DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Cell and Organism Aging: Are There Limits? Interrupted Case Study on Cell Aging

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human Cell and Organism Aging: Are There Limits? Interrupted Case Study on Cell Aging Human Cell and Organism Aging: Are there Limits? Interrupted Case study on Cell Aging Teresa Gonya Department of Biological Sciences University of Wisconsin-Fox Valley Menasha, WI The search for the fountain of youth persists in advertising, and individuals are constantly bombarded with messages about diet, exercise, vitamins and minerals that can help prolong one’s life. The biological basis of aging is often not mentioned in the anti-aging promotions. Is it possible that a diet rich in protein, or fruits and vegetables can add years to your life? Is it possible that a vitamin or mineral ‘tonic’ can promote tissue repair and extend life? Is it possible that a vitamin drink can extend your normal life expectancy? Even clinical medicine focuses on developing new treatments that are based on preventing aging and maintaining organ longevity. We are told to exercise to keep our heart healthy and to stop smoking to prevent damage to body tissues, especially the lungs and blood vessels. The new field of regenerative medicine is based on the premise that stem cells may one day be able to repair tissue and return function to damaged organs. There are real limits to longevity that are based on genetics, lifestyle, medical history and sociology. (1) At the foundation of organism longevity is cell longevity. All organisms are composed of cells. Four different types of tissue cells form the basis of all organs that are found in any animal organism. Each type of tissue cell has a different ability to undergo mitosis and replace itself, should it become damaged or injured. In general, nerve and muscle tissue have the least potential for cell replacement; connective and epithelial tissue have the greatest potential for cell replacement. Part of this difference is the potential for persistent stem cells to replace damaged tissue. (2) Persistent stem cells are present in most tissues, although many of them (such as nerve cells) are inactivated by potent inhibitors that block mitosis and cell division. (3) Our understanding of how cells and tissues age is based on the research of many scientists who first studied cell cultures. In the process of investigating methods to obtain good cell culture lines, one group of scientists discovered important information about how long a typical cell lives.(4) Our current ideas of organism aging are based on the early cell culture studies of Leonard Hayflick and Paul Moorhead. Key Terms to Understand HeLa cells heteroploid diploid karyotype transformation confluent Barr body © 2007 Teresa Gonya 1 PART 1: Initial insights circa 1950 “So far so good!” Leonard Hayflick was reviewing his notes on the cell lines that had been growing in the culture media for the last month. So far the fibroblast cultures he had begun from the fetal tissues showed no signs of transformation or heteroploidy. This was the 20th cell culture line that he had begun from fetal tissue, and the fibroblasts still resembled the original fetal tissue cells he had isolated. The cultures from liver, kidney and lung were all performing in a similar manner. He reached across the table to turn on the bunsen burner. It was time to transfer the cells to new culture media. Twice each week the cells were transferred and allowed to grow into new sheets of cells on the culture dish. The confluent cell cultures needed careful monitoring to be certain that the cells remained viable. So far, his idea to culture normal human fetal cells had provided consistent results to support his hypothesis that normal cell cultures could be maintained for long periods of time. He currently had cell cultures from different fetuses that were growing in his lab. Similar work with adult human tissue cells had found both normal and tumor cell cultures did not survive indefinitely without changes in chromosome appearance and number. 1. What is the hypothesis that Hayflick is testing? 2. What are the two events that Dr. Hayflick is monitoring to be sure the cultured fetal cells are still identical to the original cells that he isolated from the fetal source? 3. Dr. Hayflick was using fibroblasts from different fetal tissues in his samples. Why do you think that fibroblasts and fetal cells were used in his studies? 4. What did the scientists working on tissue culture hope to accomplish with their work? (optional) 5. What was the most likely source of the fetal tissues that were used in the Hayflick lab studies? © 2007 Teresa Gonya 2 Part 2: Cultures disrupted Dr. Hayflick looked down through the microscope. He blinked and rubbed his eyes to be sure he was seeing the image correctly. Most of the cells had transformed again. His frustration was evident as he stood up and began to pace around the lab. The fibroblasts no longer looked spindle-shaped, and were scattered in loose arrays in the culture dish instead of confluent sheets. Many of the cells were heteroploid, and multiple Barr bodies were visible in cells scattered in the vial. These cultures had been growing for 6 months and most of the cells had replicated between 40 to 45 times before showing signs of cell deterioration. “Cell passage seems to be limited for these cells” he muttered. The damage visible to the cells in culture was similar to the results that other cell scientists had observed. He wondered, "Will the frozen samples be any different?" When the original cell samples had been isolated from the fetal tissue, Dr. Hayflick had set aside several duplicate cell cultures and frozen them (at -700C). He had thought they would be needed for replicate experiments, and wanted to be sure the cell cultures could be grown again from the same source. Tomorrow he would work with his students to begin new cell cultures from the frozen samples. 