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Socioeconomic Development Inequalities Among Geographic Units in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Umoren, V

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Socioeconomic Development Inequalities Among Geographic Units in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria Umoren, V Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol. 6 No.3 2013 SOCIOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INEQUALITIES AMONG GEOGRAPHIC UNITS IN AKWA IBOM STATE, NIGERIA UMOREN, V. E. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ejesm.v6i3.11 Received 12th February 2013; accepted 17th April 2013 Abstract Socio-economic development inequality among geographic units is a phenomenon common in both the developed and developing countries. Regional inequality may result in dissension among geographic units of the same state due to the imbalance in socio-economic development. This study examines the inequality and the pattern in socio-economic development in Akwa Ibom State. Data on socio-economic development indicators was collected using field survey, questionnaire and data from relevant agencies across the 24 areas or nodes selected out of the 31 areas or nodes. The factor analysis technique was applied to the 26 variables to achieve a parsimonious description and identify the major factors to indicate the socio-economic dimensions. From the analysis seven major factors were identified. Factor 1 identified and named as education/communication factor, factor 2 identified and named Health institution/small scale industry factor, factor 3 identified and named as means of transport factor, factor 4 identified and named as land area factor, factor 5 identified and named as distance factor, factor 6 identified and named as income/household size factor and factor 7 identified and named as car ownership factor. The total variance for the factors is 82%. The study revealed that there exist variation and patterns in the socio-economic development in the study area.The pattern shows factor 1 has Essien Udium and Onna indicating high performance .Factor 2 , has 3 areas that indicate high performance Okobo, Ibeno, and Oruk Anam.Factor 3 has 3 areas that indicate high performance Ibesikpo Asutan, Abak and Etinan. Factor 4 has 4 areas Ibiono Ibom, Itu, Mkpat Enin and Ikot Abasi which indicate high performance. Factor 5 has 3 areas Nsit Ubium, Ini and Ikot Abasi.Factor 6 has 5 areas which indicate high performance Ikono, Eket, Mbo, Esit Eket and Udung Uko. Finally factors 7 has 4 areas which indicate high performance Eastern Obolo, Nsit Ibom, Ukanafun and Uruan. Efforts should be made to increase the number of socio-economic indicators in the disadvantages areas. Key words: Socio-economic, Development, Inequalities, Geographic Units, Nigeria. Introduction The issue of regional inequalities is very Regional inequality as a common common in developing countries, but the phenomenon and may result in dissension problem of disparity in development among among geographic units of the same state due nations and among the different regions of any to the imbalance in socio-economic nation is not only restricted to developing development. The dynamics of development countries (Akpan, 2000; Antai, 2011). in Akwa Ibom State can be assessed looking at Regional inequalities become more perturbing the interdependence of the level and pace of due to the imbalance in development among urbanization in relation to indicators of socio- geographic units in the same country. The economic development. Despite impressive problem of socio-economic inequality in the progress made in economic development, Nigeria today is multi-faceted and multi- inequality still characterizes the pattern of dimensional, and Oyebanji (1986) reported the socio-economic development in State. Spatial phenomenon is metaphorically a “coat of inequalities are directly associated with access many colours”. An understanding of the scale to virtually all products and services e.g. of inequalities in regional development health, education, roads, housing and according to Akpan (2000) motivates infrastructure etc. backward or marginalized communities to Department of Urban and Regional Planning University Of Uyo, Nigeria 300 [email protected] Socioeconomic Development Inequalities among Geographic Units ................... Umoren, V.E. embark on development projects in order to development and growth. The absence of good catch up with communities that are ahead of road infrastructure may undermine productive them or addressed the inequalities.Also Akpan process and may further retard economic (2000) established that significant differences expansion (Umoren et al ., 2009). exist in level of development among the In the study area there seems to be a administrative units of Akwa Ibom State and it discernible pattern of inequalities in socio- could be categorised into Three classes as the economic development indicators across local developed, fairly developed and the government areas of the state. Some local disadvantaged. government areas enjoy huge government The process of rehabilitation may be by presence, while others suffer complete or redirecting government’s development fairly enjoy government presence. A good projects and attention to such communities or example is on the issue of road development, a accelerate the development process through greater percentage of the roads in Uyo, the private collaboration and efforts of cooperate capital city are tarred while a greater individuals. Indeed, exploring the pattern and percentage of the roads in other local variation in development process, will enable government areas are not tarred. Similarly, government identify backward communities while the road density and interconnectivity is and the dare need to improve on their social high in Uyo, they are very low in other local and economic wellbeing for the overall government areas (Umoren, 2008). Also Atser development of the communities and the state et al., 2009 states on the basis of the basis of in particular. However developing the quality of road infrastructure from the marginalized areas can abate perspective of network density of paved road misunderstanding and discontentment that per unit area in the study area.The condition of may arise when backward communities feel road infrastructure indicates inequality and is they are unfairly uncared for. In all regions of deemed as deplorable as exemplified by their the world, inequalities in the level of weak density values. Atser (2008) in his study development exist, what is more perturbing reveals inequality in the distribution of social according to Akpan (2000), is to determine if infrastructure in rural areas of the study area the pattern of observed inequalities among which needs to be addressed promptly to allow geographic units are significant or not. If the for even development. pattern of inequalities is significant, it This is the same across with other socio- translates that more needs to be done to economic development indicators such as correct the skewed pattern of socio-economic education, electricity, hospitals etc. It is on development indicators so as to facilitate the this basis that the study examines the development process of such communities. inequalities and pattern in socio-economic Rehabilitating backward communities will development in Akwa Ibom State. promote economic growth and help to improve the well being of the communities Methodology concerned. Data for this study was derived from two Even though such regional inequalities main sources, the primary and secondary have been part of the nation’s space economy sources. Field survey and questionnaire over the years, they, however, became really administered to respondents (i.e. head of noticeable in the 1950s with the increasing household) make-up data from primary development of the modern indicators of the sources. The other sources consist of data country’s economy. The spread of socio- collected from relevant agencies. A two stage economic development in Akwa Ibom State sampling method was used to draw up the may be promoted or otherwise, and to some sample areas or nodes and the respondents extent inequalities in socio-economic which the structured questionnaire was development addressed when there are administered. In the first stage a sample of 24 adequate linkages among the regions as good areas or nodes was selected out of a total of 31 road infrastructure an indicator leads to even areas or nodes identified in the study area. A 301 Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol. 6 No.3 2013 random sampling technique was employed to variables measured in the study area, table 1. select the 24 areas or nodes from 31 areas or This identifies major dimensions of nodes using the first two columns of the table socioeconomic development in the area. Table of random numbers. 2 indicate rotated factor loading matrix for the A sample size of 400 (0.01%) from the distribution of socio-economics development total population of 2.8m from the 24 sample indicators in the study area. The major factors areas constitute the respondents for the study. extracted are seven and they accounted for The population of chosen sample areas was 82% of the total variation in the data set. expressed as a percentage of the total Factor 1 is defined by four items related to population of the 24 sample areas and this was education/communication. This factor account used to determine the number of for 33.9% of the total variance as indicated in questionnaires for each area. The final table 3 and is clearly the most important selection of the number of respondents to be dimension of the 26 variables. This factor is interviewed in each of the 24 sample areas referred to as an education / communication was carried out randomly but the total number factor. The variables loading on factor 1
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