DOCSLIB.ORG

Transcriptomic Analysis of Leaf in Tree Peony Reveals Differentially Expressed Pigments Genes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transcriptomic Analysis of Leaf in Tree Peony Reveals Differentially Expressed Pigments Genes molecules Article Transcriptomic Analysis of Leaf in Tree Peony Reveals Differentially Expressed Pigments Genes Jianrang Luo, Qianqian Shi, Lixin Niu * and Yanlong Zhang * College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; [email protected] (J.L.); [email protected] (Q.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.N.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); Tel.: +86-29-8708-2878 (Y.Z.), Fax: +86-29-8708-0269 (L.N. & Y.Z.) Academic Editor: Derek J. McPhee Received: 15 January 2017; Accepted: 13 February 2017; Published: 20 February 2017 Abstract: Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews) is an important traditional flower in China. Besides its beautiful flower, the leaf of tree peony has also good ornamental value owing to its leaf color change in spring. So far, the molecular mechanism of leaf color change in tree peony is unclear. In this study, the pigment level and transcriptome of three different color stages of tree peony leaf were analyzed. The purplish red leaf was rich in anthocyanin, while yellowish green leaf was rich in chlorophyll and carotenoid. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 4302 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated, and 4225 were downregulated in the purplish red leaf vs. yellowish green leaf. Among these DEGs, eight genes were predicted to participate in anthocyanin biosynthesis, eight genes were predicted involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, and 10 genes were predicted to participate in carotenoid metabolism. In addition, 27 MYBs, 20 bHLHs, 36 WD40 genes were also identified from DEGs. Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) is the key gene that controls the anthocyanin level in tree peony leaf. Protochlorophyllide oxido-reductase (POR) is the key gene which regulated the chlorophyll content in tree peony leaf. Keywords: tree peony; transcriptome; flavonoids; chlorophyll; carotenoid; differentially expressed genes (DEGs) 1. Introduction Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a woody shrub of the genus Paeonia and family Paeoniaceae, and is a traditional ornamental flower because of its large, showy, and colorful flowers [1]. Besides its beautiful flower, the leaf of tree peony has also good ornamental value owing to its leaf color change in spring. Coloration of plant organs such as flowers, fruit and leaves is governed by pigments in plants [2]. There are four main classes of pigments for coloration in plants: flavonoids/anthocyanins, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and betalains [3]. Flavonoids, particularly anthocyanins, acting as major pigments that responsible for the orange to blue colors found in many plant flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds, and other tissues [2–4]. Chlorophylls including chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, the photosynthetic pigments that play essential roles in plant photosynthesis, are main pigments in plant green leaf [5]. Carotenoid belong to the isoprenoid pigments, which are usually responsible for yellow-orange colors [6,7]. Carotenoids are also photosynthetic pigments that usually exist in plant leaf with chlorophylls. Betalains are the yellow and violet pigments belong to the order Caryophyllales, and they only exist in very few plants such as Beta vulgaris and Suaeda salsa [8,9]. In plants, anthocyanins and betalains are usually mutual exclusive, which are never found together in the same plant [10]. Prior to advancements in this field, researchers mainly focused on floral flavonoid/anthocyanin pigment components detection [11–13], or flavonoid/anthocyanin genes of petal analysis in tree Molecules 2017, 22, 324; doi:10.3390/molecules22020324 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2017, 22, 324 2 of 14 peonyMolecules [14–17 2017]. As, 22, far324 as we know, there has been no report on leaf pigments components detection2 of 14 and related gene analysis in tree peony. In the absence of a complete genome sequence in tree peony, peony [14–17]. As far as we know, there has been no report on leaf pigments components detection transcriptomic analysis is an effective method for gaining