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Advanced Modulation Formats and Signal Processing for High Speed Spectrally Efficient Optical Communications

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Advanced Modulation Formats and Signal Processing for High Speed Spectrally Efficient Optical Communications Advanced modulation formats and signal processing for high speed spectrally efficient optical communications Rafael Rios Müller To cite this version: Rafael Rios Müller. Advanced modulation formats and signal processing for high speed spectrally efficient optical communications. Signal and Image Processing. Institut National des Télécommuni- cations, 2016. English. NNT : 2016TELE0006. tel-01511425 HAL Id: tel-01511425 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01511425 Submitted on 21 Apr 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Spécialité : Electronique et communications Ecole doctorale : Informatique, Télécommunications et Electronique de Paris Présentée par Rafael Rios Müller Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE TELECOM SUDPARIS Soutenue le 20/04/2016 Formats de modulation et traitement du signal avancés pour les communications optiques très hauts débits à forte efficacité spectrale Devant le jury composé de : Directeur de thèse Prof. Badr-Eddine Benkelfat Encadrants Dr. Jérémie Renaudier Dr. Yann Frignac Rapporteurs Prof. Magnus Karlsson Prof. Gabriella Bosco Examinateurs Prof. Abderrahim Ramdane Prof. Darli Augusto de Arruda Mello Prof. Frédéric Lehmann N° NNT : 2016TELE0006 i ii Contents CONTENTS .................................................................................................. III RESUME ....................................................................................................... 1 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... 3 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND SYMBOLS ........................................................ 5 LIST OF ACRONYMS ....................................................................................... 5 LIST OF SYMBOLS ......................................................................................... 8 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1. DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS ........................................... 19 1.1. COMMUNICATIONS OVER THE GAUSSIAN CHANNEL ............................... 20 1.2. MODULATION FORMATS ...................................................................... 22 1.2.1 Hard and soft decision ................................................................ 24 1.2.2 Symbol and bit error probability .................................................. 26 1.2.3 Mutual information ...................................................................... 27 1.3. CHANNEL CODING .............................................................................. 32 1.3.1 Low density parity check codes .................................................. 34 1.3.2 Spatially coupled LDPC .............................................................. 36 1.3.3 Net coding gain .......................................................................... 38 1.4. SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 2. COHERENT OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS ..................... 43 2.1. SYSTEM OVERVIEW ............................................................................ 44 2.2. LINEAR MODEL ................................................................................... 46 2.3. RECEIVER AND SIGNAL PROCESSING ................................................... 49 2.3.1 CD compensation ....................................................................... 52 2.3.2 Adaptive equalization ................................................................. 53 iii 2.3.3 Carrier frequency estimation ....................................................... 55 2.3.4 Carrier phase estimation ............................................................ 57 2.4. GAUSSIAN MODEL FOR PROPAGATION OVER UNCOMPENSATED LINKS .... 61 2.4.1 Nonlinear interference ................................................................ 61 2.4.2 Nonlinear compensation ............................................................. 64 2.5. SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 66 CHAPTER 3. MODULATION FORMAT OPTIMIZATION ......................... 67 3.1. 8QAM CONSTELLATIONS FOR LONG-HAUL OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS .. 70 3.1.1 Circular-8QAM vs. Star-8QAM: Sensitivity and phase estimation 71 3.1.2 8QAM constellations: Sensitivity vs BICM-based FEC overhead 77 3.2. TIME-INTERLEAVED HYBRID MODULATION VS 4D-MODULATION .............. 83 3.2.1 Time-interleaved hybrid modulation ............................................ 83 3.2.2 4D-modulation formats ............................................................... 85 3.2.3 4D vs. Hybrid using mutual information ...................................... 87 3.2.4 Experimental comparison at 2.5 bit/symbol/pol ........................... 88 3.2.5 4D-coded PAM4 for short-reach applications ............................. 93 3.3. SUMMARY ......................................................................................... 97 CHAPTER 4. HIGH SYMBOL RATE SPECTRALLY-EFFICIENT TRANSMISSION 99 4.1. SKEW-TOLERANT BLIND EQUALIZER AND SKEW ESTIMATOR ................. 100 4.2. FIRST 400 GB/S SINGLE-CARRIER TRANSMISSION OVER SUBMARINE DISTANCES ...................................................................................... 109 4.3. FIRST 1 TERABIT/S TRANSMITTER BASED ON SUB-BAND TRANSMITTER . 119 4.3.1 Sub-band single carrier vs super-channel ................................. 126 4.4. SUMMARY ....................................................................................... 130 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................ 133 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................... 139 RÉSUMÉ EN FRANÇAIS .......................................................................... 141 iv BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................... 153 PUBLICATIONS ........................................................................................ 165 AS FIRST AUTHOR ..................................................................................... 165 AS CO-AUTHOR......................................................................................... 166 PATENTS .................................................................................................. 168 v vi Résumé La détection cohérente combinée avec le traitement du signal s’est imposée comme le standard pour les systèmes de communications optiques longue distance à 100 Gb/s (mono-porteuse) et au-delà. Avec l'avènement des convertisseurs numérique-analogique à haute vitesse et haute résolution, la génération de formats de modulation d'ordre supérieur avec filtrage numérique est devenue possible, favorisant l’émergence de transmissions à forte densité spectrale. Par ailleurs, la généralisation des liaisons non gérées en dispersion permet une modélisation analytique du canal optique et favorise l'utilisation d’outils puissants de la théorie de l'information et du traitement du signal. En s’appuyant sur ces outils, de nouveaux formats de modulation à entrelacement temporel dits hybrides et formats multidimensionnels sont étudiés et mise en œuvre expérimentalement. Leur impact sur les algorithmes de traitement du signal et sur le débit d'information atteignable est analysé en détail. La conception de transpondeurs de prochaine génération à 400 Gb/s et 1 Tb/s reposant sur des signaux à débit-symbole élevé est également étudiée, dans le but de permettre une réduction du coût par bit à travers de l’augmentation de la capacité émise par transpondeur. L'élaboration d'algorithmes de traitement du signal avancés associées à l’utilisation de composants optoélectroniques à l'état de l'art ont permis la démonstration d’expériences records: d’une part la première transmission mono-porteuse à 400 Gb/s sur une distance transatlantique (pour une efficacité spectrale de 6 b/s/Hz), et d’autre part la première transmission à 1 Tb/s basée sur la synthèse en parallèle de plusieurs sous-bandes spectrales (8 b/s/Hz). 1 2 Abstract Coherent detection in combination with digital signal processing is now the de facto standard for long-haul high capacity optical communications systems operating at 100 Gb/s per channel and beyond. With the advent of high-speed high-resolution digital-to-analog converters, generation of high order modulation formats with digital pulse shaping has become possible allowing the increase of system spectral efficiency. Furthermore, the widespread use of transmission links without in-line dispersion compensation enables elegant analytical optical channel modeling which facilitates the use of powerful tools from information theory and digital signal processing. Relying on these aforementioned tools, the introduction of time-interleaved hybrid modulation formats, multi-dimensional modulation formats, and alternative quadrature amplitude modulation formats is investigated in high-speed optical transmission systems. Their impact on signal processing
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