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Progressive Agriculture in Arizona, Volume 20, Number 1 (January-February 1968)

Item Type Article

Publisher College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ)

Journal Progressive Agriculture in Arizona

Download date 07/10/2021 13:21:04

Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290861 PUBLISHED BY THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA AT TUCSON

JANUARY-FEBRUARY

VolumeXX Number 1

W4aI aes ¿he ac#te Cow eat ?

(See Article on Page 4) ^1L_. IN THIS ISSUE V F3 Computerized Farm Figures Gunnar \ lyrdal, the famed Swedish Range Nutrition Research economist, warns thattheUnited States must reverse its basic agricul- Farm Radio Schedule 6 tural policy within a decade and produce all the food it possibly can Caterpillar on Mulberry 6 and by the most efficient methods. Grants, Loans Aid Students 7 So must Canada, Australia, and the other food -raising countries. JANUARY Stretching Food Dollars 8 23Arizona Poultry Federation If this is not done, Dr. Myrdal says, AnnualMeeting,StudentNew Journal Listings 8 the alternative will be "starvation for Union, UA hundreds of millions of people" and 28 -31Western Regional Extension Salmonella, Food Hazard 9 Winter School, UA Campus perhaps the violent spread of politi- 10 cal totalitarianism. 29Annual Meeting of ArizonaCattle Weights in Brazil Crop Improvement Associ- Stains on Synthetics 12 Although the Freedom from Hunger ation, Tucson campaign initiated by the Food and 30 -31Agricultural Chemicals Con-Planting Small Grass Seeds 13 Agriculture Organization ofthe ference, UA Campus, Tuc- United Nations was first meant to son Machine to Apply Asphalt Mulch 14 last five years, FAO's member states have decided to continue it beyondFEBRUARY Resource Development in Arizona 16 that time.For it has been recognized 1 -16Western Regional Extension there will be no lasting peace or se- Winter School, UA CampusHome Economics Specializes 18 curity in the world until hunger and 14 -15Annual Dairy Industry Con- want can be eliminated. ference, Ramada Inn, Phoe-Plastic Grain Storage 20 nix In fact, what is in danger is not Gibberellin Sprays on Grapes 22 merely the health and happiness ofMARCH 7Annual Bull Sale of Arizona Mehren Cites Bee Research 24 individuals but the very basis of free Beef Cattle, River Road and democratic society. Farm, Tucson The voices of warning continue to 16 FFA Field Day UA sound. Campus Food, food and more food must be the goal in the early years ahead. PROGRESSIVE These early years will perhaps be the most critical in man's history. AGRICULTURE IN Either we undertake thefullest measures to raise productivity in order to keep peace with burgeoning popu-Bulletins ARIZONA lations and the specter of famine, or Improving the Market for Ari- we will face disaster of unprecedented zona Cotton, A -52 JANUARY -FEBRUARY magnitude. Control Insectsof Flowers, 1968 Shrubs, and Shade Trees, A -18 Volume XX Number 1 At present, it seems that in the war revised against want the major problem is one Growing Wheat in Arizona, A -32 Published bimonthly by the College of food distribution.The warning revised of Agriculture, The University of Ari- voices tell us, however, that it will not zona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, Harold Folders E. Myers, dean. long be thus.Soon the matter of This is Cooperative Extension in Enteredassecond -classmatter quantity will be of major concern. March 1, 1949, at the post office at Arizona, F -84 revised Tucson, Arizona, under the act of Meanwhile, it would be a great Earwigs, F -133 August 24, 1912.Second class post- step toward a more solid world peace Palo Verde Borer or Prionid, F- age paid at Tucson, Arizona. if we could find the ingenuity to 134 Reprinting of articles or use of in- Bermudagrass Mite, F -135 formation in Progressive Agriculture distribute more equitably and more in Arizona, by newspapers and maga- efficiently the food which we can so zines, is permitted, with credit. competently produce. Editor :John Burnham. Whither the Worker? Half of the nation's farmers don't hire Editorial Board Members: Nancy any workers at all.So where do America's Bagott,John Burnham,C.Curtis hired farm -workers go for jobs? Cable Jr., W. R. Kneebone, J. W. 24-ameit $.wt.evt..t To the larger farms - those that sell Stull, and Director G. E. Hull, ex $10,000 or more of farm products annually. officio. Dean In 1964, 89 percent of all expenditures for hired farm labor were on the 27 percent College of Agriculture and of farms in the $10,000 -plus gross sales cate- School of Home Economics gory. January- February Page 2 Twelve banks and firms made it possible to rewrite and improve the records for 1968.For this contribu- qaluit Memed tion they received the program for their use in 1968.These banks and firms range from California to Massa- chusetts and will use the program to service both farmers and agri- business. One of the banks is expecting to serve 100,000 of their present 500,000 cus- 4ded Cemp«1ets tomers on the program by 1972. The decision by these firms to use the system developed by The Uni- versity of Arizona Extension Service came after research on all the 44 corn - puter farm record systems presently By David A. Brueck and Dr. Ray Sammons available in the United States. It was chosen because of its use of standard double entry accounting principles with simplicity of coding by the farm- During 1967, about 40 farmers and ranchers from Arizona, er.The farmer, for instance, can use either alphabetic or numeric coding. California, Oregon, Nevada, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota,He does not have to understand debits and Iowa had their records processed on and credits to use the system even a computer farm recordsthough he gets the double entry fi- program developed by the Agricultural Extension Service at Thenancial accounting, since the corn- University of Arizona.Probably 100 more farmerswere using thisputer can take care of this internally. The record is designed for farm system over the United States since several firms have purchasedmanagement and agri- business deci- the program from The University of Arizona. sion making, credit management, and income tax management and reporting.The record also provides information necessary forfurther computerized decision -making programs; for instance, the information needed by the computer to tell a farmer how Those using it received accumu-determining what alternatives wouldmany acres of each crop and how lated cost of production each monthminimize taxes. many head of each type of livestock per head of livestock by pen, per based on his cost of production, capi- acre, by each field, or per hundred- Farmers and ranchers used carbontal labor, and land restrictions will weight of production, if they desired.copies of checks to code their transactions. come from these records.This com- They had these costs broken down by These were identified eitherputerized linear program is already detail such as plowing for crops, milk-with alphabetic description or nu- merical code for type of cost, as theyavailable but needs proper records to ing on a dairy, and feed for a corn - give accurate answers. mercial feed lot if desired. wished. In addition, their financial state- In January of 1968, an improved Another program being computer- ment and income statement was up-version of this program, for a largerized is one that will also take such dated showing all changes in eachcomputer than the one previouslydetailed farm records data and tell a account for the month. They also re-used, will be available. These recordsfarmer when to buy and how much ceived a monthly labor summary toare much more flexible than the 1967can be paid for capital investments record.In 1968 the farmer is able tosuch as machinery, feed lots, whether transfer to social security reports. to buy or rent the land,etc. At the end of the eleventh monthset up whatever accounts, unique to of their fiscal year, they received anhis farm, that are needed. Using the farm records program for income tax summary so they could If the farmer wishes to have costsmanagement as well as using these estimate their income tax liability be-to -date compared to budgeted costsdecision -making programs requires fore it was due.Thus, they had aby each crop and livestock enterprise,training of the farmer or his servicing full month to manage their taxablesuch a monthly report will be pre-party such as his bank, accountant, income by buying and selling.Atpared by the computer. A cash flowetc.Therefore, if any Arizona farmer the end of the twelfth month, the in-statementand budget comparisonor farm service party wishes more income tax summary was prepared bylikewise will be prepared.Hours offormation and possible training, see the computer on a tax work sheet somachine usage by each machine canyour county Extensionagricultural their accountant could spend his timebe printed. Pounds of feed per poundagent.Some training workshops can of gain or per dozen eggs will be onbe set up so that Arizona farmers and The authors are Extension Economists in another special monthly report if de-agri- business firms can take advan- the College of Agriculture. sired. tage of the latest management tech- nology developed at The University Page 3 Progressive Agriculture of Arizona. RANGE CATTLE instinctively seek varie- E-- ty in their diet. Here the fistulated steers leave the ample grass and eat prickly pear.

of the year.Crude protein content of the major range grasses, Lehmann lovegrass and Arizona cottontop, could account for only a part of the total protein in the rumen samples. Additional information on botanical composition was necessary in order to know which species were furnishing the remaining protein in the diet. Rumen Content Analysis In order to determine the botanical composition of the diet of growing cattle, two 3- year -old rumen fistulated Hereford steers were placed on a desert grassland pasture of the Santa RANGE NUTRITION Rita Experimental Range, U. S. Forest Service (40 miles south of Tucson). At bimonthly intervals( from Sept. 21 to Dec. 31, 1964),the rumen con- RESEARCH FINDINGS tents of each steer were completely removed during the early morning. After allowing the steers to graze on By H. D. Galt and Brent Theurer the range for approximately an hour, the steers were corralled and the freshly consumed forage was removed How do you tell what range cattle eat when the "table isset"from the rumen for botanical and chemical analyses.The previously with 15 to 25 different plant species? removed rumen contents were then replaced, and the animals were al- lowed to resume their normal grazing activities. A foremost problem of range nutri-upon improved range livestock pro- Field observations were also made tion has been in identifying the vari-duction. ous kinds and quantities of plant spe- An earlier study employing rumenof the steers at each date the rumen cies consumed by cattle grazing nativefistulated steers grazing on the rangesamples were selected to "guesstimate" the plantspeciesselected. These grasslands. Earlier methods, in which( Shumway and Hubbert, 1963, Pro-plant species were hand clipped each the field investigator closely watchedgressiveAgriculture), showed that the grazing animal to see what spe-total crude protein in the diet (de-time rumen samples were collected. cies of plants were selected, have beentermined from rumen sample analy-The hand -clipped species and portions found inadequate. ses ) was deficient for several months (Continued on Next Page) Through the use of ruminai and esophagealfistulatedcattle,much more is being learned about the botanical and chemical composition of the grazing animal's diet.A knowledge of which plants are furnishing nutrients for adequate growth and production is basic to improving the nutrition of the beef cow and calf, as well as for proper management of the RUMEN CONTENTS are examined range.Range nutrition is becoming and identified by careful laboratory an increasingly important part of beef techniques. production, since growth of the cattle feeding industry is largely dependent Mr. Galt is a Research Assistant in Range Management, in the Department of Water- shed Management.Dr. Theurer is an Asso- ciate Professor of Animal Science. Study conducted in cooperation with the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, Tucson.