1. How did Dr. Hayflick know that the cultures had changed? 2. Why did Dr. Hayflick freeze samples of his initial fetal cells? 3. What can Dr. Hayflick learn from this initial experiment with the fetal cell fibroblast culture? 4. There are new factors that need to be considered in the design of the second experiment that were not present in the first set of studies. How should Dr. Hayflick test his hypothesis with the frozen cells? © 2007 Teresa Gonya 3 Part 3: A different angle The Hayflick lab attempted to establish a strain of permanent fetal fibroblast cultures that maintain their diploid number and form confluent cell sheets like normal cultured cells. Imagine you are a graduate student in his lab, and you are working together with Dr. Hayflick to improve the study. “The initial studies revealed that the cells had a limited life cycle of about 40-45 replications”, remarked Paul. “Is it possible that the cells can’t grow any longer without changing?” “The HeLa cell lines have been established since 1950, and their replication does not seem to be impaired,” contributed Jon. Dr. Hayflick nodded. “Those cell lines are proving that cells can stay in culture for long periods of time. But they are also tumor cells, so that changes their normal cell division response.” “The last culture dish was counted yesterday,” added Lee. “All the cells looked just fine after 35 passages (cell replications). The karyotype appears normal with no signs of heteroploidy. All cells appear normal in appearance, and were covering the culture tray in confluent layers.” “This cell culture had been frozen after 9 replication cycles had occurred,” continued Dr. Hayflick. “and it appears to look normal after 35 additional cycles. So that is a total of 44 cell division cycles it has experienced. It is only a matter of time to see if the frozen cell cultures behave the same as the original samples,” he added. His lab was using a modified protocol to determine just how long cells might stay in a healthy culture environment, and produce cells that are diploid and behave like typical fibroblasts. “Here is the new data we have so far.” Lee distributed the graph of the new results to the lab members. (Figure 1) “Each culture was established and growing for several months before cells were removed and frozen to establish a second cell culture line (B cell group). Subcultures were removed from the B group and frozen at different points in the culture life. Group C had gone through 35 cell division cycles, group D through 30 cycles, group E through 20 cycles and group F through 18 cycles. Each cell culture group had been frozen for various periods of time, in order to determine if the freezing time made any difference in the behavior of the cells.” Figure 1. History of fetal tissue samples (strain WI-1) Series A represents a continuous cultivation of the cell through 50 passages. Surplus cultures were removed at various passages and stored at -700C. The storage times are indicated by vertical dashed lines with the months of storage shown by the number on the line. The cell cycles (passages) before the cultures were removed and frozen are indicated as well as the length of time the cultures remained viable.(4) 1. What do you think Dr. Hayflick and his students concluded from this data? © 2007 Teresa Gonya 4 Part 4: A final conclusion? The scientists in Dr. Hayflick's lab concluded that cell cultures could be maintained in culture for 40 to 50 replications whether they were frozen previously or started from a fresh culture. The cell nucleus appeared to experience heteroploidy (different chromosome appearance or number) at a higher rate after 45 divisions, and most became unable to replicate after 50 subcultivations. Lee and Jon walked into the lab meeting beaming with excitement.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Markers of T Cell Senescence in Humans
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Markers of T Cell Senescence in Humans Weili Xu 1,2 and Anis Larbi 1,2,3,4,5,* 1 Biology of Aging Program and Immunomonitoring Platform, Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos Building, Biopolis, Singapore 138648, Singapore; [email protected] 2 School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore 3 Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore 4 Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada 5 Faculty of Sciences, University ElManar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +65-6407-0412 Received: 31 May 2017; Accepted: 26 July 2017; Published: 10 August 2017 Abstract: Many countries are facing the aging of their population, and many more will face a similar obstacle in the near future, which could be a burden to many healthcare systems. Increased susceptibility to infections, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease, cancer as well as reduced efficacy of vaccination are important matters for researchers in the field of aging. As older adults show higher prevalence for a variety of diseases, this also implies higher risk of complications, including nosocomial infections, slower recovery and sequels that may reduce the autonomy and overall quality of life of older adults. The age-related effects on the immune system termed as “immunosenescence” can be exemplified by the reported hypo-responsiveness to influenza vaccination of the elderly. T cells, which belong to the adaptive arm of the immune system, have been extensively studied and the knowledge gathered enables a better understanding of how the immune system may be affected after acute/chronic infections and how this matters in the long run.