insights into differentially expressed genes and related gene analysis in tree peony. In the absence of a complete genome sequence in tree peony, (DEGs) between different color leaves. Transcriptome sequencing of the different leaf color stages transcriptomic analysis is an effective method for gaining insights into differentially expressed genes of tree(DEGs) peony between will provide different useful color leaves. insights Transcriptome into the molecular sequencing mechanisms of the differen oft leaf tree color peony stages leaf of color changestree inpeony spring. will Therefore, provide useful the leaf insights pigment into levelsthe molecular of different mechanisms stagesin of tree treepeony peony wasleaf analyzed.color The differentchanges in leaf spring. color Therefore, stage transcriptomes the leaf pigment were leve compared,ls of different and stages the DEGsin tree werepeony filtered. was analyzed. Our main objectiveThe different was to annotateleaf color stage and analyzetranscriptomes the DEGs were involvedcompared, in and flavonoid/anthocyanin the DEGs were filtered. Our biosynthesis, main chlorophyllobjective and was carotenoid to annotate biosynthesis and analyze tothe identifyDEGs involved the candidate in flavonoid/anthocyanin genes responsible biosynthesis, for tree peony purplishchlorophyll red leaf and in spring. carotenoid biosynthesis to identify the candidate genes responsible for tree peony purplish red leaf in spring. 2. Results 2. Results 2.1. Pigments Level in the Leaf of Three Developmental Stages in Tree Peony 2.1. Pigments Level in the Leaf of Three Developmental Stages in Tree Peony In spring, as the tree peony leaf developed two major physiological changes, color fading and In spring, as the tree peony leaf developed two major physiological changes, color fading and yellowish greening were visually apparent (Figure1a). The tree peony leaf color was purplish red yellowish greening were visually apparent (Figure 1a). The tree peony leaf color was purplish red at S1,at then S1, then changed changed to to half half purplish purplish redred and half half yellowish yellowish green green at S2, at fina S2,lly finally yellowish yellowish green at green S3. at S3. AsAs shown shown inin FigureFigure1 1b,b, thethe anthocyaninanthocyanin contents contents were were decreased decreased from from S1 S1to S3. to S3.While While the thetotal total flavonoid,flavonoid, carotenoid, carotenoid, and and chlorophyll chlorophyll contents contents werewere increased from from S1 S1 to toS3. S3. These These indicated indicated that that the changethe change in leaf in colorleaf color phenotypes phenotypes of treeof tree peony peon ‘Many ‘Man Yuan Yuan Chun Chun Guang’ Guang’ waswas mainlymainly caused by by the decreasethe decrease of anthocyanin of anthocyanin content content and increase and increase of chlorophyll of chlorophyll and and carotenoid. carotenoid. FigureFigure 1. Images 1. Images of tree of tree peony peony leaf leaf and and pigments pigments contentscontents at at three three stages. stages. (a) ( aImages) Images of tree of treepeony peony leaf leaf at threeat three different different stages; stages; (b) contents(b) contents of anthocyanin,of anthocyanin, chlorophyll, chlorophyll, total total flavonoid, flavonoid, andand carotenoid in in the the leaf of three different stages. leaf of three different stages. Molecules 2017, 22, 324 3 of 14 2.2. Library Construction and Transcriptome Sequencing To understand the molecular basis of leaf color change in tree peony, the leaves of S1, S2, and S3Molecules were used 2017, 22 to, 324 build three libraries for high-throughput sequencing. 64,530,684;3 of 67,008,409; 14 and 69,283,538 raw reads were obtained from S1, S2, and S3 sequencing libraries, respectively. After 2.2. Library Construction and Transcriptome Sequencing removal of adaptor sequences, ambiguous reads, and low-quality reads, 62,835,627; 65,363,790; and 67,681,919 highTo understand quality cleanthe molecular reads comprisingbasis of leaf color 9.43, ch 9.80,10.15ange in tree Gb peony, nucleotides the leaves withof S1, Q20S2, and > 98%S3 were were used to build three libraries for high-throughput sequencing. 64,530,684; 67,008,409; and 69,283,538 generatedraw from reads S1, were S2, obtained and S3 transcriptomefrom S1, S2, and sequencing. S3 sequencing In libraries, total, 53,323 respectively. unigenes After with removal an N50 of of 1215 were generatedadaptor sequences, byTrinity ambiguous 2.1.1 (Broad reads, Institute, and low-qua Cambridge,lity reads, 62,835,627; MA, USA). 