January -February Page 4 (Continued from Previous Page) of the rumen samples were analyzed 60_ LEHMANN BLACK for crude protein.Botanical compo- LOVEGRASS GRAMA sition of the available forage in the 50 range unit was measured at the end of the growing season in November. 40 The various kinds and amounts of plant species in the rumen samples 30 wereidentifiedwithabinocular microscope equipped with a pointer 20 in one ocular.The microscope was placed over a small tray having a 10 series of fixed stops.The masticated forages were thoroughly mixed and SEP OCT OCT NOV NOV DEC DEC SEP OCT OCT NOV NOV DEC DEC spread on the tray.The plant part 21 2 23 6 20 4 30 21 2 23 6 204 30 appearingimmediatelyunderthe pointer was recorded at each stop with 400 individual microscope points being recorded on each tray. Several mixtures of known species 70 PLAINS ARIZONA composition were prepared by indi- BRISTL E GRASS COTTONTOP vidually feeding plant species to fis- 60 tulatedsteers,utilizing the rumen evacuation technique.The species 50 mixtures were then prepared on a weight basis so that each mixture H40 contained a different known percent _ weight of each species. A high cor- 30 relation was found between percent W miscroscope points and percent weight 20 at of a plant species in the known mix- I0 tures. Regression equations were then developed to predict percent weight rrn from percent points for the six major SEP OCTOCT NOV NOV DEC DEC SEP OCT OCT NOV NOV DEC DEC 'plant species identified in the rumen 21 2 6 204 30 21 2 23 6 204 30 samples. SEASONAL SELECTION of four principal grasses by steers on the Santa Rita range, Preferred Native Species as detected by rumen sampling. The botanical composition of the rumen samples was quitedifferent from the percentage composition of 12.0 Botanical Composition of Range Forage vs. Diet of Grazing Steers 10.0 DIETARY PROTEIN Average Percent ( RUMEN SAMPLES ) Composition by Weighta Plant Grassland Species Range Diet Lehmann lovegrass 69 23 6.0 Black grama 13 6 W Plains bristlegrass 7 36 Arizona cottontop 8 17 oc Velvet mesquite 2 trace U 4.0 ESTIMATED PROTEIN False mesquite trace 3 ( HAND -CLIPPEDSPECIES ) Englemann prickly \ pear trace 2 Wright's eriogonum 1 trace 2.0 Other' trace 13

100 100 0 SEP OCT OCT NOV NOV DEC DEC aDry matter basis. Ib Included 8 grass species; 7forb species; 21 2 23 6 20 4 30 and 7 shrub species. DATE OF COLLECTION (Continued on Next Page) PERCENT OF PROTEIN in rumen samples, as compared to protein content ofhand - Page 5 Progressive Agricultureclipped forage, showing the monthly variations in both cases. (Continued from Previous Page) Salt -marsh Caterpillar TUNE IN the available plant species on the range. Lehmann lovegrass, which was Preying on Mulberry Cochise County clearly the dominant grass species, KAWT, Douglas 6:15 a.m. KAPR, Douglas 6:15 a.m. comprised only an average of 23 per- The salt -marsh caterpillar, which cent of the rumen samples.Arizona Wednesday and Friday 12:10 has done so much to raise the cost of p.m. Monday throughFriday. cottontop and plains bristlegrass,producing cotton, lettuce and sugar which made up only a small percent- KHIL, Willcox 6:10 to 6:15 beets in Arizona, was found last Oc- a.m. Monday throughSatur- age of the available forage, consti-tober, feeding on young mulberry tuted over half of the diet as analyzed day. treesina home yard near Casa Coconino County in the 13 rumen samples. Grande.The salt -marsh caterpillars KCLS, Flagstaff Tues. and The botanical composition of thehad destroyed over 50 percent of the Thurs., 8:45 a.m. rumen samples varied greatly withfoliage of the three 9 -foot trees, which KCLS, Flagstaff(Extension sampling date and effectively demon-were the only trees in the yard, says Home Economist Wed. and strates the grazing steer's preferenceDr. George P. Wene, Associate En- Fri., 10:30 a.m. for certain species.Plains bristlegrasstomologist on the UA staff. and Arizona cottontop comprised an Gila County Salt -marshcaterpillarinfestations KIKO, Globe -Maimi average of 64 percent to 91 percent Monday, 12:15 p.m. of the rumen samples from late Sep-on most crops, for example lettuce and Graham County tember to early November; however,sugar beets, result from half grown or KATO, Safford, Arizona these speciesconstitutedlessthanlarger larvae moving out of cotton one -fourth of the diet in late Novem-fieldsin search of food, after the Saturday, 9:30 a.m., 12:45 and foliage has been eaten.This Casa 9:05 a.m. (daily Monday thru ber and throughout December. The Friday. predominant species, Lehmann love- Grande infestation was of a different grass, accounted for less than 12 per-character, since hatching eggs and Maricopa County cent of the diet until late November.shells from several previously hatched KTAR, PhoenixMon. thru Fri., The cattle then switched to a dietegg masses were observed on the 5:55 a.m. consisting primarily of Lehmann love -leaves. KOY, PhoenixTues. thru Sat., grassduringlateNovember and 5:40 a.m. throughout December. This dramatic Approximately 50 percent of the KOY, PhoenixSunday Garden change was probably because thelarvae were in the first and second Club of The Air, 8:35 a.m. lovegrass was growing duringthisinstar of growth and, therefore, too KPHO, PhoenixMon., Cotton latterperiod and remained greensmall to migrate."No migrating lar- Report, 12:40 p.m. while the other grasses were in dor-vae were seen in this area which was KPHO, PhoenixThurs., Dairy mancy.Black grama was not grazeda considerable distance from any cot- and Livestock Report, 12:40 appreciablyuntilDecembereventon field," said Dr. Wene. p.m. though it was the second most abun- For the past eight years or so, KUPD, PhoenixMon. thru Fri., dant species. homeowners in south central Arizona 5:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m. Although sufficient grass was avail-have regularly planted mulberry trees Mohave County able, Englemann prickly pear was KAAA, Kingman Mon., 9:06 instead of the previously popular Chi- a.m.( Extension Home Econ- grazed in December (5 percent tonese elm. Thus far the mulberry has omist) 15 percent of the diet) when thebeen free of injurious insects. steers seemed to be seeking variety Navajo County in their diet.Certain shrub species KDJI, Holbrook Tues., 12:45 such as velvet mesquite, catclaw and to 12:30 p.m. Wright's eriogonum were identified KINO, Winslow Sat., 12:15 to also in the November and Decembercording to National Research Council 12:30 p.m. rumen samples. standards, was not sufficient to meet Pin.al County the needs of a 400 to 600 pound grow- KPIN, Casa Grande-Mon. thru Search For Protein ing steer in the late October through Sat., 6:55 a.m.; Mon. and Fri., The total crude protein of the ru-December period. 9:30 a.m.; Tues., Thurs. 11:30 men samplesaveraged1.6times A study is now being conducted a.m. on Monday and Wednes- higher than the protein content ofwhich includes more intensive analy- day and Sat., 12 :20 p.m. the major plant species identified in sisof the botanical composition of Yavapai County the rumen samples. A high correla-the grazing steer's diet and its rela- KYCA, Prescott Mon., Tues., tion was found between the proteintionship to total forage intake and Wed., Thurs. and Fri.,3:45 content of the rumen samples anddigestibility throughout the year.Bo- p.m. the protein content of the primarytanical composition and protein analy- KNOT, Prescott Mon., Wed. plant species identified in these sam-ses will be based on plant parts rather and Fri., 6:25 a.m. ples. than a consideration of whole plants KVIO, Cottonwood Mon., Wed. The higher protein content in theas in the previous study. Energy con- and Fri., 8:15 a.m. diet was believed to be due to steersumption is also being investigated. Yuma County selectivityforthehigherproteinEnergy could well be one of the most KVOY, Yuma- Mon. thru Fri., parts of individual plant species (leafimportant factors limiting productiv- 5:45 a.m. and seed heads ), aswell as selectionity of Arizona's range cattle.Use of KYUM, Yuma Tues., Thurs. of small amounts of shrub and forbfistulated animals now appears to be and Sat., 6:25 a.m. species.The steers tended to supple-a significant stepping stone for im- KYUM, Yuma Saturday, 4 -H ment the low protein in thediet byprovement of range livestock nutri- Program, 10:45 a.m. grazing higher protein shrubs inthetion and management of native range- fall; however, the total protein, a c-lands. January -February Page 6 Wo4tht StadetitS dielped Gry J?ea#iS,Q4cz4S after Dr. Williams, a small fund was received in his memory. By Darrel S. Metcalfe Paul D. Keener: ( August 1966) Just days after Dr. Cline passed away, A helpful lift to a bright boy or Dr. Paul D. Keener died of a heart girl, struggling to get an education, attack.Mrs. Keener made her wishes is one real form of immortality, a known that she also would like a loan monument shining more brightly than fund set up in his name. a stone in a cemetery. The total of these last four funds That is the belief of many business- amountedtoapproximately$1,500 men, farm leaders and the families of and contributions are still being made deceased staff members. The great- periodically to them. est asset of this nation, they feel, is These five funds, known collective- the talent of trained young people ly as the College of Agriculture Me- and the greatest waste is in young morial Grants fund, now total over minds which do not have opportunity $3,500. To date, 162 loans have been for education. granted. That might be summed up as the philosophy through which this Col- Walter S. Cunningham Fund: This lege of Agriculture receives many is the most recent fund, a $200 revolv- memorial grants and gifts, sums to be ing scholarship which will be avail- expended, or to be loaned and re- able next spring.Thisisfor any paid,thus making perpetual loan needy student in the College of Agri- funds available for needy students. culture. The student assumes a moral It is to honor those who have given obligation to repay the sum which he as well as to encourageothers who borrows.No interest is charged for may seek this worthy formof me-set up the Schwabacher Fund. such a loan. morial, that the following listingis In the spring of 1959, the business The grant of $3,000 from which published here. office called the College of Agricul-annualinterestwillfurnishloan Schwabacher Loan Fund: In theture and said that there now was ap-funds, was made by Mr. and Mrs. spring of 1947, Mr. Schwabacher, Sr.,proximately$1,600inthe Schwa -Joseph Metcalf of Tucson, in honor came to the office of the Deanof thebacher Fund.Dean Myers and Dr.of Mrs. Metcalf's father, former head College of Agriculture( Dean PaulMetcalfe of the College of Agricul-of the Dairy Science Department in S. Burgess ) and presented him withture, decided that the money shouldthis college. 80 shares of Phillips Petroleum andbe used as short -term loans for worthy Several students and staff members 48 shares of United Merchants andand needy students in the College ofhave voiced their deep appreciation Manufacturers, Inc.,stock, "the in-Agriculture and the School of Homefor making these loans available. One come from which to be used in anyEconomics, granted without intereststudent intimated that as soon as he way that the administratorsof theor carrying charges. From April 1959 to February 1967,was able he wanted to contribute College of Agriculture saw fit."It money tothisfund, sinceit had could be used either to advance cer-when this loan fund was incorporatedhelped him over a period of need. tain research projects in the Experi-into the College of Agriculture Me-Another student stated that had it ment Station that needed additionalmorial Grant Fund, the College hadnot been for the fund he would have money or it could be used toaidgranted 133 loans, ranging from $15had to drop out of school for a semes- worthy and needy students. to $400.Of these 133 loans granted, Theter or more in order to save enough This gift to the college was madeonly three loans are overdue. to continue. by Mr. Schwabacher in behalf of histotal amount loaned to February 1967, son suffering from asthma whohadwas$17,405.50;outstandingloans, Dr. J. H. Ehrenreich: "During an $1,240; loans overdue, only $555; andinformal discussion with three stu- been a student here for approximately dents recently the questions of un- two years.In appreciation of theamount repaidtoFebruary1967, many kindnesses shown his son, Mr. $15,460.50. expected financial needs came up. Gamma Sigma Delta Fund:InOne of the students commented that Schwabacher wanted to do something the College of Agriculture loan fund, for the College. March 1962, the Arizona Chapter of By 1952, the dividends from theseGamma Sigma Delta authorized theadministered by you, was an import- sharesamountedtoalittleoverestablishment of a loan fund for stu-ant morale- building factor for both $1,000, and at that time Dean Burgessdents in the College of Agriculture. graduate and undergraduate students John R. Williams Fund: Upon thein the College.Another of the stu- death of Dr. John R. Williams, Febru-dents commented, `. . .it is very re- Dr. Metcalfe, Director of Resident In- assuring to know that you can get a struction in this College of Agriculture, has ary1966, Mrs. Williams suggested received national acclaim for his conceptsthat in lieu of flowers, money be givensmall loan so quickly whenever a real for upgrading an education geared to new as a memorial for a student loan fundneed arises.It just makes you feel times and new problems.In this college in Dr. Williams' name.Dr. Williamsgood to know it is there if you need a rigid system of studentguidance and it.'It came out in the conversation counsellinghasgiveneachstudentthe had conducted a student loan fund of personalized help and counsel which is nothis own, which no one knew aboutthat two of the three students had found in many universities today. until after his death. obtained small, short -time loans dur- Russell W. Cline: Likewise, uponing the last year. Page 7 Progressive Agriculturethe death of Dr. Cline, August 1966, (Continued on Next Page) Wise Shopper Stretches Recent Journal Articles Listed EDITOR'S NOTE : In addition to the various "popular" publications of this College Those Food Dollars of Agriculture - Extension folders, Extension bulletins, 4 -II materials, the popular bulletin series, technical bulletins and others- staff memberssubmit a prodigious You can spend the same amount ofoutput of material to the scientific journals in a score or more of fields of scientific grocery money and get either veryinquiry. A listing of recent journal papers is given in each issue of PROGRESSIVE little in terms of nutrients, desirability AGRICULTURE IN ARIZONA. Readers who wish copies of certain papers should and hunger appeasement, with plan- write directly to the authors. The listing below includes Journal Number, title of the ning and comparing, you can getpaper, authors, and journal to which the article was submitted. much more for the same money. 1243"The Life Cycle of the Salt -Marsh Caterpillar Parasite, Exorista mella, in Relation Compare foods in each of their to Temperature ( Diptera: Tachinidae )" groups by their yield in food value as by G. D. Butler, Jr., D. E. Bryan and C. G. Jackson well as by price or cost per serving, Journal of Economic Entomology 1244"Digestibility of Milo Processed by Several Different Methods" said June Gibbs,nutritionist with by W. T. Husted, Stephen Mehen, W. H. Hale, Morgan Little and Brent Theurer The University of Arizona Extension Journal of Animal Science Service. 1245"Evaluation of Lignin Ratio and Chromic Oxide Indicator Methods" In the meat category, poultry and by C. P. McCann and Brent Theurer Proceedings, Western Section, American Society of Animal Science fish are usually most economical and 1246"Milk Pesticide Research" high in proteins, iron and the B vita- by J. W. Stull mins. Meats should be judged on their Proceedings of the E. O. Herried Memorial Convocation yields of lean meat. 1247"Growth, Survival and B- Vitamin Supplementation of Male Weanling Rats Fed Sterculia Foetida Oil" Lean beef, lamb, pork and poultry by D. L. Schneider, E. T. Sheehan, M. G. Vavich and A. R. Kemmerer are about equal in food value,al- Journal of American Oil Chemists Society though pork isdefinitely higher in 1248"Electron Microscopy of the Intestines of Aphids Reared on Virus - Infected thiamine content. Sugar Beets" Cheaper cuts of meat are more by E. G. Ruppel Phytopathology economical and furnish the same food 1249"Big Game Winter Range -A Diminishing Resource" value.But they are no bargain if by Dr. O. Klemmedson they contain lotsof fat, bone and Transactions of the 32nd North American Wildlife and Natural Resources gristle. Conference 1250"Physical Characteristics and Damage of Crisphead Lettuce During Harvest Pack- Save money on eggs by buying me- aging Operations" dium ones if they are more than 1/s by B. L. Harriott, N. F. Oebker, M. A. Hughes, L. C. Wolf and R. O. Kuehl less in price than the large ones and Agricultural Engineering Transactions small sized ones1/4or cheaper as 1251"An Economic Model for the Analysis of Range Forage Improvement" by Alan R. Dickerman and William E. Martin compared to large egg prices.Lower Proceedings -Committee on the Economics of Range Use and Development of grades are not as aesthetically good - the Western Agricultural Economics Research Council looking but just as nutritious, said the 1252"The Role of Agricultural Exports in the Development of the Mexican Economy home economist. by Roger W. Fox and José S. Silos Presentation at the Western Farm Economics Association 1253"Secretion of DDT by Lactating Cows Fed Thyroprotein" by J. W. Stull, W. H. Brown, F. M. Whiting, L. M. Sullivan, and Mary Milbrath Journal of Dairy Science KEEP SPUDS COOL 1254"A Serological Comparison of the Uredospores of Uromyces phaseoli ( Pers.) Wint. Keep fresh potatoes cool and store in var. phaseoli and Puccinia strii f ormis West." a place where they can get air.Even by Kenneth S. Rehusch and Arlen D. Davison small bagsful should be opened to let air Journal of the American Phytopathological Society circulate.When shopping for potatoes, 1255"Greenhouse Infection of Cotton by Phymatotrichum omnivorum" choose those which are reasonably clean, by H. B. Chavez, T. H. McIntosh and Alice M. Boyle firm, smooth, shallow -eyed and free of Plant Disease Reporter any cuts or spoilage. 1256"Statistical Evaluation of the Parameters of Hydrothermal Quartz Growth" by Ashby, Berry, Deutschman, Kuehl Journal of Crystal Growth (Continued from Previous Page) 1257"Use of the Stanford- Dement Bioassay to Study Atrazine -Soil Reactions" "The fact is well known among our by G. A. Tompkins, T. H. McIntosh and E. P. Dunigan students that these quick short -time Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 1258"Evaluation of Municipal Waste Compost for Greenhouse Potting Purposes" loans are readily available.To my by Wallace H. Fuller, E. W. Carpenter and M. F. L'Annunziata knowledge none of our students have Compost Science. ever abused this privilege and I do 1259"Association of Lint Color with Lint Yield and Lint Quality in Pima Cotton, This loan Gossypium Barbadense L. not believe they ever will. by Carl V. Feaster and E. L. Turcotte service has helped instill a great feel- Crop Science ing of student confidence in our Col- 1260"A Turbidimetric Method of Determining Chelated Calcium at Various pH Levels" lege Administration, and in behalf by Michael F. L'Annunziata and Wallace H. Fuller of our students and faculty, I want to Journal of Chemical Education 1261 "Quality and Reuse of Irrigation Return -Flow Waters" thank you and Dean Myers for this by Gordon R. Dutt and Kenneth L. Dyer service.I certainly hope it can con- Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Division, ASCE tinue." 1262"Fruit and Seed Development in Cucurbita Foetidissima HBK Contributions to the College of Ag- by Mohamed Awdh Ba -Amer and W. P. Bemis riculture Memorial Grants Fund may Economic Botany 1263"Temperature and Leaf Growth in Cultivated Varieties of GossypiumHirsutum L., be made to Dr. Darrel S. Metcalfe, G. Barbadense L. and F Hybrids" Director of Resident Instruction, Col- by J. Hesketh, B. Moraghan and H. Muramoto lege of Agriculture, or directly to the Cotton Growth Review, London U A Alumni Fund and ear marked for this fund. January- February Page 8 SaIma,zeIIcî By F. E. Nelson HAZARD TO FOOD

