DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 392 562 RC 020 217

AUTHOR Carney, Mabel TITLE Country Life and the Country School: A Study of the Agencies of Rural Progress and of the Social Relationship of the School to the Country Community. PUB DATE 12 NOTE 435p.; Xerox copy of original book, reproduced two pages per landscape pages. This book is cited by Mary Phillips Menke in her article "The Rural Teacher in the Early 1900's" (EJ 478 228) as a classic of rttral .education literature; see else RC 020 215-218, 435, 451-452, 470. Photographs will not reproduce adequately. PUB TYPE Books (010) Historical Materials (060) Information Analyses (070)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC18 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Agriculture; Community Development; Consolidated Schools; Educational Administration; Educaional Change; *Educational Improvement; Elementary Secondary Education; Farmers; Higher Education; Leadership; Organizations (Groups); *Quality of Life; *Rural Areas; *Rural Schools; *School Community Relationship; School Role; Teacher Education; *Teacher Role IDENTIFIERS Community Viability; *Country Life Movement

ABSTRACT Written in 1912, this book addresses the role of teachers in improvirg rural farm life. Rural-to-urban migration had resulted in the loss of leadership from rural localities and the declin,, of agriculture, and country life had lost its prestige both socially and economically. This book suggests that the country school is the key to achieving progress, and that teachers need to be trained and assisted to assume leadership roles. Chapters cover the following: (1) issues related to agricultural societies, social isolation, rural-to-urban migration, and the role of community agencies and institutions in improving country life;(2) a description of the farm home and the life of farm women; (3)the country church as an agency for rural progress;(4) the role of the Grange and other community organizations in improving rural life; (5) the role of farmers' institutes, farmers' demonstration work, and corn and canning clubs in improving rural life;(6) the effect of poor roads on rural life and suggested improvements for roadways; (7) the country school as an agency in the solution of the farm problem; (8) the consolidation of country schools and the consolidated school's role as a community center; (9) issues related to the leadership role of the country teacher; (10) problems associated with teaching in rural schools, including the physical environment of the country school, socializing the country school and making it an institution of community service, and vitalizing and enriching the country school's course of study;(11) the need for specialized training of country teachers;(12) dIfficulties with country school supervision and suggested improvements, including increasing the efficiency of county superintendents; and (13) an overview of the Country Life Movement and its influence on the improvement of rural life and rural education. Contains a bibliography,an index, and numerous photographs. (LP) COUNTRY LIFE AND I. THEA STUDY OFCOUNTRY THE AGENCIES OF RURAL SCHOOL PROGRESS AND OF THE SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP OF THE SCHOOL TO THE COUNTRY COMMUNITY MABEL CARNEY BY DIRECTOR OF THE COUNTRY SCHOOL DEPARTMENT IN THENORMAL ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY, STATE NORMAL ; TEACHER OF THE WESTERN ILLINOIS STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, MACOMB FORMEaLY COUNTRY TRAINING F Mr. p lid TI( ,NALU S REDEPARTMENT SOURCES INFORMATiONOF EDUCATION CFNTEPrEP,C, M,,o, 0,1*1 na,vos nip PP,"m0^! Nig We, ,PD,LIA, PC, 8I ,110,no 11#1.},/, ,10,/dt.1,0 ',Trove & ,1 P. "".,' ..* nO,,,r u c3 C H I C A G 0 NEW YORK V R 0 W, P E T L. O'isiti L. Rut r Y COMPANY To the spirit of the little country school ROW, PETERSON AND COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 191? tionearnestteachersthat ingave its elf of unaertalang. itort Illinoisbeing, have been andwhose toa chief theloyalty country inspira- and

od - 40347$ andabout personal them, but need.of to them. Thiseight book years' is vork for farmersin country and teaching country and teachers, written not PREFACEIt.takes form as the direct outgrowth theaverageticallywritten training all withincountry of itscountry the communities.suggestions walls teachers. ofThe a. have fundamentalcountry been schoolroom, tried line with of thoughtsuccess and prac- inhere maintained unfolds Many of its pages were endeavoras communities.tionsfollows of :countryof farmers life First,andis Second,to thebe that realized upbuilding the that chief the through reliefcountry of local thefor school cooperativethe country present of all undesirable rural social condi- institu- thetionscountrysibility rural makes community, for teachers thesocializing best must and and becomecountry Third, mostbears available atthatlife.local present to community realize center the greatestthis for leaders. social upbuilding respon- service of the country school countrystatean.immediate normal teachers schools must agency And andbeThe for affordedotherfourth, discussionrural institutions thatprogress, special to thus fulfill training ofand presented this to thisoffice endviews of seeks leadership the country efficiently school as learning. through thesentedleadership.especiall:second, social-service itselt. to laystimulate down responsibility aand practical assist of lineofcountry the country action, teachers or program to local In realizing this purposeIt has been a tw necessary, fold task inhas the pre first . place, to reveal school ; and of endchargedwork,vi it has showingby been the necessaryindividual concretely to teacher. include, how this also, responsibility PREFACE In furthering the latter may be dis- servicecountrythewhichinformation rural mustteachersthe community. country possess,concerning who teacher aspireand the mustivhat variousto community leadership This information, covers only what cooperate in seeking to upbuild everyagencies progressive of farm farmer life with considerable definite and all chaptersvarious phases have beenof country Toread insure andlife discussed criticizedaccuracy and by practicability in ACKNOWLEDGMENTS in this book, differentthe treatment of the specialists in the newwillshouldfarmers visionmake know. astheof well country book, as for itteaching.It is country has belieyed, been teachers. the hope throughout this It is this body of data and discussion, which If this has been done, and if one of direct value for attempt to present a gratefullylinesDepartmentInstitute, to which extended forthey of readingHousehold refer.to:Special the chapterScience acknowledgment on of the for this generous Mrs. H. M..Dunlap, president of the farm home; to Dr. Illinois Farmers'service is here compensated.tasks,rene%edthe country the effort action teachers lying and encouragement behindwho read its this book for their realization will be fully are stimulated to many difficult andWarrenretarysions, AssistantCountry H.forAlbert Wilsonreading Life Superintendent E. Robertsof andthe the chapter MissPresbyterian of the Annaof on the the B. country Taft, International Committee of the Department ofBoard Church of Home Mis- church; toSuperintendent Sec- NORMAL, ILLINOIS, September, 1912. M. C. NationalonYoungfor this reading Men'sorganization; Grange theChristian andchapter editor to Association, on of the the is ational Mr. Oliver Wilson, Master of the Grange; to Farmers' Institute for reading the sectionStates Department of Grange Monthly, Agriculture,SpecialistworkDr.Bloomington, Bradford ; John for HamiltonKnappreading Illinois, for the of forreading chapterthe the United use the on of section numerous on to Mr. Arthur J. Bill, editor of farmers' institutes;the to Farmers' Voice, photographs;of Illinois, todemonstration for ofreadingMr. Schoolthe A. Rural N.the atJohnson, chapter SchoolKalamazoo, on DepartmentState roads; forHighway toreading Dr.of the Era:AtEngineer the Michigan Statechapter Norm:" on the train . Burnhaim director ? Kerningtks of andin country Illinois, George teachers W.for Brown,reading ; of the Winnebago to County Superintendentsvii 0. chapter on supervision; and arid Edgar9 Court- toviii Miss Lillian K. Sabine of the Illinois State ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Normal Uni- tigationshavesuperintendents,versity, courteously spent for a upon careful countryand this kindly Toliterary study, teachers. these assisted Iediting offer and and to ruralof the the life many state superintendents, county me throughoutmy the sincere inves- appreciation. entire manuscript. workers, who CONTENTS books,Agriculture,dentSpecial lectures,Kenyon mention whose L.and should Butterfield personal thought be conference, ofand the suggestion, Massachusetts ma le also of the assistance of Presi- has been a funda as expressed in College of The problem stated The Farm Problem and Its Solution CHAPTER I PAGE ofG.existmental theBonser in Western theguide of conclusions Teachers in Illinois fostering Colltge, StateButhere more presented.Normal Columbia than to all others, gratitude is any elements of worth that may School, who has not only University,due to Dr. Frederick formerly CountryCause:SolutionIts significance isolation community of the infarm countrybuilding problem life 7493 ..oinspired and encouragedplishment.invaluableread practically the advice undertaking the as toentire its organization manuscript andof the throughout its accom- expression, but has book and given AgenciesCooperationOverlappingChief functions for the the of upbuilding agencieskeynote and needs in in offunction ofthe the rural solution country and social effort problem community..of institutions.. the farm, 1412I0 PlatformFederation for of the community improvement ageacie of country life The Farm HomeCHAPTER II 1616 ./the decreaseThePresent of improvementfarm household homeconditions aslabor of an farm in agency farm home homesfor life country life progress.. 24251918 TheVocational participationfarmspiritualizing home education as of ofthe farm forfarm center countrywomen home of ruralinwomen life cf mInmnityinterests affairs ix I 1 33302931 CONTENTS CONTENTS xi The country church as The Country Church CHAPTERan agency flI for rural progress PAGE 39 TheOtherCooperation Farmers' farm organizations between Union the Grange and the country school PAGE 8o8482 The present status of cuuntry churches: Countrychurch Life information Commission fron WHAT IS BEING DONE FOR PROGRESS the replies gathered by the Digest of country 40 Need for the federation of farmers' organizations CHAPTER V TheSpecialChurch Department federationtraining forof Church country and ministers Country Lifebyterian Board of Home Missions of the Pres- 535147 Farmers' Institutes, Farmers' Demonstration Work, and Corn and Canning Clubs PossibilitiesGeneralCounty worklines forof progresstheprogress Young in Men's the individual Christian Association WHAT MIGHT BE DONE FOR PROGRESS local church; 6o57 PresentOrganizationOriginFarmers' and status institutes history ofand farmers' asprogress of an farmers' agency institutes institutesTor country life progress 85898886 'The country teacher's attitude and relation questionCounty,story of Illinoisthe DuPage Presbyterian Church in Will to the church 62 TheFarmers' ultimate institutes purpose and of the institute country work school FARMERS ' COOPERATIVE DEMONSTRATION WORK 91 The coming unity among churches CHAPTER IV 6967 OriginResultsMethodOrganization of instruction 95939294 HistoryOriginThe Grange and purpose as an agency for The Grange and Other Farmers' country life progress Organizations 72 OrganizationOrigin and purpose and method of instruction COHN AND CANNING CLUBS 9796 OrganizationTheWork subordinate and influence Grange Putnam County, Illinois at work Magnolia Grange, 73757473 1 Dr.Girls'GrowthInfluenceHow Seaman Canning to and organize of A.results demonstrationClubsKnapp and condurit work clubs 104101Toolos 99 , CHAPTER VI CONTENTS CHAPTER VIII CONTENTS TheRoads road as an problemsystem agency of for France country life Roads and the Road Problem a national issue progress PAGEto8so8 DefinitionPossibilities and of types consolidation; The John Swaney Consoli- Consolidated Country Schools PAGE 149 .Some ,defectsOrganization of tbe American of the American highway highway way organization as a type of efficient high- system system 1141131 10 AdvantagesHistory and statusof consolidation of the consolidation movementdated School of Putnam County, Illinois 171170159150 SomeSuggestions progressive for an improvedroad movements highway and lativeState improvements aid and increased revenue system reforms ; legis- 119it8117 The.costSomeDifficulties phases of involvedconsolidated of the question schools of transporAtion 171174 RoadRoadIncreasedDevelopments education beautifying road in sentiment road science and cooperation 126125122119 TheThe needconsolidated consolidated of a county country school system as school a ofcommunity districting compared center for dationtypeswith consoli- and otherof in rural the high schools 181i76 TheRoadsThe Country countryof the future Schoolschool andas an the Agency road problem in the CHAPTER VII Solution of the 131129 future development of country life CHAPTER IX 184 TheFunction school of as the a centercountry for school the building defined of themunity Farm Problem country com- 134133 OpportunityScarcity of rural and leaders advantages and its of effect the country teacher for The Leadership of the Country Teacher 188 NeedsLeadershipAdvantages of the of of country the the school country school largely school for ruralleadership institutional a temporary function 139138136 TrueRequirements leadership forexplained leadership on the communityteachers leadership part of country 192190 89 ConsolidationTheThe country one-teacher school the fundamental country system schoolof needthe futuresystem of country and schoolsits defects 148145140 CountryExamplesTributeDifficulties toli country of country teachers teaching offe creed country teacher leadership 203196195193 xiv CHAPTER XCONTENTS III. VITALIZING AND ENRICHING THE COUNTRY SCHOOL COURSE OF CONTENTS xv TheThe method problem of itsstated attack The Country Teacher's Problem and Its Attack PAGE 206205 TheElementaryThe redirection introduction rural of old sociology of subject-matternew courses in the country school STUDY PAGE245242240 I. IMPROVING THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT The building HeatingDefects °and of ventilationcountry school buildings OF THE COUNTRY SCHOOL 210206 GeneralTheIV. beginning educational of a consolidation campaigns campaign IMPROVING THE ADMINISTRATIONTHE NECESSITY OF OF A THE CHANGE SCHOOL OF SYSTEM,AND TEACHING OR CONSOLIDA- TION, FOR COUNTRY SCHOOLS 249248 SanitationSeatingInteriorLighting finish and and care decoration '216221219214 OutspokenTownship orconsolidation community campaigns organization CHAPTER XI 250249 The grounds Summer\ValksWhatBeginning toand houses,plant yardfences improvement arbors, and arches 228224227225 TheKindNecessity need of forspecial for properly the training special prepared needed training countryby of country country teachers teachers teachers The Training of Country Teachers 254252 FirstII. Steps: SOCIALIZING THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Outbuildings School entertainments and home OF COMMUNITY SERVICE AND MAKING IT AN INSTITUTION visiting 229 228 Special training now offered for countryhigh teachers: schools in In Incounty state normal schools 258256255 DevelopingTheSocial school activities house cooperation of as children; between boys' a community center and girls'the clubs home and school; 232230 TrainedAThe suggestive new teachers spirit outline of not country the for only country teachers need schoolfor solving departments statethe country normal in schools 275273280 AOther country agencies life Mrclub the the socialization best social newspapers;parents' clubs exhibits ; educational excursions of the country school ; 235234 school problem Country School Supervision CHAPTER XII Cooperation of the school with other tionscountry and school agencies organization for thecommunity institu- 238237 DifficultiesSystemsImportance of rural of country supervision school employed supervision in the United States 286 I 7 281281-- XVI CONTENTS MethodsQualifications of selecting required county of superintendentscounty superintendents . PAGE287288 inspirationLeadershipTheIncreasing proper andmethodof the the help efficiency county of for selecting county superintendent of the countysuperintendents county superintendents superintendency 296295294289 I. Outline of a course in country schoolcountry teaching teachers for APPENDIX PAGE 329 SomeThe dutychief other of need teachers to county superintendents.schools legislative measures needed for country 300298 HI. AIV. countryII. teacher's schoolhouse plan OutlineFurnishings of a course and equipment in rural sociology for countryteachers for countryschools 336346340 The Country Life Movement CHAPTER XIII VII. VI. A workableV. country school program EducationalSeatwork helpsin country and sources schools for and country some principlesteachers 350 360358 InfluenceWorkCharacter of of the machinery of State.College the Country Lifeof Agricul+ure Movement SOME DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT 305302303 VIII. IX. X. PicturesCountrySome countrythat school portray life musk literature farm and life farm lifeunderlying songs it 363368365 AgriculturalBusinessThe Country organization legislation Life Movement in the South 309307306 / XII. XI.A minimum A minimum equipment list of manual for the trairling teaching tools of do-for coun- try schoolsmestic science in country schools 372373 The Country LifeLife Movement Movement in in the the West East.... 309 XIII. A selected list of twenty-five books for the use of TheThe CountryInternational Country Life Life InstituteMdvement Commission of inAgriculture the and Middle its work West NEEDS OF THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT 312310 XIV.DIRECTORY OP RURAL PROGRESS Suggested problems of country schoolcountrythe teaching attack teachers forof individual country teachers... , 374384376 ConcretenessFederation of rural forces 316313 BIBLIOGRAPHY.INDEX. . 403388 ConcludingIdealismLeadership summary S 326323321 xvii LIST OF ILLUSTR2"aIONS PAGE CornCountryFriends'AnMud-stuck isabandoned king life Church, days country Clearare still Creek church a reality Community, Putnam County, Illinois. in America 8543 OfficeAnDiagram inferiorideal in aoffarm farm afarm country home home home community center 202724it15 ChurchDomesticHome Makers' and science manse, School, in the Rock University country Creek school, of Community, Illinois. MaconIllinois Urbana Coun'y, Meaard Illinois County, 413630 ExhibitFederatedPlay in the of church, theRock Presbyterian Creek Proctor, Community Vermont Department Lifeof Church and Country 494455 LectureTheCountyOliver DuPage workcourse H. Kelley,Presbyterianof audience the Young founder at Church,theMen's of DuPage the Christian WillGrange Church County, Association Illinois 6663587673 CentervilleMidsummerFarmers'Magnolia Grangeclub, Grange farmers' Logan picnic, fair, County, Putnam Winnebago Illinois County, County, Illinois Illinois institute, Illinois College of Agriculture, 818879 CottonAnAlabamaExhibit agricultural boll of Comweevil farmers' college and Canning cooperative train in Club Missyuri demonstrationMembersUrbana %ork 93899894 CanningA canni.lgTheDr. Seamanroad Jetnonstration party problem A. at Knapp the schoolhouse xix 21 togzo6105102 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS xxi AnAvenueA Frenen automobile of high% Trees. ravaging ay Hobbema a road PAGE 120115112 LibraryAAn new old type room, of Perucountry School, school Macon building County, Illinoi PAGE 211207217 TheA properlyAMarking countryroadnoble of sentineldragged the schoolthe route future earth of the Iowaroad River-to-River Dragged Road 132128126124 ACultivating disgracemonarchGirls' club to ofminds theready the community prairieand for spiritsthe Thanksgiving through flower minuet gardens 231228226224 HarlemAnAn ancient average Consolidated landmark country ofSchool, schoollearning aFr a community center Winnebago County, Illinois 141139137135 A fullPlayChorus schoolhouse festival, cast, PeruHarlem in School, the Consolidated Ozarks Macon County, School,Illinois Illinois Winnebago County, 233232235 TheAnSchoolDomestic expensive John Swaneyfloat., science establishment Harlem Consolidated in the Consolidated Harlem School, Putnam ConsolidatedCounty, School School Illinois.. 149147145144 AAgricultural sand-tableCountryPractical schoolArithmetic Collegefarm gardening excursion, in Massachusetts Eugar County, Illinois 245243239237 BaseballHorticulturalStockTeachers'Barn and judging janitor'sCottage, class class, house pruningJohn John Swaney Swaney trees, John at the John Swaney School School School Swaney School 153132131130 Teachers'Play-dayCommunity masque, Training Cooperation Illinois School, State Dunn Normal County, UniversityMissouri \Visconsin in the Porter School, Adair County, 255251247 Mr.DomesticGirls' John Chorus, Swaneyscience John kitchen Swaney.School and chemicalSwaney School field, John Swaney School laboratory in the John 157155154 DramatizationCountry teachersTraining of Hiawatha, at School the Illinois Rural of the Observation State Western NormalMichigan IllinoisSchool, University StateKalamazoo, Normal 263259 ConsolidatedTrackMap team, of Indiana John School, Swaney showing Enumclaw, School extent Washington of School, Lewiston, Minnesota consolidation 16416ti6o159 FirstCountry annual Training meeting School of tneof theCountry Tea:hersSchool beforeafter improvement improvement Western Illinois AssociationState Normal of 267271 MapTownshipConsolidatedThe oldof Olmsted and High theschool School,County,new wagon in LouisianaPrinceton,Minnesota, Illinoisshowingdistricts proposed consolidated] 177173169167 ComplimentaryCountyManualFull of difficulties Superintendenttraining floatin forWhateom tothe JessieSuperintendent county County, Field, superintendent Page Washington O. Illinois,County, J. Kern Macomb, Iowaof Winnebago July, 19o8 291286283277 WhenAOnSchool country the first garden,campus, schoolwe goJohn John lrepated Swaney Swaney for School School community school leadership 191183186t83 ConferenceCountySchool directors' Superintendent of con% ention, of Newton Goodhue County,County, County, Missouri Illinois Minnesoh Rural Social Workers, College of Agriculture, 299297293 ClosingCedarProcuring Oak day School, thepicnic necessary inthe District scene kindling of 23 Miss Mary's endeavors 201197195193 BEST COPY ModelTheMichigan cotton Country harv,:ster Country Fair Church .ConferenceAmherst, Massachusetts AYMARA 308307303305 Ruralxxii Life Conference, University LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS of Virginia, Charlottesville.... FACE 311 CountryCountry Community community Center exhibit Exhibit displayedCountry Life Progress, July, 1y12 at the Illinois Federation for 321317315 AThe country endpoetry of teacher's day of country schoolhouse life plat Front elevation . 