65,363,790; The min and length, 67,681,919 max length and averagehigh quality length clean of these reads unigenescomprising were 9.43, 201,9.80,10. 13121,15 Gb andnucleotides 801 nt, with respectively. Q20 > 98% Thewere size generated distributions of thesefrom unigenes S1, S2, areandshown S3 transcriptome in Supplementary sequencing. Materials In total, 53,323 Figure unigenes S1. with an N50 of 1215 were generated byTrinity 2.1.1 (Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA). The min length, max length and 2.3. De Novoaverage Assembly length of andthese Gene unigenes Annotation were 201, 13121, and 801 nt, respectively. The size distributions of these unigenes are shown in Supplementary Materials Figure S1. A total of 28,439 unigenes (53.33% of all 53,323 cleaned unigenes) were annotated based on BLAST+2.3. 2.4.0 De Novo (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/ Assembly and Gene Annotation ) (E-value < 1 × 10−5) searches of four public databases. AmongA total of them,28,439 unigenes 28,296 unigenes(53.33% of all (53.06%); 53,323 cleaned 20,710 unigenes) (38.84%); were 17,537 annotated (32.89%); based on 11,204 BLAST+ (21.01%) could be2.4.0 annotated (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. to the NCBIgov/BLAST/) nr database (E-value released < 1 31× 10 August−5) searches 2016 of (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.four public databases. gov), theAmong Swiss-Prot them, 28,296 protein unigenes database (53.06%); (http://www.expasy.ch/sprot 20,710 (38.84%); 17,537 (32.89%); ),11,204 the (21.01%) COG/KOG could databasesbe (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COGannotated to the NCBI nr database), released and the 31 KEGGAugust database2016 (http://www.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ABA Crosstalk with Ethylene and Nitric Oxide in Seed Dormancy and Germination Erwann Arc, Julien Sechet, Françoise Corbineau, Loïc Rajjou, Annie Marion-Poll
    ABA crosstalk with ethylene and nitric oxide in seed dormancy and germination Erwann Arc, Julien Sechet, Françoise Corbineau, Loïc Rajjou, Annie Marion-Poll To cite this version: Erwann Arc, Julien Sechet, Françoise Corbineau, Loïc Rajjou, Annie Marion-Poll. ABA crosstalk with ethylene and nitric oxide in seed dormancy and germination. Frontiers in Plant Science, Frontiers, 2013, 4 (63), pp.1-19. 10.3389/fpls.2013.00063. hal-01204075 HAL Id: hal-01204075 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204075 Submitted on 29 May 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW ARTICLE published: 26 March 2013 doi: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00063 ABA crosstalk with ethylene and nitric oxide in seed dormancy and germination Erwann Arc1,2, Julien Sechet1, Françoise Corbineau3, Loïc Rajjou1,2 and Annie Marion-Poll1* 1 Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (UMR1318 INRA – AgroParisTech), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Saclay Plant Science, Versailles, France 2 UFR de Physiologie végétale, AgroParisTech, Paris, France 3 Germination et Dormance des Semences, UR5 UPMC-EAC 7180 CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France Edited by: Dormancy is an adaptive trait that enables seed germination to coincide with favorable Sergi Munné-Bosch, University of environmental conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Eagle Rock Self-Guided Nature Trail
    Eagle Rock Self-Guided sages. This evergreen plant has narrow dark green #6 - Dairy Creek, Camp San Luis and West Cuesta the spiny rolled edges. Like other oaks, the Coast leaves and orange-yellow flowers in spring and Ridge Vistas - Take a short break here and enjoy the Live Oak was a major food source for the Chumash Nature Trail summer. The young stems and leaves have been view to West Cuesta Ridge. Burned extensively in Indians. In early spring a golden glow may appear on used as salad greens by Indians. The crushed raw 1994 by the huge 41 these trees. If you take a branch covered with tiny Welcome to the Eagle Rock Self Guided Nature leaves and stems have been used to heal burns and Fire, the Los Padres catkins, you can see the yellow pollen fly on the Trail. This is a 1.8 mile trip to explore the flora, wounds. National Forest is breeze. This is the first step towards the tree making fauna and history of the Chorro Valley. This trail Coyote Bush (Baccharis making a strong acorns. offers great views of Chorro Valley and surrounding pilularis) is a common recovery. Many new hillsides. Take your time and enjoy your outdoor shrub of chaparral. It has seedlings have started to #9 - Dusky-footed Woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) adventure. small leathery leaves 1/2 grow, including the Nests - As you look around you will see what seem If at the end of your adventure and you no longer to 1 inch long, with a Sergeant Cypress to be piles of debris up to 6 feet high.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Expedition to the Republic of Georgia
