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An Exam Oriented Guide on Indian Art and Culture

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An Exam Oriented Guide on Indian Art and Culture MyNotesAdda.Com An exam oriented guide on Indian Art and Culture 1 Specially designed for CSAT and IAS mains MyNotesAdda.Com INDEX • Puppet forms 3 • Painting Styles 16 • Dance forms 27 Classical 29 Folk 38 Tribal 54 • Theater forms 59 • Music 78 • Indian Architecture 83 2 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 3 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India • A form of theatre or performance involving manipulation of puppets. • The process of animating inanimate performing objects. • Used both as entertainment – in performance – and ceremonially in rituals and celebrations such as carnivals. • Originating in India 4000 years ago, where the main character in Sanskrit plays was known as “Sutradhara”, “the holder of strings”. • Stories mainly from puranic literature, local myths and legends String Puppet Shadow Puppet Glove Puppet Rod Puppet 4 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 1. String PuPPets • Jointed body and limbs that allow movement. • Made of wood, or wire, or cloth stuffed with cotton, rags or saw dust and are usually small. • Manipulated by operating the control as well as by loosening or pulling the relevant string • Regional variations: Andhra Pradesh (Koyya Bommalata), Assam (Putala Nach), Karnataka (Sutrada Gombeyata), Maharashtra (Kalasutri Bahulya), Rajasthan (Kathputli), Orissa (Gopalila), Tamil Nadu (Bommalatam) and West Bengal (Tarer or Sutor Putul). 5 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 1. String PuPPets Kathputli, Rajasthan • Carved from a single piece of wood, • Large dolls that are colorfully dressed. • Costumes and headgears are designed in the medieval Rajasthani style • Uses highly dramatized version of the regional music. • Oval faces, large eyes, arched eyebrows and large lips. • Wear long trailing skirts and do not have legs. • Manipulated with strings attached to puppeteers fingers Kundhei, Orissa • Made of light wood, • Have no legs but wear long flowing skirts. • Have more joints and are, therefore, more versatile, articulate and easy to manipulate. • Music of Odissi dance. • Puppeteers hold a wooden prop, triangular in shape, to which strings are attached. 6 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 1. String PuPPets Gombeyatta, Karnataka • Styled and designed like the characters of Yakshagana, have joints at the legs, shoulders, elbows, hips and knees. • Music is dramatic; blends folk and classical elements • Manipulated by five to seven strings tied to a prop. Bommalattam, Tamil Nadu • Techniques of both rod and string puppets. • Made of wood • Strings are tied to an iron ring which the puppeteer wears like a crown on his head • Are the largest, heaviest and the most articulate of all. (A puppet may be as big as 4.5 feet) • Manipulation Jointed arms sometimes manipulated by rods (because heavy) 7 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 2. Shadow puppet • Flat figures cut out of leather, treated to make it translucent. • Pressed against the screen with a strong source of light behind it. • The manipulation between the light and the screen make silhouettes or colourful shadows, as the case may be, for the viewers who sit in front of the screen. • Prevalent in Orissa. Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu. 8 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 2. Shadow puppet Togalu Gombeyatta, Karnataka • Small in size. • Regional music used. • The puppets differ in size according to their social status, for instance, large size for kings and religious characters and smaller size for common people or servants. Tholu Bommalata, Andhra Pradesh • Large in size and have jointed waist, shoulders, elbows and knees. • The classical music of the region • Coloured on both sides. Hence, throw coloured shadows on the screen. 9 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 2. Shadow puppet Ravanachhaya, Orissa • Small in size and are in one piece with no joints. • Made of deer skin and are conceived in bold dramatic poses. • Not coloured, hence throw opaque shadows on the screen. • Apart from human and animal characters, many props such as trees, mountains, chariots, etc. are also used 10 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 3. Glove puppet • The head is made of either papier mache, cloth or wood, with two hands emerging from just below the neck. • The rest of the figure consists of a long flowing skirt. • The movements are controlled by the human hand the first finger inserted in the head and the middle finger and the thumb are the two arms of the puppet. • Popular in Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal and Kerala. • Dialogues play an important role here 11 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 3. Glove puppet Pavakoothu, Kerala • The height varies from one foot to two feet. • The head and the arms are carved of wood and joined together with thick cloth, cut and stitched into a small bag • The musical instruments used during the performance are Chenda, Chengiloa, Ilathalam and Shankha • The face are decorated with paints, small and thin pieces of gilded tin, the feathers of the peacock. • Has resemblance with that of kathakali dance. • The manipulator puts his hand into the bag and moves the hands and head of the puppet. 