325 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE BasementFirstRightRear floor side elevation plan elevationplan 34;3432,42341 THE FARM PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION COUNTRY SCHOOL CHAPTER I. commonlylem,proposedlem. however, acknowledgedon every opinions hand.The differ. and Problem remedies Stated. for its solution The whole nation !is astir with it; ThereIn isthe an interpretation American farm of thisprob- prob- its significance is are improvingasserted,creasingests, and the thestaple other taskskill crops,natural andof increasing Thebusiness or resources. even farm efficiencyof problemthe conserving It fertilityis not of of thethe Americaof modern probiem the soil, is of of in- not, as our food, for-is sometimes theydesirable.lifeworldlyuor, easy have as goods. andhe their hinielf comfortable, bearing sometimes and thoughrelationship, thinks, this, of in butadding degree, to hisis store of All' these are constituent parts of the real Neither is it the problem of making country they are not the farmer ; highlyissue; silentprovedandproblem butcities. alluring.startling itself. migrationThe ofmost the serious rural condition of present To the ambitious country boy the city has always populationcountry to towns life is the BEST COM AVAILABLE hasactivity usually and failed conquPst. to realize, iand has mercilessly, It seems to offer a larger field of social That this conquest is for the few, he 1 though often - .ketreanre,411-!"14,,,1=471., COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE FARM PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION 3 centersbloodinsuccessfully, forgetfulthe andhome has vigoroushad,and community. thrown unconsciousand still strength himself has, This of its toward the intoplace inflowing many the in our ourthickestneglected nationalcurrent of opportunities thedevelop-of freshfray, great commercial Bailey,business,cideals."farms -lture it a is andcivilizationWhen thebetter countryproblem thisfarming, endin life, full isand harmonyattained, all "of developing and maintaining onquestions our of education.better living," will obviously with the best American other issues of agri- "of better find Butductivement. it Inhas agricultural New gone England too sectionsfar. and other over-populated and Rural migration no longer meansit, has even proved desirable. unpro- adjustment as a matter of consequence.' ' '16 theonlyAswholeas highest formerly. thea result, occasionalfamilies idealism leadership whose shifting and hasmembers,ambition ofbeen a few extracted offor brilliant the the most from sons rural to the city, It now implies the uprooting and withdrawal of country community. part, represent localities, relieftoperiodsociallyagriculture ebb and fromof and asatisfaction, has neweconomically. the declined, awakening,rush and back andThe strife countryto whenproblem the of the life city,oftide has keeping ofandlost interest prestigeto theturn, beginsyouth bothwith of the Fortunately we are now in the country. Country Life in America tionallconcernin fallaciesupon itschildren fullest thein ourcould farms bornand national richestbe uponand more ofwelfare.) the sensepreparing wasteful farm is By shouldan andthisthem issue itdestructive foris of not fundamental implied of human that stay there. present genera- country life Few ourdays nationalcontrary,static of Cain,society. prosperity whether .farmingIts we Significance. has, It matters little, all worthy politicians That thechoose farm isa Republicanthe iscorner-stone a trite or but a Democrat true estimate. been the foundational industry Since the to the for of landadequatesions"naturallyefficiency if should we careinclinedthaa are havethis. mdstto maintainto the be enter opportunity.given the an to so-calledefficient those who "tradesclass remain of and citizens profes- in In this age of specialists Yet, at the same time, country children upon the theaffectsourthe nextbut corn,bountiful thepresident, not mostwheat, only land raggedthe but and wealthiest whether cotton newsboy wecrops as well.spread is a matter of universal concernone banker and the shrewdest have enough rain to m...ure "Corn is king," and a in vast acres over broker that isour thc rural problem communitiesfe. of maintaining andThe desirable farm problem, then, in its most fundamentala aspects,standard averages in our nation', people upon our Igeneralmonarch gladlyOsfield Rural of andthought the who Progrett gratefully Massachusetts neverof this1 acknowledge resignschapter College hisFor golden toofth:s Agriculture, scepter. interpretation of the rural problem and of The Country Church and the readers will observe an President Kenyon L Butter- author ofand Chaptert much of the Rural Problem. indebtedness farms. Or, as more choicely ptft by Professor Liberty Hyde 1-NL.. "1 I appreciated,4 however, onlyThe truewhen significance of the prosperity COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL we reflect that one-third of of country life is ontions the by other a despondent hand, land stretch holdings of mud are and mire. THE FARM PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION small, and rural homes In Europe, 5 notWhateverthatour onlyindirectly entire because affects population all ofthedepend the country materialgain ais living therefore dependence directly from the upon it for the sustenance of life. of national concern, soil, and ciallynectedpractically during by good constitute the hard roads, scattered centuries but continuous old. villages con- N .nter and early spring, bad roads alone In America, espe- influencefarmers of but so because large a percentage of the social, of the , '17;74757 educational, and moral general population. of society upon picturedmake hermits by Whittier of many in farm his charming families. idyl are no longer fre- The snow-bound days cantIn this and connection desirable the only hypothesis because ofthat its contribution "Corn Is King" rural welfare, is signifi- to urban prosperityperedrecruitslivebecome it, at not demandsadequatethecr forfor 2xpense the any thoroughforpurpose dmilar ofits theown ofcondemnation. country. sake,sending and We the 'he reason. The city has long pros- must now buildcity Moreup asake or better of those who Farm life must farealso,Whencountry in and thistheir life that is thatbest donethere shallrealizations. itis will nobeCause: clashsatisfactory be found ,betweenIsolation that from the urbanin itsCountry and Life. In the last analysis city has benefited own viewpoint. rural wel . reality.quent occurrences, but less poetic, mud-stuck days are Mud-stuck Days are Still a Reality still a arefarmstothe often Americaits cause openness average a of mite contrastsmost about and or of moreisolation.the one strongly difficulties hundred apart; with separated forty-fiveof that of in Itt this respect country life in country life can be traced Europe. acres, and homes many sec-Anierican cutproducefactimpassable offthat from thetheir farmtheir ownroads, homefellow-men. foodAnother this is supply almoststate factor ofand complete existence ofcan this exist isolationin may itself.for days be not to be disregarded In case of severe storms or continuedFarmers wholly is the 6for weeks, especially by COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY women, and some families, unfor- SCHOOL salefounded combines. upon implement houses, sugar mills, and whole- THE FARM PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION 7 7 resultsthusisolationeventunately, two when in andfundare: cond.tions ircumstances the willingmental economic tomakingcauses tolerate become of the social a farmsemi-exclusive more isolation favorable. mode of indepsi _ence of the farm home are situation, as a whole, which, in turn, Physical life localtempaniment in the of country rural isolation. hasThe been tendency installed toward without neighborhood provoking strifefriction. is a third accom- Rural jealousy and the strong inclination Scarcely a farm telephone sys- newmanifestedproblematic. undertakings in The various is effects theThe most ofwell-known socialnoticeable isolation conservative of these. in When attitude ways. of farmers on all country life are not towardrecognized,barbarousunhappy indiscreet relations and as in primitive gossipthe existing long-standing are Anothersettlements in accountable some outgrowth feuds communities. this of fortendency mountainof manythese conditions is ofregions. easily the is the existing, though In more tancyextremeofcarried Conservatismsane With level-headedness,too lengths whichfar, this among insuggestions tendencya tenacious farmers foris holdisthe well improvement illustrated of the llut unfortunately it often runs tc comolendable as an attribute upon outgrown ideas. by the hesi- coun- thismethodslationmuch tendency exaggerated,of oftelephones, transportation is fast provincialism disappeafing.the rural have dehTery so of revolutionized'Conditions (armers. of mail, that and country once improved mer- life, Since the instal- books,conditionsexcitestry school or furniture,the are exist,opposition often however, unless received.rcei of tactfullyof the is country not wholeA change brought lifeseed-time in the and surprising. harvest,communify. seasonal change, about, sonietimesAll the natural%prograp, text- tbat such overallsthehowever,try,"ited religious the have and appellations isvanishedslouch true. attitude Andhat. along ofof nowhere "back-woods,"some with farm the,moss-backis it communities. felt "hayseed," more keenlyLamer and'coun- thanin blue in That provincialism doe: still exist, The feel- towardcharacter.governedimpressmd a the habit byOnthemselves annual themthe of otherdeep that cycletend upon and hand,their independent the controlisolation, towardsub-consciousness thought and of has quiet and routine,.cannot and fail so to influenceencourages the farmer a people pro- ofverbialscientificing country often "narrow-mindedness." manifestedtheories life is the as Alack.of evolutiontoward fifth organizationand the ismost teaching an indicationfar-reaching among of such farmers, of effect thiscommon pro:- withof the social isolation doxicalthroughducedfested some outgrowthfarm of circles. our canmostA be secondgifted cited thinkers.thanresult the of the social isolation of in an intense radicalismNo better illustration of this that occasionallyearly interest sweeps mani-the farm is mani- para- an accompanyingstant,forisof littlethe the purposeful, failuremostorganized partscarcity of isfarmprocedureand accidental of steady life leaders. in in growth. sodevelopment the far country. as More ii has attentionrather failed. than willThere con- be This is the chief cause Rural progress tioncaution,farmers,fested was infirst expectedcuttingthe taken Grange loose to some from forty all moorings of 30 up as a financial craze,sail and enthusiastic forth on a wave of years ago. This precedentorganiza- and prosperity uponproblemthatgiven theto the landwill seriousness is, the be holdingaccomplishedSolution of this of condition ofa standard,the only Farm later. classProblem. of people The solution of the farm when country life is made8tion, even adequately financial and prosperity, permanently does satisfying. not suffice. CSIZTRY4IFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Partial satisfac- The wealth- satisfyingthe country. as that of the town or city. THE FARM PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION To do this it is necessary to make country life as That this can be done 9 ranksingiest theagricultural first last in decade farm states values, than show poorer rural even population sections. greater rural decreased depletion in sixty- dur- eight counties between In Illinois, which In betteris Illinois,exemplified than which in the in willClearmany be Creek countrycitedCountry herecommunity neighborhoods, Community for purposes in Putnam Building. of but illustration. nowhere County, In this community there populationthesevenIowa,1900 same and perthe period. cent1910.total during rural decreased A ruralis sonallylandCreekno problem,dissatisfaction, owners, neighborhood, operate, as each herein usually noman with movingdefined. owning from but twoto eighty onlytown, or three whatto and one exceptions, landpractically hundred he can are sixtyno per- all The people of the Clear andgrowthethis significantr landlordism.sshifting is the of rapid farm- For- of aspect tenantry of likenofarmingacres. means the farms,is magnificent,therrule. carefully 3he arehomesplanned comfortable of and the scientificallycommunity, and attractive, thoughmanaged. and,' by All are economically prosperous because scientific tyatedStatesfarms per bycent arein tenants\ the now of United theoper- De- netdatedcapableBut thatroundly-developed the drawsschool, distinguishing men and anda Grange, holds women community contentedlyfeature and in a the church.of thisstate,center about neighborhood, is consistingit a some well-defined of theof the a most consoli- mag- and ' An Abandoned Country Church poormunities,schools,serted farming, churches, broken and ofttimes com-poor de- outtrainedfour in terms acres,teaching of its country force, commodious, andThis life its andschool excellent wellaffording with equipped course its instruction beautiful of building, study woodedthrough worked its wll grounds of twenty- 't SufficeLocated it to say thatofchurches'I here noland, satisfyingare $250 In twentyona, the per satne acre rural county, other civilization deaerted country throughout In a tenant community In v rase valtieelioNie- Illinois. possiblelargesystemsclare the anto Butdiscussevilsissue it of ishere. so thisnot ConsolidatedAcatorsan VIII.fuller accredited and account country School,high of itslifeschool, equipmentto workers quote has attractedathroughout andcommitt work the is the attentiongiven United in Chapter ofStates. edu- All that need be said here is thai the John Swaney of the National thatwhosuccessfulsystemthe history solvingown of andtenai rural of the cherish agricultureitry socialfarm and it. problem orderlandlordism. has is thatmeansever land been holding shall constructed be land tilled owners by upon those in a It is therefore apparent at the outset The cornerstone of every peoplehall,schoolEducation where inhave the Association, twice met United for a month socialWithinStates." "is forand probablya fewthe educational past rods tht. forty of the purposesyears school Clear andbuild,ng Creek have stands the Grange .:lost ideal country IO COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE FARM PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION dominatingdiscussedhighGrangesingle idealism force questionsinfluence influence is of due personal ofhas the of agriculture developed theprogress integrityGrange andthat leadership, moreand countrymarks social than this haslife.' toresponsibility, community. anysustained other a To the theofreconstruction community thesolutionrural other social of satisfactions theidea lifeof farm countryexpressesconcede, problem. oflife, cooperation, as modern lifethen which becomes draw countrythe keynoteEfficient inthe dominating social institutions need forand most students thethe incommunitywhich andthe thisClearabove idealism benefit. Creekall, has hasneighborhood fostered beenBut worked the the highest spirit is out found andof expression cooperation madein the tangible little of personal throughplain for and social idealism I 'whodoctrinesis"meeting-house." seek aship true fellowship of community andmen preaching and with This cherishinginstitution, God church religion through of "thedemanding in early terms magnifyingworth Quaker of ofneither country the establishment the native creeds God-life. earth" nor All areingruralthat welcomed of countrysatisfaction the country to life its comescan membership. beFrom onlymade throughthis satisfying, and the similarly harmonious but that .successful permanent upbuild- instances it is evident cbmmunity. Good schools, churches, effi- Thecientfarmers Incity, labor, the it to lastissocial the commonly analysis town advantages, or thiscityagreed, predominanceare and thehas all resultoutstrippedthe attractions of is community due the chieflythat country. draw effort to fly: ThisFriends' church Church, with a Clearconsolidatedcommunity Creek center. schoolCommunity, and a Grange Its "meetings." Sunday school and Young Peoples' in September Putnam County, Illinois constitutes a strong large "Yearly So- ness,greaterinstitutionsindividualistic.usually among degree poorlycity than of social-consciousness,dwellers. are developed found in and cities. sustain or community-minded-fewer and weaker social As a consequence their communities are Farmers as a class are intensely Here lies the crux of the thesepeople satisfactions to towns are to the the results country,ciety farmersare all well'attendedMeeting" and uneeach week year Inboring duration states is held are whenpresenttattled delegates and for themeals whole In the meeting-house dInIngroom kitchen In the rear of cooperative effort. To bring countryside is enter must put aside small from neigh- and Problem.munitywhole rural idea situation.in countryCooperation life. For thea fuller Keynote account in of thethis GrangeSolution see ofChapter the Farm IV. Community building requires cooperation. Hence the significance df the com- If differences,munity.sistently workovercome together their Cooperationfor as used here implies excessive individualism,the highest and con- goad of the com- four fundamental social rN BEST COPY AVAILABLE es, .6f 12forces1 which must become operative in COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL the construction of THE FARM PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION 13 tionAsevery(c) mediums appropriate organization,community. of cooperationagencies These andAgencies (d) are idealism. for(a) foreducation, the Upbuilding (b) socialization, of the setting tlise forces in mo- Country Community. ofcommunity discussionhouseholdwomen mayactivities of labor this be theme devotedso and thatState outside is somegiven to and community affairs; government.ofin thethe succeeding andtime. (3)work. and the strengthdecreaseAchapter. fuller The chief function of the state in aretypes:socialization.munity. (a) rural the socialhome, institutiotp, (b) the state, and (c) material the church, (d) These agencies may be roughly classified Chief among the institutions serving this are available in the country com- means of rural into two endthe andtiveupbuildingandtenance toprotection agriculturalrender of the stateindustrial localby boardsextensionmaking country aid of andand agriculture,work.community enforcingclass The service, most highwayis appropriate to pressingasinsure in departments, the legisla- needsmain-laws, in reconstructiontremendousmeanslivery,farm of organization, electricrural influence ofsocializ,ation thecar country lines, uponand (e) ruraland maycommunity the especially beschool. cited telephones, mail progress and-happiness. The mustroads,Among therefore which the have begin material a de- obtainsnectionofforthis civic more line in it responsibilityasjust thisshould revealed and field equitablebe farmers acknowledgedwithin on thelegislation have the part immediate themselves of that andfarmers. for an farm chieflytheincreased injustice locality to blame.feeling thatare In this con- isTheuponwith to initialdetermine thewhich redirection step community their in the chief andregeneration welfare Chief functionsregeneration' Functions depends. and and Needs of Rural of rural social institutions needs. of these institutionsSocial Institutions. In this attempt "touchesballotfunctionOnly will when the ruralbeing highest countrymen interests "to pointperpetuateChurch. receive makein the religious properdueredirection legislative and idealism effective of rural attention. in life," usepersonal, of its the "The church," according to President Butterfield, tionButterfield'sthe following ofis tosociety provide analysi3, isbrief always proper statement, isHome of offered:nurture first and importance.based for family. The 'borne as the fundamental the young. A largelysecondary upon President Its primary func- institu- followingresponsibilitymunityforfamily, realizing attitude.and of community members. thisfor alllarge in the Otherresponsibility life." community important A primary rather needs need than of of the forthe country achurch select By this is meant serIce and a feeling of is to gain the coin- thoughneedsfulfilledsharefunction much inof the by theof improvement theeducation thecountry countryhome, home of home children.is fromstill than the by now too rapidly disappearing, is possible in both.These functionscommunity are better point ofthe view town or city home, The chief its churchcludederenceinterpretation are willfarmers' the be application ofmade religioninstitutes, to Voluntarythese of in the granges,terms points principle offarni in agriculture.farmers' a organication.laterof federation chapter. clubs, businessand ati Under this heading are in- Further ref- trainingare: ( in home making;1 See Butterfield's1 vocational education on the (2) the participation of part of women, affording cooperations, and all other organizations initiated by farmers. Chapter II. The Country Church and Me Rural women in Problem, ortoThe conservebad, chief according common class power. as function their Organizations motives of these lead voluntary ofto thisthe associationstypeselfish are or good the is 3 14 CCUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL AMOW44.1 4404 mow WO. CORN tude.mostaltruistic voluntary conservation carm organizations of class power. is forA fundamental the community need atti- of CA'r, j 4, 01,./t1Y TTSTS A J.SOO --NA44N CiOVCR 'A A this need. Both the farmers' institute and the Grange illustrateThe farmers' institute does not generally appre- reAMAIri 54 AN, ARJ MAN TOPIC., CROPSROOT C/N'S BRAINS, .4110 Or JoreMr MIA - CRAIN ceovra ciateratherGrange the thansignificance usually all who seeks oflive the to in servesocial the community. merelyside of itsfarm own A life, second membership while special the Amer.?AIRPA kt ANN(17Z MAN -CORN tionsneedinstitute bearingis for reaches increased upon but the publicityone success farmer andof out voluntary attention. of twenty-five, farm organiza- while thou- The farmers' + Sri ANIA0047 MAN 2.Jaakr WAR - ClOVCO .- 049404CORN sands of country peopleSchool. have Thenever primary heard of function the Grange. of the school is education. V, , education,"mission,But since "resolve"all it difficulties," follows themselves as aaccording logical in the corollary to end the intoCountry that a question the Life school Com- of SCROOt row POORTRA MR04440,1 NIRO peculiarcountrymay serve community advantages as a chief and and immediate making needs of country agencythe school life for satisfying. forupbuilding institutional the The FARM SCH001 PLOY WOUNDS PRWTSTiN42 0 001.10 however,chapter.leadership that to the school can inaugurate progress through other (See Chapter VII.) t''is end will constitute the basis of a later It should be clear at this point, 114,N, =f 610Na tt starttutetudeinstitutions attendance,andcampaigns efficient and alongcanfor teaching roadhelp various improvement,establish the schoollines. granges can impress induce and farmers' farmers'the necessity clubs, insti- Through a proper atti- PUBLIC ROAD TOWN NMi fundamentalorganize,moreof a scientific effective and social agriculture,religion. forces of and the even rural promotecommunity. idealize, thusIt can, in brief, educate, socialize, setting in motion the i broader and From four inlapthe expressesthe precedingin functionprocesses a particularanalysis and of efforteducating, Overlappingit or andsingle participate socializing, social of Agencies force, more organizing, but or in that less Function all fully and over- and Effort. is apparent that no one institution Including school, ohurrh, town hall, mid Indristrlal plant. fromDiagram cliccular of a 84, Conn office ry ofCommunity Experiment Center Stations fteproduced here BEST COPY AVAILABLE ( 16 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE FARM PROBLEM AND ITS SOLUTION . countryworkingidealizing.federative community.harmony idea must among Tobe applied.promote the different this socialspirit ofagencies harmony of the This duplication and overlapping necessitates a oftheand keeping improvement contribution a standard ofof countrythis peopleThe volume, fundamentallife upon is theoffered: our following farms. problem of country life is the problem platform for becausepartmeantagencies of the rural of cooperation fortheir institutions community functionalFederation and progxess.and concertedoverlapping forces of Community is action desirablebut becauseof Agencies. rural not ofsocial only the Such cooperation on the By federation is problemthecountry upbuilding life attention adequately of the mustThe country Countryand thereforesolution permanently community. life of be can.bethis directed pxoblemsatisfying. made To solveto adequately is community to be realized satisfying through only the f,throwlimaking viewpoints.whcletheunityschool, farm and life problem themagnitudeof ahome, social is the groupofone thefarmers' of andrural many consequently .organizationeachproblem. aspects As dealing requiring already has with shown, avaried special the No one institution can do all. The church, the andstate,building. because the church, the wholethe farmThe farmOf organization,chief thcse, problem agencies the school, is and forlargely communitythe because a matter it buildingis ofthe agency are the of home, education, the school. thistaskmunityThisfully reasonwhich necessitatesdefined agencies theno otherwork-share and and the individualagency countrygetting-together, of can each lifeprograms perform institutionworkers. or equallyof federation, actionshould well. developed. be of care- com- Every division of For availableschool,andeducation, most in center capableother is best for words, ofthcfitted initiating upbililding »lakesIn for realizing immediate therural of best thethissocial institutional andcountry opportunity progress.most community. generally leadership, the school is confronted by The thesionalhaps,township,territory, sch-)ol, may conferences including butwell church. the inaugurate county, onGrange, not country only the the farmers' state, lifethefederative inlocal and institute,which evencommunity idea the thebusinessand viewpoints nation, hold and organ- occa- per- the of severalthereforedation,of thc vital rural and, beneeds. educational above made all, throughA wellmost systenz and directthe uponspecially preparation attach: the principletrained upon of teacherstheteachers. of countryconsoli- for life problem may The chief of these arc a reorganization visionization,thcseesented. federative thebe road gained.