Macroecological and Macroevolutionary Patterns Emerge in the Universe of GNU/Linux Operating Systems
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Leitfaden Für Debian-Betreuer
Leitfaden für DebianBetreuer Osamu Aoki, Helge Kreutzmann, and Mechtilde Stehmann August 27, 2021 Leitfaden für DebianBetreuer by Osamu Aoki, Helge Kreutzmann, and Mechtilde Stehmann Copyright © 20142020 Osamu Aoki Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the ”Software”), to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ”AS IS”, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IM PLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. Diese Anleitung wurde mit den nachfolgenden Dokumenten als Referenz erstellt: • »Making a Debian Package (AKA the Debmake Manual)«, Copyright © 1997 Jaldhar Vyas. • »The NewMaintainer’s Debian Packaging Howto«, Copyright © 1997 Will Lowe. • »DebianLeitfaden für Neue Paketbetreuer«, Copyright © 19982002 Josip Rodin, 20052017 Osamu Aoki, 2010 Craig Small und 2010 Raphaël Hertzog. Die neuste Version dieser Anleitung sollte • im Paket debmakedoc und • auf der DebianDokumentationsWebsite verfügbar sein. -
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004 – 2013 the Debian Installer Team
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004 – 2013 the Debian Installer team This document contains installation instructions for the Debian GNU/Linux 7.0 system (codename “wheezy”), for the 64-bit PC (“amd64”) architecture. It also contains pointers to more information and information on how to make the most of your new Debian system. Note: Although this installation guide for amd64 is mostly up-to-date, we plan to make some changes and reorganize parts of the manual after the official release of wheezy. A newer version of this manual may be found on the Internet at the debian-installer home page (http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/). You may also be able to find additional translations there. This manual is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Please refer to the license in Appendix F. Table of Contents Installing Debian GNU/Linux 7.0 For amd64..................................................................................x 1. Welcome to Debian .........................................................................................................................1 1.1. What is Debian? ...................................................................................................................1 1.2. What is GNU/Linux? ...........................................................................................................2 1.3. What is Debian GNU/Linux?...............................................................................................3 -
Cucumber Linux Distribution Scott Court February 16, 2018 Who Am I?
An Overview of How I Created the Cucumber Linux Distribution Scott Court February 16, 2018 Who am I? What is Cucumber Linux? ● A Linux distribution built entirely from source, from scratch ● An independent distribution: it’s not based on any other Linux distribution. ● Inspired by: a mixture of Slackware and Linux from Scratch. ● Architectures: i686 and x86_64 ● Package manager: pkgtools (borrowed from Slackware; uses tar archives as packages like Pacman). ● License: MIT ● Mission: provide a Linux distribution that follows the Unix Philosophy with a focus on simplicity, stability and security, and is usable as an every day, general purpose operating system. What can it Do? ● It’s functional as both a server and desktop operating system. ● Server Operating System: – Contains a fully functional LAMP stack as well as SSH, mail, DNS, FTP and Rsync servers. – Runs the web server and mail server for cucumberlinux.com. – Runs the primary mirror for Cucumber Linux (http and rsync). ● Desktop Operating System: – Comes with the XFCE desktop environment, a web browser, a mail client and an office suite. – It’s running this presentation right now. May 2016 – How it Began ● I had just completed my freshman year of college. ● I was looking for a project to work on that Summer. ● I had grown unhappy with the direction most every other Linux distribution was going in (namely the exodus from Sysvinit to Systemd). ● I had always had an interest in operating system development. ● So I set out to make my own Linux distribution, without Systemd. May 2016 – July 2016 ● May, June and July of 2016 were spent doing research and trying out different techniques for building a Linux system from scratch. -
Building Embedded Linux Systems ,Roadmap.18084 Page Ii Wednesday, August 6, 2008 9:05 AM