Bacteria of the genus Salmonellacontaining material of animal origin.cooking, will kill these bacteria,if are one of the causes of intestinalEggs and products made in whole orthey are present. disease in man and animals.Some in part from eggs, meats and pro- of these bacteria cause disease inducts containing meats, raw milk pro- Handling of products at all times only a very limited host group.As ducts and fish( especially shellfishshould be such as to minimize possi- an example, Salmonella typhosais from contaminated waters )are thebilities for contamination.Especially the cause of typhoid fever in man andfoods that have been involved mostshould cooked or processed foods be is not a cause of illness in other ani-frequently in outbreaks.Since theseprotected from Salmonella organisms mals.Salmonella gallinarum is theorganisms are not particularly resist-associated with the raw products. causative agent of pullorum diseaseant to heat, normal temperatures usedHands, utensils and work surfaces in poultry and is of very limited im-for pasteurization of milk or egg pro-should be washed thoroughly after portance among other animals,in-ducts or customary for the thoroughhandling raw food, so that cooked cluding humans. cooking of foods will destroy them. food will not become contaminated when it contacts these same surfaces. The present discussion will be con- Some of the major sources of theFoodsshouldbeprotectedfrom finedto those Salmonella bacteriaisolationsfrom non -human sourcesgrowth of these bacteria by being which have a considerably wider hostduring July, 1967, as reported in theheld at temperatures below 50° F. at range and are important causes of so-Salmonella Surveillance Report of theall times.All portions must be at or called "food- poisoning" in man. The U.S.Public HealthService,arebelow this temperature a condition more proper name issalmonellosis. shown in the following compendum:frequently not achieved when large The symptoms are an abrupt onset of quantities which cool slowly at the diarrhea,nausea,abdominalpain, center of the mass are placed in the prostration, chills, fever and vomiting, refrigerator.Hot foods should be although all of these do not always kept above 140° F., as this will kill appear in any one case.These symp- No. of StrainsSalmonella bacteria.The food pro- toms usually develop in varying de- Source Isolated cessor must make sure that the pro- grees in 12 to 24 hours after ingestion Chickens 17 ducts which he markets have beenso of contaminated food or beverage, Turkeys 100 treated and protected that theyare although onset may be as early as 7 Horses 5 free from Salmonella bacteria when hours or be delayed as long as 72 Cattle 40 they reach the ultimate consumer. hours.Recovery usually is within 1 Hogs 15 to 3 days after onset.Only rarely is Dogs 4 The processor can ill afford to have the disease fatal and then mostly Eggs 21 his product seized because, in the among small children or the aged.In Powdered eggs 2 words of the Food and Drug Admin- some countries with poor sanitation Frozen eggs 15 istration, "when shipped, the article standards, salmonellosis is an import- Dry milk 57 contained an added and deleterious ant cause of infant mortality. Milk plant environment 8 substance,Salmonellamicro- organ- Salmonellosis usually results from Bone meal /meat scraps 50 isms, which may have rendered it in- consumption of foods in which these Animal feeds 56 jurious to health." Even the presence organisms have grown to populations Rendering plant environment 3 of one such organism inan ounce or of hundreds of thousands to millions Frozen pie 9 more of food may lead to seizure, per gram.The number needed to Candy to since this organism could increase in cause illness varies with the organism Egg noodles 14 numbers to a level which couldcause strain, the food in which the organism Yeast 13 "food- poisoning"iftheconditions has grown and the susceptibility of Vitamins 21 were right. Animal protein 21 the individual human to this disease. Animal feeds should be processed More than 1200 types of Salmonella Glandular material 33 Turtles 6 in such a manner that Salmonella bac- bacteria have been recognized by teria are destroyed and should bepro- laboratory technics.Recognition of tected from recontamination afterpro- the type ( s )involved is much more cessing. This will help prevent spread- important in tracing the source of ing the disease from one group of contamination than in any other as- During this same period, 1,875 iso-animals to another. pect. The Food and lations were made from humans. Re-Drug Administration feels this isso The foods most frequently foundcent reports indicate these organismsimportant that Salmonella- contami- contaminated with Salmonella bac-are found in the run -off from feedlots.nated feeds are being seized when With the wide distribution of Salmo-found in interstate commerce. teria are those of animal origin ornella bacteria in materials of animal origin,allfood- handling operations With proper understanding of the Dr. Nelsonis a Professor of Food Tech - should be carried out as if these or-problem and the taking of adequate nology in theDepartment of Dairy Science. ganisms were known to be present.precautions by all concerned, the in- Adequate heat treatment, either bycidence of salmonellosiscan be re- Page 9 Progressive Agricultureproper pasteurization or by thoroughduced markedly. It is known that the productivity ofor March. Asindicated above it was thecattleindustryofCeará andsuspected that the cattlewould pro- Ups and DownsNortheast Brazil is low and also thatgressively fall off in weight asthe dry the cattle are not provided withsup-season advancedand the objective plemental feed during the season ofwas to simply measurethis loss for natural forage shortages.An effec-ultimate extension effortswith the tive means of analyzing this existing stockmen.As shown by thechart situationisto determine what thethe animals did in fact progressively animal weight response is to the con-lose weight until mid -November. By ditions that surround them.That is,late December they had recuperated Of Cattle when they gain or lose weight andall of the previous loss. how this is related to the rainfall and Cotton Pasture seasonal pattern, and when and what Nearly all stockmen of the state form of feed supplement should bealso grow cotton and it is the normal provided.The cattle of Ceará havepractice to turn cattle into the cot- never been weighedperiodically onton enclosure after the cotton harvest the range. in November. The strong benefit to Weights In If a regular annual weight loss doesthe cattle from this practice was not occur and can be documented,thenpreviously appreciated by either the this loss can presumably be translatedranch owner or the Brazilian techni- to monetary terms and thereby util-cians involved in the study.The net ized as effective ammunition in en-effect on the cattle was the same as couragingstockmentoundertakethough they had been fed preserved measures to avoid or overcometheforage or other supplemental feed. problem. Although the end result is only weight Ceara, Brazil A Case Study maintenance rather than a net gain, a A pilot study was initiated at thesubstantial part of the weight loss beginning of the dry season in Au-problem for the dry season is thereby gust, 1966, to determine the weightresolved and there remains only a pattern of cattle during a one -yearweakened extension argument for ad- cycle of dry and wet seasons. A fa-ditional efforts on the part of the zenda having typical management andstock grower at that time of year. By Ray Anderson forage conditions( "caatinga,"or Having consumed all of the reserve brush and tree range) was selected inforage of the cotton fields by January, and the interior of the state where fiftythe cattle again began to decline in head of cattle of four age groupsweight. could be identified and weighed every Surprise Number Two Sandoval Cava Icante six weeks.The equipment used was The rains began suddenly and vig- a portable, single- animal scale. orously on February first, presumably The dry season normally begins inindication that the season of feed Rodrigues July or August and ends in February (Continued on Next Page)