12 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 4. Rod puppet • Extension of glove-puppets, but often much larger and supported and manipulated by rods from below. • Found mostly in West Bengal and Orissa. 13 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 4. Rod puppet Putul Nautch, West Bengal • Costumed like the actors of Jatra, a traditional theatre • Carved from wood and follow the various artistic styles of a particular region. • Used to be of human size, but existing puppets vary from 3 to 4 feet in height • Music of Jatra theatre (drum, harmonium and cymbals) • Puppeteers themselves sing and deliver the stylized prose dialogues along with a group of musicians • Manipulated by a bamboo-made hub tied firmly to the waist of the puppeteer on which the rod holding the puppet is placed. • Puppeteers move and dance imparting movements to puppets. 14 MyNotesAdda.Com Puppet Forms of India 4. Rod puppet Rod puppets, Orissa • Much smaller in size, sbout twelve to eighteen inches. • Hands are tied to strings instead of rods. (because they are small) • The music blends folk tunes with classical Odissi tunes • Most of the dialogues are sung. • The Orissa rod-puppeteers squat on the ground behind a screen and manipulate. Yampuri, Bihar • In one piece and have no joints. • Describes Yampuri (the house of Death). • The show begins with appearance of the death-god Yama and his messenger, followed by their record-keeper Chitragupta. One by one, the people (supposedly after death) are marched in front of Yama to receive their doles of punishment. • The narrative is meant primarily to put the fear of heaven and hell in people for their current deeds 15 MyNotesAdda.Com Painting Styles in India 16 MyNotesAdda.Com Painting styles in India • Paintings are basically two types: Murals: large scale paintings generally attached to the floor of palaces and caves. Miniatures: small scale which are done on mainly cloth or paper • Can be categorized into seven special group: Rajasthani painting Madhubani painting Tanjore painting Mughal painting Benhal style of art Patta chitra Warli art 17 MyNotesAdda.Com Painting styles in India Madhubani • Also known as Mithila painting. • Originated in Madhubani village in Bihar. • According to mythology, this tradition commenced when Janakraj, father of rani sita asked his painters to paint the moments of marriage ceremony of Sita with Lord Rama • Traditionally done by Madhubani’s women on mud walls, later started on cloth, canvas and handmade papers. • Also depict other Hindu devotional stories. • Natural objects like moon, sun, tulsi etc is also found as theme. • No empty space is left, gaps are filled by different geometrical motifs, floral, animals, and bird pictures. • Are of three kinds : Brahmin style, Tatoo style and Kshatriya style. • Done with twigs, brushes, fingers, matchsticks, and nib pens using natural dyes and colors. • Eye-catching geometrical patters. 18 MyNotesAdda.Com Painting styles in India Tanjore • Originated form Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu around 16th century. • Widely popular as home décor item. • A unique art-form where precious stones and gold foils were used. • Initially used to depict Hindu Gods and Goddesses in grandeur. • Figures are large and the faces are round and divine. Lace or thread is also used to decorate the jewellery. • A mixture called "muk" is prepared using chalk powder and African gum in a ratio of 2:1 and applied in places around the stones and other areas to give an embossed look. • Most of the paintings would depict the Child Krishna and his various pranks, paintings of other deities were also created. • Changing with time - for example, the figures are no longer round. • Presiding deities of various famous temples are also being depicted in the paintings. 19 MyNotesAdda.Com Painting styles in India rajasthani • Developed and flourished during the 18th century in the royal courts of Rajasthan. • The most important themes are from the life of Lord Krishna, the Great epics of Ramayana and the Mahabharata, landscapes and human beings. • Also used on the walls of palaces, interior chambers of the forts, havelis and the like. Schools of Rajput Painting: Bikaner School has more Mughal elements than other. Also reflect marked influence of Deccan paintings. Influenced by the surroundings, have their own unique style the hills and valleys, deserts, places and forts, gardens, court scenes, religious processions. Bundi-Kota Kalam School started originating in Bundi around the late 16th century and reflected heavy Mughal influence. Jaipur School, because of its architectural charm, pleasant combination of colors and specially laid out plan, is called the Pink City of India. Jaipur and surrounding regions of Alwar and Tonk are famous for the Jaipur style paintings 20 MyNotesAdda.Com Painting styles in India mughal • Exclusive combination of Indian, Persian and Islamic styles.
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