    PLANT EXPEDITION TO THE REPUBLIC OF GEORGIA — CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS AUGUST 15 - SEPTEMBER 11, 2010 SPONSORED BY THE DANIEL F. AND ADA L. RICE FOUNDATION PLANT COLLECTING COLLABORATIVE (PCC) Chicago Botanic Garden Missouri Botanical Garden The Morton Arboretum New York Botanical Garden University of Minnesota Landscape Arboretum 1 Table of Contents Summary 3 Georgia’s Caucasus 4-6 Expedition, Expedition Route & Itinerary 7-10 Collaboration 11 Observations 12-13 Documentation 14 Institutional review 14-15 Acknowledgements 16 Maps of the Republic of Georgia and PCC member locations 17 Photo Gallery Collecting 18-19 Collections 20-24 Seed Processing 25 Landscapes 26-29 Transportation 30 Dining 31 People 32-33 Georgia Past and Present 34 Georgia News 35-36 Appendix I – Germplasm Collections Listed by Habit Appendix II – Germplasm Collections Listed Alphabetically Appendix III – Weed Risk Assessment Appendix IV – Field Notes 2 Summary With generous support from the Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Foundation, Galen Gates and the Plant Collecting Collaborative (PCC) team made outstanding progress through an expedition in the Republic of Georgia. On this recent trip into the Caucasus Moun- tains, a record was set for the most collections made on any Chicago Botanic Garden and PCC expedition to date. The trip, door to door, was 26 days with field collecting most days; nearly every night‘s activity included seed cleaning. We made three hundred collections at 60 sites. Most were seeds from 246 types of trees, shrubs, and perennials, 14 were bulb taxa and four were in the form of perennial roots. Remarkably, 53 taxa are new to U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Diverse Biosynthetic Pathways and Protective Functions Against Environmental Stress of Antioxidants in Microalgae
    plants Review Diverse Biosynthetic Pathways and Protective Functions against Environmental Stress of Antioxidants in Microalgae Shun Tamaki 1,* , Keiichi Mochida 1,2,3,4 and Kengo Suzuki 1,5 1 Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; [email protected] (K.M.); [email protected] (K.S.) 2 RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan 3 Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan 4 School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan 5 euglena Co., Ltd., Tokyo 108-0014, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-45-503-9576 Abstract: Eukaryotic microalgae have been classified into several biological divisions and have evo- lutionarily acquired diverse morphologies, metabolisms, and life cycles. They are naturally exposed to environmental stresses that cause oxidative damage due to reactive oxygen species accumulation. To cope with environmental stresses, microalgae contain various antioxidants, including carotenoids, ascorbate (AsA), and glutathione (GSH). Carotenoids are hydrophobic pigments required for light harvesting, photoprotection, and phototaxis. AsA constitutes the AsA-GSH cycle together with GSH and is responsible for photooxidative stress defense. GSH contributes not only to ROS scavenging, but also to heavy metal detoxification and thiol-based redox regulation. The evolutionary diversity of microalgae influences the composition and biosynthetic pathways of these antioxidants. For example, α-carotene and its derivatives are specific to Chlorophyta, whereas diadinoxanthin and fucoxanthin are found in Heterokontophyta, Haptophyta, and Dinophyta. It has been suggested that Citation: Tamaki, S.; Mochida, K.; Suzuki, K. Diverse Biosynthetic AsA is biosynthesized via the plant pathway in Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta and via the Euglena Pathways and Protective Functions pathway in Euglenophyta, Heterokontophyta, and Haptophyta.
