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Heft 2/2011 in 2010 Zeitschrift für Chinesisches Recht Herausgegeben von der Hans-Georg Bollweg/Norman Doukoff/Nils Deutsch-Chinesischen Jansen, Das neue chinesische Haftpflicht- Juristenvereinigung e.V. gesetz Kwang Hyun SUK, Some Observations on In Verbindung mit dem the Chinese Private International Law Act: Deutsch-Chinesischen Institut Korean Law Perspective für Rechtswissenschaft Knut Benjamin Pißler, „Kaufverträge“ über Immobilien in China: Das OVG tritt für die Rechte der Immobilienerwerber ein und weist Bauträger in die Schranken Erläuterungen des OVG der VR China zu einigen Fragen der Rechtsanwendung bei der Behandlung von Streitfällen über Kaufverträge bei gehandelten Häusern Bibliography of Academic Writings in the Field of Chinese Law in Western Languages Heft 2/2011 in 2010 18. Jahrgang, S. 91-176 Inhalt, ZChinR 2011 INHALT AUFSÄTZE Hans-Georg Bollweg/Norman Doukoff/Nils Jansen, Das neue chinesische Haftpflichtgesetz 91 Kwang Hyun SUK, Some Observations on the Chinese Private International Law Act: Korean Law Perspective 105 Knut Benjamin Pißler, „Kaufverträge“ über Immobilien in China: Das Oberste Volksgericht tritt für die Rechte der Immobilienerwerber ein und weist Bauträger in die Schranken 116 DOKUMENTATIONEN Erläuterungen des Obersten Volksgerichts der Volksrepublik China zu einigen Fragen der Rechtsanwendung bei der Behandlung von Streitfällen über Kaufverträge bei gehandelten Häusern (Selina Schmid/Knut Benjamin Pißler) 131 Bibliography of Academic Writings in the Field of Chinese Law in Western Languages in 2010 (Knut Benjamin Pißler/WANG Dan) 140 BUCHBESPRECHUNGEN Henningsen, Lena: Copyright Matters. Imitation, Creativity and Authenticity in Contemporary Chinese Literature (Adolf Dietz) 165 Sorg, Julia: Der wirtschaftliche Einfluss des TRIPS-Abkommens auf die Volksrepublik China und Thailand. Schriften zum geistigen Eigentum und zum Wettbewerbsrecht (Adolf Dietz) 167 ADRESSEN Kanzleien mit einer Mitgliedschaft in der Deutsch-Chinesischen Juristenvereinigung e.V. 171 European China Law Studies Association (ECLS) ⃻⌆Ё೑⊩ⷨおणӮ ECLS Annual Conference “Law and Justice: China’s Practices in a Global Context” Sciences Po Paris, September 28-29, 2011 The European China Law Studies Association (⃻⌆Ё೑⊩ⷨおणӮ www.ecls.eu, hereafter ECLS) is pleased to invite applications to attend its 6th Annual General Conference which will be held this year at Sciences Po Paris from September 28 to 29, 2011. Since its founding in 2006, ECLS has become a major meeting point for scholars, observers and practitioners around the world who are engaged in the study of Chinese legal environment and its changing society, from both a comparative and interdisciplinary perspectives. The annual general conference provides an excellent forum for the exchange of information as well as a platform for the development of research collaborations or joint projects. The conference is also intended to cultivate a new generation of scholars and practitioners interested in issues related to China, the EU and legal globalization. Themes for the 2011 General Conference: “Law and Justice: China’s Practices in a Global Context” are the following: 28 September 2011 Module I: Law of Environment and Sustainable Development Module II: Legal Safety 29 September 2011 Module III: Practicing Law Module IV: The Future of Law Registration information and registration forms are available at www.ecls.eu Stéphanie Balme, senior research fellow, Sciences Po Paris Program director « Law, Justice and Society in China » Bollweg/Doukoff/Jansen, Das neue chinesische Haftpflichtgesetz, ZChinR 2011 AUFSÄTZE Das neue chinesische Haftpflichtgesetz Hans-Georg Bollweg/Norman Doukoff/Nils Jansen1 I. Einleitung1 1. Zum rechtspolitischen Hintergrund Am 26.12.2009 wurde das neue chinesische Nun stellten sich beim Sachenrechtsgesetz aus Haftpflichtgesetz (teilweise auch als „Gesetz über chinesischer Perspektive schwierige ideologische die Haftung für die Verletzung von Rechten“ oder Probleme: Galt es doch, das Privateigentum jetzt – abgekürzt – als „Deliktsrechtsgesetz“ bezeichnet2; auch demonstrativ ins Zentrum des Sachenrechts 9 im Folgenden HaftpflichtG) verabschiedet; es ist zu stellen, ohne die traditionellen Formen kollekti- am 1.7.2010 in Kraft getreten.3 Nach dem Vertrags- ven und staatlichen Eigentums zu entwerten, die (1999) und dem Sachenrechtsgesetz (2007)4 ist im chinesischen Recht nach wie vor einen Kern der 10 damit ein weiterer Schritt auf dem Weg der Rekodi- nationalen Identität bestimmen. Freilich war auch fikation5 des chinesischen Zivilrechts getan. Ange- die Reform des Haftungsrechts alles andere als ein- sichts manch technischen Mangels6 kann man fach. Denn das chinesische Haftungsrecht ist in freilich zweifeln, ob dieser Schritt nicht etwas vorei- einem wesentlich