WEIGHT CATTLE WEIGHTS FOR A SEASON-YEAR... Fazenda Condado IN KILOS ABOUT THE AUTHORS: Mr. Anderson isExtension LivestockSpecialist with a 300 group of 12 agriculturalistsfrom The Uni- versity of Arizona.The Arizona Team is under contract to the U S. Agency for In- ternational Development to provide assist- 250 ance to the University ofCeará, located in Brazil'sdepressedNortheast. Anderson's background includes previous foreign experience in livestock counselling in Vene- 200 zuela and management of a large ranch and farm in Mexico; as well as earlier livestock work in Arizona and Utah.He is a graduate of Utah State University and theAmeri- 150 can Institute for ForeignTrade at Phoenix. Mr. Sandoval graduated from the Uni- versity of Ceará in 1965, as an agronomy 100 engineer.During his last year of study he worked asa part time assistanttoDr. Robert Humphry in establishing the forage plots on the school of agronomy campus. 50 He is scheduled for work on his Masters degree at Arizona beginning next year.His present position within the Instituteof Ani- mal Science is as a forage researcher. 0 Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr January- February Page 10 1966 1967 TYPICAL DRY SEASON landscape of the interior of Ceará. Larger open areas apparently are formerly cultivated plots. This same area will be a solid dense mass of greenery during the wet season. THIS SPINELESS Prickly Pear -type cactus sometimes is used as emergency feed.Its nutritional value is questionable, and its effectiveness doubtful except in most extreme drought emergencies.However, at times just survival itself is the key consideration, not maintenance or gain of animal weight.

TYPICAL CATTLE of Northeast Brazil.Breeding is various amounts of Zebu crossed on the native "criolla" stock of type brought over by the Portuguese settlers.This type of animal is slow growing and late maturing.Six- year -old "heifers" are SMALL GASOLINE- POWERED stationery chopper is used to not uncommon, when they should have produced two or three slowly fill a trench silo.Forage is cut by hand and hauled to calves at that age.But the Brazilian cow is better adapted the chopper on burros or on small carts.While slow and to her harsh environment than the more productive European awkward by North American standards, this represents a breeds.These animals have just been milked for farm -pro- great step forward in a drought -susceptible area where no live- duced cheese, leaving little for the calves.Animals in photo stock feeds of any kind were preserved up to the present time. are in maximum annual flesh condition.

(Continued from Previous Page) August.This left only two monthsfailed to reach the original weight of to develop a net gain for an entirea year earlier of their older brothers shortage was over and that the weightyear of cattle ranching activities. and sisters.This strange state of af- lost during the dry season was a nom- fairs is explained by the rather absurd inal or perhaps an acceptable eco- Facts and Speculation fact that the cattle manager of the nomic loss.In mid -March, six weeks The study rather clearly points outfazenda, informed that the August after the brush vegetation had sud-the time periods and degree of weightweighing would be the last of the denly returned to a lush leafy state,gain and loss, the original objective,study, simply held the cattle ina con- the cattle had fallen off to a new andeven though the time of occurrencevenient but small holding pasture for grave minimum weight ( up to 25%was largely unexpected. A firm con-seven weeks, rather than turning them of previous body weight ). This wasclusion possible from the study is theonto the range area where they would totally unexpected by everyone con-value of the cotton and associated for-normally be at that time of year. ( This cerned, althoughit was eventuallyages during a stress period, previous-incident indicates the unpredictable learned that such a condition at that lyunappreciated.Thisnutritionaldifficulties encountered in attempting time is vaguely known by most stock-boost at that time is made the moreto obtain reliable field information in men and cowboys. No one had everimportant by the fact that it is soona remote undeveloped area. ) thought much about it or botheredfollowed by an even more critical It must be remembered that the to weigh cattle during that period.period than the first.One can onlynative brushy vegetation presents a After all, rapid gains are just aroundspeculate on what would finally hap-rather direct ecological clash with the the corner at that time. pen in March to the stock owned bybovine grazing beast.This assump- In April of 1967 the cattle had be-the operator who had no cotton fieldstion is born out by the wretched con- gun to recover some of theirlostto offer in December.Apparentlydition of the cattle at the very time weight and by June they had regainedsome mortality does occasionally oc-when one would thinkthatthey their original weight of the previouscur at this time. should be enjoying the maximum rate The graph also shows that in a fullof gain for the year ( March). The Page 11 Progressive Agricultureyear's time the various age groups (Continued on Next Page) ANIMALS PHOTOGRAPHED at March 1967 weighing. Though WEIGHING CATTLE on a Ceará fazenda. There was no chute held overnight in a dry corral, these animals show severe to channel the animals into the scale, so they were roped and emaciation.Extreme drawn -up appearance probably due to dragged in by unmounted barefoot men.Western hat and lack of volume in the diet during this period.Note lush Levis identify Bill Saba, former UA animal nutritionist on the foliage in the background. UA Brazil team.

(Continued from Previous Page) ly the voluminous new foliage of theproblem demands further inquiry and incongruous aspect is that the cattleshrubs and trees is not taken at thisa review of earlier impressions. are starving while living in a sea oftime, judging from the empty and Brush and tree removal and the green. drawn -up appearance of the animals. cultivationofartificialpasturesof Several explanations have been of-The problem diminishes as the grass-course very effectively improves the fered by local stockmen and cowboys esand other low growing plantslot of the cattle.However, can an for this early wet season minimummature. economically depressed region under- weight. When distant rain is sensed Questions and Sidelights take the enormous expense of such by cattle they stop grubbing on the Due to the difficult and hazardouscomplete revegetation, and then main- bare twigs and dried remains of forbsconditions of hay curing during thetain this situation against the forces and grasses and simply wait for thehumid and nearly daily rainfall of theof nature?Tremendous resources in first new green shoots, thereby en-growing season, it has been generallythe form of funds, equipment, and couraging the onset of a very criticalreasoned that silage offers the besttrained personnel would be necessary period.The firstrains completelypossibilities for home grown supple-to accomplish this on a grand scale. leach and then rot the remaining drymental feed for this area, as well as Additionalprojectsareplanned vegetation.The green shoots thatfor the tropics in general.But, giventhat would clarify and expand upon soon appear on the ground are greed-the high moisture content and laxa-the results of this study and make ily taken, but they offer only hightive nature of the available foragecontrolled comparisons to animal re- moisture and low volume with scantduring the most stressing period ofsponse under the contrasting condi- nutrients, resulting in poor ruminationthe year, silage then becomes a highlytionsofsupplementaryfeedand and continuous diarrhea.Apparent-questionable supplement.This newestablished artificial pastures.