^c,holc association, idea problem, into andthe and countryall inother this school rural way agencies-are onlyand tocan show a complete repre- country The great need is for workers and institutions which This book is chiefly an attempt to inculcate tantcountryneedsmunity, social schoolof and,thcinstitutions service.country later, with school. andSucceeding sorneagencies particular chaptersof the localsocial will rural deal,aspects com- first, and with the most impor- chapter.developmentteachers their relationof the federation toPlatform. ether fields. movement is made in the last To summarize briefly and forecast the trend Further reference to the 4 1 1 . nency. must establish vital connections with it and consider THE FARM HOME 19 THE FARM HOMECHAPTER II thiseffortstheitsactioninfluence particular effortsconnection. into acquired of ofthe problems.all home lives other in life of thesocializing thoseupon home childrenfor during whomagencies is earlyespeciallyit isand maintained. childhood redirects significant these neverThe in The tendencies and ideals of thought and The home, in other words, absorbs life,mostProgress. theinfluential home, asagency theThe foundational working Farm toward Home institution the as upbuilding an of Agency society, of farm foris Country Life Though the school, as just stated, may be the ofbenurseryquite Richards,theconsidered forsake farm for homethe "than anhere, ideal individual. as the then, anof home agencysocial is the life progress,"determination for of socialthe farm." saysprogress. of Mrs.The the efficiency questionEllen H. to "There can be found no better Are the itespeciallytions,complexityevidently is the the heart true.thehome of ofmost life theis hasfundamental. whole robbed farm. it ofEven many in theof its city, primal where func- the. The farm home is the center of allstill interests; preeminent. Vocationally, this is neces- In the country this is majoritythisthemas they discussion so? of may farm become? farmhomes homes asPresent good may Conditionsnurseries be divided for ininto such Farm three progress Homes. classes: If not, what can be done to make For the purpose of sustaining.manythesarilythah farm so.of any homethe other actual is institution still necessities more oc.complete ourof life modern init isan practically socialindustrial order. self- Though much hasBut gonethis industrial from it in self-sufficiency recent of the farm years,sense For homesaverage,national contribute ideal, life andthan more inferior. our Averageto farm the vigor homes. farm and homes. wholesomeness of our Undoubtedly, taken as a class, no Nevertheless it is well unfortunateandnotatedhome only narrow.influences has independent submerged type both of isolated,good itsand social andself-reliant unsocial bad, limitations. making but existence, often farmers conservative resulting in Above all, it has fostered, in many cases, an It has perpetu- as a class rectingThisthatmentfor farmers, thestudy can majoritythe be must inconveniences madeand begin ofall in farm others, theon thehomespresent physicalto of recognize the order farmhouse,side. of countrythat vast using living, improve- labor and ll bear much further study. Only through cor- effortunfavorablelatedthe tofocus toalleviate. the ofconditions welfareinterest. of whichBut country socially, it will living require also, must though years be rooted of less earnest apparent, in the the farm home is All social movements in any way re- management,savinggeneralacterizesinterests machinery, plan oftrue her can home-making.of family, andtl:ethe institutingcountryhouse Theard promotemajorityin housewife many a better that ofcases systemfarmhouses idealismfurther is faulty,of the householdwhich are higher and roorly char- the planned. The whole the/Grange,home. and the farmers' institute, to gain life and Its problems are all-inclusive. The school, the church, 18 perma- thefurniture workshop is poorlyof the house,s'lected should and arranged. receive Thespecial kitchen, attention being 4 3 venient.in20 planning, but in COUNTRY LIFE AND Often one large most farmhouses it room, that might better be made THE COUNTRY SCHOOL is particularly incon- Sanitation demands far more attention also. THE FARM HOME The most 2/ hotUsuallyquentlytwo, range. serves thereall the is purposescooking, The living-room and no sink or other provision for more labor-saving.of botheven dining-room in summer, and is done the bedrooms also might running water. kitchen. Fre- over a big, into arestandshouldsurroundharmful poorly near be most ofkept;the the the doorfavorable. houseandunsanitary in flies ill-smellingwhere infest practices conditions the receptacles house, perpetuated for polluting healthful ; food living in Kitchen waste is often allowed to upon the farm back yards often be made far The heavy A 4:A11:44,c; car- aretooa mostlittle notcommon heeded.dangerousyet found and the inway. thedisease-breeding majority of farmhouses, properties ofand dust conse- too Saniiary bathrooms with modern conveniences Dust-catching furnishings are still 0,4 ishedmanyquentlythe atquestionhomes standardsthe sacrifice a tightlyof ofrelative personalof barricaded values, cleanliness parlor as well is are guardedlyas lowered.that of money,cher- bathroom, and it is evident that In carearethesidebecomes is frequentlyproblem conducivesanitary a factor ofneglect toci tohousehold inthe the breedingof reconstructionthe sanitation whole of flies. farm in of thefurther farmhouses. country. complicates close to the house and their improper Outdoor toilets are Barns Out- An Ideal Farm Home rainimpuritiesunlessofat bestthe barrels, mostrepulsiverigidly of serious undergroundand guarded, things, standing sanitary andare drainage, pools oftengeneral problems foundthat while neglect arc of to swampy the be makes farm.absorbing land, them onethe never kerosened, Wells, open ease,andbutusuallypets, air andlabor-producing. curtains,throughout furnishedadds to and the thein draperies work country hoirsesFrequently are not only thc lackhouse of breeds moths, with which thes pests, andsufficieot dis- light 'Insanitaryooms are infringementanimalspracticeform excellent unburiedof feeding upon incubators is the anothercarcassesBut laws for of of mostmosquitoes.all topublic neglect hogsrevolting sanitation and about ofand theleaving and farm health. deadhome none is The too-common unnecessarymore inex- ofenjoying womeninconvenienceslife. some and consume of addthe hoursricher time that 14 of drudgery to the work and more permanentof the housekeeper. might otherwise he experiencesof countryAll thesespent in caseshineblessingcountry,cusable as in in than manycouldwhere several poor berural God's others, soventilation. households.persistently whole reform out-of-doors isrejected entering as through callsare air to andtheman, barn no It would seem that in theAmong farmers, in this 45 sun- , eventuallyattentiondoor,22 and willaftersome be dairyone shifted will cows remember to and the horses house the COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY country school.l.are well providedand its inmates, for, and SCHOOL as water,specialNotapplied only cityconsideration. through matters conveniences interior of convenience finish that andhave but decoration, come those to of the haveart countryand received beauty, and THE FARM HOME Telephones, gas lights, and running 23 , beduringizingvenience enjoyed. influences, the will last be decade, groupedhave also Social,but here improved undereducational, the and cultural conditions, There are still are even yet far from what might too many homes where the greatly in farmgeneral homes term spiritual- which for con- ofhome.come this houseto stay, canadd thebe finishingtracedThe same touches thought to this and beautiful study manifestedcountry in the planning in the arrangement of the usualpartythelocalworld chief newspaper socialor ; dancetopicwhere diversions. ofand neighborhoodrepresents conversation; the Saturday the gossip,chief and trip to -In too many farm homes, pettyliterary if not malicious, contactwhere with theis the questionable town represent the controlThegroundssuggestbarns, yard of barn-lots,and is anscience, large, innate the general but whileloveand simply farmof mowed management respectability buildingsplanted roads and alland ofand well show thetrimmed order kept.whole the in expedientthehedges farm. make- Fields, buttypeandday its drudgery ofofcounterpart richthe idealand its varied constantfarm mayIdeal home opportunity,be companion. farm happens homes. to be.located The country home seen in any good agricultural money is the god of life shown here as a even in thisin Illinois, dayshisthisup.)f ofwife particular lifeof the special areare farmer. self-educated,maintained home, training, however, onand having a thatquarter is all thelived this sectionfact their richness that ofyouth the land. andfarmer before fulness and the The point of emphasis in the study of True, the ingpersonalandvenientlysection; material,his wife experience arranged. planned concrete, and Thisit themselves, which the is owinglaws is probablyof basing science. Architecturally this house is well planned to the fact that the farmer their demands The new build- and con- upon scientificfarmicanlam' agricultureis homes control.very productive,of Thearethe scarcelypossibilitiesaverageInferior but realized muchand farmof ideal applied of yet homes.its types even fertility science inare dreams. theisin owingAmer- inferior to Standing in sharp contrast to andwhichcareyears,many in harmonyhas reformshasa farmhousebeen been withtaken inused farm itsis to for designed.natural keepconstruction the wallsthe setting exterior of theduring house. the The general plan of the and the purpose forappearancedestined simple to cause Particularnext few oftenmuchmunity,homes.shiftless foundlarger no classmatter amongthan of commonly how tenantsland-owners, progressive, and thought. in butthe and ratheroverflow their among number of humanity the is morevery on These are to be found here and there in every com- Such homes are not tilationWisconsin,house shows has theissued highest1 Professor a little degree book E. treating H. of King this of the State Agricultural for dwelling-houses, barns, and schoolhouses, thoughtfulness and vital question of College. Madison, which should care. ven- enceinglycountrythe outskirts suggestspitiful what since tenementsof "the cities land country valuesand are to largeslum" havethe city,towns. gonesometimes and so theirhigh. mentioned lot is appeal- in They are to the Their pres- costprofitbe placed see by bibliography every in every member country of this of thebook,school farmer's Section library, family. and 4 G 4. might beFor read publishers with and of recentcountry literature, life is nowhere and the hopelessmore apparent despondency than within and fatalism their 47 24 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE FARM HOME 25 farmersinstitutionsresponsibilityalone,walls. nor little particularlyand forpersonal rests the caremost charitycharacteristic of heavily these is homes tolerated,upon of theis country upon school. but ruralit Among social Though not, in most cases, a product of rural forces life, is time, the onlytheoffor vocational causehomecan participation the life.of time any education lackand in community energyof idealismof country of farmers' affairs and women. social-mindedness and wives the be spiritualization conserved among Household drudgery is unquestionably the chief In this way thisnevertheless, element of for the more rural decided population. action The for wholethe betterment problem of chinery,theofcountry farm remodeling homewomen.and the' life of practiceFour suggested farmhouses, important 1.of anhere, improved the needstheu, use are for ofsystem aslabor-savingthe follows: improvement of household ma-The decrease of household labor as effected through home-makingmanagement.affairs. in its fullest3.2. sense. The vocationalparticipation education of country of farm women women, in preparing community for emphasized.ducingrural depletiondrudgery andin the theThe4. farm general Decrease home farm cannotof problem. Household be too stronglyLabor. TheThe necessity spiritualizing of re- and idealizing of farm home life. No other single issue has more bearing upon The difficulty An Inferior Farm Home energylimit,quantityhere,houses however,as expended. ofofrequires labor,securing is muchsince not increased so thisattention. much cannot returnsa This matter be donesubject from of beyond decreasing thecannot amount a be certain treated the of In this connection the remodeling of farm- discussedmentsuchA rented improvement, of farm, the here. thefarm owner laborhowever, living problem, in a is city based forty which largelymiles away.cannot be further ;250 per acre upon the adjust- Land valued at in charactereryrearrangedobservationdetail thus in made aof and bookit the possiblerefurnished home of this life. will character.' that bring the savingabout aof revolution time and drudg- in the is evident that farmhouses can often be so The possibilities of farmhouse But from common controlneedfor forthe and thebetter decrease improvement planningThe of household andImprovement of reconstructionfarm labor.home of life Farm of is farmhouses for Home the better Life. This in turn calls The immediate and architectureSectionHealthfulworked 4. out Farmhouse, to by this a farmer'sendI Thewhich are remodelingwifewell is listed andrevealed in&scribed ofthe an inbibliography old-fashkmedthe in following a little of book, this farm quo- book, The house has been well Lls 49 alkh 26tations from an address by Dean L. H. Bailey, given before COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL (g) Every mddern house should have water running into it and THE FARM HOME out27 countrythetionsI willstudents gentlemen.throwapply of myto Cornellcommon statementsWho Agricultur0 farmhouses, into classified College rather paragraphs. than in to the a farm residence should be. By way of concrAe suggestions, 1910. These sugges- estates of tiesof manyit. as are tenant city houses.houses, will be as well provided with water supply facili-Within twenty-five years every good farm residence, and even liketions.typeshould a of townhouse. farm be broadarchitecture and(a) low thatThe rather seemsfarm than residence to .should That is, the structure must look like fit the farm country. narrow and tall.grow out of farming condi- a farmhouse rather than We needThe a house proportions,beautyThestruction. farmhouse of a building its shouldfitness lies beto(b) conditions,notcondensed, The in house andwhether should in the it be materialsis verylarge simple of which in it is This is true uf all houses, but particularly of country houses. its external ornamentation, but in its its general plan and con- or small. The itsthewithconstructed. complex house as few should valleysand broken lie and in its peaks(c)features. dignified The and ordinary (lashings and simple farmhouse sky lines should rather have a as possible. very simple roof scheme, The beauty of than in onusedreachkitchen, the together part of dining-room,oneof or the another.between housewife, woodshed,which(d) 'rhe should there house and is be should cellaron the should besame planned allfloor, be to ssith So far as possible, the rooms that save steps veryto the much utmo travel, t. particularly within easy are daily The no 9fablesteps housekeeping.tleaned. to up save and muchdown. of We her (e)should energy The sohouse for plan other should a house activities be that so theplannedthan merely and made that it woman may be can be easily those athatand new alsowe attitude are of heavyappreciating toward and the upholstered constructionthe(f) Therelation house hangings ofand shoulddust the in furnishingto thebe health, constructedfurnishings. of residences. This means an ab,ence of all elaborate spindle work, filigree, or remodeled with the idea of we must take Now When farming I. regarded and managed as a businees industry, Office in a Farm Homecommon In farmhouses Aloes will be housepumplog,butWeapplying iv,elf. wehave eventuallyhave beenpower not applying to adapted to some the power cleaningof it the to toanyhousehold ofthe greatthe work rooms, extent work,of the and tofarm tothe other and work thelabor. of the as to the laundry, barn, withone-quartercasesmembers thisit ofidea theor in evenfamily mind. (Is)one-third can The do ordinarythe if housework.the house farmhouse plan mustis carefully be planned studied is possible to reduce the work of keeping house I am sure thatin in such many a way that the by at least 28 (i) You all know that most of the unexpected visitorsCOUNTRY to a farm- LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE FARM HOME 29 nohouse Perhapsthehouseunkept houseat all,go back it to and iswill the toyard. that bemeanback asthe highlydoor inestablishment the or developed endside that door. shall there in some"face" really respects all is waysno "back" as and the have tofront. the This means that the back of importantinregret distribution concerning factor into decreasingthisthe statesplendidA more of the New efficientseries labor York. is ofsystemthat farm they of homes. are household restricted management is another In whetherthedown"ceries cellar arein a the orgoodoften the cellar. dealattic.bought of (j)this in Thequantity. material house would mtist notbe providedbetter be storedwith ample on the storage space. Ordinarily, theThis larger necessitates part of thii many storage steps. is in The winter's supplies are "put It is a question Gro- valuesdone,whatofthe seeing lastand thingsand analysisof beyondwhat scientific are things most thisthe training. fourreformworthcan bewalls while,left is largelyof undone the what kitchen, a; thingsbutmatter such to can ofdetermine an relativebe appre- half It takes a clear vision, capable ity.firstshouldfrom floorThis the withbemeans outside, on a thisplace that andfloor the specially firstalso (k)and Thefloorthat easydesigned firstwashrooms should of floor.access, for not andit, be like.an andand the Theapproached other preferably.cellar membersenlarged service are by the closet.of near high roomscentersthe thefamilysteps of thespend family much activ- of their time out of doors. ciationpresent.nowto the ofby happiness relative scarcitythose mostvalues of domesticfarm familiar isA positively women.chief help. withdifficulty necessary the realof the tosituation, progressfarm home, andis the likely suggested before thefarm-sideato ordinary suitable have entrance. them appearance.carpenter, match add:tionsthe(1) stWhen to additions residences are areplaced slot onlikely an oldto present house, care should be taken le of the original. If left to the whim of ofhas toThisthe as which Commissionyetlooks been many to the found, domestic establishment on butCountry inlabors, this of Life connection cooperativeespecially is worthy thosethecommunity of suggestion attention.of canning, plants No panacea for this trial is unnecessary.ringfully todiscussed some sources on everyThe of use handinformation of labor-savingthat extended on this machinery comment point will in here farmhousesbe is now so But the opportunity thus afforded of refer- thatthistoli,liedlaundering, hundredsindicate idea. and satisfactorily andlarge of cooperativepossibly possibilitiis disposing baking, creameries in may the of thefuturebe arerelegated.milk alreadydevelopment question estab- seems of The fact another,ture,improved.mayMrs. entitled beEilgene entitled procured, A recent Davenport, shouldbulletin beof of Urbana,in the the Department possession Illinois, fromof Agricul-every whom farm it Ifodern Conveniences for the PossibilitksFarm Home, of the Country Home, written by and trytialinto womenas whichthe the way basis theymust of ofdevoteprogress, know all progressVocational theirmore even lives of within asthe beforeEducationthe science menthe much farm inu:t of for canthehome. knowCountry greatbe expected Coun-more task Women. of This is essen- uponandhousewife.Cornellthe latest theseries farmfarmhouseCollege of home,bulletins of appliances.Agriculture however, noneat Ithaca, is more New valuable Yolk. The than only Both contain helpful advice concerning the best for farmers' wives put out by the Of all literature yet issued sociologyhouseincluderealizedthe science management, notin and the of only economics.agriculturecultivation house but sanitation, child-study,beforeof the soil. marked decoration, physiology, developments cookery, and can some and be The mother who knows only how This knowledge should 30to feed her children is but COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY partially prcpared for her duties, SCHOOL should be encouraged in both country and city, and women THE. FARM HOME andculturalwomen,realize it is desirable this collegesfarmers' still thatnowinstitutesmore collegesoffer fully some than at present. But even these advantages are not and.the "short courses" of agri- of opportunityhousehold artsin this come &.'ict to oi For ccuntry always recentwithholdstioneverywhere sufficiently book, them shouldThe tofrom Country master realize such theLife service.their feeling Movement, responsibility of reticence speaks in which thisas follows direc- often Professor Bailey in his selvessufficientlyspecialfor the ofeducation. capablethese appreciated. opportnnitits country teacher. is a significant Inducing farm women to avail them- field of influence theasideandof Farmingwomcnwoman's farmingextent from depend ofistheir contributionbusiness athe co-partnership personal movementto a greateris to toinfluence contribute communityfor degree business. a better as than members to countryItprogress: wethefollows, realizeredirection life,of then,families. thewholly naturethat of if "On the man."thingslifecountry of shouldany life, home thebe made womanis theThe to only Spiritualizing contributehas true responsibilities measure to thisof Farm ofend. its as Home worth.well Life.as the The spiritualized Immaculate All Home Makers' Schooi, University of Illinois, Urbana inghousesprovementbehousekeeping real better arehome-making. understood, moreis andever convenient household this Thethequestion spiritualization paramount andslavery relativeof its are spiritualization. problemnow values of understood farm in in housekeep- home When not im-life to countryFarminculcatingIf the home homewomen life ideals as can take has The ofnever beenasocial Participationlarger be said, progress, sufficiently part is to of Farm Women in it mustin becomecommunity be directed a nursery affairs. byCommunity for Affairs. broadening until bilitiesthroughproblemticalwill possibilities.as themay they development bemay formulated be met of bya greater saying appreciationthat it is to be of solvedfollow prac- naturally. By this is meant embracing present possi- A further general solution better management and more to this hometici:,afionwomen but who towill themselvescountry prove women beneficial possess themselves. not these ideals.The point of view of women only to children in the Furthermore, it is Such social par- beawisely large partially directed outlay accomplished: enerk,ry,of time, andnot1. developing money, and po3sibilities strength. that requirefly acquiring increased scientific knowledge of home- This can essentialTheespeciallyis net grow iedto community upon uponing customevery matters w question elfare.of of putting educational of women and upon community improvement and social relationship. school boards Womenmaking,what may appreciateas has otherwise been the shown 2.seemdignity, aab,)ve. monotonous difficulty, and task, By overcoming the exiling tendency toward fatalism. Only in this Nvvy can J J significance of k75. A32 peculiar fatalistic attitude of mind affects all farm people. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL is no exc\ se for the gaudy calendars THE FARM HOME 33 ticularlybe,encytheMrs. thatCyclopedia to Ellenthesuch in controlthe anH. more of influenceRichards Agricultureof barren nature. doesin farm her traces exist homes.article isthe plainly oncause the evident,offarm this home tend- par- in But whatever the source may countryaverageLiteraturegraphs so isfarm often isof perhaps a home, desultoryfound the inbut themost character.much living-rooms spjritualizing of th, reading done in Too little a'..':ent:onand enlargedir photo-of country houses.' influence of the the . must placeof science." seem to afford the3. only immediate relief. be substitutedThrough awhat better some system one hasof household termed "the management. courage This and the spiritualization of the common- For this fatalism .giventhinguntilbargainBooks to lost to arethe countersits oroften upbuilding owner,worn indiscriminately and out. is are the ofA carelesslysystematicallygood product library, purchased of thrown from years of development,one that means any- planned libraries.about the house agents or at therThisvariablereducingdo elaucration remedylittle spiritualizingfactor the has drain itinbeen maythis brieflyupon direction, beuntil re-stated their discussedthey householdtime have that and above.found farmers' strength,management some wives method and, shouldcan as of a Without fur- school,in senseandall the the athe social,matter fact church, that educational,for additions discouragement.theOutside Grange, andthemust andhome,cultural be other made spiritualizing stimulation influences ofslowly the is in nomay be found tures,broadenandreceive cultural conversation, due and attention. sweetenimprovement. 