Republic of Somaliland Education Statistics

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Republic of Somaliland Education Statistics Republic of Somaliland Education Statistics Yearbook 2013/2014 Ministry of Education and Higher Education Department of Planning and Policy Data and Statistics (EMIS) unit March 2015 Hargeisa, Republic of Somaliland Website: www.moehe.com Department of Planning and Policy Data and Statistics Unit (Education Management Information System) Hargeisa, Somaliland Tel: +252 63-4417068 Website: www.moehe.com Email: [email protected] © Ministry of Education and Higher Education This publication may be used in part or as a whole, provided that the EMIS is acknowledged as the source of the information. Whilst the EMIS does all it can to accurately consolidate and integrate Somaliland education information, it cannot be held liable for incorrect data and for errors in conclusions, opinions and interpretations emanating from the information. Furthermore, the EMIS cannot be held misinterpretation of the statistical content of the publication. This publication has been produced with financial support from the government of the Netherlands through the Peace Building, Education and Advocacy (PBEA) programme and technical assistance from UNICEF. A complete set of the yearbook will be available at the following addresses: • EMIS Unit, MOEHE, Hargeisa, Somaliland • MOEHE’s website: www.moehe.com For more inquiries or requests, please use the following contact information: Mohamed Ibrahim, Director General, MOEHE Somaliland, [email protected] Ahmed Qulle, Director of planning and policy, MOEHE Somaliland, [email protected] Ubah Duale, EMIS Focal Person, MOEHE Somaliland, [email protected] Mustafa Jama, Technical Advisor, MOEHE Somaliland, [email protected] Linda Jones, Chief of Education, UNICEF Somalia, [email protected] Hana Yoshimoto, Education Specialist, UNICEF Somalia, [email protected] Safia Abdi, Education Specialist, UNICEF Somaliland, [email protected] Melkie Kassaw, EMIS Consultant, UNICEF Somalia, [email protected] i Foreword The goal of the Ministry of Education and Higher Education is to produce a society of individuals with enriched moral, social and intellectual skills and attitudes necessary for the growth and survival of the individuals and peoples of Somaliland. It has been the priority of the Ministry to increase access to education and provide quality education to as many children, youth and adults as possible. To achieve this goal and ensure the realization of this priority, education statistics utmost importance as it truly helps policy makers and decision makers in taking a well-informed decision. This is the reason why the Ministry collects and processes education data, analyzes education information and publishes statistics yearbook annually. Since the publishing of the first statistical yearbook in 2011, we have been collecting and processing education data, analyzing and publishing yearbook from the primary and secondary sub-sectors. I therefore hope that in the coming years, data from other education sub-sectors including pre-primary education, TVET and Higher Education will be collected, processed, analyzed and included in the yearbook. I would like to thank the EMIS team in the Policy and Planning Department of the Ministry who have been working hard throughout the whole process of data collection, data entry, processing, analysis and production of this yearbook. I would also like to take this opportunity to thank UNICEF who has been providing invaluable support, both financially and technically for the overall processes of EMIS activities since 2011. I hope data contained in this yearbook will help the Ministry and all the education stakeholders in planning and coordinating their programmes as well as improving the education system in Somaliland. Prof. Farah Elmi Mohamud (Geedoole) Minister of Education and Higher Education Republic of Somaliland ii Tables of Contents ACRONYMS ........................................................................................................................................... VII 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................1 1.1 ABOUT EMIS DATA ..........................................................................................................................1 1.2 HISTORY OF SOMALILAND EMIS ...............................................................................................2 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND HIGHER EDUCATION ............3 FIGURE 2.1 ORGANOGRAM OF STATISTICS /EMIS UNIT IN THE MOEHE........................................................3 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE SOMALILAND EDUCATION LADDER...............................................4 FIGURE 2.2 STRUCTURE OF THE SOMALILAND EDUCATION LADDER ...............................................................4 2. SUMMARY OF EDUCATION DATA ............................................................................................5 2.1 SUMMARY OF BASIC EDUCATIONAL INDICATORS .............................................................6 TABLE 2.1 SOMALILAND EDUCATION SYSTEM BASIC INDICATORS...................................................................6 TABLE 2.1 SOMALILAND EDUCATION SYSTEM BASIC INDICATORS (CONT…)..................................................7 ENROLMENT TRENDS ..........................................................................................................................8 TABLE 2.2 TOTAL ENROLMENT TRENDS OVER THE LAST THREE YEARS...........................................................8 CHART 2.1 TOTAL ENROLMENT TRENDS OVER THE LAST THREE YEARS ..........................................................8 2.3 TEACHERS TRENDS ........................................................................................................................9 TABLE 2.3 TOTAL TEACHERS TRENDS OVER THE LAST THREE YEARS ..............................................................9 CHART 2.2 TOTAL TEACHERS TRENDS OVER THE LAST THREE YEARS..............................................................9 2.4 SCHOOLS AND CLASSROOMS TRENDS ..................................................................................10 TABLE 2.4 TOTAL SCHOOLS AND CLASSROOMS TRENDS OVER THE LAST THREE YEARS ..............................10 CHART 2.3 TOTAL SCHOOLS AND CLASSROOMS TRENDS OVER THE LAST THREE YEARS .............................10 3. ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION INDICATORS ............................................................................11 A. PRE-PRIMARY EDUCATION .....................................................................................................12 B. PRIMARY EDUCATION...............................................................................................................13 FORMAL PRIMARY INCLUDING IQS ENROLMENT (UPPER AND LOWER PRIMARY)........................................13 TABLE 3.1 FORMAL PRIMARY INCLUDING IQS ENROLMENT (UPPER AND LOWER) (2013/14) ....................13 CHART 3.1 FORMAL PRIMARY INCLUDING IQS ENROLMENT BY LEVEL (2013/14) .......................................14 ENROLMENT BY LOCALITY (URBAN AND RURAL) ..............................................................................................14 TABLE 3.2 URBAN AND RURAL ENROLMENT OF PRIMARY INCL. IQS EDUCATION (2013/14)......................15 CHART 3.2 URBAN AND RURAL ENROLMENT OF PRIMARY INCL. IQS EDUCATION (2013/14) .....................15 ENROLMENT BY AUTHORITY (GOVERNMENT AND NON-GOVERNMENT).........................................................15 TABLE 3.3 PRIMARY INCL. IQS ENROLMENT BY OWNERSHIP (2013/14) ........................................................16 CHART 3.3 PRIMARY INCL. IQS ENROLMENT BY OWNERSHIP (2013/14)........................................................17 ACCESS (ADMISSION) TO PRIMARY EDUCATION ................................................................................................17 GROSS INTAKE RATE (GIR) AND NET INTAKE RATE (NIR) .............................................................................17 GROSS INTAKE RATE (GIR) ..................................................................................................................................17 TABLE 3.4 APPARENT INTAKE RATE (AIR) FOR THE YEAR 2013/14................................................................18 CHART 3.4 APPARENT INTAKE RATE (AIR) FOR THE YEAR 2013/14 ...............................................................18 NET INTAKE RATE (NIR) ......................................................................................................................................19 TABLE 3.5 NET INTAKE RATE (NIR) FOR THE YEAR 2013/14 ..........................................................................19 iii TABLE 3.5 NET INTAKE RATE (NIR) FOR THE YEAR 2013/14 ..........................................................................19 COVERAGE TO PRIMARY EDUCATION ..................................................................................................................20 GROSS ENROLMENT RATE (GER) AND NET ENROLMENT RATE (NER) .........................................................20 GROSS ENROLMENT RATE (GER)........................................................................................................................20 TABLE 3.6 GROSS ENROLMENT RATE (GER) FOR THE YEAR 2013/14 ............................................................20 CHART 3.6 GROSS ENROLMENT RATE (GER) FOR THE YEAR 2013/14............................................................21 TABLE 3.7 GER, GG AND GPI TRENDS FROM 2011/12 - 2013/14...................................................................21
Recommended publications
  • Somalia: Instability, Conflict, and Federalism
    THESIS CREDIT The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Eight departments, associated research institutions and the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine in Oslo. Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD program) and assignments. The Noragric Master theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master program “International Environmental Studies”, “International Development Studies” and “International Relations”. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric Norwegian University of Life Sciences © Abdi Ibrahim Magan, February 2016 [email protected] Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås, Norway Tel.: +47 64 96 52 00 Fax: +47 64 96 52 01 Internet: http://www.nmbu.no/noragric STUDENT’S DECLARATION I, Abdi Ibrahim Magan, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigations and findings. Sources of information other than my own have been acknowledged and a reference list has been appended. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for award of any type of academic degree. Signed: ______________________________ Abdi Ibrahim Magan Date: ________________________ ABSTRACT This study examines genesis of the Somali’s instability and causes of the protracted conflicts in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Security Council Distr.: General 18 February 2005
