Cubesats in Search of Hotspots for Life

CubeSats In Search of Hotspots for Life

Pete Klupar Breakthrough Prize Foundation [email protected] Fermi: “Where is everyone?”

Within a few thousand light years there are 10’s of millions of stars

In cosmic terms, the Sun is neither particularly old, nor young…. So, If civilization, once it formed survived in the MW, why isn’t there evidence of it? It’s a timescale problem, 13Gyr vs. 100,000 yrs [email protected] 3 2018 Breakthrough Prize Winners

2018 Breakthrough Prizes in Life Sciences Awarded: Joanne Chory, Don W. Cleveland, Kazutoshi Mori, Kim Nasmyth, and Peter Walter. New Horizons in Physics Prizes Awarded; 2018 Breakthrough Prize in Physics Awarded; Christopher Hirata, Douglas Stanford, and Charles L. Bennett, Gary Hinshaw, Norman Jarosik, Andrea Young. ($100,000) each Lyman Page Jr., David N. Spergel, and the WMAP Science Team New Horizons in Mathematics Prizes Awarded; Aaron Naber, Maryna Viazovska, Zhiwei Yun, and 2018 Breakthrough Prize in Mathematics Awarded; Wei Zhang. (7) ($300,000) each Christopher Hacon and James McKernan. (13) 5/28/2019 4 Breakthrough Junior Challenge

2016 2016 2017 Hillary Diane Andales.

Submit application and video no later than July 1, 2018 at 11:59 PM Pacific Daylight Time Ages 13 to 18 $250K Scholarship $100K Lab $50K Teacher 2015 Ryan Chester Ohio

5/28/2019 5 5/28/2019 6 BREAKTHROUGH WATCH Star, masked by coronagraph •Thermal imaging: Existing 10-m class Earth-like planet telescope have the sensitivity to catch thermal emission from an Earth-like planet orbiting Alpha Cen A or B.

Very Large Telescope (Credit: ESO) •Astrometry: A habitable planet in orbit around Alpha Cen A or B would pull its host star by about 1 micro-arcsecond. Simulated 100h exposure This tiny periodic motion could be with 8-m telescope (Credit: Christian Marois) detected with a small space telescope measuring accurately the angular separation between binary systems.

•Reflected light imaging: A small space telescopes equipped with a high- performance coronagraph masking starlight, can catch the visible starlight reflected by a habitable planet in orbit around nearby stars. Baycenter

Together, thermal imaging, and astrometry could Astrometry Stars orbits around system measure the planet mass, orbit, radius, and center of mass (Barycenter) 5/28/2019 temperature 7 BREAKTHROUGH STARSHOT

• Near Term Goals 2019 to 2023 • Series of demonstrations reduce risk and demonstration • Develop systems models to predict systems performance • Concentrate on LASER (~55%), Sail(~30%), Comms (10%) and Systems (5%) • Long Term 2023 to 2030 • Design and Demonstrate end to end system • Far Term Goals 2040 to 2060 • Send a probe to a nearby (< 5pc) earth like planet in the habitable zone • Probe to achieve 20% light speed • Return meaningful scientific data to earth within 5 years of encounter

5/28/2019 8 Breakthrough Starshot Starshot

CENTAURI SYSTEM MISSION POINT DESIGN $8.4B CAPEX comprised of: $2.0B lasers (200 GW transmitted power) $3.0B optics (2.8 km array effective diameter) $3.4B energy storage (68 GWh stored pulse energy) $7M energy cost per Starshot (68 GWh @$0.1/kWh)

4.2 m sail diameter 3.8 g sail mass

9 min (521 s) beam duration 10 min (594 s) sail acceleration time

40 Pa temperature-limited photon pressure 562 N temperature-limited force 15,000 g’s temperature-limited acceleration 2,300 g’s final acceleration (at 0.15 au, 73 ls from source)

34 kW/m2 beamer maximum radiant exitance 14.4 GW/m2 sailcraft theoretical maximum irradiance 5/28/2019 8.5 GW/m2 sailcraft temperature-limited irradiance 9 Photon Engine Challenges • Atmospherics • Atmospheric compensation of >1km apertures • Generating/maintaining the irradiance profile on the sail • Phasing • Phasing up to 50 M devices • Pointing the beamer array and stabilizing the beam • High fill factor array • Production • Manufacturing the beamers • Cost predictability and control • Producing the power and storing the energy 5/28/2019 10 Sail Challenges

Material properties, which influence the choice of materials and how the sail with the sail is to be made, are its reflectivity, absorptivity and transmissivity, tensile strength in its areal density. Sail thickness: 50 nm, Sail Density: 0.7 g/cm3 , Sail reflectivity: 0.99995, Sail Absorptance : 0.00001, Sail emissivity: 0.5, Acceleration withstand 60,000 gs Total optical power: 50 GW

Stability, is influenced by sail shape, beam shape and the distribution of mass, such as payload, on the sail.