4.andlife. recreation, These include can all all be influences made to con- thatThrough enlarged opportunities for social, educational, Light, cheer, music, literature, pic- itcusseddesigned engenders.in this in connection tolater promote chapters. because theThe Farm of the Home cultivation as the Center of commonTravel, welfare. also, should be mentioned Rural Interests. of world interests Thesesocial agenciesare dis- That fortributelighteddoChildren the well tofarm this hometo naturally home rememberend. will needsThe lovestand/ necessity specialthat light the with and competitionemphasis for thebeauty, better average in lightingand thisof mothersboystreet connection. f aacilities lightsbrightly would in theandGrangeby workershome centerministers workers, is of thein their will other,center farmers' efforts.all social declare of allinstitute institutions, interests that directors,they is Yet in practice these good people areusually making acknowledged the homeat least in theory. country teachers, littlement.whereInthe this nearest tunes Nothing daythere ofplayed town are inexpensive is morechildren, farby thebetter restful schoolgirl production, should than than amusic,possess darkadd every harmony and a home, musicalevencheerless to theespecially the instru-simple dailyone. erationfractiontheend.seem school. to that close they connection might exert, and and often rural fail schools to attain the desiredThis is especially evident in the the influenceOur over country farm homes churches of the do not have case of the church and are failing mis- morepresent than a gen- thespiritualizingroutine. masterpieces influence of artArt, of are the now farm so home. inexpensive that there also, 5 Gshould be made to contribute more to Good copies of the appendixneedserably of in ofcountry their this book,lack children.I ForSectionof adaptation a list 8. of pictures to the suitable vocational for farm home 57 decoration see the and home 41,4 th COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE FARM HOME 34homeProbablythe homelife noof thanagencya commonity. the has GraLge.The done work moreA good of in the itsgrange Grangeestablished and the press for. farm Probably none does less at pres- revolutionizes the field for homes. throughhouseholdcontent.directed short effort science, courses frit and orin movableother subjects schools, also, as might described be provided in the Longer .,essions and more systematic instruction in it is not sufficient in either quantity or 35 thanent,columnpaper,failing exceptthe church. it toor is for realizeso true, devotedthe keeps itssavorirw, opportunities to up "making a grace housework ofin thisits line. easy" or to The rural press is another agency that is semblance of home interests in a former influence, Every farm petty ofphasesshouldchapter farm relatingdevelopwomen.on farmers' to new child-study institutes. phasesAs another of and home toeffort the study, communityat rural especially home relations improvement,those the farmers' In addition to this, the institute correspondence,culturalandfarm appreciative housewife's papers. but development problems, littleFarmers' is done and of institutes tosuchit reachis timeinterests andthe the improvement of country for the scientific through agri-heart of the homes. munityThetakingeveninstitute institute model of canmight this farms,be need character infound some fornot demonstrationsomeown wayneed theestablishambitious not !arid. necessarily purposes.model young farmhouses, be farmer expensive. who or In every rural com- An under- theyYettryOfconditions alllife, in might agenciesneither none do. thanhave case now the greaterare working farmers' these opportunity towardagencies institute the doing and betterment the a countey If .they were, farm home conditions would for improving home tithe of what of coun- school. hadexpectshasitists marriedgladlyscientific and to extensionmakeand and advice profit a settled permanent workers, byand it.down counsel home. they on fromawould piece agricultural in of most land cases which special- accept he Visiting agents might be employed If such a young couple itsections,muchbe is better conducting for thanwomen'sthe country they a home-educational areinstitutes, homes atStill, present. ofthe and America. farmers' housekeepers' campaign Through institute as an organization heretofore un- conferencesits women's is doing andsaryofconductby stock,the ;the county rearing thissoil, work. and or of stategeneral children. organization farm management, of farmers' would institutes be neces- tofor the wife, instruction in house management, cookery, For the farmer, instruction in the care Reading would naturally play problem.ifcangestionsknown they be madebutin :or the centered thehere, history enlargement but theirof institute agriculture. attention of its uponactivities workers would soon see dozens Only two or three sug- this phase of their along this line anexperimentbeIn important thisconvertedpersonal way part theofvisits into this farmin aandsuchcharacter demonstration and advice a thesystem, infarm from every buthome ofthe threeitslocal specialists selected chief or possibility. four basis might employed.toWnships should easily One tionwelltallyesitific thegiveconcerned institute moreinformation time with does to questions giveontheIn coo theproblems t liome first of place,improvement of the the farmers' institute, ry and dietetics. agricultural science, might home. Whatthough atten- fundamen- Thisis is chiefly well- sci- chapters,Whilefarmerswould it be isof sufficientlya community.Improving relatedlocal to to attract the realfarm the conditions attentionhome through of of all the the the country school. is hoped that what is said here, and in succeeding 5 'HE FARM HOME 36withcountrygested country to in prove the life, preface, of the value chief is toto assistconcernfarmers country andof these all teachers others pages, by asestablish- sug- COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL connected theingThree farmthrough ways home. are the suggested agencyFirst, of by the throughwhich school, the suggestion, countrymay help teacher, sympathy, to improve work- and personal influence, 37 otherbilitytheing ruralhomea littleof theagencies. is more commonly homes clearly The of acknowledged.aconnection thecommunity relation between offor So, the the too, school thecharacter is schoolthe to responsi- various ofand the beinformationedgetheof done teacher the to thebypeople, onemayintofarm who anyandincidentally women homewhosehas worked ofis training, a theimpart delicate hercommunity. position,waya undertaking.great into deal andtheTo ofverycarryunderstand- knowl- lives this It must possessonlyingleadershipwhich are sympathize a a shepreparation great works.in rural charitable with Theprogress for the opportunity the difficulties affection task.is considered offor of the farmthe countryat humanity somelife, butteacherlength mustwith in for a Such a leader must not degreeandgoodinlater rural its chapter.teacher. of faithlife personal, can in hercome localmake so leadership.Asclose possible a secondto the the hearts attempt greatest of the at conceivable cooperationpeople as a with the home, the It mustHer affection suffice to and say devotion here that to nothe individual community Domestic Science in the Country School, Macon County, Illinois teacherstimulatinguntrainedatscience present may into teachers adequatelyintroducethought the school canand an accomplishcurriculum.preparedcentering elementary attentionto aFew do greatcourse this country upondeal work,in inhouseholdthe teachers the butproblems way even are of littleremotelyschoolimprovefor ungradedthe maintained. felt,homes.that existing and district not home supportyet school, conditions,realized. it is with also however, all acknowledged, in both a butmaterial only Tlie reciprocal responsibility of the school That the school, even the its limitations, can of hadwillmaterialstionalthe home.nobe "domestic materials,done and for preparation science"a andlong but time. way. forlittle which training, this workedmethod outcalls a littlesuc- Such a course need not begin in the conven- In one school a Ifteacher we are who to wait for the theteachersandthrough influencea spiritual and the isof way, personalmade the schoolis the occasionally influence basis here of as this andelsewheredemonstrated discussion. energy must of bythe originate country teacher. 6 0 Naturally throughoutventionalitiesconditionscessful course uponthis of discussion myliterarythrough 1point Intimate form, ofbyher viewthe experience andown use thatshall ofinitiative, the refer has feminine soto ingrained thefounded countrypronoun. the wholly teacher realism of country school I have disregarded the con- 61 38upon the needs of her particular community. A description COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL of clubwivesconductinghomethis course among andlife mothers.may is some thegiven be women elementaryinstituted onA pagethird and 244. effortby olderextension the for countrygirls the work of development theteacher among community. through house- of an improved rural This may be done by organizing a little CHAPTER III A discussionthethroughevenhome course a culture school which injust this club,parents' to mentioned work.club. or aassociation, A civic reading may improvement be course, makesconsidered also,a association,good may as instrument topics be made or for Such matters as those suggested in bafflingThe country of rural church problems. questionThe Country is in Church as an Agency for Rural Progress. THE COUNTRY CHURCH Small membership, poor attend- many respects the most poseeffectivearefrom are included which listedfor this bulletins in extensionthe ruralbibliography andAll progressvaluable work.this implies Someof directory.information this thatbooks book, the for mayandteacher this sourcesbe gainedpur-as well as the mother must clinedimpressionmatelytoance, indicate toward inadequate acquainted a is religiouslack financialof withreligion thought. farm support, among life, and however,farmers. sectarian realize strife, that all seem this false. Farmers as a class are especially in- Their isolation, close con- Those most inti- plished.nessworkshavevision of a and countrydeep of thea genuineinsight future, life. intothoughfaith the in no thelives one possible ofneeds those to fulness seefor it whom moreand rich- clearlyshe Every worker for rural progress must possess this Without this ideal little can be accom- choirsareallmotetact day sungwith reflection ofbehind greatnature,over a cathedrals.theand ,plow and hota spiritualeven ponders ranges the attitude. monotonymanyof farm things, kitchens of andtheir thanwork, in the Perhaps one of the first needs in The boy who trudges more hymns pro- or morenationalisTheto the cling home than heart lifeto all isit isof others,moreindeed due the morehome.tenaciously have the gratitude heartsacrificed ofthan andthe for the consideration.farm the country heritage but the mother. wemother now To no class of women in our They, ingtheCertainly termredirectionforce would a in broader country ofat leastthe and churchlifeThose provemore only whocomprehensivehelpful.is aby newmeasure the definition number the interpretation strength ofof existingreligion. of the of church as a socializ- possess.itstinueputindustrial former their the liveseffort. drudgery advancement ; and Andothers spiritualized offor man generations is now through the to come chiefthe social willconcern con-and of Into the farms of America men and women have That this life shall be relieved of much of gious,greatergravechurchessentative mistake. and than and theof this. the allThechurch thepercentage church religious in a as broad an of and agency church moral of members tendenciesinfluence makeis of much Even unchurched commnnities are reli- sense is the social repre- every a ruralthe country betterment. school and of all other agencies working toward 62 community,unexpressed not as well.only those expressed and avowed, but the 39 63 40connectionthe influence it isof well the This churchto remember, interpretation as a rural also, social isthat necessary thefactor. present to aloss true appreciationCOUNTRY ofLIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL In this gregationsothertory instances is but small, a pitifulchurch pastors story buildings underpaid, of the struggle for existence. THE COUNTRY CHURCH are old and dilapidated, con- and all local church his- Sun- 41 mentalof institutions,Thedelayprestige church norin adaptingon permanent, theandhas part theever itself ofstatus beenbut theto recentonly countryof one the .theofsocial country thechurch inevitable andmost church isindustrial conservativeneither result today funda-changes. of is its but of nowchurchquatetooday areichools, out returns buildings,"invariably of use upon forand thehandicappedsays repair whole,effort in the put andUnited into at them.best States, a recent editorial in the Outlook, "are are in better condition, but they render only inade- as "Tenan indication thousand churchoutstrippedanThea example period country and allofin of progressmarkedotherchurch, the condition forces therefore, transitionby otherwill any emerge institutions.notwithstanding ininstitution rural with life renewed assumes from its present which vitality. dor-the The present is when 41, 14".tieNtw" churchedlysion,socializingmant authoritative,whosestate, very agencies is, estimatestrongly, and emphasizeswill of of considering farm everthe presentlife. continue the itsocial rural "fundamentally to situationbe,responsibility one of is theundoubt- a neces- ofchief the The Country Life Commis- becountrysary a leader institution church in the attemptinformationin countryThe to Presentidealize life" from and thethisStatus maintaining replies life. of gatheredCountry that it by Churches.must the Country church conditions vary in Digest of butMoreover,attemptdif:erentCountry little to Lifecouldlocalities generalize few Commission. be statistics gainedquite concerning as from are much available such as them homea study isfor conditions,equally ifthis they purpose hazardous.were. and andany Church and Manse, Rock Creek Community, This church is the center of's satisfying lie mile, from any town country neighborhood Menard County, Illinois churchingdredsperousEngland, of country rural than where localities, ofchurches under-churching, theHere church however,almost and problem idealthere especiallythere in areeveryexceptionalis ratherno outside way.local one churches, communitiesof of New over- are found pros- In hun- churchoughtthoseof changing to conditions, who be out have belief of areuse."made andoverlookingAmong the conditions, the chief causes of this distress, as diagnosed by most careful analysis of country and ten thousand more conditionsand church and attendance other causes, in the is nearestirregular town, and infrequent. owing to road (3 1 In bylooking overlapping, is meant the multiplicationneglect and the absence and, existenceand overlapping. of more sepa- of church influence; 6 By over- 42Therate denominationalone means too littlechurches church than opportunity a community ; can support. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL the other too sion,chusettsfurnishes under College thewhose most of instructionAgriculture, reliable information it and was member prepared. concerning of the present THE COUNTRY CHURCH the Commis-This digest 43 especiallymuch.tiesserious. isUnchurched desirable in the West to localities the and friction Middie are and frequentWest, strife and occasionedin their many condition sectiuns, by over- is But even the apparent paganism of such communi- statusSouth,churches of more country hold than and 66% Whatchurchesinfluencer of proportion the whites,that has of often the 8o%whole to population 90%, are of the community Replies vary from 1% to r00%. thus far been deduced. influenced. do theIn the entever,churching situation. though or overlapping.fundamental,The dotwo not factors reach of the rural heart church of the decadence pres- just cited, huw- In this effort a consideration of the following theOnIn the East,the West, whole,perhaps the frommore average 50%Arein active they oftento 60%.membership gaining runs There under or thanlosing?seems so%; sometimesto be a very More are gaining than are losing. in church influence. falling than the off low. ,In in basedstatisticsinBlake New upon ofon Hampshire. New theministerial salary Hampshire lists salaries of is the suggested. gathered four leading by Reverend denominations Edgar In this state two hundred nine churches These statistics are gainers.thecountrysomeneither East, evidence the churchesgaining losers nor areand iosinglosing. the stationaries in the East are and more Central numerous In the South, there that village churches are gaining, but that isolated is a decided gain. NearlyWest. 33% are There is dofiveraisehundred not lessraise less fifty-eightthan thanover $2oo; $400;$500 raise andeach sixty-five aless forfew thisthan less raise purpose, than less $loo. than and And of$300; these in general,twenty- one $500; one hundred twelve arechurchdifference,preparation indifference, on the commercialism, or lackpart inefficiencyWhere of earnestnessthose they sought.growingon fail, the what part irreligion, are of the reasons?pastor. The most frequent reasons Butand amissionary large percentage zeal, inadequate speak of or antipathy Apathy, in- to the questionHampshireforty-oneto the wagesmade per do centnotthroughout of common raiseof the an four the amount labor. Methodist leading A for special ministers'denominations denomination investigation salaries in equal1910New of this coveroftenchurcheslife,bad theroads, an ground; annex often sparse orareirregular andappendage in thepoor service; towns; population; and inwith all the lackWest of themenincessant toil, and insufficien: clothes its energy is exhausted infatigue, hard conditionsfor churchof going. Country church andis churches to The a andsalaryshowsproblem numerous ofthat Methodist is outside an similar economic a ministers hundred facts Problem. it is isof evident butthe $573largest that a the year.cities country the average church From these places;of6trtiggle ments,inthe the church in East,to take the exist. Westonmanythe the Sunday .away. basela,amusements newspaper, excursions, of the the andyoung, Saturday nurses Sectarian quarrels sometimes hinder; the attitude trolley, and the city amuse- night dances;antipathy in lifethisizations have direction, not possible. yet beenhowever, A sufficiently Themomentous through country investigated thebeginning church work questionof to has themake beenCommission andgeneral- made other in phases of country religiousandthe not people; amatters. church Timefor each. is some M yet, foreign there opposiionis little where there is a it does ni,t The church often has no interesting message for get into their Tlw laymen are not enthusiastic lives. Bigotry and racialworn outcommingling in mixture of races in 95% ofbeeneredon ProfessorCountry from compiled, the Life. Kenyon 125,000 and is L. repliesreproduced Butterfield, received here President by through this commission of the the kindness Massa- has A digest of the church information gath- .11dogmameinchurch doin attendance, religiousnot draw matters. men. and they oftent exercise veryitirchts; even church memhers do not train little autle.y over their ehildten in lt; 1 44 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY CHURCH 45 oradverse littlereligious forinfluence a community strict of /sSabbath, theThe renterorganization, floating tend in toGupporting tenant break is noted populationdown the severalthe religious multiplicatwn and times. the foreign of churcher, element, because of denominational church, or any moral influence. whudivisions, care The orport feeltion"union" less thator hindrance federation? churches00% might than are The beWhat would eliminated. usual proportion be reply supposed. The isof churchesfeeling A few that mightcases there beof isfederatedwisely a growing eliminated by consolida- mentioned. 33% or sof/e. A small minority do anot understand; severalfactor?' think it does nut touch the In more than 66% of cases, perhaps, it is a factor. problem; a few Some moretoditions?harmony talks among on right denominations living;What changes emphasis is manifest.know." on things of this life; sympathy This is frequently answered by, "Can'tLiberality; say," or, ''We want in church methods are required to meet present con- harmony; union; less doctrinal preaching; ternalwomen'sbrotherhoodwithlive rural orders,pastors; clubs; life; are cooperationteach personal common love workvisitation; ofsuggestions. with rural schools, things; farmers' arespect church organizations for open law; week Christian days;and fr.- to the children ; the institutional In the South, an educated church; men's a:A theoffundamentalministry the church Scriptures is anthe weakness. organ vital with need.Manyfor earnestness; think no revolutionary renew missionary clumge zeal; is necessary; consider preach the Gospel community Sectarianism runs high, but it spirit; let the ministers be "coun- is not the industrial,countryt -y"the men industrial;testimony in ofsocial, this Christian respect and impressesa good recreational spirit,arelrhat deal not areone and veryfor the with thedevelopment? the different churches church socialthe fromwill doing revive. those for theof the community city. lifeits educational, idea that the (in fact, all that is done, Almost nothing for r'.eds of the In general, Scene from a Fourthof.July celebration Inaugurated The push ball for this game was made by the boys Play in the Rock Creek Community by the church. often)answer,lecturedeal through for courses "All the organizationsre:reationalthey and can readingVery do." andoftenpreviously clubs. a littlenothing mentioned; at frequently a good. all is done except in a social way. for the educational, chiefly by Many cases.thethink West. it the biggest mis:akeDoes it in aid villages or hinder and churchsmall work? It aids in a fair minority of towns, especially irr mightlifeprovide open organize attractive for community educational musicWhat and enterprises more lecture classes could courses; andand gatheringsrecreationsshould become they aof doaftercenter various in thesethe of Y.socialsorts; M. lines? Churches might oftenandthe a by Protestantground dividing (South church, the Itfinancial andhinders and West) support. in the major number; sometimes Competition .stimulates; there one for each foreign tongue.; there must be at least a Catholic are too few churches toThe cover South and far West re- by sectarian prejudice, C. rooms,eignerheindustrialA. paid fashion; and and to economics strange.r. therest-rooms. might poor, teach tofor the the cooking, outsider, whole community. hygiene to the young and More rightpeople, attention living, to the shouldand for- Some suggest churches Severalwith gymnasiumsi want pastors bath- who live in the country. 6) THE COUNTRY CHURCH 47 46anythingMany alongfeel that these the Howlines. church far arecan theydo no responsible more, nor for the tendency away COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL is it organized to do from the farm? Voce(a very on few the mention whole.In The $15oo)Forthe manse theEast ; rest,the anti is average the far compensation West, runs the compensation is from $500 to usually furnished in addition. from $400is to abmit $1000; $8(x.) $600 to $woo.to $t.:uo cases,theNotof commuaityt at pastors often indefinable, and They people haveTo sometimes are what a usuallywide degree, weak.influence good. and how, in the do large they actually influence theall, unless negatively, by not making country life attractive. The preceptThey stand and example for the best majority of morals of a familyis done.inadequate on, and for theIs thiswork adequate? to be Very few Many communities want a minister leate anything for a library. A improvements infind these it adequaterespects?done, to but raise sufficient and "his et :ire time." good many think it fi-At the work that educate Elim- moralitySabbath(mlyagainstthings. organized flagrant in most vice,moral communities. force in the commtmity. The best peopleschool belong to the church. teaching sin, and lawlessness. are strong forces The church is often thefor Pulpit preaching andThey standrighteousness firmly and tematicrevolutionizeinate,parsonages;Let the giving; seminaries the make run finances,In the whatthe trainchurch churdi adoptway men by can morethe fora there country be consolidate, federate, pay more and of a communitybusinesstithing agency,man system, on aand orbusiness introducemore ba:is. sys- thuscharges. draw better men; Ilave country majoritycationand Congregationalists every of cases where. theyAreA few are the are thinknot. country said the to clergymenchurch he men has of properly little vod conventionalinfluence trained infor any their way. WOrk P Presbyterians, Lutherans, Catholics, In the edu- equippedgomoneysituation.that to the cooperationmanand city; Letterwill they be men paidofhave churchwill adequately, no come. and grange A few think that the whole sympathy with rural life. Therc is a feeling that the well- but at present theand gooddenomination school men would should help dieaid in Some believe zeal,monsometimesin the sense,personal South. Biblicalagricultural piwerIf knowledge, not,as knowlcdge;leaders, in what and financial respect general ability; lackg.' education; gumption; often tact,occasion- com- Elsewhere, broad culture, knowledge of men and affairs, Deplorable ignorancesympathy in all respects with farm life, energy, worksupportingSometimesMinisters witlomt the say the weakontsde they church Is churches.have theaid! membership communitybeen The long is fully not. able, financially, communityVery many is have able nothingin 90':;.-engaged toof cases. on this problem. liteto support tenancy adequate problem church enters offer. 