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Damnyag Jerome 201511 Phd Violence, the Cross and Social Transformation: Toward a Critical Appropriation of a Theology of Non-Violence for an African Context By Jerome Damnyag A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Regis College and the Theology Department of the Toronto School of Theology In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology awarded by the University of St. Michael's College © Copyright by Jerome Damnyag 2015 Violence, the Cross and Social Transformation: Toward a Critical Appropriation of a Theology of Non-Violence for an African Context Jerome Damnyag Doctor of Philosophy in Theology University of St. Michael’s College 2015 Abstract The Cross is without doubt the most important symbol within the Christian religious tradition because of its salvific import. For Christians it is ultimately a symbol of divine forgiveness and reconciliation. Therefore it symbolizes hope and new life. Yet, for others the Cross can be a symbol of violence, oppression and abuse. While it is not the focus of this thesis to enter into the debate as to whether the traditional models of atonement implicate God in violence, this thesis emphasizes that the violence of the Cross is not divine violence but human violence and that God in Jesus Christ absorbed this human violence and transformed it for the salvation of the world. The thesis demonstrates this by exploring some contemporary interpretations of the theology of atonement. Specifically, it explores key thoughts of René Girard (1923- ), Raymund Schwager (1935-2004) and Miroslav Volf (1956- ) and argues that there are relevant insights that can be drawn from some contemporary interpretations of the atonement and that these insights constitute a legitimate theological and hermeneutical perspective for understanding and responding to the phenomenon of violent conflicts in contemporary Africa. More concretely, the thesis brings the relevant insights drawn from our thinkers to bear not just on conflicts in Africa in general but on two contemporary ii ethnic conflicts-the Hutu-Tutsi in Rwanda and the Konkomba-Nanumba in the Northern Region of Ghana. As an alternative to ethnic rivalry and conflict, this thesis, inspired by the insights of these thinkers, promotes a theology of non-violence as the basis for reconciliation, forgiveness and healing between ethnic groups that suffer from ethnic violence. A theology of nonviolence that takes seriously the theological category of embrace and its practical implications is a significant alternative to the evil of hegemonic centrality and the practice of exclusion. iii Dedication To all people of goodwill who work for peace and for the eradication of violence in our world iv Acknowledgements I would like to thank God for his providence and for his unmerited graces without which it would have been impossible to complete this work. I am greatly indebted to my former bishop, Archbishop Gregory E. Kpiebaya, now Archbishop Emeritus of Tamale, Ghana. He did not only decide to send me for further studies but also worked around the clock to make it a reality. I thank my present bishop, Archbishop Philip Naameh for his support and encouragement. I am grateful to Church in Need for the scholarship they offered me without which this project would have been impossible. I thank Regis College for their bursary. I thank Dr. Anne Gardiner for her encouragement, prayers and financial support. I am grateful to Sister Mary Agnes and the other Sisters of the Precious Blood of Jesus, Missionary Rosebushes of Saint Therese, Manchester, New Hampshire, for their prayerful support. I am very much indebted to the Missionary Fathers of St. Charles Borromeo at St. Paschal Baylon Church, Thornhill, for providing a truly Christian and supportive community where I found a sense of peace. I therefore thank Frs. Mario Lorenzana, Giampietro Lazzarato, Francis Geremia and Vincenzo Rosato for their fraternal support. I thank the Parish for offering me room and board. I am grateful to the Parishioners for their kindness. I am particularly grateful to my thesis Director, Prof. John D. Dadosky for accepting to guide me throughout this work. His critical observations and suggestions have been very helpful. I thank the members of my thesis committee, Prof. Charles v Fensham and Prof. Thomas Reynolds for their immense contributions. I am grateful to Dorothy Cummings for proofreading the work. vi Abbreviations AU = African Union CPP = Convention Peoples Party FLAM = Force de Liberation Africaine de Mauritanians GNP = Gross National Product HRW = Human Rights Watch KOYA = Konkomba Youth Association NLM = National Liberation Movement OAU = Organization of African Unity PARMEHUTU = Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation Hutu RPF = Rwandan Patriotic Front TC = Togoland Congress TRC = Truth and Reconciliation Commission UNAR = Union National Rwandais vii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ ii Dedication ....................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................... v Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................. vii Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Scope and Content ............................................................................................................................ 6 Parameters of the Study .................................................................................................................... 9 Chapter One .................................................................................................................................... 11 The Phenomena of Conflict and Violence ...................................................................................... 11 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 The Question about Theory ...................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Collective Violence as a Social Category ................................................................................. 22 1.3 Conflict Theories ...................................................................................................................... 28 1.3.1 Ethnic Identity Theory ................................................................................................... 28 1.3.2 Ethnic Identity and Politics in Post-Independence Africa ............................................. 32 1.4 The Competition Theory ........................................................................................................... 39 1.5 The Colonial Legacy Theory .................................................................................................... 50 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 60 Chapter Two ................................................................................................................................... 62 A Narrative Analysis of the Hutu-Tutsi and the Konkomba-Nanumba Ethnic Conflicts .............. 62 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 62 2. 1 The Hutu-Tutsi Ethnic Conflict ............................................................................................... 63 2.1.1 Trigger Factor ................................................................................................................ 63 2.2 Historical Factors or the Roots of the Conflict ......................................................................... 69 2.2.1 The Impact of Colonial Rule ......................................................................................... 69 2.2.2 The Hamitic Hypothesis ................................................................................................ 78 2.3 The Social Revolution of 1959 and the Struggle for Political Power ....................................... 84 2. 4 The Konkomba-Nanumba Ethnic Conflict .............................................................................. 90 2.4.1 The Trigger Factor ......................................................................................................... 90 viii 2.5 The Impact of Colonial Rule .................................................................................................... 93 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 97 Chapter Three ................................................................................................................................. 99 Violence and the Cross - René Girard and Raymund Schwager .................................................... 99 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................
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