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Inclination to Superstitious Knowledge in Decision Making Among the Annangs in Farming Communities of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria

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Inclination to Superstitious Knowledge in Decision Making Among the Annangs in Farming Communities of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 10(5): 1-11, 2015, Article no.BJAST.19363 ISSN: 2231-0843 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Inclination to Superstitious Knowledge in Decision Making among the Annangs in Farming Communities of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Valerie A. Solomon1* and Ifiok D. Ekong1 1Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Both authors designed the study, performed the statistical analysis and wrote the protocol. Author IDE wrote the first draft of the manuscript, while author VAS managed literature searches. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/BJAST/2015/19363 Editor(s): (1) Teresa De Pilli, University of Foggia, Department of Science of Agriculture of Food of Environnement (SAFE), Via Napoli, 25; 71100 Foggia, Italy. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, México. (2) Joseph Mukuni, Virginia Tech University, USA. Complete Peer review History: http://sciencedomain.org/review-history/10155 Received 5th June 2015 rd Original Research Article Accepted 23 June 2015 Published 14th July 2015 ABSTRACT The study analyzed the inclination to superstitious knowledge in decision making among the Annangs in farming communities of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Primary data from 150 randomly selected respondents from Ikot Okoro, Ikot Ubo, Ikot Ekang and Ikot Okubara villages of Abak and Oruk Anam Local Government Areas were collected using questionnaires and key informant interview guide. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression. The study revealed that 94% of the respondents were aged between 21-60 years, 94% had acquired some formal education, all respondents were Christians, 61.3% of the respondents were married, 92% earned at least NGN 50, 000 monthly (about $250) and about 52% of the respondents have farming as their primary occupation. Three indexes of luck, malevolence/benevolence, and omens/soothsaying were used to measure the belief in superstition. The study revealed that respondents believed less in luck (with a mean score of 22.9533) than they did in malevolence/benevolence (24.9332) and omens/soothsaying (27.3066). The study recommends that education with a focus on the enlightenment, re-orientation, and counseling of individuals on the _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]; Solomon and Ekong; BJAST, 10(5): 1-11, 2015; Article no.BJAST.19363 subject matter be initiated effectively by agents of social change to reduce the levels of inclination to superstition in decision making among respondents. This will support the adoption of innovations to bring about increased agricultural productivity, rural development and a smooth rural transition. Keywords: Superstition; decision making; annangs; farmers; akwa ibom. 1. INTRODUCTION agriculture and rural communities [2] and [3]. Agriculture in Nigeria is a major branch of the Man has evolved and has been part of history economy, providing employment for about 70% and modernization and has also acquired of the population. While this appears like an knowledge and is enlightened about how events achievement, Nigeria’s agricultural sector is take place. Science in particular has enabled him endowed with abundant land and water to understand why such events take place when resources and has the potential to grow further, they do but, having evolved from different but this potential has not been realized; owing to socializations, man sometimes finds himself strong resistance from such things as the values consciously or unconsciously doing things that and superstitious beliefs of farmers. The could be deemed “irrational” which defy scientific introduction of improved planting materials or knowledge and are associated with superstitious crop varieties to increase productivity have often knowledge and beliefs he may hold to be true. been rejected in favour of age long practices and People all over the world, hold irrational beliefs traditional beliefs and superstitions compatible that an object, action or circumstance not with their struggles with nature. There is no logically related to a course of an event, documentary evidence of how superstitious or influences its outcome such as astrology, otherwise the Annang people of Akwa Ibom state religion, omens, witchcrafts, prophecies, etc, are. This research is aimed at bridging this gap which contradicts natural science and arises from by identifying the personal characteristics of the curiosity with regard to unknown things or things Annang people, their inclination to superstition, in the future. and the implications of such practices and beliefs to agricultural production in the area and to social Superstition is a behaviour that has no rational sciences as a whole. A relationship between basis / history or a history that is long – lost. A selected