Stains on Synthetics secondtreatmenttoremovethe Billion -Dollar Bouquet grease in the cream. A best man's boutonniere isn'tvery big. Need Instant Attention Greasystainsmay needadry But add it to the rest of the wedding flowers cleaning solvent and blotter.Work andtothoseusedonotheroccasions, Grease and water stains are harderfrom the underside in adequately ven-funerals especially, and it becomespart of to remove from synthetics and treat-tilated surroundings. a bouquet worth over $1.1 billion. ed cottons.Those who have tried to That's about the amount ofour annual Hot water, ironing and time willbill at the retail florist.Split nationwide, remove one from dura -press garments"set" a stain. it comes out to around $5.50per person. are familiar with this added problem. If the stain has dried on color -fast We turn to the retail florist for about 85 Clothing specialist Helen Church,washables, soak in cold water for 20percent of all our needs in the floral line. with the University of Arizona Ex-to 30 minutes, rub in detergent andCut flowers account for abouttwo -thirds of tension Service, offers these tips for our bill.The rest is fcr garden supplies, inspect.If the stain begins to dis-plants, nursery stock and landscapingserv- stain removal. appear, the solvent procedure will ices. Flush non- greasy stains like coffee,not be necessary. Most of the nation's 22,500florist shops, are small and owner -managed. fruit juices and carbonated drinks im- Sometimes a fruit juice stain( like Altogether they provide 100,000jobs and retail the mediately with water. Then blot with grape )will require hot water for floral crops ofover 20,000 growers. dry towels. flushing.Try this if cold water wash- Coffee with cream may need aing doesn't work, says Miss Church. Janaary-February Page 12 Simple Field Method A simple, practical method forfield IMPROVED METHOD FOR use was developedand tested.Six- teen pounds ricehulls and seven quarts of MC solution are the opti- mum amounts per acre. PLANTING SMALL SEED The rice hulls are first spread out on a smooth surface in a layerabout three inches deep. A predetermined By Fred Lavin and amount of seed is then scattered over the ricehulls in small increments, F. B. Gomm and mixed in thoroughly after each addition.The MC sticker solution is applied with a hand pressure sprayer Small seeds, such as the lovegrass- after all the seed has been combined es and dropseed, which often are sown with the dry rice hulls.Mixing is at the rate of but a fraction of a continued throughout sticker appli- pound per acre, are just too fine for cation and until all the ingredients accurate planting by use of a con- appear uniformly combined and the ventional farm drill.To overcome rice hulls do not stick together. The that difficulty, it is usual to dilute the mixture is then spread out in a thin seed with some inert material which layer to dry under direct sunlight and will add bulk., so the fine grass seed stirred several times during the dry- doesn't flow through thedrilltoo SAND DROPSEED and rice hulls beinging period. freely. dry mixed before application of methyl Procedure modificationssuchas cellulose sticker solution.Mixing is done using a rotating drum for mixing, and Past tests have shown rice hullswith scoop shovel on canvas tarp.Pres- and cracked barley to be two of the sure sprayer for applying sticker is at left. artificial heat for drying, could be best diluents for stable seed mixtures. used. Other studies and our experience, Mixtures can be prepared in ad- however, indicate that small seed sep- vance for planting at a later date arates from rice hull mixtures even since neither the MC nor the rice a good, relatively inexpensive sticker.hulls deteriorate. with minimum shaking.This separa-The solution can be kept for several tion results in erratic ratios of seedsweeks if stored in a cool place to pre- Methyl Cellulose Best to hulls and uneven, unsatisfactoryvent mold. MC does not delay or seed distribution. In conclusion, MC at the concen- reduce germination.It has had pre-tration of 11/2 oz. MC to one gallon Preliminary Lab Tests vious application in agriculture as awater was the best of the stickers In the laboratory we compared thesuspensory and adhesive agent for ap-tested.Use of rice hulls together effectiveness of rice hulls and groundplying fungicides, nematocides, andwith MC sticker appeared advan- barley for holding Boer lovegrass seedinsecticides to seed. tageous over use of ground barley. in diluent mixtures. We also tested Although condensed milk is an ex- The modifiedricehulldilution the effectiveness of various adhesivescellent stickeritis more expensivemethod using MC sticker retains all for sticking the seed to the rice hullsthan MC.Also, seed mixtures con-the advantages of the original rice for increased stability. taining condensed milk tend to turnhull method.In addition, it stabilizes Sticker solutions tested with ricerancid and mold rapidly if not plantedmixtures with small seed so that satis- hulls were methyl cellulose( MC ) soon after treatment.Starch and gel-factory seed distribution can be ob- dissolved in water, condensed milk,atine had no particular advantagetained. MC sticker ( made up of 11/2 liquid laundry starch, and gelatineover MC and were not as effective forounces of MC per gallon of water ) dissolved in water.These materialssticking the seed to the hulls. also makes possible addition of fer- were also tried diluted with water to Satisfactory Grind Barley tilizers,insecticides, fungicides and various concentrations. otheringredientstothemixture, Sticker Needed Four textures of ground barley, veryshould this be desirable. Rice hull -seed mixtures were judged coarse,coarse, medium, andfine, to be unsatisfactory because the seedwere tested in the barley mixtures. completely separated from the hulls Thesetextureswereobtained by after five minutes of agitation. The twogrinding clean barley in an electric most effective stickers were judgedcoffee grinder at the four markedNOW, AFTER dropseed and rice hulls are settings.The medium grind barley mixed, the sticker spray is applied. Mix- to be MC in the proportion of 11/2 oz.was best and appeared to be satisfac- ing will continue, to get the sticker thor- MC powder to one gallon water and oughly in contact with the grass seed -rice full strength condensed milk. tory as a small seed diluent without ahull mixture. MC dissolved in cold water makes sticker.The recommended rate of 95 -lb.barley -seed mixture per acre The authors are Range Scientists, Crops makes the use of barley diluent more ResearchDivision,AgriculturalResearch expensive than rice hulls, and also Service,U.S. Department ofAgriculture. more difficult to handle because of Located at Flagstaff, they are part of the the greater weight.Grinding barley staff of the Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Experiment Station.Much of their work to the proper texture involves use of involves cooperation with this College of facilities that might not be available. Agriculture. Also, the fine particles in the barley diluent tend to clog the drill when Page 18 Progressicc Agriculturedamp. (A) (A) HOPPER TRAVEL FIGURE1. Strip - tillagemulcher: EMULSION APPLICATION Rotary tiller,planter, press wheel and (SEED) - emulsion applicator;(B)Above ADJUSTABLE machine equipped with grinder and shear LIFT plate for dry soil applications. PRESS -WHEEL

Ii DEFLECTOR PLATE I \ The tillage rotor for moist soils is I shown in Fig. 2 ( top). It consists of a spring -tined tiller 8 in. in diameter; i , rotated at 700 to 900 rpm in the for- PRESS - .o/ '.1v4 SHOE -,- MOIST."S OIL1;?` ', °- ward- rolling direction.Reduction of /. -\8 SPRINGTINES SIDE clods is accomplished by impact and (B ) the pulverized soil is smoothed into place by the deflector plate, Fig. 1 DRY - CLODS . ADJ. PLANTED SHEAR 0 0 _`/ ADJ. (A)This tiller operates in the range es° .'43 ROTOR HT. . ó51. á VEE fl of 1 to 2 in. in depth. T.PLATE \a.O° pI 04 00 IC1I 1010101GI HYDRAULIC va-+-\faSIDE The spring -tined tiller had little ef- MOTOR 1 4 aT END fect in changing the size of aggregates r _ - - of dry soil.Fig 2 ( bottom ) showsa OPENER ---/-O°- number of rotors which werecon- SIDE structed and tested for use in dry soil. This rotor was operated at 1200 to 1400 rpm in a counterrolling direction.Soil flows up and over the rotor P'iape'i Machine and is pulverized by rubbing action

against the shear plate, Fig. 1 (B). ion emdaa#t 4ppIcc&Ia.z (Continued on Next Page)

By K. R. Frost

Effective application of petroleum emulsion requires a smooth soilsur- face that will aid in development of a thin continuous film at a minimum application rate.The reduction of cloddy and rough surfaces is neces- FIGURE 2.(Top)Springtyperotary sary if emulsion performance is to betiller for mulching moist soil.(Bottom) physically and economically satisfac-Rotors built and tested for use in dry tory. soil. Strip- seedbed preparation may be desirable in either moist or dry soils. Cotton is normally planted in soil at or near field- moisture capacity. Veg- etablesand melonsarenormally planted in air -dry seedbeds.Initial field trials of strip -tillage machines indicated that wet and dry seedbeds required quite different mechanical treatment for satisfactory pulveriza- tion. Fig. 1 shows strip tillers developed for wet and dry soil preparation.In these units the strip -tiller, tiller housing, adjustable vee -type clod pusher, seed -furrow opener, seed hopper and drop, seed press -shoe, and convex zero -pressure smoothing press -wheel are combined into one assembly.

Prof. Frost is a Professor in the Depart- ment of Agricultural Engineering.

January -February Page 14 ient transmission of power tothe floating tiller- planter assemblies. The furrow opener designed for cotton ( Fig. 1) was a special typeshoe of 3/8in. width to minimize disturb- ance of the finelypulverized seedbed. A press -shoe prevents full coverage of seed by soil so that the smoothing press -wheel does not compactsoil over the seed and prevent emergence. Side ports in the rotor housing allow excess soil to discharge tothe sides, preventing overloading of the rotor, Figure 4. This type ofsoil treatment has made it possible to develop satisfactory petroleum films at application rates of 8 to 10 gpa per inch of band with 40 -in. row spacing.Two -stage application of the petroleum emulsion was found most effective forfilm development by use of two nozzles in line at 24 -inch spacing.Pressures of 35 -40 psi from a PTO -driven pump were used with fan nozzles ( TeeJet -

6506 ). The pump was a Continental Belton (PT -2, Belton, Texas )rotary type.

Machine Testing in Field Preliminaryfieldtestingofthe striptillagesystemforpetroleum emulsion treatment of the soil surface for cotton was conducted in 1964. The spring -tined tiller or the grinder was used, depending on soil -moisture conditions.In this test, the petroleum emulsion was applied at 70 to 80 gpa in 8 -in. bands on 40 -in. row centers. Plantings were made "to stand" with no subsequent chopping.Proper re- (Continued on Next Page)

FIGURE 3.(Top) Grinder -type mulcher operated by gasoline engine and used for preparing surface for asphalt emulsion for dry planting.(Bottom) Strip of soil surface prepared by grinder -type mulcher for emulsion application.