höheren Maße ökonomischen lig erfolgt ist: Das Gesetzgebungsvorhaben wird und politisch-ideologischen Sachzwängen und erst seit 2005 beraten und ist damit verhältnismäßig Funktionserwartungen ausgesetzt als das in jung. Hatte man im Gesetzgebungsverfahren zum Europa der Fall ist. Soziale Versicherungssysteme Sachenrecht noch acht Entwürfe förmlich disku- funktionieren häufig ebenso schlecht wie Haft- tiert,7 so wurde das Haftpflichtgesetz auf der pflichtversicherungen, die häufig durch geringe Grundlage eines dritten Entwurfs verabschiedet; Deckungssummen entwertet sind; wesentlich häu- und das Vorhaben stand in dieser Zeit offenbar figer als in Europa geht es deshalb im Haftungs- auch nicht immer ganz oben auf der Gesetzge- recht tatsächlich darum, wer einen großen Schaden bungsagenda.8 Die meisten Beobachter waren von und nicht nur die Versicherungslasten letztlich tra- dem jähen Ende der Gesetzgebungsdiskussion gen soll. Häufig werfen Haftungsrechtsprobleme in jedenfalls überrascht. China auch schwierige Fragen gesellschaftspoliti- scher Symbolik auf, etwa wenn es als inakzeptabel erscheint, den Angehörigen getöteter Unfallopfers lediglich entgangenen Unterhalt zu leisten,11 weil 1 Dr. Hans-Georg Bollweg ist Ministerialrat im Bundesministerium der das bei gutverdienenden Städtern typischerweise Justiz; Norman Doukoff, M.A., Vorsitzender Richter am Oberlandesge- zu höheren Ausgleichszahlungen als bei geringver- richt München und Prof. Dr. Nils Jansen Inhaber des Lehrstuhls für Römisches Recht und Rechtsgeschichte sowie Europäisches und Deut- dienenden Landbewohnern führe. Das bedeute, so sches Privatrecht an der Universität Münster. die Wahrnehmung des Gesetzgebers, eine inakzep- 2 Das Gesetz wird hier als Haftpflichtgesetz bezeichnet, weil es nicht nur table strukturelle Ungleichbehandlung: Es sei nicht schuldhaftes Fehlverhalten (Delikt), sondern auch die Gefährdungshaf- tungen regelt. angängig, auf diese Weise das Leben eines Stadt- 3 Für eine chinesisch-deutsche Fassung siehe ZChinR 2010, S. 41 ff.; für bürgers höher zu bewerten als das eines unterprivi- eine englische Übersetzung Journal of European Tort Law (JETL) 1 legierten Landbewohners. Dass es insoweit aber (2010), 362 ff. 4 Yuanshi Bu, Einführung in das Recht Chinas, 2009, § 10, Rn. 9. nicht um eine Bewertung des verlorenen Lebens 5 Zur Geschichte des chinesischen Haftungsrechts Helmut Koziol/Yan bzw. um den Ausgleich eines immateriellen Scha- Zhu, Background and Key Contents of the New Chinese Tort Liability Law, JETL 1 (2010), 328 ff. 6 Näher unten III.-VII. 9 7 Bu, Recht Chinas (Fn. 4), § 14, Rn. 3. Das offizielle Beratungsverfahren In der Sache waren die wesentlichen marktwirtschaftlichen Entschei- hatte 1993 begonnen (Hinrich Julius, China auf dem Weg zu einem Zivil- dungen freilich bereits in einer Vielzahl älterer Gesetze getroffen wor- gesetzbuch: Zur Nichtverabschiedung des Sachenrechtsgesetzes, den: Julius, ZChinR 2006, 270, 276. ZChinR 2006, 270 ff.) und damit insgesamt 14 Jahre in Anspruch genom- 10 Einen Überblick bietet Bu, Recht Chinas (Fn. 4), § 14, Rn. 11 ff. men. Einen anschaulichen Bericht bietet Julius, a.a.O., 270–276. 11 Siehe § 17 HaftpflichtG: „Wird durch einen Unfall eine Vielzahl von 8 Das Gesetzgebungsverfahren zeichnen nach Koziol/Zhu, JETL 1 (2010), Person getötet, so kann ein einheitlicher Todesfallschadenersatz festge- 328, 332 ff. legt werden“. 91 Bollweg/Doukoff/Jansen, Das neue chinesische Haftpflichtgesetz, ZChinR 2011 dens geht, sondern um eine kompensatorische Kor- on Tort Law), die naturgemäß nicht in allen Punk- rektur unterschiedlich erlittener Vermögens- ten gleiche Ansichten vertreten mochten. Gleichzei- verluste, ist ein Argument, das der chinesische tig hatte Gert Brüggemeier, der an den Beratungen Gesetzgeber in diesem Zusammenhang nicht gelten ebenfalls beteiligt war, mit seinem chinesischen lassen möchte. Die deutsche Vorstellung eines Schüler Zhu Yan einen akademischen „Entwurf für funktionsentlasteten, allein am Maßstab eines pri- ein chinesisches Haftungsgesetz“ vorgelegt,15 der vatrechtlich gerechten Ausgleichs ausgerichteten über weite Strecken auf früheren haftungsrechtli- Haftungsrechts wäre deshalb lebensfern. chen Forschungsbeiträgen Brüggemeiers aufbaut, die ihrerseits ein eigenständiges Profil aufweisen.16 2. Zur Beratungssituation Eine klare und einheitliche europäische Vorstellung Zugleich sah die chinesische Gesetzgebungs- eines modernen Haftungsrechts lässt sich diesen kommission sich einem verhältnismäßig vielstim- Vorschlägen insgesamt nicht entnehmen. Zusätzli- migen europäischen Beratungschor gegenüber. che Schwierigkeiten resultierten daraus, dass die Offenbar stand schon früh fest – wohl auch aus verhältnismäßig abstrakte Regelbildung dieser Ent- politischen Gründen –, dass man sich an europäi-
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