41(cityclergymanally ttchurch, my home" is or a youngan for old most man of gettingwhothem, Lis say the been onie. experience ''shelved.'' necessarythey are tomorally unsound. Many complain that There is evidence that the " rhe country is the country hold a other communitylitre,aidMany and seems country of andtocourse be. among churches necessary. the numberthe receive poorer of aid districts Se,er:il obicet that the nit,ney .1Wilt churches,fromcommunity a centralnecessary \VM11,1 board. or unnecessary. of the South, s,mte out;ide. In a pioneer for bad politicalmanfrontier in the nM,i,mary service. isOther !letter tined for his work than almost any science,testuii nies in placeare of :denominational theology." "They lieC(1 st r% ice," more sociology, "There ;ireeconomic,i, c,itintry aspirits pastor. and tobacco in almost any NVIIAT Is BEING DONE FOR PRoGREss lavisilly support is churchnofarmersof men the a trained steppingmen or farm who stomi, conditions, serve the country sooner passed,churche,i the better." for country " I and no sense of the trials that hey ciinsiderhave the no sympathy vith "I think F,o'';, farm overliwkingevidentfinancial that difficulties, anda plan overlapping,Church designed would Federation. to he overcome at least a From the foregoing discussion it providing at the same time for partial salvation ftr the two evils of atperneedsbelong $5n year; underto to $15o farmaverage present per life." year aleconomic, each.What is nidustrial, the az ;Hid social conditions," 70 c."mpensati-n.' iey need a thorough knowledge of the \my ni.my have four tu six churches In in . s"ntb, fm $50 to conntrywaylaymen. and chnrches. suchwell adeveloped plan lotown as Though not generally familiar to countr in some sections, especially in church feeleratiou k now under 71 New 48theEngland, cooperation where and it COUNTRY LIFE AND originated.working together of churches THE COUNTRY By federation is meant SCHOOL for the com- simply ment.significantwide To movement Maine proportions belongs for thisand purpose. THE COUNTRY CHURCH the credit ofbecome first instituting a state and a state-national move- This organization, known 49 denominationalanalogrusmonthe good. new union.to that principles ofFederation on does not necessarily In many respects it is a It means only the consolidation among schools. the part of those who subordinationmovementmean the among of creed and renunciation of constitutechurches as mings,inthe the letterto a Congregational of a Interdenominational Commission of Methodist delegate, Reverend C. Conference held in 1890, but was Maine, originated S. Cum- crete,itualeffortdoetrine,five conditions tothatunpaid elevate and instead ministersthe ofmankind emphasis a local and of attempting to half community.strugglingby improving churches the in oneof common Christianity It means, in the con- maintain four orsocial and spir- parish,in an theanddirected availableterfor churches. churchministers, toward funds buildings, largerthe decent Federation means, briefly, andcongregations energy shall and be Sundayincreased social, support of one or two religious, and civicincreasedconsolidated salaries and schools, bet- ministers consciousness,unity.i.ifeprogress, namely, and a more Its fum'atnental element contains the followingcodperation. statement federati,in is one ofChrist-like the most spirit of harmony is the oneThe needed report in all of the concerning Conntr;promis- rural and it II ingbreak inIt theputs down whole empluisis denominational religion: not on "This movement for the church itself,field, becausehut on it desinfluence not auempt (..r standards of the work to thought. tu oop .hurii re,leratc(1 CGrch, Proctor. Vermontt,,Ive Nnt I rninntl,,ns worphip p,1, fully .bestrife,e(,,,peration (bine CR,by the attctupt church Ii reach. . It hardly scems necesary to urge aniong churches, for all inenchurclwil the entire community, inuNt the diminution of that the spirit ofand unchurched. sectarian becume oninnot New rveintlitlifticially Ent.land has t,rganizeil spread is now as organized fr until tin far wc,t ;, Arizona, enrollintz rr eeding year. church federation. The Every state in all the guidingitin isthe only l'uttedprinciuh-i recently State: thatLoyalretain chnreli it: hold," federation since the colonilationeveryMiere of thethe ifcountry,federation the rural movement(.litirch has been practiced uncon:cionslehas assumed is long hut andeitzliteentrial,Emzland Rhode social, islandstates, and arcthronglireligious tw,,t their mutual states. Mf this number, Vermont. experience.effectively have recently organized. gone a tic,: of similar indus- Massachusetts, The New Sostep farther and organized a New England COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Country Church lectures recently deliveredSpecial before Training the stu(lentsfor Country Ministers. THE COUNTRY CHURCH in a s-..ries of of Hartford 51 ChurchowingAssociation.united. to at the I'roctor, number Vermont. of denominationsUnique among included, the federated is churches of New England, Something of the significance of the spirit behind Ilcrc twelve denominations are varietythe Union of Theologicalestimportant"I notehold iwint in that in harnionizing Seminary,aspect the the redirection pr1)blem of the I'resident the rural offactorsof theruralproblem. Kenyon country of a perinammt L. church Butterfield life. It soundsIt touches the deepest the high- rural civiliza- is the most said: doctrinethisPresbyterians,CatholicsUnitarians movement represented at atthe way oneEpiscopalians, other, be inextreme appreciated MeludMg and Universalists. also runsby notingBaptists, through theChristians, Free the Baptists,scale Con- to this felle.,wship, which begins with taintion.itseems weansthe statusto hethat the of the consensusthe country farming church class." must ultimately It speaks the frost eloquent word in the struggle to of opinion among rural sociologists, rural life. If this is true, and it The advantages of stand forth main- andofgregationalists, atheI S35,000lung.ary,religious finances marbleand spirit ofMethodists, Friends. the ofbuilding church the town members are has in suchbeen of the iolmirablegreatly Reformed shape Church As a hasresult been of thiserected, union, and the a civic capable heightened, that aintheas somewhat athe countrycampaign leading schooltransitory institutionfor rural function progress of arek advocated t Chapter VII), but for assuming immediate tesporsibility this leadership of the school, and it is clear is acnowledged later in this in a ministerproperly,samefestations has directi the I een arereader in. emploed but sh(,uld partTo and ofhiterpret understand a paidgreat a thisnationalworthy that tendency thesesalary. movement localtoward in union the among churehes This national movement is now centered mani- thatchurch,permanent eventuallyministry. however, rural the church willTbe require must fulfilment "sound a redirected, the of deepestthis energized opportunity note rural The country minister tnu.,1 hecome a leader. (it the part of the Fur eighteenthein a eyangeli..;ii body nitlit of apt ointc.1 delegates representing ii laymen, li iiltitl:itiIH of the linted :-:tates and about as the Federal Council of the thirty-two of adultsle,this leadership and is usually he has alreadyless inigratory somethe advantie,..:es tcher.than the presynt not possessed country I i I1C 111111'4, Ilk' I, with ChurchesCouncil ofhave Leen hell 1,,in;,1111..t Amyricit,ince form ¶ ioS, iii lliennialRep, meetings,rts of the-e of meetings this ii iv 1 c olitiiihed with teacher.l'iutthe country such leadership church pr. on the part Ile is thus in a position to he the key, ti.,t oide to .iym, hut to the whol.. rural situation. I1 the cliuntry miiti1er hece,s- itherare pulli-b,1 in raone, a ;pi\ i,ed in the rural f Cie re,1.1.:il Council of ro,;ress direet.iry (,f linrlie ,italesinto notthe ...1,yri..nce,only schohilship hut peculiar s\ mpathy and 1. i I prollems of farm life, both of Miich chicily economic, insight carefullytralatireis clearing reg,irded f..rceever treasured tal,en f..r11 religion= in itsAmerica." nu;i1Mr..., IHri»MY "asauid the nio,t Christi,m nicas- y lLLlmmmg1-e for ilturch theologi information ts and This organi/ation now serve: as conce»ti.ated effort, othyys who Live 11.,,tand as a t;reat cen- clergy.forare e,hichto, ofti.nRe they conntry a ri teachers,Thu necessity are too of lilsclv special to ?Liming la. either for flit. countrynumbers" inini-tcrs is king 1. thcno means it holly ac....timal.le, l'or inane prof,' mitre lint a 52givenvery recently will he analogous to COUNTRY LIFE AND THE coming to be recognized. that provided for country COUNTRY SCHOOL This training when teachers, lemsment isof arural profession life as ofcarefully country as liut farmersTHE COUNTRY must understand CHURCH clergy who will study thecity clergy now study those that such a prob- 53 ifoughservant,argunwntoccupation forperhaps towhom holdsbe efficient,wherebyless he for works.intensive nmstwe And, live, both--nainely, that any leader or since hie is expendedunderstand chiefly itthe follows daily in life that of country thoseand detailed. But the same teachers public the ariseprofession,of federationpower,urban until life.arcmatters like or satisfactorily in the someof countryeconomic other way. adjusted through the principleteachingavailable profession, forsupport, country can which neverministers lie within their of nomicand preachersBoth conditions religion »rust ofand know arm education life. a,L;riculture and the socialin the and country eco- must runThis is positively fundamental. into the 2(.1, at conferences.present comes forWhat special assistance is Even this aid is month. the most part through country Among the most significant still rare, but new instances church of alfairsofomnrryparishes what of everydaychurchlurl,ank pretty wellought knows: life. to sununarizes the type of man and in these words: knowthat more is, ofa good whi.itThe deal Jesus Independentabout the for August training needed in rural -The minister of a knew and flower; theseareaofsince arisingConference Agricultureconferences 1908 every under of yetat theAmherst. convened direction Agricultural Educators and Here forhave the of pastbeen the three thoseMassachusetts yearsheld annually College which a two weeks' course Rural Social of itthethe comesmanuscriptwet sciencefield and toand hisaof pinchabout agricultureincnurch hi: hetweenfarinev;' pocket, get crops;take a empty, whyright should up to (late.he nut having his parishioners bay get hay fork in his hand and and he ought to kni,w ln a Sunday if put his agriculturalThisofWorkers andlectures course the has socialespecially college,been is a and called,part anddesignedeconomic of precedingrelatesThe the Department of Church aspectsfor countryofregular farmand ministerslife. summer Country isschool Lifealmost of of the thewholly Pres- to agriculture offered. helpshould traininghiundoubtedly t,00re-t be hi: c,nforellensionpari.-hioner acctunalFor secure le, much of the pre;ent for rural liator: just neglectof righteousness inthe this thod,gical matter and of duty." statehi: crop ,normal schiols are seminaries,This, are at least, special andbyterianLifehas constructive yet of Boarddevelopedthe Preshyt:!rian ofagency Holie is the Departmentfor countryMissions. of church Church ByBoard betterment and far ofCountrythe most active direction of Dr. Warren 11. I tome 'Missions. Thisthat accountabledt.nt:nitely(e:Ielwrs. organi/edwho for exyct the and IILick pl.mnedentet of the Ii Nov, here i; the work of ;pedal training amongrtIr;li rield. ciruntryncet the specific needs 'theological school: defi- 11,'.1.'d, the 1111c1c11,students do pur- of stu- department,Wilson,allcountry others, has underchurchchurches becomeand theespecially information scientificpractic;dlyof the a for ruralPresbyterian social workers denomination but and suggestion, not only national clearing house throughout forfor of makeposefullytheWhatregarded whole it atip: seriousand situation countrya: consistently a life need: study mostplan to teppin..4-,tone, the is that practically no Hue countryin the parish is undertal,,.! rural WOO: andlwrier passed theas of church invariablyimprove- better. prehensiveassistantthe United superintendent States.outline of its ofworkThe the centralis thought of this Through the help of department, the following departmentcom-possible here. about which liss Anna B. Taft, 7 ; its .. 54.gramvarious of forms action of for activity the country are correlated is an COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL church. This program consti- institutional pro- guidance.munityfort, methodsare ascertained of farming, and made schools, available business, Information relating to family life, household com- THE COUNTRY CHURCH for reference a»dand other needs 55 situationtutesactioneratingand the successful mostand yetwith made.procedure thorough the ministers department, analysi: which, from and through local indicates rurai experience the It has been worked out by Dr. Wilson of the present country church fields who are coop- general line of and actual and conditions of the community44464, life., are covered in this test,lems has ofproved the country most direct church. and Thiseffective platform, in solving briefly the sum-pi-1.d)- 4* OMR a> AovocATESAD COUNTRY%PINION LIFE Ilkikam. marized. advocates:TheThe church federation as a center and cooperation for the building of all of the churchesthe community. ni the his411.4.1erircrwItr.,,N.CIA PS*. /.114 J ..,atknreAga MONA" Had,ri 4 Nrg6, ell 011r community in order tO make the pee,t1c of "v miug N..4141, 1 ,etd 1, tij. Os , thiat (* I ICOIL JrIt Vt. rapt..1,0 men and Tcomen for lifeThe in cns!idiiti,ithe country. of rural schools for the education or,l..r to conser,, ' Ira .rfte%P.M wool, . 1,11.1 J Of 111Up44111.'Wn lig 11.141 kelowl , 0.1.44 raw* the soil for our children.The Promotionproduction of of scieutttic an abundance agriculture fio the in consumer, of of and the ^ fr411, contorunity.moral1.yeting dc.z.elopreut 711,, lc,:dership the farmer's income il,reast f the vonththe church auk/ the in workinmen of the social recreation fur the the rising price rtsithe chiiishin,:, of tileBetter conditions in the intcrestst of the future mu! v ofIMMO? the community ill memory o iStIt Shall f Exhibit of the Presbyterian Department of Church CQIumlwe, Ohl., VIII and Country Life c.iiiu!,ulin cl-ery The Prcaching of the :,;.ost.el of Jesus Christ thi- prolzrzune' (.1 auth n i. an important field re/ CP Of ity that tall all the time and of totalinvestigation,urged population by the which departmentof the includes whu de a,: not commimity, a churchnecessaryMale uncinbcr partat th, F.Jurth National Coin Expositiun, The,e surveys are of the work of only het the conditi(Jningrimulinvestieati-n andfactor research. Heal of church welfare in a local rural cam- llv weansThis of work these is stirvev, carried all on the throtw,li BEST COPYa.:every aAVAILABLE guide country to actionmini,:ter. ;mil Thepolicy inestimable i. obvioll, valne (if such effr,rt I oral surveys of It" ms, 56 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY CHURCH 57 this.Missouri, type, noNy and obtaimdde Pennsylvania.Another in print, activity have been of themade Presbyterian in Illinois, Department i, it, pub- oculationscattered throughc!utis self-evident. theEven various from states. this brief account it is clearly apparent that Tule value ckf thi.: in- numerouslicitysomelets work. put of church outthe bestby conferences,the current department literature and diroughfrom on the tnne exhibits.country to time church constitute ques- This is carried on through the press, through The leaf- mentmostservicerendered ofexcellent Church that by the serviceand Presbyterian Country for country Life. denomination church progress through itsis heingDepart- it is to he hoped other ilenominations will soon So efficient, in fact, is this culturalgeneralfrumdotion, well andthis topress,papers, everyleatlet request and countryareliterature. copies in,ntlily prepared teacherfrum manyarticle, and the and articles publishedoffice to ruralover in fur lifeNewtwo by the workerthehundred York.religion, officers would agri- and of .1sid, churches.'.1notherinstitute similarinovetnent departments doingCounty effective for Work the work ofLenetit the for Young ofthe their progress Men's ciuntry Christianof Association. thedaystioned department.sociological in arc Clurati,11. of two survey types. ;inhl i,f theall or-ne-daeextended soire part country "congress," ,,f the life territ, institi,te." two TV or involved three The country church conference, just nit:n- A Commissiona"encvmentconditions of and the has itsYoung,: says: lieen Men's Christian Association.country church and the improvement of rural religious 1V,irl: -There shouldinimstituted rural Le communities. a through large extension the the County Country of Depart- Life ()f this mentshownprecedesfor ofrural graphically Church each service. congress and in anCountryPut exhibit. ;md the Lifethemost resultsis significant its training of thi: effort of ministers of th: Presbyterian Depart- Special :summer schools are organized for ar, asruralthe miethean w.lrk o:illy heart.: countryinniunities. of theand neighb.,nlinf.d, Young lives t,f Men', the boys ThkChristian and young Association men of into the theaver- 1 the church, with a special function and a special There is apparently no other way to grip inns: regard itself sociology,everthisthough purpose. their more location,and These agriculture generally arean admirableheld inis sometimesalwaysagricultural blemhng insured. in colleges. theological of The theology, course, college, ruralthus. Ilut wher- units,highly e(qiiinended enikThe die glneral national, irg,tlnjc,iti state, c, iunty.ill and local The respensihility r.-t chiefly upon the secretaries of 1 the w,r1; which is here so offeredthetersThese extensionand are areleaders,in substanceplanned of orthe -countrywith graduatework the and lifeview courses policy organi/ers," of preparing for of countrythe in (Hamm:in. leaders returning minis- fur tu trainingtheseL. Noliertsvarious and has International Secrtary. Y"rh. at 121 ra-f i mnigit. who in !11t ease are muu of special Tilt. central office IThch ,,rt:ani7cd -tate nith Mr. .\lliert is located in addressescatedtheir local by the and fields, department practice in the their country church program advo- 14 eal organizations otherwise cooperate v th I wri churches, and, through thenvi-o ha, the its ceinial -tan ori.:,:ini7ation I 'a!, city, is\ ili;tgi. I ased et on the 4tice ard 'tate -yeretary toiii super- tw,\ n,hip cHt;,..11:. i ; that what conditions.the nati.)nal othee for the promotion of better country church Oyer a hundred such organizers arc now at work at it kist evhrial re (1,urch L -Icti a deptrtnient done58 fr men and communities is likely to weaken them, but COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL about 25,000 young men and hoys are enrolled in its six hun- THE COUNTRY CHURCH 59 ofhecomemonywhat volunteerthe theytvith County -the do leatis.:rs." discovery,for Work the insc!zvs of enlistment, the Youngis sore to strengthen. this doctrine the chief function and golden rule I lerein lies the secret of the success training-, and directi.,nIm's Association has In har- bership,onlyJersey,aredred New localthe and andreligiousYork, organizations. like other but thefar-seeing social consciousnessagencies is working of its toward linnesota. lichigan, Iowa, Ohio, .`dassachusetts, New This department seeks to quickenAmong not the states best organized mem- of heartthis movement. of the rural which social in tlnsproblem, way reaches ti\ing downits attention to the very upon mostespeciallyrierspeculiaritythe cooperation significantand furtheringworthy of its aspects andinfluence of notice. federationthe of progressthe in movement.overriding of church denominational federation bar- Sociologically, this is one (4 the of all rural forces. The is . 44. ' eachmeetthe particular work the ofneeds thegroup. Countyof countryLeaders Department hoys vary andin isdegree tosplendidly fit ofthe efficiency, demands adapted ofbut In general, where properly organized, upon the whole to .-s" z ties.equallyweek,it is ft well tur-fold,and religit at each and tits, themeeting social, boys educational,understand at lea,t twenty that and they minutesphysical activi-of Mcetirgs of ltwal associations arc held usually must support once a 110de. Cw:nty 1`..rk CA. Clui,ti;in iation petitivecimsistingstudy is games,required. of athletic educational The imets, physical. playexcursions, festivals.s,,ciai, anddebates, educational summer camps, com- contests, stip . work, intosome gitil tem s: of leadership and direction deyeloLing his latent abilitiec. for the liClIkAit 411. ofthepers, recreation average social,. boy forand and country similar suggests boys,activities, a happy which, makes !z.olutinn in turn, a strong willof thy appeai te go a It tug problem iscalin,t not III.inr,,otted It:.dership, hut the inspiration and directionnitnunity, ft stt The si:;niticance of work of this character emphasized. \Vhat farmers need today gratitm.way toward solving Athe little much magazine. discus,ed Rutro! proNem .11anhood, of rural mi-especially dc to Canadianth'ItDepartment will develop 1)1 Fifty-three counties 10".., the 'Young len..: ir htv in twenty-three different talent in this line.iii r..,.anized underI 'hristian the County Acsociation, and state: and monthlyAnother7inethecounty central ;tre by uNct:1!c,lt,tmdertaking worktheoffice Young andill New :miltho of YoungYork,itinterests has come Men's of to die Christianfill farm, Association len's Christian Association from "File standard: of this a munch-felt need. is no maga-issued threemanagement different is points, the promotion particularly of atspecial Lake Geneva,summer Wisconsin, schools at COUNTRV LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL agriculturalcourses in colleges agriculture to respond for the byspecial adapting benefit and of offering the rural THE COUNTRY CHURCH 61 passedciation,throughfor the overtraining butthe hereenergiesas yet of for leaderssomewhat lack ofA the similarof and Youngspace. lesssecretaries. work fullyWomen's fordeveloped, country Chrktian mustgirls, Asso- be now being instituted Ir drinciple r: organiza- eventakenannualcationalminktry further in rural Massachusettsinstitutionshas than progressalso this. been orconferences, suggested.andvoluntary Illinois organizations,similar (see pages to those 309 should nowand 318) under- hold in Each state, through some of its edu- But the work should go to tionthat andof the method, Young however, Men's Christian this work A,,ociation.is prP,7tica1ly analogous Searecly the province here toWHAT point outMIGHT what nmy be Do NE FHR mentsented,whichfor ofcountry the withstate various thefederations, church church rural progress, receivingsocialProbably or other forces however, state-widetheits shareofmost the is ofurgent stateinterdenomina- attention. need in the way of organization for the establish- are repre- yetengrossingcountrydone some for church thingspngress tile attention today. are in so the The evidentof trying some seriousness in of situations the the lightbest of this mindsof that theproblem confront ininformation the nation.is now the ness.directedI.tional associations, state federation for country of churches churches. in every state in the Thesewould organizations work wonders should for serve Christian not only unity as andclearing helpful- An active, well- tion,tion.thatgestwhich what aInure fewhas is just lines money,needed been of advance,kmorepresented more of of the thethat spirit good any of observerwork the nowVoung might in opera- sug-The country church needs inure federation and coopera- In genercd, it may be said n's nationaltratedsourceshousesfederations in forofdepartment New localinformation, eachEngland. inspiration denominationfor the To but consideration supplementand as centralstimulation, might welladvisoryandof the assistestablishas country already boards these church illus-state and a special ChristianOw(Ione.thewell-directed ;unountlines Association, of , ofleadership. this kind hetter of educated work done ministers, and the -Ind amount IIVAT to be Those who know the actual situation well realize that Tess pictured in thk chapter are not universal. great incongruity exists bet Nveen ofProblem lwforeagriculturalDepartmentthe rural theas press, hasfarming ofjournals, alre,uly Churchespecially poptilati(in been for and ofputting doneCountry the k another olderthrough the Life. and countryself-evident the more Presbyterian church influential advantage issue Th: opportunity ilirluThey are. in truth, General Lines of Progress. Thc prt,,,!Tc.. that locally . nly the scattered threads of a movement i ju-t l,econling reat opportunit \ if theo- and morearethkfor .:otnewliata,kistanceproportion, in furthering asremote, however, yet the hut interests;Ind slightlythonull in the of improved.nirantime the country nothing church can do ,oirc to come eveotnally, Refortus of is a haseaterferences11.1.,,ical been the to ind;cated.scht.ol: rural im fidd.for extcnding hut of clergythcir ,...tirses already :old conductingat work in con- t the need- not only of student, prepaying A ,imilar opportunity 011 die part of it, involve/IiiiirangT and t:.t. f:triner-: u.peciallv in,tiluti, in religions contriiversy, can affordthe to touch thisthan 0, fannurs' 0\vu IorQatii/ations, iranu.e, which k forbidden to become Neither of these at.',encie.;, the question62 in a narrow, sectarian COUNTRY LIFE AND i1E COUNTRYway, but both SCHOOL might well con- TI1E COL3W1RY CHURCH 63 onlyas tutionsideris legitimateso itoften of from the declared, ruralbuta large, necessary. community.Possibilities sociologicalis to become certainly for viewpoint. theProgress leading such discussionin socialthe Individual insti- is Local Church: If the church, nut twelvetheopenchurch unusualMcNutt, yearsprairie is developments aof the truesix residence eftli:lltmiles country from intilitli,tvr that thechurch, any have who emumunity,town. is a leader being locatedoccurredis chiefly out here responsihle during his for Reverend Matthew B. on the canas forIllinois.Storyelsewhere, be well-directed done of the here is Du at than home Pageleadership. is c,,mmonlvinPresbyterian the individual reali/ed. Church local The church.in chief need is The best place to begin with reform in the church, This gives the country pator 11 ill Courty, More himmen becauseand has alreadyof the helpful found a national suggestiun (if his service. reputation thrust upon among The "Theliebutthecooperate delayed Covelotso truest often until overlooks.and"I'l"lrtunitYwith soll,c.hi another, 4 beginning ':uperifq f"r as service authority of any "hich enterprise reconmiend: he seI's of church If the church is weak and needsit prnbably to ii e.:, action 11e:,1 itt so eivgi riY union. :nullity."federationFederal .ouncil In many places peoplesay: keveremlhave never con:idered tht. 1 'hurdles, "must be ill the individual Ci Frederick Wells, of the .111- andfaultthitt4ittposbility petty, is andand of tUiltiti illforming l rUnt II% it 1,11 . ninon church, siinply through IIlack of a community is narrow-mindt:d 1 tunitik s ft progrk.-s, service!rust church. lo,,k it more than the iiitlttt to the tipl,uWling of an institutior d orf1,.ra1ion, social- theiiItittIti \\ri itlaliTil shouhl nit be overdone in f,1 f the country pastr The I)oPnge Pre.b)!erizol Church, \\*ill Cmulty, Illinois inust individualism, mud to be estallishedI among farmers, exerti,t.,1 ;it all Iiiratiiul,therefrire, to 1;ee1) the whole rather than tho.e Care is-tiedrler,mal lv acc,.tint. tht. if his wirk as fol.ited here frfon a leatle; churchLiii liniti(d, !1() olatter 11, ,w many club:,(rt.;Ltli/;Iti league:, sot.ietie:, ti r 1...nited States and (:anada will be Voting l't.ople's Nlissionary :!11. T a reselatiiin tn many. liiyeinent of the lilt inder it: roof. . %cm! \\lien thi: r,t4 ,.f 1 t., I idealthe more actiilv ,levt.loped lo,al ei,tintrv ithlti1Ii the better.it the Vnited States Mite nf the lilt is the ;ttr.ii1:-11 :11),1 v.