(Continued from Previous Page) Fig. 3 ( top ) shows the action of an engine- driven dry -soil grinder mounted on a sled which was con- { structedfortestingpurposes, and `° , Fig. 3 ( bottom ) shows the action of +X `. . . _ _ , the moist -soil tiller operated as a one- w ` . d' . V" i row tractor- mounted test unit. 7- it Result of Tests . , Evaluation of tests with the dry - ; . z ... .-'`'` and wet soil tillers gave information " for design of a two -row tractor- mount- ed tilling, planting, mulching assem- ,.. bly.The tiller rotors for wet and dry soil preparation were interchangeable. The units are driven by reversible hydraulic motors which permit conven- FIGURE 4.Cotton emerging from emulsion - covered soil after rain and sun baking (at left). Note few cracks in the row. Row on right was not treated and too few Page 15 Progressive Agriculture plants are emerging to make a satisfactory stand. Resource Development In Arizona

By Clarence D. Edmond

Before we discuss resource development, perhaps we should first define what we mean by the term.It has had, and still has, many interpreta- tions. Workers in Extension and research, and in many agencies, have said they or their agencies have always worked in resource development. And if we define resource development in very broad terms, this is true. But, by community resource development, we mean work with local governments, organized groups, and state and federal agencies, (1) in de- fining public and group objectives for improving the area, (2) in de- FIGURE 5:Side view of tractor mounted equipment for emulsion application, showing termining the most desirable means of clod pusher, mulcher, and planter with press wheel and spray nozzles beyond tractorobtaining the objectives, and (3) in wheel. developing action programs for achieving the selected goals.This sort of a definition excludes much work which has been classified as "resource development." Our Work in Arizona Under the above definition, com- (Continued from Previous Page) without apparent need for modifica-munity andresourcedevelopment duction of clod size was obtained intions. work in Arizona began about 1961 most of the tests. Some difficulty was when one economist in the State Ex- experiencedinmaintaining proper Summary tension Office was assigned part time seed depth.Germination was not 1. It is possible to prepare dryto Resource Development. Two good where seeds were shallowersoil for petroleum emulsion applica-county agents also began devoting than 1 in., but deeper placement wastion with a self- feeding grinder withpart time to resource development found to be practical with petroleuma relatively low horsepower require-work.Progress was slow due to a emulsion because of the higher soilment, using 8 -in. strips per row. shortage of funds and personnel, and temperatures developed. 2.This machineiseasilycon- lack of interest of Extension person- In 1965 field tests were conductedverted to a tiller for moist soil bynel and farm organizations.An at- with cotton and included strip till-changing the rotor and shear platetempt was made to establish a State age, petroleum emulsion versus stripand reversing direction. Rural Areas Development Committee, tillage without petroleum emulsion 3. Much smallerquantitiesofbut was postponed due to disagree- and conventionalseedbeds.Theseemulsion are needed whena smoothment among political factions. tests were conducted near Phoenix,surface is obtained by strip -tillageop- During 1961 -1963 Extension assist- Arizona.Early spring plantings wereerations 40 -in. rows will requireed four counties in organizingre- also conducted near Wellton, Arizona,less than 10 gpa per in. of band widths o u r c e development organizations. on March 7, ( Figure 5) .A fair standfor good film cover.Field tests indi-Three of these became quite active. was obtained although rows werecate that petroleum -emulsion- coveredAccomplishments have ranged from over - irrigated and two rainsfollowed soil warms faster, resulting in earlyhuman resource studies, to studies of which left soil hard and cracked. Agermination, and aids emergence bynatural resources suchas water, to poor stand resultedfrom the germi-avoiding crust formation. industry feasibility studies,to secur- nation on conventional seedbeds, and 4. Use of emulsion provides stand (Continued on Next Page) these rows were replanted. insurance and should eliminate the Dr. Edmond is an Extension Economist Other tests were run in 1966 andneed for replanting under adverse directing the Community and ResourceDe- 1967 using the strip -tillage machineweather conditions. Emergence isun-velopment work discussed in thisarticle. ( Progressive Agriculture, Sept. - Oct.affected byrains,occurringafter 1967) and it performed satisfactoryplanting. January - February Page 16 (Continued from Previous Page) Extension office, the State Extension 1. Arrangingseveralmeetingsfor College of Mine personnel to dis- ing industries.Cooperation amongresource development specialist,and cuss the area's mineral resources local people in these counties im-the director of the Cooperative Ex- with local groups. proved to a marked extent. tension Service. 2. Arranging for personnel in the The committee meets about twice College of Anthropology to explain Area Resource Efforts to local businessmen the value of In 1965, the Federal Extension Serv- a year :(1) to discuss new informa- pre - historic Indian ruins in the icenotifiedtheState Cooperativetion, (2) to appraise progress of the area. Extension Service that limited fundsprogram, and ( 3) to suggest future 3. Aiding the Division of Continuing courses of action. Education with a tourist develop- were available on a merit basis for ment school. area resource development work." To Get Acquainted 4. Working with the Board of Super- Northeastern Arizonawas chosen for According to members of the com- visors and Planning Officials to a proposed project, since considerablemittee, these meetings have been very gain interest and establish plan- preliminary work had occurred, and ning and zoning ordinances. worthwhile.They offer a chance for 5. Coordinating a visit by a team of the need for coordination of resourcegetting acquainted and exchanging Universityspecialiststoadvise development work among Indians andideas, and they present the only means Board of Supervisors, City Coun- whites was apparent. cils, Chambers of Commerce, and for coordinating development work others on industrial parks,de- During the summer of 1965, keywithin the large area concerned. velopment of playgrounds, devel- leaders in Navajo and Apache Coun- Committee suggestions which have opment of small parks, and de- ties were contacted to obtain theirbeen accomplished are: velopment of recreation complexes. opinion of the value of placing a 6. Aiding the Boards of Supervisors 1. A compilation of an inventory of indeveloping projectproposals, resource development specialist in the the area's resources. and securing information on fi- two- county area.Unanimous support 2. Planning and conducting a meet- nancing for such projects as Head was received. A project proposal was ing for Planning and Zoning offi- Start, bridge construction, recrea- submitted to the Federal Extension cials in the area. tion complexes, community centers, Service, and funds were granted. The 3. Discussion of needed roads with planning and zoning, etc. groups. 7. Assisting the Civil Defense Direc- area specialist in community and re- 4. Development of slides and talks tor, and the Planning and Zoning sources development began work on on outdoor recreation. Commission in arranging meetings April 1, 1966. 5. Development of a colorful place and developing materials for pro- mat showing major attractions of gram content. The area covered includes all of the area, for use in restaurants. 8. Notifyinglocalgovernmentsof Apache and Navajo Counties, plus the possibility of obtaining sur- portions of Coconino and Gila Coun- The Committee of Area Leaders is plus government equipment for ties. This area includes over onecomposedof15personsselected local use. through a leadership survey of the 9. Assisting City Councils in obtain- fifth of the land area of the state ing information on financing and and extends about 250 miles fromarea.Following techniques used in developing community centers, north to south, and 160 miles fromOhio and a few other states, a top swimming pools, and libraries. east to west.It includes the Navajo,leadership survey of the area was Hopi, and Fort Apache Indian Reser-conducted among recognized leaders. Workshops for Leaders vations, where incomes are very low.The 15 persons whose names were Title I funds of the Higher Educa- mentioned most often in the surveytion Act of 1965 were used for a state Local Cooperation were invited to serve on the "Top 15and several area workshops.These With only one additional profes-Leader Committee."All accepted. workshops were designed for state sional for such a large area, our pro- Members come from such occupa-and local leaders in community and gram obviously had to be based upontionsasranching,publishing,realresourcedevelopment.The funds the involvement of local people. Theestate, banks and investment com-were used primarilyfor obtaining role of the area specialist is that of apanies, boards of supervisors, indus-recognized leaders from out -of -state catalyst and informal coordinator. Fortry, business, Bureau of Indian Af-to assist with the state workshop, and program content, we depend largelyfairs, and Chambers of Commerce. for transportation and materials need- upon two area committees. These are This group has chosen to meeted for conducting the area workshops. the Area Professional Advisory Com-quarterly to discuss progress, prob- Topics covered in the first series mittee, and the Committee of Arealems, and opportunities for the area.included: (1) A Framework for Re- Leaders.Although these committeesSome suggestionsofthe Top 15source Development; ( 2) A Classifi- have no administrative authority overLeaders which have been carried outcation and Inventory of Resources in the area project,their guidance isduring the past six months are: Arizona;(3) Leadership Identifica- highly valued, and programs are de- tion;( 4)Organizational Structures veloped around their suggestions. 1. Analysis of uses of sawmill waste for Resource Development;( 5) The Area Advisory Committee is com- materials. Social Action Process; 2. Development of industrial parks ( 6) Orienta- posed of individuals selected because in the major towns. tion on Federal, State, and University of the position held.Included are 3.Coordinationofsuggestionsfor Programs and Services for Communi- tribal leaders, key people in the Bu- road development and improve- ties; and ( 7) Topic Sessions on: Edu- reau of Indian Affairs, the chairman ment. cation and Training, Health, Programs 4. Analysis of water resources sup- of the Board of Supervisors in each plies, rights, and quality. for the Disadvantaged, Community county, the chairman of the Resource 5. Identification of, and employment Facilities and Services, Planning and Development Organizationin each information on,persons in the Zoning, Industries for Arizona, and county, chairman of each county's labor force who need jobs. Recreation. 6. Development of educational ma- Technical Action Panel, the National terials on planning and zoning, These workshops werevery well Forests supervisors, directors of Coun- area improvement, local facilities, received, with 79% of the participants ty Community Action Programs, rep- and other things which attract in the state workshop rating itas ex- resentativesfromeach County new industry. cellent or very good, and only8% Other Accomplishments in the rating it as fair or poor. Page 17 Progressive AgricultureArea Project Include: (Continued on Next Page) SPECIALIZATION IN NOME ECONOMICS By Ruth C. Hall the subject matter areas set up by the American Home Economics Associa- tion. Probably because home economics Some May Combine has been known generally by that one Some universities, in order to facili- title, the layman has not been awaretate administrative activities, may of the subject matter specializationscombine one or more of these fields. within the field. However, the subject matter dealt Yet, for many years the Americanwith by each is unique unto itself, Home Economics Association has rec-and in many cases quite different from ognized eight different subject matterothers. areas and the largest universities have At The University of Arizona we done so, too.Art, Family Economics -have established five subject matter Home Management, Family Relations divisions :Child Development and. and Child Development, Food andFamily Relations, Clothing Textiles Nutrition, Home Economics Teacherand Related Art. Family Economics-!, Education, Housing Furnishings andHome Management, Food and Nutri- Equipment,InstitutionAdministra-tion, and Home Economics Education.' tion, and Textiles and Clothing areEach division has a chairman and various professors who are specialists in a given field which is a part of the Dr. Hall is director of the School of Home Economics in this College of Agriculture. (Continued on Next Page)

TESTING TENSILE STRENGTH of cotton fibers is Miss Ruth Allen, chairman of the Division of Clothing, Textiles and Related Arts.