    [Show full text]
  • May 15, 2016 Passing Peony and Iris Plants on from Generation to Generation Annette Meyer Heisdorffer Daviess County Extension Agent for Horticulture
    May 15, 2016 Passing Peony and Iris Plants on from Generation to Generation Annette Meyer Heisdorffer Daviess County Extension Agent for Horticulture After lunch on Mother’s Day, my mom and I surveyed her garden, especially the peonies. We both agreed that I needed to propagate her peonies and plant them in my garden. These are special, because I remember them growing in my grandmother’s garden. Peonies are commonly passed down from generation to generation. My goal is to someday share them with my twins. Our discussion included the irises, which are another heritage plant. Both plants are blooming beautifully in May and are spectacular in the garden. Information about these two plants will be provided in this article. Peony (Paeonia officinalis, Paeonia lactiflora, and hybrids) is a herbaceous perennial, which means at the end of the growing season it will die back to the ground. However, the plant returns year after year. Peonies grow best in full sun and well-drained soil. There are tree peonies (Paeonia suffruticosa) which have a woody stem, but those are not as common and require different growing conditions. The tree peony will not be discussed here. According to Dr. Rick Durham, Extension Specialist for Consumer Horticulture, peonies can be found in landscapes across Kentucky. Peonies have a long life span and are commonly grown in the garden. When planting the root, make sure it is not too deep. The eyes or bud should be just below the surface of the soil. If it is planted too deeply, the plants won't bloom.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Functional Foods Related Titles from Woodhead’S Food Science, Technology and Nutrition List
    Phytochemical functional foods Related titles from Woodhead’s food science, technology and nutrition list: Performance functional foods (ISBN 1 85573 671 3) Some of the newest and most exciting developments in functional foods are products that claim to influence mood and enhance both mental and physical performance. This important collection reviews the range of ingredients used in these ‘performance’ functional foods, their effects and the evidence supporting their functional benefits. Antioxidants in food (ISBN 1 85573 463 X) Antioxidants are an increasingly important ingredient in food processing, as they inhibit the development of oxidative rancidity in fat-based foods, particularly meat and dairy products and fried foods. Recent research suggests that they play a role in limiting cardiovascular disease and cancers. This book provides a review of the functional role of antioxidants and discusses how they can be effectively exploited by the food industry, focusing on naturally occurring antioxidants in response to the increasing consumer scepticism over synthetic ingredients. ‘An excellent reference book to have on the shelves’ LWT Food Science and Technology Natural antimicrobials for the minimal processing of foods (ISBN 1 85573 669 1) Consumers demand food products with fewer synthetic additives but increased safety and shelf-life. These demands have increased the importance of natural antimicrobials which prevent the growth of pathogenic and spoilage micro-organisms. Edited by a leading expert in the field, this important collection reviews the range of key antimicrobials such as nisin and chitosan, applications in such areas as postharvest storage of fruits and vegetables, and ways of combining antimicrobials with other preservation techniques to enhance the safety and quality of foods.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy and Safety of Prunus Mume and Choline in Patients with Abnormal Level of Liver Function Test
    International Journal of Clinical Trials Aslam MN et al. Int J Clin Trials. 2020 Aug;7(3):170-175 http://www.ijclinicaltrials.com pISSN 2349-3240 | eISSN 2349-3259 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3259.ijct20203103 Original Research Article Efficacy and safety of Prunus mume and choline in patients with abnormal level of liver function test Muhammad N. Aslam1, Anwar Ali2, Suresh Kumar3* 1Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan 2Department of Medicine, Saidu Group of Teaching Hospital, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan 3Department of Medicine, Rafa-e-Aam Hospital, Sindh, Pakistan Received: 18 March 2020 Revised: 27 April 2020 Accepted: 30 April 2020 *Correspondence: Dr. Suresh Kumar, E-mail: [email protected] Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ABSTRACT Background: The objectives of the study were to determine the efficacy and safety of Prunus mume and choline in patients with abnormal liver function test. Methods: This open labelled, multi-centered observational study was done for a from May 2019 to December 2019. Patients of either gender, above 18 years of age having elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase or gamma-glutamyltransferase were included in the study after taking informed consent. One to two tablets of revolic per day were given preferably in the morning with breakfast or as per instructions of the physician. Patient follow-ups were done at 2nd and 4th week after treatment.