+' 'hr liift I d,1 I w 111 t ifli CH' Lit, th it ;it ii141 itt Iithot ti itt Dul'age l're:byteriao Church, utia II (infield, Illinois. This thm:, I: I the timid) iniLlitottilluiting tti r th,r iiIttIiii evcrOling it 0 l'ou I ...11,',In 64 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY tAIURCII childhelp,andmake associations withintoit makea great its it reach. centeran for indispensable that of entireattraction; community, in,tilution a hub of to joys, every 4)f man, happy woman, memories and I determined, with God's girls?athe goodlet mothers us thinghave said it."if we tu mehad one some day, krad "Pastor, of They are ju,t aching for ',in.:thing to a little don't you think it would be social circledo." for our I said, "Yes, :arming,It might anbnalhave been husbandry,I anything dAankstic else justset as to wellawork, first,class and organbtcd ;01 old-fashioned singing school. in stooly, cielititic 1 liiresponded. Owse'The little Girls' gatherings Mission band," deciding 'I hey had a delightful time and She invited them to her home to meet thereafter once a month. onethey afternoon called themselvesand nine estedbetweenThecho,.e idea the the singing leader and the people, and ako to get everybod;in doingis to have something that taamething. sclraol because The singing-school I had will afford acience, point of or contact nature taitnet knowledge of music. met one night inter- in gins.at thesemaketional meetingswork,gaments and by forclub the the features. hostess. poor in the \Vhen they became women they changed were combined devotional, social, and educa- .1fter the program they would The "Band" grew andcity. A meal the name of the Band is always served so did the sew and inanofdiethe theitorchestra, week,young grew church inafolks good the and andchurch. strongs,meSunday-school this good chorusnew sedrasta enterprise ehoir, ;, 71 provedmale quartet, to he 'Fluere was some good musical talent among 10,ndred per cent. 1eidc, 4 ; ,mproved the singing a g,teat hit.a ladies' quarrt t, Out youngthe1,,rtyto \Vomcn's "The metes members. Young classSociety. inWomen's Athe similar Sunday-school mi,sionary work was organized, sodety, begun forwhich As the oong women marry, they the yoimg men. and is calledare "The transferredIt to flaw has nearlyis simply the singers.soonAtlive first newthey some songwere of vyingbo..iks the peopleNextwith and each we wentwere startedother ingraga httle to What see shyaround who sseof C0511,1 the cantfrom gospel d home secure chorus, to th...1.42 home but The chc,rus went to the homes of the aged who a gospel chorus. We got some were too andofclass .tachstudyYoung social meets me.nth and Men'spurposes. every is taught Bible Sunday byClass." the morning ,elhiwhip, fon, littine,,,,Much devotions, has to be combined in pa.s.tor. It ha upwards of fifty members. Besides,with it themeets Sunday-schiol the first Tuesday for Bible one meeting, because and for literary This in theirfeeblethe homes field-day to crane of those rports.to the who Anmeeting-homat. athleticnever htetrd association any other already music. Two or three baseleill teams were organized. tl,e It Wesang encouraged for the sick. the hoy, in It sang officersrig!ltit forarm the of Sunday-schrxil the church.This class,is ditlictult and and the for ratingpeople NVomen's to get together We are row selecting church flom them, very oftenClass inhave the becomecountry. the strong our teachers and th-infromChicago.We played the FulbatonWe m ver Avenuechallenged the Cul,, ii (111" grwitid. successfully many of ltru ,!:.terMo Chun, h, Chicago, and beat surrounding1 nt wetowns did challengeincluding a team t tion:.wenthut for for the the sole community.lhe young men conduct %Ye ahave lecture had coure,sonic hundredolollar not for pecuniarY furni-hing etrertdin- attrac-Pr"fit. the 111,11Cy r' chti:.ch 516.0 \V'1' P11"Crl1..11111; they wcre ,,irth if July,tmt 21) -rated for In-me..social gathenngs..1 '1 hese were not 1.ntherantCAC111,1i.,11 attend. 'I he entire a11,1 Ps. 1.10 from "lhe C 011,lies and thn German thik IF:cture course withouttmvils frequently oftenmerits att,mb.,1 were altdseri ,:tgaeel e. At the-e gatheringsii rla, 1,1 ly with the yaing indeed. .pecial tittentton was Refredk ;or! Anoila r traterpri-a in the ic ii lair,o, hi,:h the f 1110,1!,,onctImc Itt tnin'S ten tni:e. or more. il'u .vd in a ,,!.,1 given to stranea.rs aral to the ba 'rasird boy, and girls, and a few if I ! ptine pre. The>, wIth !Ix (if the pastor, do all the becameChrist.us ahva, we!! iot ratan.1:-. 11.,11 our heart those who were not of the fold of They grew to be a t.ociableui I lot of folk,. tell you ' they church printing and Atli; Hass has .111,;: C. i ur 1,wal church pmer. vcry and 'Inger, ccrra.CMIn111. 1 1 he women of the 11.111,11 had I. \!.1 dl AnI fylb,w :hips! Such frictildnt, id a 1111,I,M,11') the ,dr.!1 ty One of Such r-ilice me( tines have be,m ii it th- .'d11111, r tun, n a gt -;el and songI Itv.-es n bh. mgtlat I, the piling p ?nen ;is w toter. inwell a 66 COUNTRY TAFF. AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY CHURCH 67 16;as to Bible those Oa.; to w11.611 has frequently they mink!, taken r. charge lu the pastor's absence on Sunday t lic s:rviee, thrte ur four the church, Other inspirational meetings are held for particular The Y.tung Nlen's Bible Class held one not long since, orgamiations in of principallawdredthem giving moldier ones short are . including heldgospelThisOur each Sunday-schooltalks.church theyear. Cradle ha; learned Roil and the the value Home of Department. inspirational meetings. is well urgani/c.1 and graded and One lakes place on New-year's vet', 11;IA threeTwo didanderectedattended gratis.the equivalenta by new one one, hundred of costing, anotherEienrually young thousand this church in hauling outgrew which the old building, Practically all the money was subscribed before including furnishings, $to.000 men. and it rot np and the farmers in money familyschen the tu wholewatch community,the old )ear olddie andand young, to welcome gather in at thethe elturch new. This is as ,ate contril,utedAndinthefill theof,dedica:ion all earthe,inunity to t,t,;ii for moceilItuildmg f,,r the jonn.l,iticn. re-ponded buildingwa; given 'and ophortunity and helped toheartily. helpto haul build the micerials. purposes or for furnishings. The Catholics and German Lutherans No offering was, taken the fitly church. Every pers,m a shovel it 1adornsinterior his with thc the waik, beautiful w.ith'Hie,sing new and structure b onelike is is finished in appearance.ret p,artCr thieglass in windows design and gives is built the ihterior ofels brick. of burlapak. below the surbase molding. A handsome fresco in water-colors a inot dhe inadd,t1onwhichhundredcarpel ;ill, ;ft:lading 11i people,separated a mmiber frau the additorium The main auditorium hasone hundred and fifty sittings. 'lite asi.initly-room of the Sunday-school a bowl-shaped tloorIhe and floors seat, are three covered with cork by accordion dour.,,There has arc fourteen rns apa7tmeni . an fuelts tars,at,,r's 1.!,t... .\ 1 he le.itItlingcy'. vestidule, kitchen, dining-hall, cistern, is heited1 %stthclasiroenk, h,:t air choir f'arnace and cloakalit! W.:ter... and furnace and room.. toilet, lighted ve Irtre C,I11,t \ t thl A lihrpnri,, try has st.t1 1 ecn started ;Iry Ia pig , pm in a tori r in . hnch :dready ha, fer, thotkand v ,Iumes A rund,er f It no .'n'!,!,) , ' ".1 It, re bay,Heiv, nature I fi in and donu I ' nc, nigtk niturv,eta. curl goslrnmata, ill t Ii n r tI 1!I'. h iv , t tr thk %yes a fat rit, 11!, I'', ''t il to heip t, ir. It tl ,s et, tild the'lite 1011.- -ty,. a it,11 a! I ntit.t.,1,Ic t,:ro ,' thatI'!! shors rI.r. a many acceI ft it tn tn yrar p r: ,1 ,us as the ht..; decade. nfl in, ,ry f the ehoi,1. r ,,1 The Country Teacher's Attitude and Relation 1 .' I I t '1 Tr 111,, 1,1 le ,.ti Church Question. '1 he a;titIlde tem.hcrto the .e I. p ,1 v. 'II(' I!.0.11 t(,tntr! church interv.t: w. may lie .'Npre:.,icd ilk o quit ry ,r(inl two point,: .titssass r., tr. t !)0 in the .\ ditudi cr (if thy ut" the immvdiate neighlwirh,.s.1;mimmity 9 I must participate 68as a leader and student of rural social COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY conditions she must SCHOOL of better harmony and THE COUNTRY CHURCH 69 teacherafilled studentwhole.give by thought needscountry of rural enlightenment and teachers. social study Ordinarily the first of these to the countryprogress church problem that the averageIt is rather country as to her attitude requirements is well ful- as a as theruralotherdenominations. Federal progress country Council churchdirectory of Churches.organizations of this book ufficers of these state federations +ler cooperation among the various Because uf its pedagogicalor may be obtainedmay from be found in the and of servicetheof difficultyinformation consideration can has be and beenRndered assistance.of not this onlythan aspecta lack uf the tE consciousness,problem buton a lackchurchthat of matters. suggesting connecti,insIn the few words devoted no greater Here the to municationDepartmenteverysuggestion country withof and theteacher this Youngefficient field should Nlen'sof leadership, activity study Christian is the easily if work of the fur no other reason,Association. Com- possible. A let- County withicidthoughtthrough literature. the onwhichneeds this this subjectof information Some of the hest of thesecountry teaclwrs particularly in mind may be gathered from current period- may be obtained. Much good articles sekcted arc spondenceofa'Ne, copyterevery at to 124of Secretarystate the withEast andcounty these Twenty-eighth countyA. workofficersE. Roberts register, will Street, bringof thefrom leaflets,New International which secretary may be obtained. York,.will bring the address Commit- Corre- ilevelot,mentnecessaryrefor111,listedthis among however, inin the ruralthe first church church place references federation. to kiii\V !4,111ethingI mils. Those who hope need further information. to eiTeet some definite local in the bibliography of To keep in contact of the latest It will Ic Association.subscrihingother information for Rural which .\nother.11anhood, may reference bethe furtheroff7cial of the utmost importance puhlicationsupplemented of the by litilktiris, andfor country FederalNvith this Council movement of duiaddres.; Churches a letter to the secretary of the of Christ in Ain lica, a.. teachersTh,),e whis the do official net already Rotert if the possess a copy&niit (if thi; document t tWOW y Life Commission. trvti,in.directi.,IsLecHling chtnah a ci,py in theprogress of ritualthe repast and forof the last As a general clearing houseii for ni,it ii i progrkss direct-ry of this de..iredhook, up ii l'i'lifyrev". and stating thatc,untryit formation elmreh federa- tipon request- einn- countryfarmers.ofing shouldthe ()hie(' life,work at Mamiliattlyand Washington has already send and ushcri,iltill in the ilawn of It I this n-thirL: less than a revilution in seeure (Mc.n is; not the tiovermuentit half reali/ed Print- amieig full significance a Hirai future partmentNewWarren York. IlfII, Wilson, !-zuperimendeut 'hon,h ;01,1 I flntt r numerous ieatlets, address Dr. I j of the Preshvtetian De- HIM venniv. si4rationditii,nsrenascence. lit of the country dinrch constitute the this; report, and the few Special atti ntion is given to rural ag lvtl io the con. hest religicuscininnary eon- federation -.hi iluitre teacle r; llvins.; in states now krgattitcd for church of its status and -iThe Coming Unity Among Churches. 1 mutt ii vl t .t1 tii gum hd (yinent if tIa. ci,ieement in their till liv all means keept inn own state, and those living contact with the devel. imptesion 111;0 i Lin a ela are extr"mely sectarian. yenning the ,I,Or flt federative idea\ '.11 as to hasten the approach ft.rtn con- mindedutifi..ulThal thu in lvi,ntnattun heimently lune in nuiini if tin riligion than litih, H11\1,111,11 instanci farlilin. ale !more Wirral- commonly realized. inn.? 70 COUNTRY tIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY CHURCH ofenvironmentTrue, farmersmarked the old andspirituality made farmer the non-churchhim was andso, conservative generous But the new fariaerfarnier.,, is a many of them, are ;:harity. in all things. These new man Ilk of nwncherishcountsthe Living :ind forit. good nothing. Clod women wherein who shall desire gather only for toworship worship all ingood spirit For I have dared to dreiun of some great tcnite Vet, though it is only a vision, I will posse:sof theoutgrownpeoplethe religionfuture or who not allshall ofpossess,are petty coinmon readyLe, creeds, the cannot for creedshumanity. a and newnow orare type bearticles only determined; of waitingreligi,m; of belief tobut who welcomeit thoseshall have Just what this religion andprophetsa Christiannotand people. evenin truth. of he and every Aryan endowed name whomby a Jew. God has sent to It shall bold fellowshipIt shall notwith be all Protestant who have or purely Catholic. )1" Semite. It shall he built, if you like, by It shall learn from the every age It shall readofwho the 'Theinbelieve country conclu,ion Coming in churchit: ultimatethelInitv, folhm.ing for fosteringtriumph sentences and its spiritin fromthe wul responsibility a sermonbe glad onto y the Reverend Charks F. Aked, for- shallsakelivedwith ofandcome Abraham.all bravely who from suffer. thedied, Isaac, East and and Jacob: front the and West the children and of In Itthis shall temple unite of all my who dreams love m-my for the s. down the alAa.:churehe-,Mg,merly and of ab:(d,ingthuinv,New Ni.rk: in the her'I he,tconceivesphere fr wl in theAmericaich churchall the what churchesof theAmerica future have does as taking front all the ii, looing ii,thing that has been wLrth rct;,itt- or mericaninthe her own, that 'A hich is best in the rtugli-hman or the (lerinan I TO .\: rt.yerunec.\:nerica ha.: not lost so the church ,,rder. the Pres.l.yti Han': dtmatel v,ihl it v,thltrn.jein lo.c producing the in the for accuracy. the fire :1 ir a i'vc:1,\III terian ertv.(.1 th, .\nd the po-htict oil Ii fere..r .f the Nleth...h.t, ,,r the Ce ;,11,1 I,ut a Chri.ti:m, 1;,,1.15 11,,t ill Fpiscopalian ti CiVil ;111,1 ii al'ectikthe and Olcs uf tinle. I tlIn churchn . nt go on to t Il And .iucn on 3 dre3n1 icto tunno lla%c I r 1111IW, tidof th, per.on.: are dr,..mting the It k nniv in.ly dre3111, ;!11,1 Skip('s.ci.e thirty: rev time 1,11t pc01;11,, atio,d any hope thAt drc;on nf i1 indivHh iiii vnnIc hilt it v ;tl. annualproportions, sessLns.f forushandry in 1867 the was organized, and has THE GRANGE National ( ;range of ever since continued to hold the Patrons of 73 THE GRANGE AND OTHER EARNIERS' OR( ;AN lZ.NTCI1APTER It )NS. IV force:gainedwas adoptedthrough early in theThe history hest concepti,o a study of its Declaration of of the purpose of nf the order, and is the Grange Purp,ses, which, stillcan be in bandry.educationalThe Grange advancement. is an organizationThe Grange as an Agency for Country Life Its official title is Patrons of lIns- among farmers for social and Progress. insentials,re,olye to labor for theWeUnited heartily by:ill thethings, emlor,e strong charit). unity; in non-e.:..efulak, the motto!gnod andof our faithful order, tie of Agriculture, liberty;"In es- our country, and mankine. we mutually agriculturalitGrange, stands,rmers othershouldprenlinynt interests. thousands know t,dav of cullvits purpose appreciate and work.its Tlmtigh thousands of "f.rniers know nothing of the For this reason all ent1111rV n.achers and as the representative of American advantages, and andobjects:by womanhood To develipWe shall a endeav,.rlal oring to betteramong and acconirli,lihigher ourselves. manhood t.) advance our cause t he following To en- infonnded Milinesi,ta by Oliver in the II,later Kelley,Origin forties. a and native Purpose. of Poston, The Grange was conceived and who settled ingourhance andpur:uits. cool the eration.comforts and and strengthen 1",, ter niutual untlerst our attractions of our att lelimeni. byfor the agriculturalnational pivernment to make press of his day, and in 1.66 was selected Mr. Kelley wrote extensivel gether We pr,e,,,ie . working met Cog to.t-thcr, talldngt..gethe:., to- buying toge her, Whatknowhalgethrough he thcsaw of devastatedcnnvinced the cwiditions hintSouth that and fnr agricultural resourcesthe cooperationof that section. purposea tour ofof gaininginspection a was v.inccmcnt,gethersdhing totrether, as occasion and, in for our * 1111:ft1 may require. pnlyetitl)general, and acting ad- to- Oliver H. Kelley. thenothersmatelythe medium perfected in triginalhe the restored. throughnew purpose mid idea, completed whichwas and twofilld thy peace the"seven plansand founders harmony of the Grange.of would the order" ulti- Soon after his return he interested six To advance the cause of educa- It: collegeswhichpower.among that adorn ourselves practi.cal the home andWe forbe shall advance the We especially advocate agriculture, dome,tic scienee,cause rd.taught educationour children,in their by all just for our tigricultural courses of study, Fnurokr of tho range means withinand Mir all the arts and industrial ofbrotherhi, tionthese among nevik farmers,has, pased, and hut to thecnitivate first i I between the North and the South. a spirit of peace and innate in social life The second cateda proper by appreciationadmitting her ofLast, the abilities but not least, we proclaimto membership and positit it among our purpose:and sphere of woman, in in our order. to inculcateas is indi- exist.aml is the fontidation upon which the Grange continues In the very beginning the new order assumed national Ci G 72 to BEST COPY AvilLARLF April History. 16, 1868, at The first Fredonia, grange in the world in Chautauqua Connty, was orgaitized \'ew 74 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE GRANGE 75 almostdirections.earlyYork. pioneers latal. in New York, the new order spread It is still alive and thriving, Its In the year 1873, over .27,000early growth granges was had sobeen phenomenal as to be From the little group of in all gates.annualorganization.indicates,which meetingsmumeet to which each subordinate 'Hie National t ;range is theis autlioritatiye the state representative head of the ofit lea,t'the quarterly.order. The :-:,tate eirange, as the name grange sends dele- It holds establishedfinancialPrinciplesity,ship however, \vas overbettermentin on twenty-eight the washalf part (huea million.under of many different the whoprotection joined.states, of and the the order. meinber- expect- tI.) a misconception of trueThis Grange high tide of early prosper- Thousands sought gate:tance.usually to this about conventi,,n. ten days,.nUng to into consider prominence, matters is of the national juvenile impor- grange, State masters and their wives, or husbands, It convenes once a year, in a session lasting A special feature of the order, now a suh,:ivision are dele- disillusionedcav,hopedingthis it these to timeto serve make personally failed. and the it ahundreds ends ladder anihitious of ofa of greatpolitical the advocates localfarmers ambition, granges weretrust. soonorgani;k-! bitterly at Because of these failure: many farmers today NeedlessStill othersto organizedofdent.national, the ritual, for is rilethe of benefitmaster, whom of Thewho the clnldren. head exercise:lecturer official all ofthe a dutiesgrange, of whether local, Twelvecounty, otherstate, officers are required to perform the Wkirk is the most important. a presi- or financialIare rangeEast,zation under isespecially experiments was notthe deadimpressionsteadily and in hasand the that never honestlyWest -the been.were Grange gaining succumbing. is dead."a the organi- in the New England and Even while the foolish footholdliddle Atlantic !tut the in the involvedtheSeven orderState,subordinate degrees isrelatesand slightly the are grange,to last provided,objectionalllenothing in thethe Nationalmorefifth the tofirst inthan some, the filir passwords Pomona, butbeing the conferredlittle the and sixth in ;range. The secrecy of secrecya few establishedsentedrepairedstateF., atwhich allthe in the Nitti,.nal hastlflrtv-tive old never losses. beenDuring states, endangered. theand last enrolls twenty a total years. meniliersInp a new and firmer growth has ;range ef two, and the order is now Twenty-eight states were repre- dining-roomperousinfluenceoffraternal grange grange; signsupon custom, and members,which 1,wiikitchen. that needtheir should is hetheown fearedrecess be halls, menthIned by mane of for which its marked have a or social hour. An pros- none. A minor point needaboutrecordofstatus over hut8.2,000 (Ako toone to laTt'Inl: investigatesub,,rdmate nuilil,members. convinced Thoseanda few forty-five ofwhostatistics their imagine countyerror. relating the granges, to its enrolling present In New York alone, the state rep, rts ;range is dead of(hiring RuraltheAgriculture, Grange," thePro!Iress, la:t thirdstatesio's KenyonagriculturalofWork a century." T..and fliitterlield,colleges Influence. and in experiment his Chapters be to recall the progress of"To agricultnre enumerate the achievements The national Department sta- tit (.1 Organization.1 lusbandry is the local or subordinate grange. The unit (if organi/ation in the Patrons I rv ub- tions.mail, farmers' institutes, pure food laws, the rural delivery ofthe Inter,tate rominerce Coniiiiiton, the denatured ordinatethem...elvegranges grange of a meet,county, at leastor -th(r twice given a in,'nth. district, often organize into t larger wiit, known as the Pomona ( ;range, The ,u1,ordinat" ence.tiresalcohol that bill. trace and their the po-t:oorigin hind development to Cirange Influ- Among the Lanh, are fvored 1,v the of the me.ts- 76 COUNTRY LIFE AND FIlE CUCNTRY SCHOOL THE GRANGE 77 political(Irangesuffrage,tionalwaterways, (;range exertsparte. stringent in legislativeand federal aid Any political ambitions1 1)1 2 were ever an nonrisiled improvedforest withniparcel reserve post. woman laws, the improvement of infIlleticl% but for road building. it is in no selle a Thus, the tivekinkingmweGrange buying meets control,system, a isfrequently practiced whileincluding in f Kansas,eltquite fourteen need. extensively in Nlichiganprovision and forPennsylvania cycloneunite insur- toil has hatiles, a Cooperai- ;range the order have invariably proved fatal, and a question is now wherebelongingandful.Maine. cheese the thoughsociety tofactories the oloperativeorderis organized. selling In \Visconsin and other dairy aro not uncommon, while' telephoneare to lie hoes has sitf far proved unsuccess-tuuulstates, in almost every state t ;range creameries community.theimportancechief (;rafige source is thanwell of itsanyestal otherPut effortthe educational and Its social opportunities life and existence, and is social work of the Crange is the it revolutioni,,,undertaken the life be of it. banish isolation and its (if far greaterWherever a givenactivity,toparticularly evilmatters dueeffects. and prominenceof emphasized. science,agriculture history, alone. literature, In the educatiiinal \yolk of the on Ctrange programs. ihit (lrange education It covers all fields of mental and the fine arts areorder agriculture is not hunted edgetion virtually it as the becomes a se-buil, and ,'tti.ce of their greatest educational oppiirtunity. mane' member, ackup,w1.. organiza- 1 Centerville Grange' Pknic, Winneibago County, Illinois grangesof nificancehasschools,In also the now donehroader andhave support much.all always otherfields standing ofhad educational educational Agrictiltnral education, the con,lidationmovements iif vital educationalits ;ig- hearty stipport. advancement. the committeii; vs Inch ;tato isslanint necessarily d the miiinent restricting, it become. hutIn aexperience financial a political and issue.business way, the ;range still doe- -mini.' This policy conndeteally'wily hi( the the (irder. educational conditiensNii disenssion of the WW:k and influence of the tilralige is the state and report u\b;if it annu- things.Ipast.financial lamp-hire, though :iclicules strong the of insurance it-. earl" t(riigenitors conliani1i; now oli..iirate under al state-, stores, t'll:C1;111" factiirie-i. in New Yi irk and New\vholesale house-,are now effort- (if the ;e'il areIwnllnri..hipiwasetionen. open the to first wiinlein, to rcciignize and four women can he fully held and he them t ithout -011(' iii AP the office: of the f.r;ttcrtuti i rdcrs the irangc, IN ;range, so far a; known, ;eltnit them ti fullpreviously stated 11:1: done for itily. The 100 101 .1 thelecturer:78provisionssponsibility system are of usually thatrepresentation of thehave women,order had greatupon established. which effectwomen. places upon much Grange ot .iltewoilien is COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Among other Everyearly delegate to re- desireaddressedagemein, may the to participate writtenparticular questicms inindividuals the dketission, being for read by the TIIE GRANGE answer. hut each speaker is (lecturer )tlier. Who and 79 hasencemanbothwomen repeatedly andofthe the hisstate of traveling wife,Grange and and or the unanimouslyacircles this womannational necessitates everywhere. and Grange indorsedher huThand,is is'apparent a woman dual and delegate,among thesuffrage. influ- the a The National Grange programscativemembers.ticerequired has in contributed its are to requirements. standthe following, and greatly speak Among towhich directly the theeducational show topics the The written work, also, has been to his hearers. treated rangeon recent and char-especiallygrowth edu- of the This prac- relatingopinionshaveWomen theto On their fullserve Grange supportwelfare. on Grange floors, Theand championslnpSubordinate andcommittees, in all things ofGrangefreely the and order proclaim at at all inWork timesmatters their : Magnolia Grange, grangesCounty,ofPutnam aGrange typical nowCounty,Illinois, work subordinate at workand isIllinois. a influence fairover grange, type the country.canof the be hundredsgained through of subordinate the study I'erhaps the best understamling 'Magnolia t ',range, in l'Otnain This grange is one of venientGrangetheSaturday few buildingprosperitysurvivors afternoons provided ofin those1873. in forthe organized theGrange purpose, duringhall, and a comfortable,the located high Ontide of leetings are held on alternate con- One Magnolia Grange Fair, Putnam County, Illinois of ware,kitchen,artisticallythe scenic make whose spots furnishedpossible ranges,in the the andtownship. cooLingfamous provided "( Thkutensils, ;range with building adinners" dishes, Ilining-room is simply andso popular -;ilecr- and and theacter farm, of the food work and done: food oppirtunitiesadulterants, in r r f.,r ii, rediruc114.11 famiing, system on 4,1 Am11111y life debates,ap)eararethrntighout prepared Mg musical for the ;I!iwd countryside. numbers,printed a andyear the in ritnalisticadvance, eachwork inemher form least one numher (hiving the The programs of the meetings year. Papers, a Wellphilanthropy,home, woman's and thecoming farmer'sThe social and recreative side greatmss, the hnrry habit, practical civic (hides. of Grange* influence is also decoration in the farm everythechief open partmeeting. discussion of these programs, of quetions li to which thne is allotted at I This questiond,,.x is very simple in heir most helpful feature is its man- commonTigin dinners, the matureoccurrences. candy-pnll, menthers The,e picnics, of not the only inculcate exemplified here. Receptions, special programs, order. lint prove attractiveand evening gatherings 1C.3 interest and life lectnres, are to Sogreatestthe young source people, of strengthwhose'rhe youth in chiefany business venture COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY undertaken byand the fresh Nlagnoliahealthy interests grange. are the SCHOOL ;oldressednametirange. of fnr a copy of the proceedings of the last National Everythe vnlume of annual proceedings contains theNational THE GRANGEI ;range master, who nmy then be Grangeexhibitsthesehavesupplants beenisat apresentare thelarge built made usual floralon is each thecounty hall groumlsannual year. wherefair. for its Sewing, cannedSpecial fruit,"Grange bread, buildings fruit,Fair." vegetable,and sheds and grain convenience. This fair Among askedthenewwillname state fc",ralwaysgranges. and furthermaster, address make information, or him fromof eagereach a deputy to stateand cooperate whose master,to whom fidelity in who the he organizAonwill tomay the refer, thenorder and beof Assistance can thus be directly obtained from prizesalwaysattention.cake,Fairs and are ofform other awardedthis an typespecial huportant for become householdindividual partvaluable of pieces this agencies of Nnr are the children neglected, priducts ti.rc also given due display, and special educational work. School forexhihits the proper yearsredirectionalwaysCreek since neighborho(nl, ,known ofits country estahlislunent and life. rememberedThe as influencethe cannot community by of all the who Magnolia come C;range throughout he computed. is locally called, inThe contact Clearthe forty is With it for its unusual progressiveness and sincere social spirit. ^ ' . t.yr A . :.. hasThe recentlysilent force taken of material Grange influence,fnrm in the so erection long at of the Pmwork here, -1 t. g ' r ,14 ., .1 6 * "4' f . . 