(Continued from Previous Page) Future workshops will be on specific phases of resource development, such as Recreation, Industry, etc. Start Was Slow Resource Development work in Ari- zona began slowly.A shortage of funds, and slow awareness of some local people and educational institu- tions to the great need for this type of work have hindered progress. But the "barnacles" of tradition, distrust, jealousies, and empire builders are slowlygiving waytothesharp abrasives of needs of people and their communities, and the logic of meeting these needs as straightforwardly and as simply as possible. The area approach seems especially valuable in coordinating local needs with available help.However, for it to be successful, people mustbe con- sulteil and must take part in the programs for development.But help from the total University system and TWO STAFF MEMBERS in the Division of Family Economics and HomeManagement from many agenciesisessentialifexamine foods stored in a home freezer. area resourcedevelopment work is to move forward at asatisfactory pace. January - February Page 18 still are committed to education of the specialists who probably cannot be labeled as home economists. Interior design majors, in my opinion, are a representation of a specialization in home economics who have much home economics work but who are not really home economists. These majors will take classes in an explicit, specialized field and, because of their concentration in this field, will not be able to work as home economists. Home economics has a unique role to play in the education of certain of these related fields, like interior design, for example. Because we offer courses in housing, child development,food,householdequipment, interior design majors who take this work, we believe, are better able to develop designs for people who will be using kitchens, nurseries, and laun- dries.Our role is interpretation and application of needs of home and families to the specific specialtyun- THIS NURSERY SCHOOL class comes underthe Division of Child Development and Family Relations. der consideration.If an interior de- signer has never had contact with children and knows little about their (Continued on Next Page) needs, he will most likely experience subject matter division. difficulty in designing interiors for For example, Dr. Victor Christo-children.Home economics subject pherson is chairman anda member ofmatter helps correct this situation. the Division of Child Development and Family Relations.However, his Great Variability major field is in work in the family. Because of these specializations, a He is not a specialist in child develop-great many different kinds of activi- ment.Yet Dr. Jean Ruley, alsoaties go on simultaneously in home eco- member of the Division of Child De- nomics.For example, last year one velopment and Family Relations,is of our graduate students majoring in a specialist in child development. SheFamily Economics -Home M a n a g e- does not consider her fieldto be thatment received a grant from the J. C. of the family. Penney Company for research related Accelerated Specialization to catalog buying. Another concerned Specialization in each of the sub-herself with the comparison of two ject matter divisions of homeeco-types of permanent press men's shirts. nomics is rapidly accelerating,as it isThe latter student took the Master of in every other discipline.For thisScience degree with a major in Cloth- reason the education of home econo-ing, Textiles, and Related Art.Still mists who will be employed in theanother graduate student majoring in general areas, not as specialists inaChild Development -Family Relations subject matter field, is constantlyun-investigated the effect of reinforce- der review. We must besure thatment upon the questioning activity of certain materials from each fieldaretwo culturally deprived children. included in their education.But we (Continued on Next Page)

A CURRICULUM WORKSHOP attracts Home Economicsteachers from throughout the state.This is a frequent event, sponsored by the Divisionof Home Economics Education.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY is used as a I tool by the Division of Food and Nutri- tion.Here Student Martina Cooper in- jects fatty acid methyl extract into the chromatograph.

Page 19 Progressive Agriculture (Continued from Previous Page) These represent only three of the many graduate students studying inSuctécwz-Ce4'aaed home economics at The University of Arizona. The faculty is engaged in a great number ofdifferentactivitiestoo. Dr. Victor Christopherson has just published a book entitled COMPARA- PIcislk Q4&.t SIvicie TIVE MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY, a book dealing with family structure in different countries of the world. This, of course, is quite different from the work of Dr. Mary Ann Kight.She has been working with local hospitals and one in Nogales in the develop- By W. T. Welchert and James W. Little ment of a program designed to provide new and realistic experiences to freshmen and sophomore dietetic students.At the other extreme is Mrs. Mildred Jensen's work with local interior designers in the establishmentMaterials Needed a base covering about 30 feet and of actual on- the -job work experiences 1. Two large polyethylene plastic the top cover distance required is for students. sheets of 6 mil thickness. A sheet about 35 feet.Keep grain at Like all other disciplines, home eco- 32' x 100' is suggested for the least 5 feet from both ends of nomics is becoming more and more base (4 mil is OK for the base). plastic sheet and 2 feet from specialized.Recognition of the areas A sheet 40' x 100' is suggested the edges.It is easier to unload in which the specializationoccurs for the cover.Cost estimated at with the elevator located in the helps point to the broad base upon one cent per square foot. middle of the width of the sheet, which home economicsrests,and 2. A used evap- cooler package unit, rather than from the side.In this helps understanding of the total field. with fan and motor in good work- case, spread the bottom of the ing order. A fan capable of de- sheet and then roll it up about veloping at least 1/4 inch of static 40' of the length.Set the eleva- The Eggless Breakfast water suction at either full ca- tor over the rolled up section. People just do not eat as many eggs as pacity or zero air delivery and As the pile progresses, move the they used to.Per capita consumption has operatingcontinuously without elevator forward and unroll the fallen more than 10 percent in the last 10 harm is required. sheet forward. Why? years. 3. A one -inch by about 3' x 6' solid 4. Set a used evap -cooler at one end Mainly it's because of the parallel trends to skimpier breakfasts and lessstrenuous wood panel or equivalent to form of the pile.A 4000 CFM for- work. the top of duct between the grain ward- curvedcentrifugalfan Most people who eat eggs have them at and fan.Side panels are also evap- cooler package unit with a breakfast.The bulk of all shell eggs are suggested to reduce the stress on 1/3 horsepower motor has been consumed then.But changes in living and the plastic. working patterns during recent years have used successfully on a 130 ton swayed many away from the breakfast egg. 4. A roll of 2" plastic tape.Cost pile of sorghum by Willis Combs Some people do not feel the need for a less than $4.00. at Queen Creek.It's probable large breakfast; others are dieting.More Procedure that 200 tons might have been and more working wives have switched to 1. Select and clear a good ground stored with this same material prepared breakfast cerealsfor themselves storage site with drainage in all and their families, and they use fewer eggs and equipment. in baking than non -working wives. directions or build up a ground 5. Place a wood panel about the storage pad. width of the cooler frame on 2. Spread the bottom 32' x100' top of the cooler and push it into sheet of 6 mil plastic on the the grain pile to form the top of Hire Hike cleared ground pad.Use some the fan duct inlet.Handle side Machine hire, custom and contract work temporary weights to hold the panels in the sameway to form -three tactics to cut equipment costs.But film in place. duct. there's a price tag attached to these serv- 3. Unload the grain directly on the 6. Cover the grain pile and fan ices -and it came to $869 million in 1964 sheet. ( the year of the last agricultural census) . Set the auger to unload frame with the 40'x 100' plastic Back in 1959, expenditures for such work on the centerline of the sheet and sheet. The edges of the top amounted to only $805 million. as high as necessary or permis- sheet should be tucked under the Per farm, expenditures for machine hire, sible so that the grain seeks its edges of the bottom sheet. custom and contract work rose about 30 own level of repose and is cen- Roll percent between 1959 and 1964 - from the grain at the edge of the pile tered on the 32 foot wide sheet. out slightly to anchor the plastic $405 to $530. The angle of repose for sorghum Approximately 1.6 million farms - or edges and forma seal.At the half the U.S. total - reported using these and barley is about 30 degrees exhaust fan end, tape the plas- services in 1964.Though this was 17 per- from the horizontal.Hence, a tic around the fan exhaust out- cent fewer than the number reporting simi- pile 71 / feet high will resultin let. lar work in 1959, the total number of farms Mr. Combs simply rolled the in the United States declined 15 percent Mr. Welchert isExtension Agricultural excess plastic edges together and during 1959 -64 - which accounts for a Engineer, Mr. Littlean Agricultural Agent good part of the drop. in Pinal County. January- February Page 20 TUCK TOP EDGE UNDER LOWER SHEET & PUSH A LITTLE GRAIN OUT FROM PILE EDGE TO COMPLETE SEAL.

6- MILBL. POLY PLASTIC FILM FAN EXHAUST

4 or 6-MIL BLACK POLY PLASTIC FILM USED EVAP - COOLER 90 MAXIMUM PILE BASE

ENGINEER'S DRAWING shows placement of the evaporative cooler device, location of fan exhaust, general specifications of the grain storage unit.

(Continued from Previous Page) and dogs from breaking holes throughmay cause moisture to condense just anchored the roll with a littlethe plastic.Actually, a few small pinunder the surface of the plastic if soil. holes are not likely to be of concernhigh moisture grain is present.The 7. Turn on the fan and the plasticso long as these openings are nothigh surface temperature creates a should draw down tight on themore than the fan can draw off whilevapor pressure difference in the pile, grain pile in a matter of severalstill maintaining 1/4 inch of static suc-which sucks the moisture to the sur- minutes.Plastic under suctiontion.If a portion comes loose andface and the sudden night cooling tends to be self- sealing.Operatethe air comes in faster than the fancauses it to condense.So if you sus- the fan continuously throughoutcan draw it off, then suction will droppect some local high moisture grain, the storage period. A conventionalto nearly zero and there will be alift the cover and inspect for a film evap -cooler fan can easily main-problem of keeping the cover in place.of moisture in the early morning. tain1/4inch of static suction.Fortunately, small holes or a rip can If grain of questionable moisture Forward curved centrifugal fansbe repaired with tape or small plasticcontent is to be stored, an aeration actually unload the motor slightlysheet. system may be incorporated in this when not exhausting air. ( The Likewise, short power failures aresystem. Thus far, not much engineer- fan motor current drops aboutnot serious because it will take someing data are available to completely 10% of full air delivery capacity.) time to lose all of the vacuum throughinsure success with an aeration sys- However, the motors used inthe exhaust fan opening. When op-tem even though Andrew's experience evap - coolersdonotgenerallyerating continuously, this plastic -cov-atIllinoisinvolved corn that was have any safety or overload pro-ered pile will stay in place without agenerally above the normally accept- tection.Infact,theirdesignripple with surface winds in excessed safe storage level.However, con- normally anticipates a cool run-of 60 mph. ditions are just not the same. ning environment in the evapo- A 1/1 inch static suction is equiva- Arizona's low relative humidity re- rated air stream.Normally, anlent to a uniform pressure on the plas-sults in a low equilibrium moisture electric motor is designed withtic cover of 1.3 pounds /ft2 or aboutcontent and the high temperatures an overload factor of 1.1 to 1.2.3000 pounds for a 125 ton storagetend to increase all forms of biologi- For evap- cooler motors this is not cover. cal activity.The higher the storage the case.Do not exceed the Grain stored in this manner shouldmoisture content is above equilibrium rated current load on the motornot exceed 12% moisture content.the greater the storage danger.To plate.Use an ammeter and ad-Sunlight either penetrating a trans-combat high moisture content,air just the pulleys to stay within thelucent material or absorbed on themust be moved through the grain and rated current. surface as in the case of black poly-air flow should be uniformly distrib- ethylene can produce a surprising ef-uted.If the volume of airmove- Comments fect.The surface temperature of thement is sufficient, some drying is ac- A chicken wire fence should be in-cover may approach 160° F. duringcomplished. To do thiswe must first stalled around the area to keep catsmidday.During early morning theadd an air inlet opening at the end surface may cool down to 50° F. orof the pile opposite the fan. Page 21 Progressive Agriculture less. Such temperature differential (Continued on Next Page) SUCTION- CONTROLLED plastic temporary grain storage setup in actual use in Arizona.Notice how effectively the suc - -<- tien causes the plastic to cling to the contours of the piles of grain.Also note crimped edges of the plastic, where it meets the ground.