personal characteristics of respondents few specific folk traditions such as the efficacy of and their inclination to superstitions is assumed. amulets have been found in most periods of history and in most parts of the world but other 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY superstitious beliefs may be limited to geographical locations or developed by a person 2.1 Social and Geographical Setting [1]. In agriculture, such is the importance of these beliefs that strong adherence to superstitions The Annang (also spelt Anaang) is an ethnic influence important decisions and may even group that live in the Coastal Southeast of cause a life-saving innovation to be overlooked Nigeria and Southwestern Cameroon. The as they may not be compatible with the belief Annang people are the second largest ethnic system of the farmers. For example, some areas group in Akwa Ibom State, occupying eight (8) of or fields that would have been better suited for the thirty-one (31) Local Government Areas in cultivation or the establishment of agricultural Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria viz: Ikot Ekpene, Obot projects have remained uncultivated and Akara, Essien Udim, Abak, Etim Ekpo, Oruk untouchable as they are deemed sacred and Anam, Ika and Ukanafun. The population of reserved for gods. Adherence to supernatural about 1.2 million, is evenly distributed with healing measures rather than medical care, 570,573 males and 530,587 females [4]. refusal to adopt improved cultivating methods, Geographically, the Annang territory lies between rejection of improved/ disease free planting latitudes 4.25° and 7° north, and longitudes 7.15o materials and seed varieties, overlooking of and 9.30° east. The landscape is predominantly technological innovations in favour of crude, plain and deep-lying with no point rising to 300 primitive/rudimentary practices and feet above sea level. Two main seasons exist - fatalism/expectations of events to occur by the rainy which runs from April to October and chance or magic; have ultimately led to the dry lasting from November to March. The stagnated, impoverished and underdeveloped typical pattern of rainfall is bi-modal with a two- 2 Solomon and Ekong; BJAST, 10(5): 1-11, 2015; Article no.BJAST.19363 week break in August generally referred to as using the weighted mean score values from the “the August break”. Strong harmattan winds Likert scale. Multiple regression was used to test occur between December and January, and the the assumptions of the study. This is given by: land is generally humid – typical of a rainforest zone, aiding the growth of Raphia palm and oil Assumption 1: yi = bo + bixi + b2x2 + b3x3 + b4x4 + palm trees, commonly seen in the area. ui 2.2 Population of the Study Where: yi = inclination to superstition The population of study included all adults living bo = Intercept in farming communities in the study area from 18 b1, b2, b3, b4 = slopes at points 1 to 4 respectively to 100 years. The unit of observation and x1, x2, x3, x4,xn = variables 1 to n respectively analysis were all Annang indigenes in the study area between 18 and 80 years. Given Inclination index = f(X1, X2,………Xn) 2.3 Sampling Procedure and Sample Size Where: X = Age (in years) Multi-staged random sampling procedure was 1 X = Sex (of the respondent) used to select samples. In this method, first all 2 X = Education level (in years of formal Annang speaking local government areas were 3 schooling) selected, and 2 local government areas were X = Income level (in Naira) randomly selected from this number. Then 2 4 X = other selected variables blocks were selected from each of the local n government areas and 2 cells were selected from each block (using the AKADEP enumeration list 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION as a guide), and finally some households were selected for interview in those cells. In all these 3.1 Selected Personal Characteristics of stages, the selection was performed randomly. Annang Farmers in Farming Since the population of the cells were not the Communities of Akwa Ibom State is same, the number of the respondents selected Presented on table 3.1 from each block was proportional to its population (using the proportionate stratified Sex: The study consciously mainstreamed random sampling technique). This was also gender as shown in Table 3.1, by selecting equal randomized and the distance between number of men and women for the study. households taken into consideration (using the Consequently, from a total of 150 respondents, systematic sampling technique). Two key there were 75 (50%) males and 75 (50%) informants – 1 male and 1 female were selected females. per block for in-depth interview. Age, occupation, sex and the formal position of authority within Age: Thirty four percent of the respondents were the community’s social structure was used as the aged between 21-30 years, a further 24.7% were criteria for selection. Primary data were collected 31-40 years old, with 13.3% within 41-50 years of using interview schedules and key informant age. Of the 16.0% between ages 11-20, interview guide. respondents in that age range were at least 18 years of age.
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