Building Embedded Linux Systems ,roadmap.18084 Page ii Wednesday, August 6, 2008 9:05 AM Other Linux resources from O’Reilly Related titles Designing Embedded Programming Embedded Hardware Systems Linux Device Drivers Running Linux Linux in a Nutshell Understanding the Linux Linux Network Adminis- Kernel trator’s Guide Linux Books linux.oreilly.com is a complete catalog of O’Reilly’s books on Resource Center Linux and Unix and related technologies, including sample chapters and code examples. ONLamp.com is the premier site for the open source web plat- form: Linux, Apache, MySQL, and either Perl, Python, or PHP. Conferences O’Reilly brings diverse innovators together to nurture the ideas that spark revolutionary industries. We specialize in document- ing the latest tools and systems, translating the innovator’s knowledge into useful skills for those in the trenches. Visit con- ferences.oreilly.com for our upcoming events. Safari Bookshelf (safari.oreilly.com) is the premier online refer- ence library for programmers and IT professionals. Conduct searches across more than 1,000 books. Subscribers can zero in on answers to time-critical questions in a matter of seconds. Read the books on your Bookshelf from cover to cover or sim- ply flip to the page you need. Try it today for free. main.title Page iii Monday, May 19, 2008 11:21 AM SECOND EDITION Building Embedded Linux SystemsTomcat ™ The Definitive Guide Karim Yaghmour, JonJason Masters, Brittain Gilad and Ben-Yossef, Ian F. Darwin and Philippe Gerum Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo Building Embedded Linux Systems, Second Edition by Karim Yaghmour, Jon Masters, Gilad Ben-Yossef, and Philippe Gerum Copyright © 2008 Karim Yaghmour and Jon Masters. -
Master Thesis Innovation Dynamics in Open Source Software
Master thesis Innovation dynamics in open source software Author: Name: Remco Bloemen Student number: 0109150 Email: [email protected] Telephone: +316 11 88 66 71 Supervisors and advisors: Name: prof. dr. Stefan Kuhlmann Email: [email protected] Telephone: +31 53 489 3353 Office: Ravelijn RA 4410 (STEPS) Name: dr. Chintan Amrit Email: [email protected] Telephone: +31 53 489 4064 Office: Ravelijn RA 3410 (IEBIS) Name: dr. Gonzalo Ord´o~nez{Matamoros Email: [email protected] Telephone: +31 53 489 3348 Office: Ravelijn RA 4333 (STEPS) 1 Abstract Open source software development is a major driver of software innovation, yet it has thus far received little attention from innovation research. One of the reasons is that conventional methods such as survey based studies or patent co-citation analysis do not work in the open source communities. In this thesis it will be shown that open source development is very accessible to study, due to its open nature, but it requires special tools. In particular, this thesis introduces the method of dependency graph analysis to study open source software devel- opment on the grandest scale. A proof of concept application of this method is done and has delivered many significant and interesting results. Contents 1 Open source software 6 1.1 The open source licenses . 8 1.2 Commercial involvement in open source . 9 1.3 Opens source development . 10 1.4 The intellectual property debates . 12 1.4.1 The software patent debate . 13 1.4.2 The open source blind spot . 15 1.5 Litterature search on network analysis in software development . -
GNU/Linux for Beginners
What is Linux? Awesome Applications Linux Manuals: Linux is an independent Unix-like operating system Debian Handbook that can be freely modified and redistributed. It works Debian Users' Manuals on all major 32-bit and 64-bit computer hardware Arch Linux platforms and is an implementation of the POSIX Linux Handbook specification with which all true versions of Unix UbuntuHandbook comply. Linux uses no code from proprietary Unix Making Installation Media: sources, and much of the software available for Linux After downloading the .img or .iso file, install to and is developed by the Free Software Foundation's GNU then boot from USB flash drive . Or b urn the .img project. The result of efforts by thousands of or .iso file to disc. Burning is NOT just copying. programmers coordinating via the Internet, Linux is Linux applications (apps) focus on doing one job well MS Windows® installation tools: now recognized as one of the most stable and flexible RaWrite operating systems available at any price. with communications between applications implemented using well-defined public protocols and balenaEtcher file formats. This modular design has a number of Rufus What Systems Run Linux? advantages, including flexibility, simplicity, and U niversal USB Installer Desktops and Laptops stability. A particular application can be replaced by U N etbootin Linux graphical interfaces such as GNOME or KDE any equivalent which follows the same rules. can replace Mac OS and Windows on the workstation Linux/Unix or Similar installation tools: for most users' needs. Runs on all major PC hardware The resulting freedom of choice leads to friendly The dd command line program. -
Linux: Personal Security
