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What Makes the Gwent Levels Special?

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What Makes the Gwent Levels Special? Part One – The Scheme Plan / Statement of Significance Statement of Significance: What Makes the Gwent Levels Special? A Unique Hand-Crafted Cultural Landscape Within the study area, the Gwent Levels is the finest The national importance of the Gwent Levels as an example in Wales of a coastal landscape exploited, outstanding example of a landscape ‘hand-crafted’ modified and transformed by the communities by people, preserving clear evidence of distinctive that have lived here since its reclamation from the patterns of settlement, enclosure and drainage Severn Estuary in Roman times. The cycle of land systems, is recognised by its inclusion in 1998 on reclamation and inundation over thousands of years the Register of Landscapes, Parks and Gardens of is recorded in this landscape as palaeochannels, Outstanding Historic Interest in Wales as a Historic which together with a rich legacy of buried Landscape of Outstanding Historic Interest (see archaeological deposits and earthworks, contributes Figure 1). significantly to the historic character of the Gwent Levels. This story of how humans used their skills The Register describes the Levels as a landscape and ingenuity to adapt and use the landscape of extraordinarily diverse environmental and for food and shelter has been revealed by recent archaeological potential. Although they are an research by landscape historians. important wetland resource in their own right, archaeologically the area contains a variety of The unique, hand-crafted landscape of the Gwent landscapes of diferent dates, and nowhere else Levels lies largely below the high water mark, is it possible to make the period distinctions so demonstrating the amazing eforts of humans in easily. People’s past activities in the area have drainage engineering, executed here on a grand scale: been governed by the vast tidal range within the with its abundant reens, sluices and banks, the whole Severn Estuary, which has seen major and minor Gwent Levels landscape is in many ways a monument fluctuations in the heights and range of tides since to civil engineering. The initial reclamation of diferent the last glaciation, caused by variations in both parts of the Levels often incorporated the natural the land and sea level. The Levels reflect people’s drainage channels which were complemented by evolving and often precarious relationship with these artificial ditches called reens. Some natural channels circumstances over the last ten thousand years. were unused and can show as palaeochannels The survival of historic maps such as the 1830s on aerial photographs. Human intervention in Commissioners of Sewers survey maps provides a management of the landscape is as vital today as it unique insight into the development of the traditional was when the Gwent Levels as we largely know it management of the area’s drainage system. The water were created. management system in its essence still functions as was intended, and reflects the unique and strategic role it has played and is still playing in the drainage of land and in flood prevention: the landscape’s historic drainage features prevent a significant part of Wales’ valuable agricultural land and properties in and Living Levels 96 Living LevelsLiving Levels 97 97 Part One – The Scheme Plan / Statement of Significance Image Credit: Image Credit: Jeremy Bolwell Nigel Pugh around the Levels, from flooding. Culture and nature are deeply Ŕ Reens – large artificial It is the traditional management of entwined across the Gwent Levels ditches which need regular the drainage system that creates landscape. The intricate network of maintenance to ensure the the range of habitats which makes reed-fringed drainage ditches and free flow of water. Their height the Levels so important for wildlife. reens criss-cross the Levels like can be controlled by weirs or arteries, carrying water from the stanks. Reen water is discharged The landscape we see today was uplands safely out to sea to protect through the gouts. significantly shaped by the Marcher the reclaimed land from flooding, lords and the monks of Goldclif and sustaining remarkably Ŕ Field ditches – these surround Priory who were responsible for ecologically rich wetland habitats every field and provide reclaiming the Levels. They also of national special scientific distinctive patterns in diferent let the ranks of fishtraps set out interest. It is these living waterways parts of the Levels. These in huge wooden ranks on the that set the Gwent Levels apart, ditches are maintained on foreshore, which used basket making them both culturally and longer cycles than the reens traps traditionally made from ecologically unique. and are the responsibility of hazel rods and willow plait