    [Show full text]
  • Moderate Stem Cell Telomere Shortening Rate Postpones Cancer Onset in Stochastic Model
    Moderate stem cell telomere shortening rate postpones cancer onset in stochastic model. Simon Holbek, Kristian Moss Bendtsen, Jeppe Juul University of Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark (Dated: November 3, 2018) Mammalian cells are restricted from proliferating indefinitely. Telomeres at the end of each chromosome are shortened at cell division and, when they reach a critical length, the cell will enter permanent cell cycle arrest - a state known as senescence. This mechanism is thought to be tumor suppressing, as it helps prevent precancerous cells from dividing uncontrollably. Stem cells express the enzyme telomerase, which elongates the telomeres, thereby postponing senescence. However, unlike germ cells and most types of cancer cells, stem cells only express telomerase at levels insufficient to fully maintain the length of their telomeres leading to a slow decline in proliferation potential. It is not yet fully understood how this decline influences the risk of cancer and the longevity of the organism. We here develop a stochastic model to explore the role of telomere dynamics in relation to both senescence and cancer. The model describes the accumulation of cancerous mutations in a multicel- lular organism and creates a coherent theoretical framework for interpreting the results of several recent experiments on telomerase regulation. We demonstrate that the longest average cancer free life span before cancer onset is obtained when stem cells start with relatively long telomeres that are shortened at a steady rate at cell division. Furthermore, the risk of cancer early in life can be reduced by having a short initial telomere length. Finally, our model suggests that evolution will favour a shorter than optimal average cancer free life span in order to postpone cancer onset until late in life.
    [Show full text]
  • From Here to Immortality: Anti-Aging Medicine
    FromFrom HereHere toto Immortality:Immortaalitty: AAnti-AgingAnnntti-AAgging MMedicineedicine Anti-aging medicine is a $5 billion industry. Despite its critics, researchers are discovering that inter ventions designed to turn back time may prove to be more science than fiction. By Trudie Mitschang 14 BioSupply Trends Quarterly • October 2013 he symptoms are disturbing. Weight gain, muscle Shifting Attitudes Fuel a Booming Industry aches, fatigue and joint stiffness. Some experience The notion that aging requires treatment is based on a belief Thear ing loss and diminished eyesight. In time, both that becoming old is both undesirable and unattractive. In the memory and libido will lapse, while sagging skin and inconti - last several decades, aging has become synonymous with nence may also become problematic. It is a malady that begins dete rioration, while youth is increasingly revered and in one’s late 40 s, and currently 100 percent of baby boomers admired. Anti-aging medicine is a relatively new but thriving suffer from it. No one is immune and left untreated ; it always field driven by a baby- boomer generation fighting to preserve leads to death. A frightening new disease, virus or plague? No , its “forever young” façade. According to the market research it’s simply a fact of life , and it’s called aging. firm Global Industry Analysts, the boomer-fueled consumer The mythical fountain of youth has long been the subject of base will push the U.S. market for anti-aging products from folklore, and although it is both natural and inevitable, human about $80 billion now to more than $114 billion by 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Ageing Clearly a Next Step Is Automation
    PERSPECTIVES Finally, the most apparent drawback is the Whether or not nucleic acid computers 175–179 (2000). 3. Faulhammer, D., Cukras, A., Lipton, R. J. & Landweber, L. time required for each computation. ultimately prove feasible, they have already F. Molecular computation: RNA solutions to chess Whereas a simple desktop computer can contributed to multi-disciplinary science by problems. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 1385–1389 (2000). solve the seven-city instance of the Travelling causing us to question the nature of comput- 4. Ouyang, Q., Kaplan, P. D., Liu, S. & Libchaber, A. DNA Salesman Problem in less than a second, ing and to forge new links between the biolog- solution of the maximal clique problem. Science 278, 1 446–449 (1997). Adleman took seven days . The use of DNA ical and computational sciences. For example, 5. Henegariu, O., Heerema, N. A., Dlouhy, S. R., Vance, G. H. chips2 or other approaches may eventually it has led us to focus on the nature of biologi- & Vogt, P. H. Multiplex PCR: Critical parameters and step- by-step protocol. Biotechniques 23, 504–511 (1997). lead to automation, which would save con- cal DNA computations, such as the assembly 6. Karp, G. Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and siderable amounts of time, but fundamental of modern genes from encrypted building- Experiments 2nd edn (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1999). DNA computing technology needs to blocks in the genomes of some single-celled 7. Seife, C. RNA works out knight moves. Science 287, advance far beyond its current bounds before ciliates (FIG. 5)14.