    United Nations S/2005/89 Security Council Distr.: General 18 February 2005 Original: English Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted pursuant to the statement of the President of the Security Council of 31 October 2001 (S/PRST/2001/30), in which the Council requested me to submit reports on a quarterly basis on the situation in Somalia. The report focuses on developments regarding the national reconciliation process in Somalia since my previous report, of 8 October 2004 (S/2004/804). It also provides an update on the security situation as well as the humanitarian and development activities of United Nations programmes and agencies in Somalia. II. The formation of the Transitional Federal Government 2. The Somali National Reconciliation Conference concluded on 14 October 2004 with the swearing-in of Colonel Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed as the President of Somalia. He was elected by the members of the Transitional Federal Parliament of Somalia on 10 October 2004 after three rounds of voting. In the final round, Colonel Yusuf obtained 189 votes while the runner-up candidate, Abdullahi Ahmed Addow, obtained 79 votes. Mr. Addow accepted the outcome and pledged to cooperate with the President. Prior to the vote, all 26 presidential candidates signed a declaration to support the elected President and to demobilize their militias. 3. On 3 November, President Yusuf appointed Ali Mohammed Gedi, a veterinarian and member of the Hawiye clan, predominant in Mogadishu, as Prime Minister of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia. 4. During the first week of December, Prime Minister Gedi announced the appointment of some 73 Ministers, Ministers of State and Assistant Ministers.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 MINISTRY of EDUCATION & SCIENCE REPUBLIC of SOMALILAND Fifth Draft GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP for EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018-2021 Nove
    MINISTRY OF EDUCATION & SCIENCE REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND Fifth Draft GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018-2021 November, 2017 1 ACRONYMS AAGR Annual Average Growth Rate ABE Alternative Basic Education ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency AET Africa Education Trust CA Coordinating Agency CEC Community Education Committee CRM Complaint Response Mechanism DEO District Education Officer DFID Department For International Development (UK) ECE Early Childhood Education EDT Education Development Trust EFPT EMIS Focal Point Teacher ERGA Early Grade Reading Assessment EiE Education in Emergencies EMIS Education Management Information System ESA Education Sector Analysis ESPIG Education Sector Plan Implementation Grant ESSP Education Sector Strategic Plan ESC Education Sector Committee EU European Union GA Grant Agent GDP Gross Domestic Product GER Gross Enrolment Rate GFS Girl Friendly Space GPE Global Partnership for Education GPI Gender Parity Index IDP Internally Displaced People INGO International Non-Governmental Organization IPTT Indicator Performance Tracking Table IQS Integrated Quranic Schools JRES Joint Education Sector Review KRT Key Resource Teacher MEAL Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability, and Learning MLA Measuring Learning Achievement MOES Ministry of Education & Science MOERA Ministry of Endowment and Religious Affairs MOH Ministry of Health MoU Memorandum of Understanding M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NDP National Development Plan NFE None Formal Education NGO Non-Governmental Organization NRC Norwegian Refugee
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 by Bram Piot
    Birding in and around Hargeisa, Somaliland, December 2010 by Bram Piot From December 10 to 17 I stayed in Hargeisa for my work with PSI, a public health NGO that recently established an office in Somaliland. For Saturday 11th I had organised a day out birding with Abdi Jama from NatureSomaliland, who had also guided three groups earlier this year – the first commercial birding tours to visit Somaliland. Our day trip took us east of Hargeisa through thorn bush, acacia woodland, rocky plains and wadis all the way to the vast Tuuyo plain (see map 1). Several very productive stops were made along the first 20 kilometers of the trip; Tuuyo plain was explored in the early afternoon so the birds there was not very active – e.g. none of the larks were singing, but this may also be because it is non-breeding season for most species. Our late lunch stop to the north of Shaarub village proved to be a good spot, but a long drive back to Hargeisa prevented us from fully exploring this area or the plains that we crossed further to the north (Qoryale for example looked pretty good). On hindsight, it probably would have been more efficient (less driving, more birding!) to drive back the way we came, rather than doing the long loop towards the Hargeisa-Berbera tarmac road. Total trip distance was about 280 km. Nearly 100 species were recorded during this day trip, with personal highlights including 3 species of Bustard (Little Brown, Heuglin’s, Buff-crested), several confiding Somali and Double- banded Coursers, a Greyish Eagle-Owl, 6 lark species including the endemic Lesser Hoopoe and Sharpe’s Larks, an Arabian Warbler, several Golden-breasted Starlings, a Three-streaked Tchagra, Rosy-patched Bush-shrikes, Somali Wheatears, Somali Bee-eaters, a group of Scaly Chatterers, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report of the Somali Interactive Radio Instruction Program