4.. ,- ... acres,schnnl.Swaney originated withCnnsolidated its lwatitifid in the Schn.1, Grange building descrihed and campus in and unquesti(Inablv my; it, Chapter VIII. This of twenty-four c '10 to /PI' -tr. existenceThe hest to heginning1;range effort. tnwardCooperation the estahlishment Between the of Grangea grange and the Country School. is 1:artners' (*minty, Illinois , organizatinnbersthe orgallizatinn it of a farmers'Nelation,hip club. with the official, of thef this club are prepared to see the advantages of (lrange m'ay ic cniR.erted int, a stihordMate grange. Later, when the mem-;range mav be estah- Notional Ghnwo er,the Needproper !Int nlitn:Igkinent trouble themselves with the details of organization. i1? dy theeiOI undertaking is assured. ...HU', 11,4 iii. iIiIip GrnIWP Teach- lishedMonthly, hy writing fnr a sample cHiv of the the nfticial nrgan, vitich ilL ouhlicati,.n can he nlitained the i pnhli,hert in waythe otate and niaoter. arouseftganizers a desire especially for such trained organization. iiid fitted for this will be sent by It is rather the teacher's task to piepare the 105 All state tributedgranges publishto create a Grange COUNTRY LIFE AND THE literature which may be sentiment.' Though theCOUNTRY Grange isSCHOOL procured and dis- the andIlyone several 1892 million it similar began members. orders,to disintegrate at one time and at present THE GRANGE It; history, however, proved brief. enrolled approximately it is practically South is the 83 oldestlargelyis attemptsby and no the mostmeans historyto thisthoroughly the endof only Othera havestruggle one. Farm Organizations. been made. Not until very established farm organizationfor organizationThe history andof agricultur numerous e recently, isit extinct.hasGresham,Farmers'3,000 been .000 Union, unprecedenteda tenantmemIcers. which farmer was andof Texas.organized Though young The organization now in 1rower in the Practically all the southern states and is registered today at about in 1902 by Newton its growth however,organizationsGrange,2 have have farmers arefailed. in ddemonstrated practically all past existence, but noneAt present ofefforts a number in this direction, except their ability to cooperate, of other thesefarm is is over thethe orders( )r-qaidentical inare and found to Washington those in ofthe the TheNorth. are avawed well purrascS 4)1 the Farmers' Uirion are ;range. In organized.practice, h()Wever, while a fewthe twolocal almost twentyFarmers'andwhile years thetlw national Union. Americanexorbitance old. attention Two S, ,cietyothers,of is The most middle-men's profits, arecentered the uponof Equity. the high cost of just now of special prominerweinfluential of these lloth of these are con- Gleaner; living organizationsment,devotingpurposes while most aretheof of the quiteUnion its UM( energies distinct. n. accordingmarheting to the :;ocial Grange, and toassociation. as emphasizes coo'peration and is primarily More definitely its preamble, are: educational advance- stated, theformerly chief sir, \vn, ( r) portcernedofMichigan.society anE(uity chiefly extensive was originated where with founded system economic it has inin an 1894 Indiana in 1002. but ofis enrollmentnowfarmers' insurance of 8o,000. also.cooperation. The Gleanersand its main sup- stronghold is The Society cvntered This in Toofculturalits discouragefarm productionmembers classprodwts the inin and buying scientificcredit lv distribution. lloards andand farming, mortgage if efrade, (51 (4 To system,) To cuing, (31 To educate the agri- Cotton Exchangeseliminate and gamlilingsystematize in methoals (2', To assist in theetileWisc(insin, 1882.was the Anwhere Agricultural earlier it claimsThe and Farmers' largera Union, fieldThe for rural inperative efforts. effort,Wheel, the organized Tanners' in Alliance, inembershipArkamasSouth of has ro,000. always been a fer- Among the first of orig- in othermaintainmonystock industriesspeculatar:. andarid profitable other andgood hicsiness productswill and amongmnform (altar-prises, of theall prices farm, for (",) To bring fanners up to the standard of mankind and brotherlV love (81 To strive for har- (7) To Fccuregrain, and cotton. live inatedForruhd litcrtare and ather 'le:idr in Texas ahout 187F,, and Ii ne.4 Ii -eci:.,n it ruin ii r.it. re !he rariour,' 1!) iddre,i theafter prei.tdent ithsorhing as iliretel the Wheel :i ;id On.. the 1, .iflog haveamong so onrselves, far demonstratedThe the results righteousness of Farmers' Fnion effort upon of its cause and this platform in the 10i-A hr gre,:21 he chitf calc,e Ili, 11') 111 dvenin theturn Iiiek Ica; if tici. falert:Ii i huryt,bre. aiiittct-cv. pointnil not (1. vidH,c,I It cowci ict :on .w.; farmeN.high d,,;ree I. ifci p('r!..,nal in Chapter dtie ti iii- organizationapproximated now the ha:hopes a ,,ysteni of its most of enthnsiastic waria,,,n,e, in leaders. cotton_ The andisolati,n,prey iticililite of il-nitra(,1 1 jude,o III ...chemes and per,,nal exploiters. ff .rt, and ifiyn in;1le hriner, the guilele,,ne,i grawingnumher state of rwwspapers of ti.0 and farm journals in evvral fcrlili7er Plant", various states, In addition,84 it has materially reduced freight and passenger rates COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL upredlice(1frontillustratedin 10 several per its farm centNational byparts mortgages ofthe their of factpresident, the cottonthat (15country in per practicallycrop1907, ecru. and as in a inobedience neans allTexas it, ofmembers claims maintainingto a manifesto toplowed have Its general power is CHAPTER V. ofchase highdollars.cooperative of prices grain for storessacks cotton. areand said Needother to forsupplieshay,: the ,aved Federation and farmers the organization ofthiiusands Farmers' Organizations. One In the Niirthwest the cooperative put-- FARMERS' INSTITL"fES,Farmers' TIHN \MRI:, AND Institutes as an Agency for Country Life )RN AND CANNINC, DF.Mi.")N:isTRA- organizationsof amongisthy the 111(.)S1 mistaken them. are unfortunate struggling zeal which characteristics fur induces mastery, competition "each of farm sworn organizations andto propa- rivalry In some states as many as three, four, ;mil five yearslittleeyervtheProgress. fertilization meaning, farm home. however, of soils are today honisehold ago. Crop rotation, nitrogen producing bacteria, Their utterance would have conveyed but to the average farmer of expressions in forty and thisgatedoesfederativein wayoftenits not own the sacrificed. imply highestsp..cialaction that onwelfarebrand the partof of salvation bothof farm the foriii-ganizations.state the and farmer.- of farmers To counteractne organization this danger should it absorb all others. is time for 'luis in morein thethe effectivelastpopular few disseminationdecadei.. than the0:igin farmers' of and agricultural institute, History of Farmers' This means that great ,trides have been In this evolution no agency has been Institutes. knowledge during 'I' vpical made ciplesfederationbutfederation rather thatof compii,eil farm all shonlil iTgallizations work as coniluitedharmonious on units the sam,iof a larger as t the yariiius rural orders. Stich a thatof la,tfarmers'the its twenty-fiyeinstitute (.irigin institutes. ismovement hard years. to a, trace. wedeveloped know them, I'nlike the ;range, siithe graduallyiind early lieginnings obsenrely are a product of the or),,anization,frictionforces(p. 471, con:idered andor similarly ill-feeling, anil safeguardiii to(li:dtci the general Nilthe Ilt federationsnter, ,t, of agriculture.of rural social the church federations discrissed define the (p. 3161. di,tineitivewuuli eliminate in Chapter ',as!: of each III organizedconicfactThe flout thatone throughpointnnmerou, tlf theespecial fanners' East early citmhi in the history of it sprang direcily from the felt needs ;Ind interest C, 'ncerning it Its first impetus seems to have atu :igricultural societies the country.right i the demands thisLeaders matter of if the the various nniliyideil organizations Ic r f iiuull certainlyfarmcrs i ever to I, oi; to 1,1. ,oeietvHf the people, known a- the Philadelphialii 17S.45 there wa- organized in Philadelphia an agrienitnral concentrated agitinst the injiirie,, lie,et their yoeatiull. maintaineditsof Agriculture.kind inore than a ill this country, though New York claim- This \\ iJCil prnhalilv the first organizati,,n iIlIiUF ucietics ()vet 10 for the Proinntion a century to have 86 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL FARMERS' INSTITUTES 87 izedago,1814.farmers' early,and authentic andclub by in 1833 Rockingham,records farmers' prove clubs Newthe existence wereHampshire, common, of a asthriving early as In Maine, also, local agricultural interests were organ- Thetroltwo(1) ofstates those general the ofstate under the types agriculturalUnion government of administration. are almost college control; evenly or (2) experiment divided those under under station. the these con- In the older eastern states thefurtherhrsi efforts action the ofdevelopment inthe this Massachusetts direction .NIassachusettsof the was fanners' Society hfought institutewas for about naturallythe idea.Promotionhere thruughamong the earliest 3tates to The n&ndturalwhere colleges, the work governmental originatedIn P,o3, chietly control the beforeimportance prevails: the daybut which inof theagricul- farmers' \Vestl iddle institute\Vest college work control had is more common. of lawstionAgriculture. Wa: requiring not given which the toconvention was the wurl:organized here, of stich inhowever, 1702. agricultural until 187,1. gatherings when Ufficial attLn- )111., timeStatesappointmentassumed to Department the was study ofrecegnized a and Farmers' of promotion Agriculture by Institute the of national farmers' Specialist government institutes in the through. United in the This clficial gives all his alsoweretohut signinemt,a::finally because the coatItiesenacted. the 11t present Unly of a state,because instittite liatured sy-tenl, here. extending the work The hist.r of the movement ill 1 its early devtllpment, loilletins,adviserout the countryfor and the studies several and acts agricultural states, not onlyhut collects educationas a general statistics, in organizerforeign publishes and coun- allSimilar( the e:,stern. pi,,nt'LT 'and grov.thsIn Inane It 1)fhad naist the leen northernnot planted be inferred states. simultalle, from uslY this inthat Massachusettsere al, andne in the deveLl meat of the farmers' institute. Main, New supervised(lrangeatries. national organization. hasis by a correspondiug trained The creation of this office placed farmers' institutes 011 Each state is centrally organized and.mft-Icer. is generally designated as the to the national division of vania. in thelai;p Ilst, hire, :m 1Vermia it, C, nneeticut,Michigan, Mar\ atm1, and I, wa, ill Pcni;s:sl- corresp,organizationdireetor ticlor superinttmlent tois nsuallythe Pomona suhdivided of(;range, I farmers'11111 into though comity institutes. in institutesSonic states, which as Tlw state effectivefif\Vi.consH, the movement fart:1, r iind%%et, contributed %%ere all much aetiye that early was original and in its uni,.1ding. . f \lichigan,.\ gricultnre in inight provide winter I861, pas,ed a law thc hist, ry clulisilistrictsin repr--ert is employed. the local. unit (if the system, and i, an intervening twit, liaised on the -tate congressional Village institutes and district fanners' are, therefore, courseswherebyprobabl:,cultural the t the State fir-t loaril eilucatirinal institution in this country to re- f lectures f,1 llege. Thus the 1\liehigan Agricultural tilers tlimm students of the Stat, \\tt oranalog' ing-"ri und-up nis to the institutes suliordinate grange. f institute- ali convene u-nallv hut are held annually inState most institute states. meetings ince a year. Meet- ctive legal authority for earningOrganizatiHn instructi,in of Farmers't Institutes. I Tin.. farrners. dkauocr f often quarterly. or even nture frequently. the local organizations are held at least yearly and an!interesting diecri.e fact 1H,t glu of the f.irmer' institute accounts mi Ii' st.oes 11;,ve illtitufts iiitII.Lg r tb, l in A special featore if unusual interet in farmers' institnte the America!, Association of Farmers' Insti. . as bejust the -atm 1 he v,.r, 1.e ;es huo nt itiay : ciationlute Worl.ers. This bodi the naine suggests, is an asso- and (tliccr:, organ- 88 COUNTRY LIFE AND HIE COUNTRY SCHOOL FARMERS' INS I I I UTES generalized for welfare the purpose of institute of exchanging work. ideas anti advancing the it meets annually and its by. activitylierst, :Massachusetts. i, the hou,eliold .\ second significant feature of science instruction provided institute for 89 andinproceedings throughout Lintedpractically States areCanada. every Delmrtment published Presentstate and in ufStatus theterritory Agriculture. form and ofof Progress. thebulletins United States The annual attendance at farmers' Fanners' institutes exist the beenhomehavew, men.wellproved deveht the hest ed in several heen established in et advanced. Thus far the WA MICH'S ecti(ms of ln-titutemeans work overfor the thirtyfor improvement counties and of a the special farm states. In Nebraskayoung this work people has also farmers' institutes 1 andinstitutes nearly inhalf the a UMtedmillion States dollars now is numhersappropriated over twoyearly millions, by priation is allim ed for its support. Exhiliit cars are another appro-

Midsummer Farmers' Institute, lrliana Illinois College of Agriculture, . 11 An Aericultural College Train in i.y !!.. Missouri the several .-tatL, l 1 c..n.lrcting the work. In infoI (,eer rive 71Issnirl Stm, . 01..11-.111.1 ,MItrV. - la gul,ir ir-titrte ht.! throughout the eonatIon example of institute farirer,l ir-t1 rte i- 1::' .1. irgre r, gHe a detailed study 1.1 :II that the I rrral 1,..tternient, rut lii 1.1 men- the exhihits and lecturers, \\.,,,Ilington, with gratifying results. progless. have heen run in Such trains, carrying Michigan, In t,tateAmong agricrlt'zral the nt tI intrrct r, it, characteri,tic tiv IrtftlhT1 the-c are the -normal in,tillurs" intinvation,.; it urncll and at annually at -tveral \m- in,titutesstandingtab -,hort eourses" haveFarmers' Institutes and the ;old all nut one fanner in that has heen ania "inoval.le schools- of proved thoroughly succe,sful.aceomplishol throughtwenty-nve farm( rs'Country yet attends School. their atzriculture or Notwith- A 1" BEST COPY AVAILABLE " tirstof90 sessions.the stages school of thisand workingthe institute harmony must COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOLIn view of this fact is especially desiralile. cooperation on the part come through the The stituteteachers workers can easily throughout establishA third the effectiveconnections country. means with of gaining this desired FARMERS' INSTITUTES the leaohng in- 91 attend,prow:1minstitutethepersonal school and meetings with ininfluence and every the the are children way institute.ofadvertised the encourage teacher.at the cooperative teacher should e:flort discuss between the sc hool, urge the older ones to When the comity or local olderdismissingbetweenfarmers' pupils school to andthe attend teachers'country and theinstitute schools annualinstitutes. forces and ofis allowafforded In someconnty states farmers' the enst(iill institute is ing teachers and through joint cooperation of areticles,second all bulletins usefulmeans tofor and this this especially end. purpose.The output the annual of the state farmers' institute institute reports, Newspaper accounts, magazine ar- These state reports contain pre.ss may be made a periodTheseothercellentgenerally states librariesof severalpoint practiced.farmers' ofare weeks contact shipned institute to between in traveling the schoollibraries Again in Ohio, New York, and several any country school requesting them. strong bc,xes and loancol for a and the institute. afford an ex- obtained(11so tendentmany the shelves valuable without of tile of state agriculturalcostevery farmers'by country addressing articles instione. school thatthe library. theydirector should be found Valuable bulletins are They may be or superin- themeetingsKansas, interests in Delaware, local of both country the and school districts Illinois and ofhave the alsoinstitute. found ill great value in furthering seho,olhouse ofobtainable VnitedFarmers' States from Instinite the'Department ,aineSpecialist Hntrce, of John Agriculture Hamilton under the direction floe luiletins is,t101 by Ole may also be had School,winterschool cooperationof through the occurred suggestionAnother in interesting of the late development 1o0)7, when the Northern I 'IllinoisCounty,farmers' Illinois, institute in the and SuperintendentState Normal especiallystates,ers,ingsfor a of Instorythe and the' asking. nseful aAmerican series Amongfor of evening illustratedAssociation these inectings bulletins lectures. of Farmers' in schoolhouses, Institute Work- each if farmers' institute development in the different are the annual proceed- These lectures are instituteingissupplied nowFrank teachers a hasIwell-establishedseveral lall;opened beenwith of productivethe the purposesits institute doorspractice of inst-nctors.toandmuch inthe methodsMin, localgook:. is, county instittite and This andundertaking in acquaint-of the farmers' lecturestuteslides.oneformers' speciahst.being and accompaniedinstitute slides isdirectory expressage by fromcolitHning tothree and tIntofrom fournames Washington. dozen and addresseslantern A A list of their titles may be procured from the insti- The only cost for the use of these printed notpoverishmenthasinstitute sufficient. shown ofhow soils. to raiseThe Ultimate Purpose of Institute 'Work. has not accomplished These are necessary ends, but theybetter itscorn and full purpose prevent the im- The farmers' when are it dressof literaturefrominstitnte of the their ,,fficials institutemay state then director specialist.in he the obtained, several fr,,m and whom states teachers state reports and other In this simple way country may also hecan obtained thus get the ad- fairsandthanThe womeninstitute this.of lifesocial, moremond intelligentlyall political, other farm industrial, prepared It intist showThey how represent to, lint organizations must go furtherrear one phase of its mission. tolyttcr control farmers:and all educational. the af- men It '.; 1 92 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL FARMERS' INSTITUTES 93 todustrial must,do in theinwelfare brief, past, concernbutof thewith farmer, itselfhis social not as only itwell-being has with evinced the also. financial and in- FARM ERS' COOPERATIVE DEMONSTRATION NVoio;. a tendency hisKnappwithPlant Dr.industry phumed Seaman of and the A. developedUnitedKnapp Statesill charge.this Department work, andefforts itof Agriculture and I wNonal .magnetism For eight years Or. is largely to Farmers'Southcial attention, and Cooperative its futnre because application Origin.Demonstration of its extensive A recent Work agriculturaldevelopment of movement in the demanding to other sections, thc Unitedis spe- the orgainzathmDemonstrationdue.that the Farmers' Work is Organization.Cooperative divided into its mars elous results have been Under the present overthishasofstates thetoo,000 beentime Departmentravage: the southern cotton-producingprofit of the of infarmerscotton Agriculture. cotton boll are had oenterweevil.now tended enrolled, of thetoward world. is the re.oalt This great work in which For 'ears the South a one-crop Dnring improvedstatesinf:tcatwo namedbranches. territory on andpage con-iste 92. rkI of the was confined methods In the beginning the ofto the agrictilture Later the weevil- thewhollysy-tem soil, uponof panperized farming, cotton. until agriculture. many sections and given had rkecome to theto depend perni- Tins long-continued practice had depleted gant.econdpracticed to appeal division in controlling to devotedother states the tu non-weevilweevil and abe- TheL-- Coottom vol, \'oliea ItLI hi cau.,,iig \\'ee- toiscropcious evencall to credit forth planted.usurious thesystem, warning storekeepers whereby of thonghtfol thefor smallseed agriculturists andfarnicr supplies mortgages whenbefore histhe it This state of affairs was already beginnini: ginia,DepartmentGeorgia,territory, was organized. the oitwo Agriculture Carolinas, areand used Vir- consisting of Funds of the Florid a, South11:!S(lconoiistratioonthLoin Iorooycol a Messing olisi2uiseolevi.looloincnt to, woork, the Cl hasentranceforced spreadico, beingremedialof eastward the discovered cotton measures. with bollThe alarmingfi weevil rst cotton in sonthern precipitated rapidityboll weevil Texas. until aentered climaxTexas, the AT-and I'nited states from Mex- From here it territory,statessupportedfor thethemselves, work by the only Cleneraland hi o,ther weevil-infected Educatiri interested lloard organizations. of New York, the the second division being s :az nan.m natural panicnesseekana,z,farms reigned. have Oklahoma, were all been abandoned, Louisiana, largtly iii business fected. Missksippi, was Alabama,paralyzed, and and Ten- general The situation threatened a national calamity, As the weuvil advanced "olonion-tratoor,"agents.agentPureau tre of the state agents,The the responsilde district agents, huad of and this the woTk county is a special agent of the The farmers enrolled Plant (or "c-loperatoors." Ilidu:try. Under thi- special ingovernment tlx illooymullt areA either denion,tranor is one tiiongrowtionand in forWorkcotton anuary, the wasin porpose -1/lIe1(04. accordingly Congress of teaching inatigurated made southern an emergency under farmers the appropria-Ilureau how oIto the weevil. The Fanners' Demonstra. becomescomityitwho agrees agent, the to dem( who select vi,itlotration a particular-trictly plot acre (or iii act:total:wee with tile specinc iti,tructinns of the him at lea-t moolithly. fro.m hich lielol anol too Inaliage the s stein area thth is named.94 A cooperator is one who closely oh,:erves the neigh . COUNTRY LIFE AND TI1E COUNTRY SCHOOL FARMERS' INSTITUTES 95 agent.boringinstructions demonstration tu the hei,tplotMethod andof his follows ability, of Instruction. the but vvernment's is not visited printed hy tl The first stcp on the part of cultural,.vhothkmadeand time have inman principles the followed oflocaloriginal note papersemphasized his whodemonstrati,r method cannotand tiled in are thisreturn withhas convinced. teaching thebecome to lecounty The a localagent. chief leader agri- old ways, and allare briefly sum- Ily demonstratorsstructions explicitly. enrolling in this work is to agree to follnw This is absolutely essential to success. in- inarizedplaces.telegraphwhich maYin Dr. poles lie Knapp's set:n and cverYwhere in "Ten railway Commandments stations through(mt and the other of South Agriculture," conspicuous posted on STRATI t4 WORK drained. (1) Prepare DR. KNAPP'S TEN COM a deep mofil n ANDNIENTS ,teit ((.11, well to stored.tlw (3,(2) In1.