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Herbarium Management: Methods and Current Trends Herbarium of Cultivated Plants National Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India Training Programme on Herbarium Management: Methods and Current Trends ICAR-NBPGR, New Delhi, July 15-20, 2019 For the official from: The Directorate of Seed Testing and Certification Ministry of Agriculture, Bagdad Government of Iraq Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110012, India Citation Anjula Pandey (2019) Herbarium Management: Methods and Current Trends. The Training Manual, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India Technical Assistance: Shashi K Sharma and Rita Gupta Layout and Design: Shashi K Sharma Disclaimer: This publication contains information provided by various authors “as it is” with editorial inputs. Contents of some chapters have been sourced by the authors from their prior publications, and ICAR- NBPGR is not liable for any copyright infringement whatsoever. © The Director, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources New Delhi 110012, India E-mail: [email protected] Website: http//nbpgr.ernet.in Contents S.No. Title Page No. About the Training Manual ---- i 1 Herbarium Management- Role in Plant Genetic Resources Study 1 Anjula Pandey 2 Methods for Management of Herbarium 28 Anjula Pandey, K Pradheep and Rita Gupta 3 Taxonomic Literature: Role in Plant Systematics Study 48 Anjula Pandey and K Pradheep 4 The relevance of Field and Ecological Studies in Herbarium 58 E. Roshini Nayar 5 Modern Tools in Plant Taxonomy 65 S Rajkumar 6 Chemotaxonomy - A Tool for Taxonomic Delineation and 80 Identification of Plant Genetic Resources Poonam Suneja, Rakesh Bhardwaj* and Anjula Pandey 7 Applications of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Tools in Harbarium 87 Studies DP Semwal, Anjula Pandey, Rita Gupta and NS Panwar 8 Illustrative Field Aids for Identification of Plants 93 Anjula Pandey, S Nivedhitha and Pavan Malav 9 Floras, Monographs, Taxonomic Revisions and Identification Keys 102 Anjula Pandey 10 Biosystematic Studies on Crop Plant Taxa 113 Anjula Pandey and K Pradheep 11 Digitizing Specimens in A Herbarium: Procedures and Approaches 126 Anjula Pandey, Sunil Archak, Rita Gupta and ER Nayar 12 Exploration and Germplasm Collection of Plant Genetic Resources: 137 Prospects and Procedures SP Ahlawat and Anjula Pandey 13 Field Visits: Guidelines for Execution 150 KC Bhatt, RS Rathi and Anjula Pandey Training Programme ii List of the Participants-Herbarium Management iv Faculty members and other contact persons v Committees to Organize the Training Programme vi About the Training Manual ---- National and international databases serve as biodiversity information resources and collectively provide data for visualization analysis of patterns of biodiversity. Amongii these data records associated with herbarium specimens’ label have now become available for large scale innovative research at the global level. Despite realizing the value of herbarium decades ago only in the past few years the knowledge hidden with the herbarium repositories the potential resources for new findings have been explored now using e-resources and vast floristic literature. Various global database facilities such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), the Atlas of Living Australia (ALA), the US Geological Survey’s portal (Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation; BISON), and iDigBio (Integrated Digitized Biocollections) provide digital biodiversity data, including information from herbarium specimens. Digitized herbarium specimen data serve as resources for synthetic analyses, link the phylogenetic, climatological and genomic resources to address several unresolved queries in plant sciences. Researchers in plant systematics are now benefitted with the enhanced understanding of diversity distribution, plant collecting strategies, seed storage behaviour, and taxonomic identification. Value of herbarium as a powerful tool in plant genetic resources programme was realised as early as 1948 when a build-up of herbarium voucher specimens generated through research activity was maintained as referral collection in the Botany Department of IARI (which later named as the Plant Introduction Division, IARI, Pusa). Later, the institute was rechristianization as ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) in 1976 and since then it has been instrumental in disseminating knowledge on use of herbarium through teaching and training programmes, formal and informal technical discussions, brainstorming sessions and know-how on herbarium methodology. In continuation to these efforts, the ICAR-NBPGR is now organizing a short training course on “Herbarium Management” for participants from Directorate of Seed Testing and Certification, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq with financial support from Government of Iraq from July15-20, 2019. For the benefit of participants a training manual entitled “Herbarium Management: Methods and Current Trends” is published with an overall perspective on the management of the herbaria. A total of eleven chapters including practical exercises and demonstrations will contribute towards a better understanding of herbarium management. Use of taxonomic keys in plant identification, herbarium and field methods, and biosystematics tools in species delimitation will help in build- up of the herbarium, besides enhancing their expertise. Topics like advances in modern tools, illustrative guides and herbarium digitization will help to boost the confidence of participants in setting up of state-of-the-art facility with