    final rePort of the Somali interactive radio instruction Program Place pull quote here damwf lkars hifas lacsdef acs dfleas dfl sayd f askdef pasdfy hifas lacsdef acs dfleas dfl sayd f askdef pasdfy Final RePoRt of the Somali interactive radio inStruction Program i Contents Chapter 1. executive summary ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2. introduction .......................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 3.achievements of the somali interactive Radio instruction Program ..........................8 3.1 Tangible results: siRiP helped somali children learn more. .....................................8 3.1.1 enrollment numbers .............................................................................................................. 8 3.1.2 learning gains: 2007 student assessment ........................................................................ 9 3.1.3 learning gains: 2010-2011 student assessment................................................................10 3.2 Expanding opportunity: siRiP provided access to learning and educational resources where there were none. .............................................. 12 3.2.1 enrollment of out-of-school, idP, and marginalized learners ...................................... 13 3.2.2 enrollment in SiriP-supported Quranic schools ............................................................ 13 3.2.3 addressing gender equity .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Burco IDP Profiling Report 2007-05-18
    IDP Profiling Project Somaliland REPORT ON PROFILING OF INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS BURCO FINAL DRAFT Danish Refugee Council UNHCR Branch Office Somalia Nairobi 18 May 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................3 1.1 Burco............................................................................................................................4 2 HOUSEHOLD COMPOSITION AND HOUSING...............................................................5 2.1 Age and gender distribution ........................................................................................5 2.2 Number of persons per household..............................................................................5 2.3 Housing units...............................................................................................................6 2.4 Land ownership in IDP settlements ............................................................................6 2.5 Payment of rent and relationship with owner and residents.......................................7 3 CLAN AFFILIATION...........................................................................................................7 4 DISPLACEMENT ISSUES .................................................................................................8 4.1 Place of origin..............................................................................................................8 4.2 Time of displacement ..................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Conflict Education Development in Somaliland
    Post-Conflict Education Development in Somaliland Post-Conflict Education Development in Somaliland Samuel Ayele Bekalo, Michael Brophy and Geoff Welford Abstract In the light of fresh international initiatives to achieve Universal Basic Education (UBE) and gender equality in education by 2015, this paper examines factors affecting its realisation in the context of Somaliland. In a country where over 80% of school age children are receiving little meaningful education, the paper reflects on more flexible education approaches to provide sustainable education for children and disadvantaged adults. The paper draws on fieldwork data from a DfID funded study [1] and the authors' own experiences. The discussion highlights the peculiar circumstances of Somaliland. It charts the provision of Education in the then Somalia from the colonial era through post-independence times to the civil conflict which led to the destruction of education in the country. It goes on to look at the progress being made at the present time following “stop-gap” measures for emergency education towards revitalising enhanced education. It completes the picture by describing challenges to the achievement of the UBE target. The authors review aspects of alternative and flexible educational approaches and urge the integration of these non-formal systems with the formal, governmentally controlled school systems being restored in Somaliland. They do so while sounding a note of caution that for all the energy and enthusiasm associated with these approaches, they have yet to be evaluated for their effectiveness in providing quality basic education. This paper looks at education in Somaliland. It presents a brief summary of the development of education from colonial times, through the recent civil conflict into the present time.