Laser system interactions, with the sail through its power density distribution on the sail, causing acceleration, the duration of the beam, the width of the beam, the pointing error of the beam as well as its pointing jitter.

5/28/2019 11 Communication Starshot

• Return 100 images from ~4 Light Years • 4 mega pixel images, 16 bit per image, 64 Mbits per image • RTG - ~ 0.3g Pu-238 400 mWthermal /g *.3 g* 7% conversion eff ~ 10 mW • Pointing Attitude Determination and Control Finding Earth • Error correction

X band 8.4 GHz, 3.6 cm 780 nm, 0.78 μm Ka band 32 GHz, ~1 cm 1550 nm, 1.5 μm

lunar-laser-communication-1.PNG 12 5/28/2019 13 Selected Moons in Solar Systems With Earth, Mars and Venus for Scale

Enceladus

All bodies to scale 1 pixel =25 km

Earth

Mars

14 Venus Cost Drivers Atlas V Solar $110 M Falcon Heavy • Leaving Earth is Hard Falcon 9 $90M $62M SLS • Payload Development/ Science Team $800M • Spacecraft Development

Astra $1M Electron $6M Relativity Space $5M

17 M tall Your Name Here 70 M tall 70 M tall 53 M tall 111 M tall 15 Launch Vehicle Performance

C3 = 85 = Mercury Orbit C3=100 = Jupiter Exotic Approaches

• Ion Propulsion • Used on several ESA and NASA missions. • Accelerate Xenon ions to 40 km/sec • Requires many 10’s KW of power, very large solar arrays to perform breaking burn at Saturn • E-wire Propulsion • Electric solar wind sail, invented in 2006 by Pekka Janhunen in Finland • Uses the solar wind momentum for producing thrust • Bench unit built, No on orbit demonstrations, power consumption high • Position Propulsion • Basic research on going, no bench top demonstrations • Astra/Rocket Lab (small rockets) • Rocket Lab has demonstrated lift • Would require extended flight times to targets

17 SUN DIVER CONCEPT ❶ ❶ launch, deploy ❷ deceleration (90 days) ❸ closest approach to Sun Earth ❹ acceleration (1 day) ❷ ❺ cruise ❻ take/relay data

Acceleration

❸ Solar flux

❻ ❺ ❹

Circular membrane sail Sun with integrated payload

8/17/2017 Breakthrough Starshot Proprietary 5 Travel times are shown in green below.

261 days

152 days

176 days

11 days

8/17/2017 Breakthrough Starshot Proprietary 1 9 Venus Why Venus • Cheaper place to make mistakes than Jupiter, the Lonely Ugly Step Sister of Earth • Venus was a temperate world long ago, with seas that persisted for eons — perhaps 2 billion years or more, according to recent modeling research. • Temperatures and pressures at 50 Km are close to those of Earth's surface, so it's possible that Venusian life — if it ever existed — didn't die out • Mostly sulfuric acid clouds, biologists have found all manner of hardy microbes here on Earth capable of tolerating similarly extreme conditions. And these same acidic Venus clouds could potentially provide chemical energy to any microbes that may be floating around up there, researchers have said. • Intriguingly, Venus' upper atmosphere also abounds with a mysterious compound that absorbs ultraviolet (UV) radiation • The planet has gobbled up many tons of Earth rocks that were blasted into space by violent impacts over the past 4.5 billion years, some of which may have sheltered unwittingly voyaging microbes. (Venus material has also made its way to Earth, so it's also possible that our planet was colonized long ago by native Venusians.) Venus Investigation David Grinspoon, Mason Peck and Sanjay Limaye; Planetary Science Institute

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Properties of Venus Clouds Hospitable to Life • Global clouds are much larger, more continuous, and stable than clouds on Earth. Particle lifetimes of months (Grinspoon et al, 1993). “Particles do not fall” (Imamura, 2006)

• Large “mode 3” particles at lower cloud level (~ 50 km altitude) -- 1 bar atm pressure -- ~350 K -- make up most of the mass of the cloud deck -- may contain an unknown, non-absorbing core material which comprises up to 50% by volume of the particles (Cimino, 1982; Grinspoon et al. 1993).