their organisation(s). This training would sensitize the participants to create effective interest in the management of herbarium. We are highly thankful to the authors for contributing the contents of various chapters and bringing their views in this form. We hope that this publication will serve as a valuable reference to the course trainees as well as other users associated with PGR sciences. (Anjula Pandey) i Herbarium Management- Role in Plant Genetic Resources Study (Anjula Pandey) 1 Herbarium Management- Role in Plant Genetic Resources Study Anjula Pandey Division of Plant Exploration and Germplasm Collection ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources New Delhi 110 012, India Introduction There are approximately 4,000 recognized active global herbaria collectively holding 35,00,00,000 herbarium specimens. India represents over 3.5 million herbarium specimens including~23,000 type specimens (source:http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp). These major global herbaria are committed to providing herbarium of economic species accessible to users (K, P, MO, S, B, UC/JEPS), and yet some others focus on regional flora (F,BM, PE, E, CAL). Among the cultivated plant herbaria, only a few of them are rich in the representation of cultivated plants (H- cultivated ornamentals and The Gatersleben Herbarium (GAT- Crop Plant Genetics mainly). GAT is located in the Department of Genebank of the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) and is one of the largest specialized herbaria which serve as a source of reference and working material for the reproduction of accessions maintained in the genebank and other institutional research programmes. The holdings include over 0.430 million specimens of cultivated plants and its wild relatives, seed and fruit collection (about 0.1 million samples) and the spike collection (55,000 samples) (http://www.ipk-gatersleben.de/en/gbisipk- gaterslebendegbis-i/herbarium/).List of selected herbaria with significant information is given in Appendix I. Management of a herbarium includes all the activities pertaining to build-up, maintenance and research undertaken to establish a facility. While developing a herbarium state-of-the-art facility, the activity begins with the build-up of the collection followed by all other activities. A herbarium is a repository of plant specimens to serve as valuable resources for plant and data used for scientific research. For a quality specimen, an ideally dried herbarium should have character representation (vegetative characters: roots, tubers, bulbs and rhizome, leaf, stipule, spine, bark, etc. and floral: inflorescence, flower- spathe, scape, stamen, sepal, petal/tepals; and fruit characters: pericarp, 1 Herbarium Management- Role in Plant Genetic Resources Study (Anjula Pandey) placentation, seed) needed for taxonomic studies (Lawrence 1951; Davis and Heywood 1963; Holmgren and Holmgren 1998). Information on plant species with respect to the area of availability, variability pattern, flowering/fruiting time, status on rare/endangered/endemism, other ecological features, economic uses, indigenous traditional knowledge (ITKs), etc. gathered from herbarium label data serves as resource for basic and applied research, referral use and for educational programme. The information available on the herbarium label could be helpful in the planning and management of genetic resources and may serve the users in various ways. ‘Voucher specimens’ used in experimental studies as well as those collected from diverse areas and deposited in herbaria can be used for further study by others. Herbaria located in teaching/ educational institutions will have specimens generated through basic study and applied sciences. On the other hand, institutions dealing with
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  • REVIEW ARTICLE Fire, Grazing and the Evolution of New Zealand Grasses

    REVIEW ARTICLE Fire, Grazing and the Evolution of New Zealand Grasses

    AvailableMcGlone on-lineet al.: Evolution at: http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ of New Zealand grasses 1 REVIEW ARTICLE Fire, grazing and the evolution of New Zealand grasses Matt S. McGlone1*, George L. W. Perry2,3, Gary J. Houliston1 and Henry E. Connor4 1Landcare Research, PO Box 69040, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand 2School of Environment, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 3School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 4Department of Geography, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand *Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected]) Published online: 7 November 2013 Abstract: Less than 4% of the non-bamboo grasses worldwide abscise old leaves, whereas some 18% of New Zealand native grasses do so. Retention of dead or senescing leaves within grass canopies reduces biomass production and encourages fire but also protects against mammalian herbivory. Recently it has been argued that elevated rates of leaf abscission in New Zealand’s native grasses are an evolutionary response to the absence of indigenous herbivorous mammals. That is, grass lineages migrating to New Zealand may have increased biomass production through leaf-shedding without suffering the penalty of increased herbivory. We show here for the Danthonioideae grasses, to which the majority (c. 74%) of New Zealand leaf-abscising species belong, that leaf abscission outside of New Zealand is almost exclusively a feature of taxa of montane and alpine environments. We suggest that the reduced frequency of fire in wet, upland areas is the key factor as montane/alpine regions also experience heavy mammalian grazing.