    [Show full text]
  • Muller's Ratchet As a Mechanism of Frailty and Multimorbidity
    bioRxivMuller’s preprint ratchetdoi: https://doi.org/10.1101/439877 and frailty ; this version posted[Type Octoberhere] 10, 2018. The copyright holder Govindarajufor this preprint and (which Innan was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 1 Muller’s ratchet as a mechanism of frailty and multimorbidity 2 3 Diddahally R. Govindarajua,b,1, 2, and Hideki Innanc,1,2 4 5 aDepartment of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; 6 and bThe Institute of Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, 7 NY 1046, and cGraduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa, 8 240-0193, Japan 9 10 11 12 Authors contributions: D.R.G., H.I designed study, performed research, contributed new 13 analytical tools, analyzed data and wrote the paper 14 15 The authors declare no conflict of interest 16 1D.R.G., and H.I. contributed equally to this work and listed alphabetically 17 2 Correspondence: Email: [email protected]; [email protected] 18 19 Senescence | mutation accumulation | asexual reproduction | somatic cell-lineages| 20 organs and organ systems |Muller’s ratchet | fitness decay| frailty and multimorbidity 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 1 bioRxivMuller’s preprint ratchetdoi: https://doi.org/10.1101/439877 and frailty ; this version posted[Type Octoberhere] 10, 2018. The copyright holder Govindarajufor this preprint and (which Innan was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. 33 Mutation accumulation has been proposed as a cause of senescence.
    [Show full text]
  • Telomeres and Telomerase
    Oncogene (2010) 29, 1561–1565 & 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-9232/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/onc GUEST EDITORIAL 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: telomeres and telomerase Oncogene (2010) 29, 1561–1565; doi:10.1038/onc.2010.15 sate for the chromosomal shortening produced asso- ciated with cell division, suggesting that progressive telomere shortening may be a key factor to limit the Elizabeth H Blackburn, Carol W Greider and Jack W number of cell divisions. James D Watson (Nobel Prize Szostak were acknowledged with this year’s Nobel Prize 1962) also recognized that the unidirectional nature of in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries on how DNA replication was a problem for the complete copy chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the of chromosomal ends (Watson, 1972). This was called enzyme telomerase. the ‘end-replication problem’. In this manner, during In the first half of the twentieth century, classic studies each cycle of cell division, a small fragment of telomeric by Hermann Mu¨ller (Nobel Prize 1945) working with DNA is lost from the end. After several rounds of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and by Barbara division, telomeres eventually reach a critically short McClintock (Nobel Prize 1983) studying maize (Zea length, which activates the pathways for senescence and Mays) proposed the existence of a special structure at cell death (Hermann et al., 2001; Samper et al., 2001). the chromosome ends (Mu¨ller, 1938; McClintock, 1939). Uncovering the solution to the end-replication pro- This structure would have the essential role of protect- blem took several years of intense research.
