate XVI, Figs. 4-6) similar branches are given off from the main 1934, Some Ind. Rhodoph. from the shores of branch, main branch 1-2 mm. in diameter, the Presidency of Bombay IV, Kew Bullet. branchlets single or clustered contracted at the No. I, p. 21, fig. 13, Pl. III. base, obtuse, retuse at the apex with conspi­ c'aous tufts of trichoblasts, tetrasporangia Plants with irregular branching and having a borne in the tips of fertile branchlets, sperma­ breadth of 1·2-2·5 mm. Thallus broad with tangial clusters fiat, transversely oval developed irreglllar ramification and large sessile cysto­ from a portion of trichoblast. Pericarps lateral carps spread over the surface. Sometimes the branchlets with short stalk or 2-3 on tuberculate branchlets are present. Thallus fiat branchlet. about twice as broad as thick. In section peripheral cells as long as broad, walls being Distribution in Ceylon: Pearl Banks in the slightly convex. I have not seen any lenticular Gulf of Mannar. thickening in the medullary tissue. Stichidial Geog. distribution : Widely distributed in branches are short. The description agrees with warm seas, North America, Japan, Indian that of Boergesen. The specimen resembles Ocean.

74