Linux: Personal Security Victor Y. Zamora CIS Professor & Department co-chair What is Linux? ● Created by Linus Torvalds from Finland ● OS Alternative to Windows and Apple ● Android - Linux based ● 90% of top 500 supercomputers ● Companies: Google, eBay, IBM, Panasonic, Cisco, Pixar, Weta Digital, Novell, Amazon ● Government: DOD, FAA, Spain, Brazil, USPS, US Federal Courts Tux - Linux mascot Linux Distros ● 300 active development distributions ● Desktop, server, laptop, tablet Interesting Linux distributions ● Pear Linux - like an Apple Mac ● Zorin - like Windows ● T(A)ILS - complete anonymity, uses TOR ● EasyPeasy - for netbooks ● Damn Small Linux (DSL) - 50 MB, for old PC ● CentOS - Red Hat Enterprise compatible ● Lightweight Portable Security - US Air Force http://distrowatch.com/ Why use Linux? ● Open source & mostly free ● More secure ○ Small general public installed base ~ 2% ○ Linus' Law - "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow." ● Scalable - embedded, up to supercomputers ● Easy to install ● Intuitive use Linus Torvalds - Linux creator Personal use of Linux ● Install on older computers ● Virtual OS in Windows or Macs ○ VirtualBox ● Smartphones, tablets, & netbooks ● Install in USB flash drives for: ○ Public computers ○ Laptops using public wireless routers Linux on a stick ● Install on USB flash drive ● YUMI - Your Universal Multiboot Installer www.pendrivelinux.com ● As small as 128 MB ● Persistent vs. non-persistent ● Access to local drives Installation requirements ● Formatted USB flash drive or hard disk ● USB bootable PC ● Windows XP or newer ● Latest YUMI ● Linux distribution ISO files Linux installation on USB 1. Run YUMI & follow instructions 2. Format USB and choose distribution 3. Rerun YUMI to add another ISO or reboot Links ● http://www.linux.org/ ● http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux ● http://www.linuxfoundation.org/ ● http://distrowatch.com/ ● http://www.pendrivelinux.com/ Linux: Personal Security Victor Zamora 2:00 p.m., October 11, 2012 Bldg. -
Auditor´Ia Informática Dos Sistemas Do Instituto Da Lingua Galega
UNIVERSIDADE DE SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA ESCOLA TECNICA´ SUPERIOR DE ENXENAR~ ´IA Auditor´ıainform´aticados sistemas do Instituto da Lingua Galega Autor: Jose Antonio Cutr´ınGarabal Directores: Jos´eManuel Cotos Y´a~nez Xos´eLu´ısRegueira Fern´andez Grao en Enxe~nar´ıaInform´atica Xullo 2020 Traballo de Fin de Grao presentado na Escola T´ecnicaSuperior de Enxe~nar´ıa da Universidade de Santiago de Compostela para a obtenci´ondo Grao en Enxe~nar´ıaInform´atica D. Jos´eManuel Cotos Y´a~nez, Profesor do Departamento de Electr´onica e Computaci´onda Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, e D. Xos´eLu´ıs Regueira Fern´andez, Profesor do Departamento de Filolox´ıaGalega da Uni- versidade de Santiago de Compostela, INFORMAN: Que a presente memoria, titulada Auditor´ıainform´atica dos sistemas do Insti- tuto da Lingua Galega, presentada por D. Jose Antonio Cutr´ınGarabal para superar os cr´editoscorrespondentes ao Traballo de Fin de Grao da titulaci´onde Grao en Enxe~nar´ıaInform´atica,realizouse baixo nosa direcci´onno Departamento de Electr´onicae Computaci´one no Departamento de Filolox´ıaGalega da Uni- versidade de Santiago de Compostela. E para que as´ıconste aos efectos oportunos, expiden o presente informe en Santiago de Compostela, a 5 de xullo de 2020: O titor, O cotitor, O alumno, Jos´eM. Cotos Y´a~nez Xos´eLu´ısRegueira Fern´andez Jose A. Cutr´ınGarabal i ii Agradecementos A mam´ae a pap´a,que sempre me insististes en que estudase. Al´ıonde esteades, agardo que esteades orgullosos. A´ mi~namuller, Caro, por matricularme e apoiarme dende o primeiro ata o ´ultimod´ıade carreira. -
Build Your Own Distro Tired of the Run-Of-The-Mill Stuff on Distrowatch? Why Not Heed Mayank Sharma and Create the Perfect Operating System for You?
Build your own distro Tired of the run-of-the-mill stuff on Distrowatch? Why not heed Mayank Sharma and create the perfect operating system for you? few issues ago, [LXF171, 50 making it your own – by removing apps and Now traditional wisdom says that creating Distros Tested], we looked at drivers that you don’t need and adding the your own Linux system is a rather difficult the best Linux distributions for ones you do. You’ll also probably change the thing to do and shouldn’t be attempted by A all kinds of users. There were factory-fitted artwork that says more about anyone other than Linux veterans. distros that were designed with ease of use the distro vendor than you. We begin the feature with graphical point- in mind, some focused on productivity, Sure that’s one way to go about it. and-click tools. Yes, you read that right. All it while others catered to specialised use You tweak and customise the distro to suit takes is a couple of clicks to craft your very cases, such as security and privacy your requirements. But wouldn’t it be really own flavour of Linux that you can pass to conscious users. But we can guarantee great if you just create your very own, custom friends and family. We’ve got tools that’ll help that there wasn’t a distro designed Linux distribution? you create and distribute customised spins specifically and entirely for you! based on Ubuntu, Fedora and While most Linux users make do OpenSUSE – the three mainstream with one of the mainstream distros out “We’ve got tools that’ll Linux distributions that house there, there’s always something or the help you create and thousands of open source software in other that’s missing. -
Linux Distributions (Distros) and Competitors