of aeration is that the cool night air can be drawn through the pile to cool thisgrain down to a temperature more near the average for the season. It's an easy matter to flip the plastic back in place over the inlet duct for daytime operation. Plastic films exposed to the sun will showcontinuousdeteriorationbe- cause the ultraviolet fraction of the sun's rays cause a chemical reaction. Six mil polyethylene will stand at least one year's exposure. With care, (Continued on Next Page) flow increases rapidly.Even at thethe top cover can be salvaged for use This area should be about twicelowest beneficial air flow for aerationagain next season.Itis suggested the size of the fan outlet area, butthrough 10' of sorghum we quicklythat the top cover be used on the bot- in no case more than enough to re-exceed the static characteristic of antom for the second season.It may duce the 1/4 inch of static pressureevap- cooling fan which usually doesbe possible to salvage the bottom required to hold the plastic cover innot exceed 0.4 inches of water. Thus,sheet but it is generally assumed that place.Further, fan capacity shouldfans with higher static vacuum ca-this will be severely damaged when be increased and /or the pile size de-pacity are required asoutlined inloading out the grain.If odd sizes creased so that we can anticipate anUSDA Marketing Research Reportare required because of some mistake air exchange of from 1 to 5 CFM per178 "Aeration of Grain." On the otherin pile dimension, ( i.e. a 40' film does ton of grain at 1 /.1 inch static vacuumhand, some air may flow at 1/4" staticnot cover the top of a pile) plastic or more.This specification requirespressure. The question is, how much?film handlers have a film solvent ce- that we match the fan capacity at aItisdoubtfulthattheairflowment that will glue sheets together. given static resistance to the resist-amount will approach minimum aera- The total out of pocket investment ance of air flow through the grain.tion level.Hence, we can assumecost for storing 130 tons of sorghum The static resistance in sorghum willthat an aeration design for high mois-on the Combs farm was $82.00.The vary from about 1/2" static resistanceture content grain storage will requirecost of continuous operation of the at 10' grain depth and 5 CFM pera fan capable of developing 7" of1/,3 horsepower electric motor is about ton to as much as 7" static resistancewater static suction.This rules out12 cents per day. at 100' grain depth and only 1 CFMthe use of evap -cooler fans. If an aeration system is required, air flow per ton.As air flow re- Grain harvested from the field dur-it is suggested that you call the Ex- quired increases and the grain depthing the day isusually quite warmtension Agricultural Engineer at the increases, the static resistance to airwhen stored.One of the advantagesUniversity for design assistance. BLOOM SPRAYS OF GIBBERELLIN ON GRAPES PROGRESS REPORT ByJ. M. Nelson, G. C. Sharpies, J. R. KuykendaII, L. F. True and H. F. Tate

Inrecent years the table grapewhen applied to grape clusters fol-fornia vineyards suggest that spray- market has placed a premium onlowing bloom. ing the flower clusters with GA dur- grapeclusterswithlargeberries. As berry size is increased, however,ing bloom reduces berry set and con- Growers of Thompson Seedless grapesclusters become very compact makingsequently prevents tight clusters from have been able to produce a largepackaging more difficult and provid- developing.If true, fruit set could berry size through the use of post -ing a more favorable environment forbe reduced by bloom sprays ofGA,I bloom applications of gibberellin andbunch rot.Berry thinning isan ef-and the need for hand thinning of by girdling.Gibberellin (GA) is afective method forlooseningtight (Continued on Next Page) growth regulator which causes de-clusters but requiresexpensive hand velopment of greatly enlarged berrieslabor.Results of experiments in Cali-January-February Page 22 Summary of Results Obtained With Gibberellin Sprays on Thompson Seedless Table Grapes in 1967

% Berries/ Length Gibberellin Berry (cm) Lateral Berry% Soluble Treatments Set Lateral(cm) Wt. (gm)Solids

Untreated 46 . 16.8 2.21 16.9 Pre -bloom Only 37 3.2 16.8 2.10 16.6 Bloom Only 49 3.8 18.7 2.50 17.2 Bloom Plus Single Post -Bloom 50 3.9 19.3 3.33 15.5 Bloom Plus Split Post -bloom 55 3.5 19.3 4.04 14.6 Single Post -bloom Only 43 3.4 17.1 3.49 15.2 Split Post -bloom 48 3.4 18.8 3.81 14.8

Least significant difference at 5% Level 8 N.S. N.S. 0.50 1.2

(Continued from Previous Page) tween bloom sprays and cluster loose- Just before bloom flower buds on berries eliminated. ness.Rating the clusters was diffi-the three uppermost lateral stems of Experiments were conducted in acult, however, due to differences in16 clusters per treatment were count- ' commercial vineyard near Litchfieldberry size.Clusters sprayed at bloom ed. These counts were compared Park, Arizona in 1966 and 1967 toproduced significantly heavier berrieswith the number of berries on the evaluate the effect of bloom sprays ofthan clusters receiving only shattersame laterals at harvest to determine GA on Thompson Seedless grapes un-sprays.Thisindicated the bloomactual berryset. The number of der Arizona conditions. sprays were additionally effective inberries per centimeter was determined In 1966, sprays of 20 ppm GA wereincreasing berry size. for the same three laterals. applied when 50 percent of flowers Comparison of number of berries The results in the table show that were open and when 90 percent wereper centimeter of lateral and numberbloom sprays of GA had no effect on open. The standard post -bloom sprayof berries per cluster did not indicateberry set.The pre -bloom application of 30 ppm was applied at shatter toany differences in fruit set due towas the only treatment which signifi- both untreated and treatedvines. treatments.The length of lateralscantly reduced berry set below that Following bloom, clusters werealso was unaffected by bloom sprays. of unsprayed control vines.There thinned to about sixlateral stems also were no differencesbetween ( shoulders) by removing the tip por- The 1967 experiment compared thetreatments in number of berries per tion and vines were girdled. The finaleffect of a pre -bloom GA spray ascentimeter of lateral. Length of later- crop consisted of about 20 to 24 clus-well as bloomtime sprays on clusterals tended to be greater on bloom ters per vine.There were three rep- looseness.Also included were splitsprayed clusters, but the differences lications of three -vine treatments. applications of the standard singlewere not significant. At harvest each cluster was sub-post -bloom shatter spray. Some grow- In this experiment GA applied dur- jectively rated for looseness by fiveer opinion holds that two post -blooming bloom did not increase berry independent observers.To obtain aapplications will result in larger berryweight significantly.As was expect- more direct measure of fruit set thesize than can be obtained with aned post -bloom sprays produced the number of berries per centimeter ofequivalent single application. largest berries.Splitting the post- lateral stem length for the uppermost About 10 days prior to bloom vinesbloom application generally resulted lateral on 15 clusters per treatmentwere thinned to 16 to 18 clusters andin greater berry weight than when and the number of berries per clusterthe 10 ppm pre -bloom spray was ap-single applications were used.Total was determined. plied.Bloom sprays consisted of 10solublesolids percentages obtained The ratings showed no relation be-ppm GA applied to vines at both theat harvest indicate post -bloom appli- 20 and 80 percent bloom stages. Thecations delayed maturity. The UA grape research team includesstandard post -bloom spray of 40 ppm Results of two years' experiments J. M. Nelson, Farm Specialist; G. C. Shar- ¡pies, Associate Horticulturist; J. R. Kuyken- was applied at shatter while the splitdo not show any measurable berry {/dall,Horticulturist; L. F. True, Maricopa applications were 20 ppm applied atthinning effect from bloomsprays of . County ExtensionAgent, and H. F. Tate,shatter and 20 ppm applied 7 daysGA under Arizona conditions.The Extension Specialist in Horticulture. following shatter.In this experimentuse of bloom sprays and, particularly, there were 4 replications of four -vinepre -bloom sprays of GA will be in- Page 23 Progressive Agriculturetreatments. vestigated further this comingseason. MeIz'te#i CdeS aec Te P4oIec2 I2eeS

The high mortality of honeybees from pesticides, which has been a serious blow to beekeepers in Arizona and many other states, will be allevi- ated by new research efforts. So said Dr. George L. Mehren, assistant secretary of agriculture, ad- dressing the audience at dedication of a new U.S. Bee Laboratory here on Nov. 9.The new $500,000 facility At the dedication of the new U. S. Bee Research Laboratory, in mid- Novembe on East Allen Rd., just east of Camp- Miss Martha Gilliam (center) graduate assistant in microbiology, discusses her work with (at left) George L. Mehren, assistant secretary of agriculture, who came here bell Avenue, is directed by Dr. Mar- from Washington to address the dedication audience, and Dr. Marshall D. Levin (right), shall D. Levin. head of the new facility. Mehren, speaking on the UA campus, said scientists are trying to find non -chemical alternatives in the battle against crop- destroying insect pests. "We also are trying to get people to use pesticides sensibly to avoid contamination," said the aide to Secre- tary Freeman. Pesticides recently were blamed for the death of a large percentage of the honeybees in the Tucson area. The U. S. Bee Laboratory, closely affiliatedin teaching and research with the UA College of Agriculture, originally was started here in 1947, with just a two -man staff.It got its PROGRESSIVE Official Publication of the start at the request of Senator Carl College of Agriculture and Hayden, who also fathered the bill AGRICULTURE School of Home Economic to build the new half million dollar The University of Arizona facility. INARIZONA After the dedication program, visi- tors visited the new laboratory, tour- ing facilities and learning about the work being done there. New research now seeks to develop artificial diets for bees, to learn their scent and color preferences, and other secrets in the lives of this insect which has, from Biblical times, been associated with mankind.

January- February Page 24