• Superrotation of atmosphere shortens duration of the night

• Chemical disequilibrium => coexistence of H2 and O2 H2S and SO2 LEO, Venus or Enceladus Missions

• LEO: • Chipsats with chirality sensors; Chipsats 2.0 in the ignorosphere

• Sprite deployment from high- “Microfluidic chips for chirality exploration” Stefan Nagl, Philipp Schulze, et al altitude balloons as precursor to Anal. Chem., 2011, 83 (9), pp 3232–3238 DOI: 10.1021/ac200150w Venus science March 28, 2011 • Venus: • Chipsats ballutes deployed outside or inside atmosphere • Enceladus: • Plume detection

25 55 SPQR (SMALL PAYLOAD QUICK RETURN)

26 Venus Clouds

► Target area: Clouds between 30km to 70km ► Chemistry: Life chemical readily available including Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Hydrogen, in usable forms ► Physics: physical conditions similar to standard conditions on earth, 20C and 100K Pa at 50 km, No radiation belts, will be exposed Cosmic Rays induced magnetic field provides protection from Solar Wind. ► Energy: Significant chemical and solar energy available ► Accessibility: Difficult to get to 50km dense atmosphere, multiple flybys ► Possible detection sensors: UV Spectrometers and Organic Analyzer ► Cruise Duration: 5 to 12 month cruise from earth ► Mission description: Mothership Ride Share to GTO Holman Xfer to Venus SOI, enter Elliptical orbit drop 10 small reentry vehicle with payloads, $18,000K

27 Icy Satellites…not “ocean worlds”, but planet-sized aqueous caves!

Europa Enceladus Mothership Daughters and Granddaughters Enceladus

• Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn. It is about 500 kilometers in diameter • Enceladus is mostly covered by fresh, clean ice, making it one of the most reflective bodies of the Solar System. • Cryovolcanoes near the south pole shoot geyser-like jets of water vapor, molecular hydrogen,, including sodium chloride crystals and ice particles, totaling about 200 kg (440 lb) per second • Enceladus is a relatively small satellite composed of ice and rock It is an ellipsoid in shape; its diameters 513 km • Enceladus is only one-seventh the diameter of Earth's Moon. • Enceladus has a liquid water ocean beneath its frozen surface • The top of the ocean probably lies beneath a 30 to 40 kilometers thick ice shelf. • The ocean may be 30 kilometers deep at the south pole. • For comparison, Earth's ocean has an average depth of 3.7 kilometers Cave Potential on Icy Ocean Worlds

Ice  Whole planet/moon ocean

 Pressure melt lenses Water (like Vostoc)

 Surface towers (like Antarctica near Erebus) Rocky Core  Fracture cavities (like glaciers)

 Surface cavities (like Mt. Rainer ice caves)

 Plume associated cavities (sorta like Antarctica) Ice Towers & Caves on Mt. Erebus, Antarctica & Mt. Rainier, WA May be some on Mars, Europa, & Enceladus!

Mt. Erebus fumarole over ice cave, Antarctica

Mt. Erebus ice towers, Antarctica

Historical Image ca. 1950’s, Mt. Erebus Ice Cave, Antarctica Mt. Rainer fumarolic ice caves

The Mission

37 Trajectory Primer

Earth Departure Jupiter Insertion, Europa gravity assist Aerocapture Europa Encounter @ 3km/s 2km altitude

Moon Tour Gravity assist

2 May 2019 38 Tidal Heating

• Enceladus/Europa in eccentric orbit • Tidal bulge is larger when closer to Saturn • Distortion generates frictional heat • Plume is as large as 150km tall, 100 km wide and 100km long • Plume is 5x denser at apochron

5/28/2019 39 Nano Pico Spacecraft Spacecraft ~10x (Intruder) Mother ~100x (Scout) Mission Ideas Ship

Upper • Space Based stage • Flyby (~$0.0002T) • Need more than 7 Km/sec Delta V past Mars • Flyby Delta V as Between 10 and 40 Km/sec Inter-Stage • Plume Observations Laser Illumination

Mother Intruder Scout Pioneer Ship Class Class 11 Space (cm) 40x40x20 20x20x10 1x1x1 36x36x76 Mass (Kg) 20 3 0.1 260

Power 2,000 1,000 100 150 W (Watt Min) Operating Temperature +40 to 0 +40 to -20 +40 to -40 +40/ - 40 (Deg C) Non Operating +5 to -20 +5 to -20 +5 to -20 +40/ - 41 Temperature (Deg C)

Acceleration/ 10 20 20 6 Shock ( g) 5/28/2019 Number 1 10 100 1 40

Europa • Slightly smaller than Earth's Moon, Europa is primarily made of silicate rock and has a water-ice crust and probably an iron–nickel core. • Europa has the smoothest surface of any known solid object in the Solar System. • The predominant model suggests that heat from tidal flexing causes the ocean to remain liquid and drives ice movement similar to plate tectonics, absorbing chemicals from the surface into the ocean below • Sea salt from a subsurface ocean may be coating some geological features on Europa, suggesting that the ocean is interacting with the sea floor • The Hubble Space Telescope detected water vapor plumes similar to those observed on Saturn's moon Enceladus, which are thought to be caused by erupting cryogeysers • The Galileo mission, launched in 1989, provides the bulk of current data on Europa. • The outer crust of solid ice is approximately 10–30 km including a ductile "warm ice" layer, which could mean that the liquid ocean underneath may be about 100 km deep • This leads to a volume of Europa's oceans of 3 × 1018 m3, between two or three times the volume of Earth's ocean The Opportunity: Target Systems