    [Show full text]
  • REPUBLIC of SOMALILAND MINISTRY of EDUCATION and HIGHER STUDIES Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP 2017-2021) October 2017
    REPUBLIC OF SOMALILAND MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND HIGHER STUDIES Education Sector Strategic Plan (ESSP 2017-2021) October 2017 Supported by: i Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................... vii Foreword ..................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................... xii Executive Summary ................................................................................................... xvi 1. Context of the Education Sector Strategy Development ........................................ 1 1.1 Purpose of the Somaliland Education Strategic Plan 2017-21 ................................ 1 1.2 Methodology of the ESSP ...................................................................................... 1 1.2.1 Methodology .................................................................................................. 2 1.2.2. Education Sector Analysis ............................................................................ 2 1.2.3 ESSP Development Process ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Somaliland Assistance Bulletin January—March 2007
    Somaliland Assistance Bulletin January—March 2007 I. HUMANITARIAN SITUATION which were received in western parts of the country Finalized on January 2007, FAO/FSAU led Post- (Awdal and Hargeisa regions), have improved Deyr assessment indicated above normal rains in pasture and water resources. If such good to normal most parts of Somaliland leading to improved rains are received in this Gu season, the rural livelihoods through increased availability of water livelihoods particularly pastoral communities are and pasture. Improved body conditions combined expected to have better post-drought recovery with Haji (pilgrimage) season improved livestock including building up of assets and improved prices enhancing the purchasing power. However, resilience to shocks. due to reported rift valley, meat and livestock export According to Somalia Food Security Emergency has been stopped right after the Haj by Arab Release of FEWSNET released on 23rd March 2007, countries. Unknown camel disease has significantly the recent climate outlook for the Greater Horn of reduced herd sizes of many families throughout the Africa including Somalia predict the likelihood of country with no indication of containing it. The near normal Gu rains (April to June 2007) which is disease was a cross-border disease, as the same expected to sustain further livelihood recovery. disease was reported in Ethiopian Somali region FSAU Post-Deyr forecast better livestock build up as before it was patterned in Somaliland. there is high kidding rate expected for sheep/goats in April and May 2007 due to high conception in According to FSAU, crop assessment in Somaliland October-December 2006 while medium to low indicated higher crop harvest; about 147% of the calving is expected for the camels due to low Post War Average (PWA: 1998-2006) and the conception during October-December 2006.