known the landowners and drain into as “putts” and later “putchers” to The present landscape the reens. catch salmon, eels and lampreys identity is rooted in a number of on the rising and falling tides. The integrated features: Ŕ Grips – rectangular patterns distinctive remains of the putcher of shallow ditches on the field fishtraps ranks can be seen along Ŕ Sea walls – forming continuous surface to speed the drainage of the coast. barriers between the major tidal rain water. They discharge into rivers. The present line may date the field ditches. from the 16th century but they have constantly been improved Ŕ Transport network – within and strengthened. Some the Levels is a transport system abandoned sea banks survive of linear commons, roads, inland. causeways and bridges which originally allowed for the Ŕ Major rivers (known in the past movement of livestock but now as pills) – natural watercourses provides the network of roads, canalised across the Levels bridleways and footpaths. to stop them flooding the farmland. They discharge through the seawalls by tidal flaps or gouts into tidal channels now called pills. Living Levels 98 Part One – The Scheme Plan / Statement of Significance Image Credit: Nigel Pugh Ŕ Orchards - historically, orchards Ŕ Churches – the church clergy were a distinctive feature of the were important in shaping the landscape found alongside most way the Levels were managed farms and the Gwent Levels and the church spires are orchards produced their own important vertical landscape specific apple and pear varieties. features today. There are three They are now limited to a few grade one listed churches (St sites in the vicinity of Goldclif, Mary, Caldicot, St Mary, Undy Redwick and Magor on Caldicot and St Thomas, Redwick) and Level, plus a small number on three grade two listed churches the Wentlooge Level. within the LLLP boundary (St Mary’s Church, Rogiet, St Mary, Ŕ Heritage Estates - examples Llanwern, St Bridgets, Wentloog) within the study area include historic estates such as Tredegar House and Llanwern Park, and historic monuments such as Caldicot and Chepstow Castles. Ŕ Cemeteries and Churchyard - examples within the study area include urban cemeteries, churchyards associated with small rural parish churches (such as those at Peterstone Wentlooge, Nash, Whiston and Redwick), and cemeteries and churchyards on the edge of larger conurbations such as Rogiet and Portskewett. Living Levels 99 Part One – The Scheme Plan / Statement of Significance A Wildlife Oasis The Living Levels study area is a complex landscape. Reclaimed from the sea, its reliance on and relationship with people is precarious, intricate and yet enduring. Nature, for its part, has exploited the opportunity and created a unique ecosystem – an ‘accidental’ oasis supported by the special way the Levels has been created and managed. Precisely because of these gradual changes followed by centuries of stable maintenance of the watercourses, Image Credit: the Gwent Levels now has one of Nigel Pugh the best assemblages of aquatic invertebrates in the country. smallest flowering plant and nature conservation bodies, such The grips, ditches, reens and unique in Wales to this location); as the Newport Wetlands Nature main rivers provides a myriad of aquatic invertebrates; water voles Reserve (NRW and RSPB Cymru) opportunities for diferent species. and otters; and the only breeding and the Magor Marsh Nature population of bearded tit in Reserve (GWT). The Gwent Levels is home to a rich Wales. The network of designated assemblage of rare wildlife. The sites and nature reserves form Together, the wetlands, ditches Severn Estuary provides a valuable a core area in the ecological and inter-tidal habitats have a and internationally significant network of wetland habitats that highly significant and essential wildlife resource for wildfowl and is so crucial for the survival of role to play in delivering a range of wading birds. many rare and endangered flora ecosystem services for the Gwent and fauna species. Levels as a whole. Conservation Its conservation importance initiatives ofer opportunities is acknowledged through Land primarily managed for for public access, outreach designations including Ramsar, nature conservation is also a and education environmental Special Area of Conservation (SAC), notable land use within the Levels. programmes to inspire the next Special Protection Area (SPA) and Conservation initiatives that seek generation to care for the future Site of Special Scientific Interest to secure the future ecological conservation of wildlife on the (SSSI). Behind the Sea wall, much value of the Gwent Levels through Levels. In 2016, a breeding pair of of the Levels are designated as engagement with farmers to common crane reintroduced onto a SSSI largely due to the nature promote environmentally
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