    [Show full text]
  • Intercellular Competition and the Inevitability of Multicellular Aging
    Intercellular competition and the inevitability of multicellular aging Paul Nelsona,1 and Joanna Masela aDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Edited by Raghavendra Gadagkar, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India, and approved October 6, 2017 (received for review November 14, 2016) Current theories attribute aging to a failure of selection, due to Aging in multicellular organisms occurs at both the cellular either pleiotropic constraints or declining strength of selection and intercellular levels (17). Multicellular organisms, by definition, after the onset of reproduction. These theories implicitly leave require a high degree of intercellular cooperation to maintain open the possibility that if senescence-causing alleles could be homeostasis. Often, cellular traits required for producing a viable identified, or if antagonistic pleiotropy could be broken, the multicellular phenotype come at a steep cost to individual cells effects of aging might be ameliorated or delayed indefinitely. (14, 18, 19). Conversely, many mutant cells that do not invest in These theories are built on models of selection between multicel- holistic organismal fitness have a selective advantage over cells lular organisms, but a full understanding of aging also requires that do. If intercellular competition occurs, such “cheater” or examining the role of somatic selection within an organism. “defector” cells may proliferate and displace “cooperating” cells, Selection between somatic cells (i.e., intercellular competition) with detrimental consequences for the multicellular organism can delay aging by purging nonfunctioning cells. However, the (20, 21). Cancer, a leading cause of death in humans at rates that fitness of a multicellular organism depends not just on how increase with age, is one obvious manifestation of cheater pro- functional its individual cells are but also on how well cells work liferation (22–24).
    [Show full text]
  • Living to 100”
    The Likelihood and Consequences of “Living to 100” Leonard Hayflick, Ph.D. Professor of Anatomy, Department of Anatomy University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine Phone: (707) 785-3181 Fax: (707) 785-3809 Email: [email protected] Presented at the Living to 100 Symposium Orlando, Fla. January 5-7, 2011 Copyright 2011 by the Society of Actuaries. All rights reserved by the Society of Actuaries. Permission is granted to make brief excerpts for a published review. Permission is also granted to make limited numbers of copies of items in this monograph for personal, internal, classroom or other instructional use, on condition that the foregoing copyright notice is used so as to give reasonable notice of the Society’s copyright. This consent for free limited copying without prior consent of the Society does not extend to making copies for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for inclusion in new collective works or for resale. Abstract There is a common belief that it would be a universal good to discover how to slow or stop the aging process in humans. It guides the research of many biogerontologists, the course of some health policy leaders and the hopes of a substantial fraction of humanity. Yet, the outcome of achieving this goal is rarely addressed despite the fact that it would have profound consequences that would affect virtually every human institution. In this essay, I discuss the impact on human life if a means were found to slow our aging process, thus permitting a life expectancy suggested by the title of this conference, “Living to 100.” It is my belief that most of the consequences would not benefit either the individual or society.
    [Show full text]
  • Controversy 2
    Controversy 2 WHY DO OUR BODIES GROW OLD? liver Wendell Holmes (1858/1891), in his poem “The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay,” invokes a memorable image of longevity and mortality, the example of a wooden Ohorse cart or shay that was designed to be long-lasting: Have you heard of the wonderful one-hoss shay, That was built in such a logical way, It ran a hundred years to a day . ? This wonderful “one-hoss shay,” we learn, was carefully built so that every part of it “aged” at the same rate and didn’t wear out until the whole thing fell apart all at once. Exactly a century after the carriage was produced, the village parson was driving this marvelous machine down the street, when What do you think the parson found, When he got up and stared around? The poor old chaise in a heap or mound, As if it had been to the mill and ground! You see, of course, if you’re not a dunce, How it went to pieces all at once, All at once, and nothing first, Just as bubbles do when they burst. The wonderful one-horse shay is the perfect image of an optimistic hope about aging: a long, healthy existence followed by an abrupt end of life, with no decline. The one-horse shay image also suggests that life has a built-in “warranty expiration” date. But where does this limit on longevity come from? Is it possible to extend life beyond what we know? The living organism with the longest individual life span is the bristlecone pine tree found in California, more than 4,500 years old, with no end in sight.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Aging: Theories and Technological Influence
    1319 Vol.53, n. 6: pp.1319-1332, November-December 2010 BRAZILIAN ARCHIVES OF ISSN 1516-8913 Printed in Brazil BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL Cellular Aging: Theories and Technological Influence Silvia Mercado-Sáenz, Miguel J. Ruiz-Gómez *, Francisco Morales-Moreno and Manuel Martínez-Morillo Laboratory of Radiobiology; Department of Radiology and Physical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Malaga; Teatinos s/n; 29071 - Malaga - Spain ABSTRACT The aim of this article was to review the factors that influence the aging, relationship of aging with the biological rhythms and new technologies as well as the main theories to explain the aging, and to analysis the causes of aging. The theories to explain the aging could be put into two groups: those based on a program that controlled the regression of the organism and those that postulated that the deterioration was due to mutations. It was concluded that aging was a multifactorial process. Genetic factors indicated the maximum longevity of the individual and environmental factors responsible for the real longevity of the individual. It would be necessary to guarantee from early age the conservation of a natural life rhythm. Key words: Aging; longevity; biological rhythms; caloric restriction; telomerase; free radical INTRODUCTION Several theories have been proposed to explain the nature of aging. Due to the multicasual nature of this Aging is the process of becoming older. This process, it turns out improbable that only one theory traditional definition was recently challenged in the could explain all its mechanisms. It is necessary to new encyclopedia of Gerontology (Birren, 2006), bear two important points in mind: (1) the process of where aging was specifically defined as the process aging compromises a number of different genes, and of a system's deterioration through time.