    [Show full text]
  • A/53/344 General Assembly
    United Nations A/53/344 Distr.: General General Assembly 4 September 1998 Original: English Fifty-third session Item 20 (b) of the provisional agenda* Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance: special economic assistance to individual countries or regions Assistance for humanitarian relief and the economic and social rehabilitation of Somalia Report of the Secretary-General Contents Paragraphs Page I. Introduction .............................................................. 1 3 II. Emergencypreparedness,responseandreliefoperations....................... 2–6 3 III. Food security ............................................................. 7–12 3 A. Assessmentoffoodsecurity........................................... 9 4 B. Agriculture,livestockandfisheries .................................... 10–12 4 IV. Reintegration............................................................. 13–16 4 A. Refugeesandreturnees ............................................... 14–15 4 B. Internally displaced people ............................................ 16 5 V. Rehabilitation ............................................................ 17–37 5 A. Health and nutrition .................................................. 18–27 5 B. Waterandenvironmentalsanitation .................................... 28–29 6 * A/53/150. 98-26217 (E) 071098 A/53/344 C. Education........................................................... 30–33 6 D. Infrastructure rehabilitation
    [Show full text]
  • 'Nobody Likes Women Except God'
    ‘NOBODY LIKES WOMEN EXCEPT GOD’ EXAMINING THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN SOMALILAND ‘Nobody likes women except God’ Causes and consequences of gender-based violence in Somaliland Acknowledgements: This study would not have been possible without many people. Progressio would like to thank all of the civil society organizations who participated in the Amplify Civil Society Voices on Gender-Based Violence Coalition (NAGAAD, WORDA, WAAPO, CCBRS, SWLA, IRADA, SONYO, GAVO, YPEER, VOSOMWO, NAFIS Network & SOFHA). We would also like to thank all of the researchers in Somaliland, who made this study possible through their hard work and commitment (Muse Jama Essa, Deka Hassan Ahmed, Hamse Ali, Fathia Hussein, Khalid Ismail Hussein, Mohamed Damac, Nasra Cabdilaahi, Shabac Abdi, Hibo Mahamud, Amina Mohamed, Abdirahman Mohamed, Awo Harir, Faisa Abdillahi, Fardous Ibrahim, Farhan Hidig, Abdirahman Ismail Muse, Mohamed Abdirahman, Sahardiid Osman, Abdiwasic Abdillahi, Muna Essa, Ayaan Hussein, Khadra Ahmed and Khadra Ali Abdi). We appreciate the time that many organizations took to talk to us, including the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Religion, the Ministry of Youth, Tourism & Sport, Members of Parliament, & the Baahi Koob Centre. We also appreciate the insights from legal representatives, judges, police, traditional leaders, religious leaders, and civil society organizations across Somaliland. Most importantly, we want to thank the many women and men who shared their stories with the research team. Without their voices, this would not have been possible. We would like to thank the project management team for their oversight and strategic guidance, including Cris Bautista, Elijah Mulumba, and Suad Abdi (Progressio), as well as Kinzi Kowden and Muse Jama (WORDA).
    [Show full text]
  • Somaliland: the Strains of Success
    Somaliland: The Strains of Success Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°113 Nairobi/Brussels, 5 October 2015 I. Overview Somaliland’s hybrid system of tri-party democracy and traditional clan-based gov- ernance has enabled the consolidation of state-like authority, social and economic recovery and, above all, relative peace and security but now needs reform. Success has brought greater resources, including a special funding status with donors – especially the UK, Denmark and the European Union (EU) – as well as investment from and diplomatic ties with Turkey and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), though not inter- national recognition. It is increasingly part of the regional system; ties are especially strong with Ethiopia and Djibouti. Given the continued fragility of the Somalia Federal Government (SFG), which still rejects its former northern region’s independence claims, and civil war across the Gulf of Aden in Yemen, Somaliland’s continued stabil- ity is vital. This in turn requires political reforms aimed at greater inclusion, respect for mediating institutions (especially the professional judiciary and parliament) and a regional and wider internationally backed framework for external cooperation and engagement. Successful state building has, nevertheless, raised the stakes of holding – and los- ing – power. While Somaliland has remained largely committed to democratic gov- ernment, elections are increasingly fraught. Fear of a return to bitter internal conflict is pushing more conservative politics: repression of the media and opposition, as well as resistance to reforming the increasingly unsustainable status quo. Recurrent po- litical crises and delayed elections (now set for March 2017) risk postponing much needed internal debate. The political elites have a limited window to decide on steps necessary to rebuild the decaying consensus, reduce social tensions and set an agenda for political and institutional reform.
    [Show full text]