    [Show full text]
  • Peony Questions and Answers
    Questions, Answers, and Comments Below are a list of questions and comments from the webinar chat feature. Black font corresponds to participant questions, comments, and answers. Some questions were answered during the webinar Colored font corresponds to comments and answers from the webinar speakers. Please visit https://cutflowers.ces.ncsu.edu/ to watch the webinar and hear questions answered during the presentations. Always do your own on-farm testing to validate a treatment or recommendation. Production Where are the gaps in production? Sept through late October and a small gap in January. Mention months again for harvest regions? Some higher elevation Alaska farms cut into early September In the central US we start in April in Arkansas and go until July in the UP When would we expect production for central/midwest? Late April in southern areas through early July in northern areas. About production in upstate NY and new England? New York and New England would see blooms in early June Is the peony bloom season for the southern hermisphere? Late October through January (often early January only). Number one top peony for cut flower production. (General ideas?) And why? in terms of bud production, which varieties tend to have the highest stem production? How many stems/plant should be expected? Possibly Sarah Bernhardt, due to having large fragrant flowers, high productivity, average but reliable vase life, reliable producer This really depends on the variety, the age of the plant, your management practices and environment. Jules Ellie has been our most prolific and highest gross earner Do you know how many chilling hours are demanded by variety? We don’t have chilling needs by variety.
    [Show full text]
  • Olarewaju Olaoluwa Omoniyi 2
    EFFECT OF CANOPY POSITION AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE DETERMINATION OF RIND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CITRUS FRUIT DURING POSTHARVEST NON-CHILLING COLD STORAGE OLAOLUWA OMONIYI OLAREWAJU Submitted in partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Discipline of Horticultural Science School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences College of Agriculture, Engineering, and Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa December 2017 FOREWORD The research contained in this thesis was completed by the candidate while based in the Discipline of Horticultural Sciences, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences of the College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. The research was made possible by the funding received from National Research Foundation and Citrus Research International through Postharvest Innovation Programme (PHI 2/2014). The contents of this work have not been submitted in any form to another university and, except where the work of others is acknowledged in the text, the results reported are due to investigations by the candidate. _________________________ _________________________ Signed: Dr LS Magwaza Signed: Dr OA Fawole Date: Date: _________________________ _________________________ Signed: Dr SZ Tesfay Signed: Prof UL Opara Date: Date: i DECLARATION 1- PLAGIARISM I, Olarewaju Olaoluwa Omoniyi, declare that: 1) The research reported in this dissertation, except where otherwise indicated or acknowledged, is my original work; 2) This dissertation has not been submitted in full or in part for any degree or examination to any other university; 3) This dissertation does not contain other persons’ data, pictures, graphs, or other information, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other persons; 4) This dissertation does not contain other persons’ writing, unless specifically acknowledged as being sourced from other researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • Fragrant Peonies