G2V G2V K1V M6Ve The A and B components of Alpha Centauri have an orbital period of 79.91 years. Their closest approach is 11.2 AU, or the distance between the Sun and Saturn; and their furthest separation is 35.6 AU, the distance between the Sun and Pluto. Apparent visual distance ranges between 2 and 22 arc sec. They are currently at a 4.5 arc sec separation. Apparent visual magnitude 0.3 and 1.3 61 Cygni B K7V Sol G2V Sol 61 Cygni A K5V 61 Cygni A/B Alpha Cen A/B 61 Cygni A and B orbit their common barycenter in a period of 659 years, with a mean separation of about 84 AU. Orbital eccentricity of 0.48 means that the two stars are separated by about 44 AU at periapsis and 124 AU at apoapsis. They are currently at a 80 AU or 20 arc sec separation. Apparent visual magnitude 5.2 and 6.0 Kepler data suggest 1 to 5 planets

44 Target Toliboy Mission Description 61 Cygni

Sun light

Each Target Observed 40min per orbit

Earth S/C in LEO SS orbit @550km

Detect Earth Mass Planets around Alpha Cent and 61 Cygni 20 Kg Spacecraft 9 cm F21 Telescope 3 Year Mission Pointing Control +/-0.0008° Launch June 2021 Thermal Stability +/-0.01° C Target $1.5 M 45 aCen A&B

Toliboy Description • Payload Telescope • 9 cm f /21 telescope with double diffraction gratings

• Spacecraft Bus • 12 Kg cubesat, with high precision pointing and thermal control

• Launch, 2 options  Rideshare Opportunity  Space Flight (SpaceX) and ISIS (Europe) • Operations  Science operations to be performed at University of Sydney

• Ground Based Observation  PLANETS Foundation, USA

47 Double Diffraction

Classical astrometry missions suffer from distortions in telescope and focal plane, double diffraction corrects such distortions

A. Secondary grating provides separation secondary-detector

B. Primary grating provides overall system focal length

+ + +

4 8 Schedule 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Design Build /Test Launch Operate

Month 2: Month 0: ► Develop Optical design capable of meeting the requirements. ZEMAX files,  Begin launch services negotiations, Spaceflight, ISIS, ISRO, ESA, NASA optical prescriptions per component and detector requirements.  Contract Negotiations with Endoursat, Blue Canyon, Malin, Cosign ► Design and layout of spacecraft  Obtain Export Licenses ► Develop budgets and margins for pointing, power, vibration, thermal, mass ► Prototype payload perform bench testing Month 1 Month 3 :  Spacecraft/ payload / ground processing / launcher ICD ► Produce plated PVDF surfaces  Spacecraft architecture, electronics, software, structures, thermal ► Finalize requirements budgets, validate cost and schedule estimates  Define electrical/data requirements sub ICDs ► Design reviews verify Spacecraft, Payload and  Prototype payload Launcher margins close  Develop mission CONOPS Month 4:  Requirement definition ► Brief Preliminary Design, Receive Go Ahead  Tolerance analysis and sensitivity analysis, ► Negotiate Final contracts  error budget margin generation for spacecraft and payload ► Order Long Leads ► Begin construction Reviewed for Export Compliance by James Schalkwyk, Approved by S Pete Worden. This document does not contain 49 any export Controlled Data The Story INSIDE: A 14- PAGE SPECIAL REPORT ON PLANET HUNTERS

The search for exoplanets entices people like no other topic. The July 7th July 15th 2022 discovery of the closest earth sized planet will be a big deal. The Toliboy mission has the best chance to make that discovery of any mission in the near future.

Taking the public and the scientific community along with this adventure is a critical piece of the overall mission.

The Breakthrough ‘brand’ may well be defined by the way it communicates and engages the public on the development and execution of the Toliboy Mission.

The opportunity to tell the Toliboy story to the public should be embraced and used to promote the advancement of science and exploration. Breakthrough Toliboy Discovers Closest Earth Sized Planet

Reviewed for Export Compliance by James Schalkwyk, Approved by S Pete Worden. This document 2 May 2019 50 does not contain any export Controlled Data CIRCA 2068

51 NASA plans to Launch SLS Every year starting in 2020 Outer planet mission envisioned for 2027 or 2028

52 20 months

53 5/28/2019 54 5/28/2019 55

Europa and Enceladus Investigation John Grunsfeld, Jonathan Lunine and Chris McKay

Cassini Enceladus Hubble Europa

Schematic of laser fluorescence method at Icy moon for the detection of tryptophan

Basic optical concept for laser fluorescence

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