    [Show full text]
  • Revisiting the Hayflick Limit
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.03.442497; this version posted May 4, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Revisiting the Hayflick Limit: Insights from an Integrated Analysis of Changing Transcripts, Proteins, Metabolites and Chromatin. Michelle Chan, Han Yuan*, Ilya Soifer*, Tobias M. Maile, Rebecca Y. Wang, Andrea Ireland, Jonathon O’Brien, Jérôme Goudeau, Leanne Chan, Twaritha Vijay, Adam Freund, Cynthia Kenyon, Bryson Bennett, Fiona McAllister, David R. Kelley, Margaret Roy, Robert L. Cohen, Arthur D. Levinson, David Botstein**, David G. Hendrickson** *contributed equally **Corresponding Authors Abstract Replicative senescence (RS) as a model has become the central focus of research into cellular aging in vitro. Despite decades of study, this process through which cells cease dividing is not fully understood in culture, and even much less so in vivo during development and with aging. Here, we revisit Hayflick’s original observation of RS in WI-38 human fetal lung fibroblasts equipped with a battery of high dimensional modern techniques and analytical methods to deeply profile the process of RS across each aspect of the central dogma and beyond. We applied and integrated RNA-seq, proteomics, metabolomics, and ATAC-seq to a high resolution RS time course. We found that the transcriptional changes that underlie RS manifest early, gradually increase, and correspond to a concomitant global increase in accessibility in nucleolar and lamin associated domains. During RS WI-38 fibroblast gene expression patterns acquire a striking resemblance to those of myofibroblasts in a process similar to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT).
    [Show full text]
  • Longevidad Y Envejecimiento En El Tercer Milenio: Nuevas Perspectivas
    LONGEVIDAD Y ENVEJECIMIENTO EN EL TERCER MILENIO: NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS JOSÉ MIGUEL RODRÍGUEZ-PARDO DEL CASTILLO ANTONIO LÓPEZ FARRÉ LONGEVIDAD Y ENVEJECIMIENTO EN EL TERCER MILENIO: NUEVAS PERSPECTIVAS José Miguel Rodríguez-Pardo del Castillo Profesor del Máster en Ciencias Actuariales y Financieras Universidad Carlos III, Madrid Antonio López Farré Profesor de la Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina. Codirector del Aula AINTEC Universidad Complutense de Madrid Fundación MAPFRE no se hace responsable del contenido de esta obra, ni el hecho de publicarla implica conformidad o identificación con las opiniones vertidas en ella. Reservados todos los derechos. Está prohibido reproducir o transmitir esta publicación, total o parcialmente, por cualquier medio, sin la autorización expresa de los editores, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes. Imágenes de cubierta e interiores: ThinkStock Maquetación e impresión: Edipack Gráfico © De los textos: sus autores © De esta edición: 2017, Fundación MAPFRE Paseo de Recoletos, 23 28004 Madrid www.fundacionmapfre.org ISBN: 978-84-9844-648-7 Depósito Legal: M-18221-2017 «Los hombres son como los vinos: la edad agria los malos y mejora los buenos». Marco Tulio Cicerón «Solo la alegría es señal de salud y longevidad». Santiago Ramón y Cajal «No anheléis la inmortalidad, pero agotad el límite de lo posible». Píndaro Agradecimiento: Los autores quieren agradecer a Begoña Larrea Cruz su excelente y dedicada labor en la edición de esta obra, sin cuya ayuda no hubiera sido nunca finalizada. PRESENTACIÓN Desde 1975 Fundación MAPFRE desarrolla actividades de interés general para la sociedad en distintos ámbitos profesionales y culturales, así como ac- ciones destinadas a la mejora de las condiciones económicas y sociales de las personas y de los sectores menos favorecidos de la sociedad.
    [Show full text]