    Self -guided tour for the University of Michigan, Nichols Arboretum Peony Garden Fragrant Peonies Peonies are often esteemed for their intoxicating fragrance. These scents range from sweet and rosy to citrusy and spicy. Surprisingly, not all peonies are fragrant. The double form white and pink peonies tend to be the most aromatic. Some semi-double and anemone formed peonies boast an attractive perfume as well. However, most single and red peonies do not have a scent—though there are a few exceptions. Below are some of the top-rated fragrant peonies in the Peony Garden. Smell and compare, then choose a favorite! 20 Splendida 26 27 18 La France 19 Richardson’s Grandiflora 24 25 14 Albert Crousse 17 John Richardson 13 16 Chestine Gowdy Do Tell 21 22 23 12 Avalanche 18 19 20 15 Sarah K. Thurlow 11 Bayadere 15 16 17 10 Mary Brand 12 13 14 7 James Kelway 9 La Perle 9 10 11 5 Nympheae 8 Mignon 6 7 8 4 Madame Emile Lemoine 3 Octavie Demay 3 4 5 6 Primevere 2 Madame Calot 1 2 1 Duchesse de Nemours Fragrant Peonies 1 1856 8 1908 15 1921 Duchesse de Nemours Mignon Sarah K. Thurlow This beautiful white This elegant peony This rose-scented peony has an blooms pink and peony blooms a intoxicating aroma. turns to flesh white pale pink and fades when fully open. It has to white as it opens. It has a 2 1856 a rich rose fragrance. smooth, rose-like center. Madame Calot 1886 9 16 1946 This early pink double peony produces many La Perle Do Tell flowers on sturdy stems This old-rose This peony and has a strong fragrance.
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroplasts and Plant Immunity: Where Are the Fungal Effectors?
    pathogens Review Chloroplasts and Plant Immunity: Where Are the Fungal Effectors? Matthias Kretschmer 1, Djihane Damoo 1, Armin Djamei 2 and James Kronstad 1,* 1 Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (D.D.) 2 Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) OT Gatersleben Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +604-822-4732 Received: 4 December 2019; Accepted: 21 December 2019; Published: 24 December 2019 Abstract: Chloroplasts play a central role in plant immunity through the synthesis of secondary metabolites and defense compounds, as well as phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Additionally, chloroplast metabolism results in the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as defense molecules. The impact of viral and bacterial infections on plastids and chloroplasts has been well documented. In particular, bacterial pathogens are known to introduce effectors specifically into chloroplasts, and many viral proteins interact with chloroplast proteins to influence viral replication and movement, and plant defense. By contrast, clear examples are just now emerging for chloroplast-targeted effectors from fungal and oomycete pathogens. In this review, we first present a brief overview of chloroplast contributions to plant defense and then discuss examples of connections between fungal interactions with plants and chloroplast function. We then briefly consider well-characterized bacterial effectors that target chloroplasts as a prelude to discussing the evidence for fungal effectors that impact chloroplast activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Machovina-Enzymatic-2018.Pdf
    ENZYMATIC STRATEGIES FOR CONTROLLING AND HARNESSING THE OXIDATIVE POWER OF O2 by Melodie M. Machovina A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biochemistry MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana November 2018 ©COPYRIGHT by Melodie Marie Machovina 2018 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this work to my parents, Alberto and Gina, whose outstanding dedication to excellence and hard-work has encouraged me to persevere through all that life has given. This dissertation is also dedicated to my godfather, Murray Oxman, a true friend and inspiration. Your wisdom has guided me along this journey and continues to guide me! iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My first and foremost thanks go to my advisor, Prof. Jennifer DuBois; your passion and dedication towards excellent science is an inspiration. Thank you for your guidance along this significant chapter in my life! I would also like to acknowledge my thesis committee members, Profs. Joan Broderick, Valerie Copie, and Brian Bothner, and Dr. Gregg Beckham for all that you’ve taught me along the way. I am grateful to my collaborators for providing excellent data and being great to work with. A special thanks to Gregg Beckham for taking me under his wing at NREL and always being so excited and positive. I would also like to acknowledge John McGeehan and Sam Mallinson in the UK; it’s been a pleasure working with you on the amazing GcoA stories. Thank you for making our collaboration so enjoyable and productive! Doreen Brown, thank you for helping make grad school a smooth and enjoyable experience.
    [Show full text]