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Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu Optics. I. Geometrical Optics Edited by Translated into English by Lidia Vianu Bogdan Voiculescu Wednesday 31 May 2017 Online Publication Press Release Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu Optics. I. Geometrical Optics Translated into English by Bogdan Voiculescu ISBN 978-606-760-105-3 Edited by Lidia Vianu Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu’s Optica geometrică de Ioan-Ioviţ Geometrical Optics is essentially Popescu se ocupă de buna a book about light rays: about aproximaţie a luminii sub forma de what can be seen in our raze (traiectorii). Numele autorului universe. The name of the le este cunoscut fizicienilor din author is well-known to lumea întreagă. Ioviţ este acela care physicists all over the world. He a prezis existenţa Etheronului încă is the scientist who predicted din anul 1982. Editura noastră a the Etheron in the year 1982. publicat nu demult cartea acelei We have already published the descoperiri absolut unice: Ether and book of that unique discovery: Etherons. A Possible Reappraisal of the Ether and Etherons. A Possible Concept of Ether, Reappraisal of the Concept of http://editura.mttlc.ro/iovit Ether, z-etherons.html . http://editura.mttlc.ro/i Studenţii facultăţii de fizică ovitz-etherons.html . din Bucureşti ştiau în anul 1988— What students have to aşa cum ştiam şi eu de la autorul know about the book we are însuşi—că această carte a fost publishing now is that it was îndelung scrisă de mână de către handwritten by its author over autor cu scopul de a fi publicată în and over again, dozens of facsimil: ea a fost rescrisă de la capăt times—formulas, drawings and la fiecare nouă corectură, şi au fost everything. It was meant to be refăcute de nenumărate ori figurile, published as such, in facsimile, forumulele, tot ce era pe pagină. and its cover was intentionally Cartea a fost atât de mult folosită black. It was so much used by încât exemplarele de la biblioteca students at the library of the facultăţii abia dacă se mai pot Romanian Faculty of Physics, desluşi... Pentru noi, cei izolaţi în that all the copies are almost comunism, această carte sfida, illegible now... odată cu tiparniţa, un întreg 1984 Very soon, we also mean devenit realitate. Coperta ei era, în to publish the original book as mod semnificativ, neagră. facsimile in Romanian. For the Urmează să publicăm în time being, we are offering curând şi volumul olograf în limba students all over the world its română. Oferim acum studenţilor English version, reminding din întreaga lume versiunea lui în them that Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu is limba engleză. Le reamintim cu the first physicist who brought această ocazie că, primul din lume, to light and gave a name to the Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu a argumentat şi smallest particle in our a calculat cea mai mică particulă din universe: the Etheron. univers, numind-o Etheron. Lidia Vianu ISBN 978-606-760-105-3 © Contemporary Literature Press © Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu © Bogdan Voiculescu, for the translation into English Editing, Cover Design and overall Layout by Lidia Vianu Advisor for the English version: Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu Proofreading: Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu, Cristian Vîjea IT Expertise: Cristian Vîjea PR Manager: Violeta Baroană Acknowledgements This book was first published in Romanian, as Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu: Optica. I. Optica geometrică, in the year 1988, at Universitatea din Bucureşti, Facultatea de Fizică. It was a facsimile of the author’s handwritten manuscript, which had been meant from the very beginning to appear in the author’s handwriting. The facsimile edition in Romanian will soon be published by CLP. The second edition of this book appeared in 2006, as Optica geometrică, by Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu and Florea Uliu, published by Editura Universitaria. This second edition included Professor Uliu’s “Alte aspecte fizice şi fiziologice privind funcţionarea ochiului uman ca receptor optic” [pp 57-64]. Professor Uliu also scanned there all the geometrical figures that had previously been published in facsimile in Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu’s book, and which he has had the kindness to forward to us for the present edition. Ioan-Ioviţ Popescu Edited by Translated into English by Lidia Vianu Bogdan Voiculescu Ioan Ioviţ Popescu Optics I. Geometrical Optics 1 Table of Contents Preface p. 2 Chapter I: The Principles of Geometrical Optics p. 4 1.1 The Eikonal and the Light Ray Equations p. 5 1.2 Fermat’s Principle and Lagrangian Formalism p. 14 1.3 General Conditions of Stigmatism p. 24 Chapter II: Centered Optical Systems p. 38 2.1 Spherical Diopters p. 38 2.2 The Transfer Matrix p. 46 2.3 Cardinal Elements p. 51 2.4 Spherical Lenses p. 77 2.5 Compound Systems p. 77 A. The Thin Lens Doublet p. 77 B. Coaxial Optical System Doublet p. 82 C. Focal and Afocal (Telescopic) Systems p. 85 D. Triplet Systems p. 93 E. Reflection (Catoptric) Systems p. 94 2.6 Diaphragms p. 96 2.7 Chromatic Aberrations p. 104 2.8 Geometrical Aberrations p. 114 Chapter III: Non-Homogeneous Media p. 131 3.1 Planar Structures p. 133 3.2 Cylindrical structures p. 136 3.3 Spherical Structures p. 140 Appendix A: Moments in the history of geometrical optics p. 147 Appendix B: Sample of original handwritten textbook p. 207 Bibliography p. 215 Ioan Ioviţ Popescu Optics I. Geometrical Optics 2 PREFACE The present volume comprises the first part of the two-semester Optics Course intended for use by the students of the Faculty of Physics of Bucharest University. In this volume we discuss geometrical optics, while the subsequent volumes are dedicated to wave optics and quantum optics. Optics is one of the earliest sciences, having originated in antiquity, and many of the current concepts and representations of physics are linked to the effort towards understanding the essence of light-related phenomena. Although nowadays geometrical optics appears to be a limit case of Maxwell’s equations applied to the phenomena of propagation of electromagnetic fields of very short wavelenghts, the design of optical instruments is mainly based on the behaviour of light rays considered through these systems, since it rarely happens that diffraction bypasses geometrical aberrations. Also, the study of finer wave phenomena, such as interference, polarization, and diffraction, always requires preliminary observation of the geometrical path of light rays. In Chapter I we introduce the principles of geometrical optics in considering the eikonal equation for wavefronts and the associated equation for light rays. Subsequently, we again take up these issues from a global perspective, and elaborate Fermat’s principle and Lagrangian formalism for light rays. These general laws will then allow us to construct the geometrical theory of optical images, based on the concept of stigmatism. In Chapter II we deal with the important class of rotationally symmetrical dioptric systems. In order to study the geometrical behaviour of paraxial rays, we introduce the transfer-matrix method, which we use in a detailed description of the main optical instruments. Subsequently we give an account of the aspects which limit the effectiveness of optical apparatuses, and discuss the methods of adjusting for chromatic and geometrical aberrations. In Chapter III we give a study of phenomena and applications where the refractive index varies continuously. We describe the trajectory of rays in systems with planar, cylindrical and spherical symmetry, with application in integrated optical circuits and fiber optics. We complete the present study of the methods of geometrical optics with an account of the relevant moments in the evolution of concepts pertaining to the field of optics. We give special attention to Snell and Descartes’s establishing the law of refraction, to Fermat enunciating the principle of least time, we discuss the historical Ioan Ioviţ Popescu Optics I. Geometrical Optics 3 context in which the telescope and microscope were invented, thus opening up the world of very long and very short distances. We conclude the historical overview in this volume with Fraunhofer making spectral observations for the first time, which marked the beginning of the way to elucidating the atomic structure and the nature of light. Măgurele, 15th of March 1988 Ioan Ioviţ Popescu Optics I. Geometrical Optics 4 Chapter I THE PRINCIPLES OF GEOMETRICAL OPTICS It is a well-known fact that, through his sense organs, man is permanently connected to the environment in which he lives and works. It is with their help that man obtains the entirety of his information regarding surrounding objects and phenomena. It has been estimated that about 90% of the information a human being receives and processes throughout his lifetime is gained visually. The transfer of visual information from "objects" (located close by, as is the case most times, or far away, as in the case of astronomical observations) to their "observers" takes place at ultrahigh speed, through certain radiations known as luminous radiations, or simply light. Although throughout the ages the science of light, that is, optics, has been approached by great personalities of natural science, such as Huygens, Newton, Young, Fresnel, Maxwell, Einstein, Feynman, of philosophy, such as Descartes, Spinoza, and also of the arts, such as Leonardo da Vinci and Goethe, its evolution is not linear. Whereas up to the first decades of the 20th century there was a long, often circuitous period of factual and conceptual accumulations, the last few decades has seen optics becoming one of the most dynamic parts of physical science. In this book concerning the fundamentals of optics, we approach the issues of geometrical optics, which is based on the simplest model of light propagation. As it is known, geometrical optics is that part of optics in which the propagation of light and its interaction with material media are studied using the concept of light ray, defined as a curve (and, particularly, a straight line) along which luminous energy is propagated.
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