Linux Distributions (Distros) and Competitors Pick your poison By Lineage • Redhat Tree: RHEL, Fedora, Centos, Mandrake (Mandriva) • Debian tree: Debian, Ubuntu and it’s variants, LinuxMint, Knoppix • Gentoo • (Open)Suse: Novell and Europe • Slackware • Open/FreeBSD: USL based • (Open) Solaris: USL based By Package Management Package Red Hat Debian Manager Package file .rpm .deb suffix Per-package rpm dpkg tool Dependency yum apt-get tool Other software management options • “make” and “tarballs” • “txz packages (Slackware) • “tbz” BSD based • Pre-packaged source (Gentoo) • Specialized USL – Solaris, HP-UX, AIX RedHat Family • Most widely used software distro. • Most distros use .rpm binaries even if not actually based on Redhat • RedHat Enterprise LINUX (RHEL): - Premier, most widely used commercial LINUX server distro - Expensive, but good support. Lots of Internet support - Software administration sometimes problematic • Mandrake (Mandriva): - Excellent desktop variant - User group and support is scattered • Fedora (formerly a separate organization): - Server oriented RedHat Beta(s), usually 2x per year - Free, but flaky. Bleeding edge. - Download distribution media of variable quality. - Newer features and utilities lack stability. • Centos: - Server oriented RHEL variant usually 6-12 months behind current release - Free, stable, not current in features. - Widely used in commercial network devices Debian Family • Second most widely used distro • Distros use .deb binaries • Debian - Oldest distro outside of Slackware - Plenty of packages and support - Server oriented - 100+ variants - Announced two code base options: LINUX and OpenBSD!!!!!!! • Ubuntu: - Desktop oriented but server is coming on. • LINUX MINT: - Ubuntu variant, mainly desktop with improved usability features • Knoppix: - “Live CD” only. - Used for system backup/recovery. Others • (Open)Suse: - Novell Netware LINUX from Europe. -
Debian: 19 Years and Counting
Debian: 19 years and counting Stefano Zacchiroli Debian Project Leader 25 June 2012 Debian for Scientific Facilities Days European Synchrotron Radiation Facility Grenoble, France Stefano Zacchiroli (Debian) Debian: 19 years and counting ESRF, Grenoble 1 / 29 Outline 1 Debian and Wheezy 2 Specialties 3 Derivatives 4 Contribute Stefano Zacchiroli (Debian) Debian: 19 years and counting ESRF, Grenoble 2 / 29 Prelude — the notion of “distribution” distributions are meant to ease software management key notion: the abstraction of package offer coherent collections of software killer application: package managers Stefano Zacchiroli (Debian) Debian: 19 years and counting ESRF, Grenoble 3 / 29 Outline 1 Debian and Wheezy 2 Specialties 3 Derivatives 4 Contribute Stefano Zacchiroli (Debian) Debian: 19 years and counting ESRF, Grenoble 4 / 29 Debian: once upon a time Fellow Linuxers, This is just to announce the imminent completion of a brand-new Linux release, which I’m calling the Debian Linux Release. [. ] Ian A Murdock, 16/08/1993 comp.os.linux.development make GNU/Linux competitive with commercial OS easy to install built collaboratively by software experts 1st major distro developed “openly in the spirit of GNU” FSF-supported for a while Stefano Zacchiroli (Debian) Debian: 19 years and counting ESRF, Grenoble 5 / 29 Debian: the operating system flagship product: Debian stable binary distribution Source packages Binary packages 30000 completely Free (DFSG) 25000 released every 24 months (≈) 20000 15000 a dozen architectures 10000 archive-wide security support 5000 0 (3-3.5 years) 2.0 2.1 2.2 3.0 3.1 4.0 5.0 6.0 renowned for one of the largest GNU/Linux ports, stability, packaging system, porting platforms old hardware support, documentation, smooth upgrades, i18n/l10n, the testing suite, runs anywhere, technical policy, package choice, . -
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004, 2005 the Debian Installer Team
Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Debian GNU/Linux Installation Guide Copyright © 2004, 2005 the Debian Installer team This document contains installation instructions for the Debian GNU/Linux 3.1 system (codename “sarge”), for the SPARC (“sparc”) architecture. It also contains pointers to more information and information on how to make the most of your new Debian system. Warning This installation guide is based on an earlier manual written for the old Debian installation system (the “boot- floppies”), and has been updated to document the new Debian installer. However, for sparc, the manual has not been fully updated and fact checked for the new installer. There may remain parts of the manual that are incomplete or outdated or that still document the boot-floppies installer. A newer version of this manual, pos- sibly better documenting this architecture, may be found on the Internet at the debian-installer home page (http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/). You may also be able to find additional translations there. This manual is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License. Please refer to the license in Appendix E. Table of Contents Installing Debian GNU/Linux 3.1 For sparc .................................................................................viii 1. Welcome to Debian ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. What is Debian?..................................................................................................................