-e cultivated ,eeil oflint the .1, Inst varioy, the ...oil, ii in row.. anl liii Iii itiv il.i l inl carefully (51(.1) Seem,.Use ii.ten-ie harnyard nu,nure. farm a him t durrigml tlie growing 1 ref...e,... mu, in ;Lnd commercial III, :oil i y f the fertili;ers,the crops on klter5,,uthern (()(7) Cary .1ccomu...1., wIt a ,,1; in acrop day rot,ition with a winter cover crop horse lower and (8) tho n,rn b t., thc ,,xtcnt of all the wa.:te CrIo(I ,ecd i, then recominendk.ilExhibit of Farmeri' Coopt.rativeNational Corn Demonstration Exposition, ColumLia, Work, Fifth S. C., February, 1013 Lull printol instruction.: are whichfarm.vr,aluct, the aml gain idle or lard-(0/(10) Pro1lucy 1:eep an account uf each farm pt.,)duct, in order food It.quited for the mtm ;ttul animals ou the he f to know frum er,monthly.sent arc regularly.invited Upon inthe to occa-i(in he.o. \\ILIA the in,pector ha,iway to it-ay. i- e,tiniate(1 \Vhile the Lir,p grow, the agent th.at (yer I pompl.,(1 fanner.:visits a year neighl),ring farm- 3n,1 eel, In it yieldwas plmmned of cotton. to meet theResults. ravage ,. of die weevil and increase the Ori;jually In doing this, however, it the Farmers' Demonstration is frequently 11ee- \\*,r1; foreing.vi-it theWhenwitnc,cs (lenl,in,trati the cri,p a full reportlull-vestedp of the theyield ruturw, and method are nwasnrcil tis lw illI are influenced by their teach- sakeone-cropNVet:vilc.4sary of torotationis sytent drivenplant lmllv(,tand out, ...ock-feeding.infectedand it fields with other farming and introduce.new mg): for the I.- always deirahIe. to reform the ir thcse reasons corn crops until the 96 spitehasfertilization1910 been previous the emphasized South soil and raiseddepletion. the hy raising thethe departmentlargest of corn COUNTRY LIFE AND TliE COUNTRY °lids practice, together with ,soil crop inwith it: history, the result de- that in SCHOOL ternIlut,division of thoughBoys' of Cornthis recent, wurk Clubs the andsplendid Girls' FARMERS' INSTITUTES \vas started in 1908; the girls' in success of this movementCanning is Clubs. The boys' 1910. 97 culteconomicplace to the measure. independence.South upon To aBut, system broadly of speaking, the results say that over 100,000 farmfs are ni,w a home garden, is helping topermanent agriculture and of this work are diffi- officialsgirlsindicated in the of thevariousby Departmentthe results southernThe I.for ofpurposes of the Boys' To afford tke rural teacher 1912, whenCorn 69,060 Club 1)oy5 work,states andAgriculture, accordingqualified 23,000 for are: membership. a simple and easy method of to the studiedawakeningfromexemplified(yrit thethis 2) demonstration effort.enrolled has does come Neithernot in conveyto the theplots is system Southit and largelyNvith and that an adequateen, impression'ugh to state of that die again great rimal 1,000,000adopted more the have method: haveteaching realized practical from agriculture. it.3.2. To giveprove boys that a theredefinite, is morev orthy in the purpose, soil than and farmers to inspire ance,enceecononlietrue, penury. that hut isconditions more andarising miseryofsignificant from and enlarged thisthe still "advancework. is thesocial system," new courage and independ-The thraldomincreased of igner- yields,activity.' hetter Allthe this go is er andthemhood the with andlarger a womanhoodlove underlying of the land.But hack of these apparent motivesamong are them. the boys and girls, purpose of developing a nolder This is the ultimate goal man- nowtheand agricultural thea reality. supply dealer Southand is rapidly all pa.s,ing.the \ND C.NNNINt; South is agriculturali:Cl.r "The New Smith," lyingworkschool,largerof themotive.is rapidly purpose.work, and te;,clier: becoming and teachers everywhere This point is emphasized here an integral and invaluable partshould of the unquestionably hold should understand its under- because club to its of thea soniewhat farmers' demonstrati,,iisimilarI ItOrigin and Purpose. very work for schnol children()tie evorh ha: been the estAhlihineiittbe 111(,t important tinder results sys- tionalthatorganization of director the adult (if at hothdenionstratiun WashingtonOrganization and Method of corn and canning eluhs is analogous to and sub-divided work,among bung various centered inInstruction. The general a na- ilINtof 110W n11 III,' it; -,v.-ever, in per,tmtle the Irt,reinmpruvk,1 letel<\vartl,1 4,11 end ic ,I,.v,.1.;,:nt; ,ince, which It.1111:er:Ponfm-nter.; :in i thestate teachei and county and the agcnt. county superintend( nt become important in tlic 1 cal devel(lonent of the work 1,', ,,t:e t,, t., tte,ly fttnvet:,, te..totet- icre the (crc ttf quentlyfactors. the Spe;ial comitylule comtv superintendent teacht:rs lituinic director,agents for the iire ha1 general;y clnh, employed, bm fre- a,..sumes this re:ponsibilitv, Fach f4c..R.(1 cirntillo 1 11:1, :o1,1 I: I virtny -"g $1.,. the corn chili, agrees to raise a single acbre of c(,rn A1,11itutAeh,trit oil 11,11 \Vccvil SiwciAptie.C.tHr,t1 1 11.p.tH. \y, l'1%,,c,Thnic1,n'l!. lin 159 11111 the :it himwentstrictly furthrong). according the tir,t Ins state to the .and i,,tructi-ns county SCar and when the, crop is harvested he is agent. sent him 1)v the govern- Syed .01L",,, witnesses.required to A measure very well-managed his yield in thesystem presence of prizes of disinterested and awards COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL organization these club: haveC rowth developed and Results.rapidly, and some mar- FARMERS' INSTITUTES Under this simple and practical encouragecontributed effort. by local A special business regulation men and of others far-reaching is employcd signiti- to 68,951ofvelous wereshipthe work, increasedrecordsboy: offered wore 10.543 have forto enrolled. 46.24; beenstateboys made.champion:were; enridled; in various southern states, in 0)11, it was 56,840; whileIn in I910 1912, prize trips to Washington In 1909, (luring the first year in Iwo. the member- boys,topressfroniand each eleven ofCongress,jerr., boythe boys nation.by the themade Secretary President the trip, of of receiving Agriculture. the United a veritable States, andovation the ,,f Sooth Carolina,A speciza who diploma holds the of chant-honor was granted One of these ordin42work,pilmship yet 1911,cents made raised perraised for k bushel. thatmaking228-3 21 of 2-1 .4Junius the bushels2 bushels largest I lill, from offromyield Attalla, hi: anyet acre, acre made Alabama, but at ain at cost corna who,cost of club 8.6of All thing: considered. the best corn rec- canceAlaba,nato the i. that hoysCorn all themselvesand prizeH Canning and and Clubmoney not Members to awarded their infather.:. mustAttendance go directly atSchool the for Prize Winners, Fifth National corn Expo- -itii,n, Gdumbi:i, S. C., Febniary, 1913. Another of 214-5whocentskennie11)12, produced, per7 iullllei.Ileeson, 203 busha 14,.. rosiwctively,Comparableof ill Mississippi, Al:ilianla with227rvccivol and bushel:this ken dipitiiniis record Leath, are forof the (korgia,having record; aver- at 14.2 cellt, It N noteworthy, too, that in at 14 cent, and fc:c,portexccptthat each isas that thein Loy mo,t heavypractically must competitive hreaking. plan all his the Aundertal;ings.Own boysthird crop arefeature rewarded,and doof evenall hisnot greater owna favored work im- In awarding prizes 1,),vstotalaged121 hirllulttecdaverage112 hnilek. i/Ushels IIIprofit Nlississippi,4( each of S8t.24 at a cost 1,crbu.%; of acre. 2711;01c cent: per bushel, and a to the acre, a% ( thk nuniL,T 137 loo !;Iging to lettheof3) exhihit pointsthe loyinvestment, crop, tllikitlg of are ten and scored car:: themaking 3o greatest 20points for pointi.;a the total yieldfor greatest ofthefor doestoo thebest points.yield: notbest showing necessarily written 20 points of account profit winfor the on Under this plan eachthe1.oui,iatia acre, (I the and tatetwo the three wa.; Carolinasaverage over 2(g)yield 75 litn.lick ii ii the 1(10 1,11-11ti 11'1Irk, \\liiie the tivcr;igc aill,11g e-rn club hi,vi; s,in Virginia 44 bu\ s, and in hIll it 1)1the of lallIeadult farmer;tiling. 0) iiofor the In first premium, especially when hi: yiehl has been secured at land \\ 20 I ei even gre.itcr than thegreat awards expense. is one This of consideration Ow best feature: of various of the work,factor: in making this19o,i, was shoWn,when the however, ko in l'orn (lith lumbers averaged 76 bushels i'llllY I .(nnty. 1..4_ 3 ississiom, lit VMS" *W0.4 100 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL FARMERS' INSTITUTES 101 nificantaveragedper acre in but showing while 16 bushels. their that fathersthe instruction and neighbors of on the same soil These records are especially Boys' Demonstration sig- !ionic,for idealand at farm the same life. time,(4)(3) To provideopen the some means hy ohich girk may earnget the education and viewpoint momynecessary at eco- dubreputationWork work is reaching for and hoys efforts thousands encouraged Girls'of a few. Canningof theboys andClubs. The immediate success of Department of Agricul- not exploiting the corn helpingnomics, their communities.(5) To furnkh earnest teachers way for practical demonstrations in home Df a plan for aiding their pupils and Girlslectedtomato,turefind to was forado becausesuitable organizedthissomething of itsby for attractivenessthe girls. and usefulness, purpose, and in t,:ito,crop Demonstration which girls could Work grow. for government through Girls' Canning At first it seemed difficult to Finally, the was se- states,permanentlygirlsrepresenting were were enrolled. enrcAled. organized eight different andIn mt 0, the first In year191 I, the Many of this number 23,000states. girls, representingthe twelve membership exceededcanning cluhs,I;y about 1912, the work was put up 500 quart 3,000, 325 employed,exceptpracticallyClubs. in the and caseidentical its of system the Thisto county those of work rdes, unit,of is the prizes,under where boys. the andwomen same officials as the corn club work, Any girl between regulations is agents are situatedclearedonecans more of to tomatoes,as assist thanmuch in 1,500 severalHow canned to Organize and as $ino each frami their smallthe organization of quarts. Conduct Clubs. No In some instancesmore than L000 boys' and girls' demon- gardens.one is better quarts, and the girls canninglargelyanfollowto acre and the byof 18 governmenttomatoesthe years closed of orage boiler instructhother may method' garden become or a bymember means by of nutfits are ins and to grow one-tenth of crops. Canning is done agreeing to patented practicalInmuststration the appeal first course clubs to thanin all the place it is highly educative teachersagriculture who give imaginable. it careful country teacher, and and constitutes the certainly the workIt investigation.also appeals most andingschoiil dcm-thtrations interest clubs in arc the arelirganized work. Theheld purposes frequently by teachers, of tlie and used out-of-doors. as a inean. canning parties zLs set forthNumerous.f sustain- pulsurysdinoisandstrongly most method yet to directdeyii.,ed. the tolnptol interests in of inethnd of III this sometherepect staftschildren itthrough greatly and is legislative introducingexceeds the agriculture into the by far the best co111- en- aby the g, lo.,%er(t) ce,t eno,tirage ruralernment familie4 officials, to provide are reirrr as fiillows. andt lwtter food at iti ;irk' Demiaistratiiin Work, text-bookbecauseactment, instructionthe requiring latter agriculture method usually leads only while the rii,ys' and to be taught iF1 the to a hitiirls' of formal Demonstra- public schools, the ,tellard and gArd,n,(21 and T,, to diuml tna'Ketde farmite tde inter( econ,,nly.poultry d and 11,,1( ome e,,operation ii tii, urplit yard all ettectIve pIrt ,,f bothti,n spirit Work isork should apreal cnl method. priwtical, experimental, ti tea,licrs AnntlIcr inile,rtant that it Will Mid and truly scientific in reason why club ti) hers of faivily in the liotre. 521, CHIPliPq Toni, trl 1 among mem.di! fl (71411 soonbinand arithmetic, tcdirret ,how the the quickening %h ger,grtphe, grammar, and all Ii. cthrc 14 study. inthience of thi, Not only ihicr subjects will agriculture, (cin the 1),I.,artwellt of ,\gneeture, I). C. SO ;mother arguinint f(q- club work is that it contact with the soil. i so well organ- 123 ized102 and so largely COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL guided by the government officials that it girl under 18 FARMERS' INSTITUTES 103 withSouth,anyofis easilythe conntry the teacher. where managed teacher tht movementand of energy is and Lest ambition, especially governmi nt and enlist her boy. For these reasons and others it is evident that requires a ininhnum of work on the part developed, will cooperate in the t"achcrtheitiesin county schoolshould individual club. act or nut. In small schools years of agechildren may mayjoin workthe clubLocal cluhsas leader, working under the belong to the county cluh, and sparselyindependently settled as members of whether enrolled commun- and the privilege,Teachers as in similar northcn work and for children in these sections western states also have the same :.nd girls in this work. has shouldadopted.a localstancescounty beorganization officers agent,where elected,orthe directly is under state or county is nut effected a simpleand meetings held the government officials in in- constitutionyet organized. shouldregularly. be Teachers direction of the 1Vhen enthusiasmfeelof the that itand interest.After the clubs undertaking in the hands (if the especially carefulis their throughout own effort. are started the real test In this attempt numerous efforts clnldren and make themto keep the initiativeconies in sustaining wellsug.-ustions:\lahaniaTiowhcrhe apidiedemployed. Polytechnic to, toward to the A this end. thc Boy,' cova helpful(107 bulletin entitledGirl's Canning Clubs: Institute at Auburn, These suggestions Il'ork, distributed The Relationgives the following may he equally by the of may the A Canning Party at the Schnolhouse ,ivc fainier, wIH, I. Have t;dks front the local 11111ctin: are e,pecioilly socecs4u1 ;lot litcratnre r,cuis1 dentrinstratioli agtnt and any prngrcs- ju tr,on thA 4vcrooitoruoi 1..n,,,tInge the reading (,1 it cl4sscs f;irin I Iy 1110 irg the inent!iershy the duh incinhers ii In urganizing this work,upervision of theciii (estahli,hed )1fice by the Pureati of Plant Industry under if ['arm Nlanagement.' ;I n.,ke .1. d in a elnh scrap hm,1: fir clipping:; gitiurI reft.'runee. and tint I wIt cli nay ie \vill he,t through the ,chool, teacher.; with ..tart club. The mini- 1.0 the tr,:cht.r viit the 55 11k. cH, th,t-, atJd u;ordilis 1,, thy Id, .t I nttin:,cr theand mum nietnIRT,hip for kcal clu1 111.11112, ill I :,111 is LI vt. tremilers. Any.t hov in iv ILl Mou ! or lucinher,. Vijt 111c 111 the 1:ii .11 s;,ri,,lis 111:iyhy 5%. eti,ot f,r \V;i.doini.t.n, thc frii111 )1fire Ni,rth Coir,1111,1. cnth: liif Hirin Nhin,qicintii.,.1.11i. hill!. tin, \\ W,ok Ii I ),1,:ortinent deurif uniirlitium wrk thcir"f \ gri- thc l010!h p!dOn, ;in time.cxhil it ii o. n iii ii. (,f ern and grin (iiv ,f to. :oe oil tm,ilutT; hite in the 11111 uruigrirlo ri.1,it not; 1,, the to 1 G ;old otlicr BEST COPY AVIVI API r 399 -t nunducr, Tit 'I he li.t hiilltt in, and 11t101 1,1.1;i111,1 i. (,n pnge ence104 of demonstration Influencework, including of Demonstration both the adult andWork. the The generalCOUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL influ- Ofsibilities, extension and teaching. the consequent FARMERS' INSTITUTES development of a similar system 105 basiseverquestionablychildren's practiced upon,trally divisions, which the in it mostAmerica piJsperitv can effective scarcely and and perhaps systemhappiness be overestimated. in of the world. is redeen,ing the South and providing the economic areextension founded. teaching lt is.:\gricut- un- manlovework, who the farmers, wrought South, teachers, should it.Dr. know school Seaman and A. Knapp. The cooperative idea underlying Underneath the influence of this children, and all othersrevere who the memory of the the lohitiesoftionthis men iswork but andOf a isa partialwomen higherredirectrig e and with.timate. hettersouthern a new country hope, education, andlife revealingin itsfilling various thetlie social, In the broader sense demonstra- heartsit rut, farmers' demonstration work is fruitful and practical, but no cducatitnitl,pnas.isNational and e4,mmunityIn February,satisfactions. tot 3, it was the writer's privilege was. placed, Exposition held in Coliunhia, S. C. Deserved at this expition, upon Demonstration to attend the cm- thea Prize50omany\\.ork. c, tiiity boys \Vinners. ot winners theand tllil girls School, of werethe onehoys' in weekattendance, and girls'in duration, clubs. representing was held eleven for Several large hooth.: were devotd t,, the inen's 1.11il demonstrators were in attendance, and In all, ahout s:uthern states. .\lithaina, whose connties tIP 11. , ,r cliii worh, made an eTecially fine showing, sending are all organized a total , 44% ; 411:f: " /..-, . ; t ffte,- . t. (if tootrophy--aindividual boy.: and hriqizerccords, hustIn of this Dr. gathering Knapp. of entllusinAic children, trained girls, and ro hut \\ inning only carrying offthe the national highest championship in lesons (,_anning 1)( ilionstration, 1;ifth - Colunibia, S. C., February, National Corn Expnsitioll, 1913 anyofforcerivalmaking vet tiledreamedthe-e ofgreat sectionsa New Plains 5,ti and ,othlarger, Prairit.-patience, of the Northindnstry, and and \Vest, scientific and insight, Stnth which agricultnrally shall again stronger, and fairer than was evidenced the istionand familiarever nurtureWork,system great in this or them. countlessor plan simple, ever succeedsstand the man was Dr, Seaman A. Knapp, In the case of the of itself. nien and women who create itehindFarmers' Demionstra- hi ideas, howwhose nalme ro,y.r,b, wore 2 1111-1,' enn-ci,,ustiessII!. of their own latent pos- 0.111 T1;',1t f \tt:11b, (rczel i 1,1'1 !,11-11. I year:), Dr. lADSln all AND this stir'HIE of IMAD iictivitv PROIILLNI !milling has inure bearing are States--that is, the financial loss due to transporting oneupon traiels.What the merits real Country it Life barrier of gummy loam?All rural advancement 1,,depends build uponint attractive highways. hor 1,,Yentent than the kind of roads ( ir of what avail is at the end of an it anlpullenthusiasticto strive expansion. an empty for a grange, prosperous vehicle They when are downRoads church,truly an the throughout;dile-b)died said main a centralized to thoroughfare; limit all team thetime school, have 4,1* been the symbol of growth call scarcely an lnwithciallypeople vc which they and determineliecome the road the their arteries thought. of life. it iguticuiutce in the life of the country, The road prob- is fr(411 every farmln windowthe open country espe- 'rile very absoilition progress of a mentpropertion,lem, andofin education. citruth, is \ ihizatiunderlaid lies in, next lolly the by heart the more of the fundamental whole rural issue situa- of "Thc two great forces for the advance- The 12,r:id P1)1,..111 hasschoolmasterit heretoforek little \yonder, and l,cen gi,od consideringregarded Theroads." Road as the aProblem farm magnitude questicut a National of the(oily, problem,Issue. and once said Charles Sumner, "are the The road qoestion cropsbushelingPublic overto Director of Roads,bad wheat roadsis 1,. (i.4 \V. milesestimated Page, to of a atneighboringthe $25o.ouo,mo. 1.-nitcd Stalesrailioad it costs a farme II, cents more to haul a ( Ulice Accord- station thatthem, farmers have grown weary of the tash imposed So marked has been the recent change of opinion in 10: upon congestionihstancethan it does of 3,100as to due transport miles. to stcippage it from New Yorh to Liverpool, Add to tlik, much of the railroad cif traffic it 13J farm sources, a andno the road question canniit escape a fair share of responsi- COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL ROADS AND THE ROAD PROBLEM isuponbility felt city formost the dwellers, ininAiately high-cost-of-living the chief byIlut farmers, effiNtnotwithstanding dilemma. of transportation this direct facilities influence of road conditions It is farmers who must coshteenstonetific,only oftimes, andthroughroad, these administrative. enough inritads aa markedstate has highway beenof degreealmost estimated to encircle ofperfeet attention--financial,at ,',.1i11,(4)0,(n/o,000, thert.pair. whi.le world scien- four-wlnle France maintains 35o.o,io miles of The original Iiihwitys.Everyveniences,face the phase road and ofin farmdwellall hinds living wnli of itisweather, fromcolored onl: endure Ily year's the its condition end trying to another.1110 of the Nut only the i:con,,mic, hut the social, educational, in- of sum,theFrench annual so highwaystartlingh cost of efficiency. largemaintenanee to Americans, lies much of the secret The whole co.:cern 540,1,00,01 . In this la,t in road matterIt:pendentmilthe even c, ofntenti, the ul'onniitnal Spiritual 11 roads. that concern. r,,a,1and moral impri,venient status of i,, rth:il and willlife isalwa\ largely Anil herein lies the greatest proof of No clas's whether in city or- he, a 1,reahsdiatearemaintenance necessary: theand crust. properecanse isperfect the repair.(lust care drainage, of the constantcrust. cleaning, and imme- mud, mud 11.dd. moisture, and ni,,isture Stone roads innq lie bept cle:in In this, three things accordingperll1atethec,,tintrv standard can live of lifeto itself al,,ne, any inore than the individual 1,, tile .11e original quality.ukholv nation, in the most isolated district eventually lhlHhIl cur lowerinz its level "Frenchareis swept this sroads ahno4:tstein are daily, maintained and it liv the hrooin: if repair that the average thichnes, ofTo French this end the chief highv. ,ys of France is no exaggerati II to say that So perfect otcountrynow C0111111,11heretofore so nit(and i.\\city asnational oven classproblems aS prohleins. issue, a population exist. were hut that rural no entirelyand urban separate phases This is especially true ofWhat the wc have understoodIn other \orils,. we are inches.withnational the roadsfornl(!r is hutAmerican fiveIt and idea one-eighth of from inches tvelve is to a reirall(able system of road muhninistration hOld as contrasted to eighteen actedimprovementroad prohlem. Up M in is anow legislatiVe commonlyTIM while and acknowledged, administrative the national and way, universal as will significance of road it is not et isiiilying,supervHon, (piled cause from)fficc hliwever,of the Hrector perfection that I.. we must1,1 French 11nally ;iccountroads. turn for if the under- (if !ht.' urganizati,n of the French road system \V. Page, of the tnited States The follow- appear through(iut this discussion.The Road System of France as a Type of Efficient High- 'I Ilk. 10- idc(1Ptillie Roads: fc;illine Fren-h :w41 ic cry 111111 ,lincr 4i t,,defectway Organization, of our pre,:ent American road system, it will be well Ilefore attempting to point out the Cn4.Sc:14, ,1 \4,r141, 44f 1.,,A41, iii c cry ;Ln41 hI ;IT 11izt 4,n4. I,c11,. ,4f ftict.-t h ,10.4 m j, ut tic purpiouexample alniiistof what any a road Euriipcall !,tt.'111 ont',.ncroad system a gum(1 would and answer,th,,r,,nghly (stabli-hc,1 system as an is selected. s1ioi1d emhody. For this 'I'AIL" II,into 4,4nr,e arc tlit. if .111,1y (-111.1-.1,1"1gi;v1l1.0e, v%i111 1:1,,t,44i tl!rec thi art: ;iril "1' iii ,t 1,1 v',': .I 14.,0 'ciy (Thzillccrs 444vcrIlnlcnt fre4. thehut bestthat ofii the France v odd. This enviable rank is made possible roads of France ,,1 11,a41 i tik lilLh ( if 1:Jigincei, ;in in I t I 112 LIWNTRY LIFE AND THE CW..NTRY SCHOOL R0.11)S AND THE R0.11) P1(01ILEM under.charge cligincYr-, ,1 thy 1.,;.01 Nwrk thy undyr Lit'. yr il lir'tiii valent t. ordinary;int! engineer, eininuile.in and rank to noli-coni- Single Eachhrings cantonnier Carrie: all matter., requiring a link hi.1k atientilm iii 1,, ii hidl the chief cantonnierthe notice of hii; chief. 113 directionmisionedliii' of princip.,d officer: condect,..r-t anti c,mle the f.,r(ntell lit the army. t com,tructimi gangs, the clerk employud The sub-divisions ordinary conductor:. are under the Next in thattonnier,ductorsnotes at any andhis go time intructions all over report,the the line and check e :act condition are iranmitied;it to the central atithoritic,,regolar intere;d: and direct the chief up the it ork accompli:hed. The con- can- lie:11:,71,.r,,It iii hur ontlt.!- 1 highway under his immediate pzarutInen, cach having super- mentarymatt::namely,France of approprianuns Ilt:ct:arymay maintenance, IA.' acertained. ;ire heavy based tApulthe!.., repairs,Every ;Ind year newfor the work, the conductor: next ;,lid yedr, under three upon f every foot of road throughoutthe-,c careful calculations. prepare the parlia-head', mentspecialAmerican of Agriculture. national ruad hureauOrganization of the American system since This bureau whenunder fir.t the direction of the llu Highwaybias System. been centered organized w:As Hepart- inThe a firstheenmade,priation knownthis changed appropriationshurcau of as Siomoo. the tohas ( tile)nice ( have)ftice provedif NabSince it ,. iniluiry efficiencnthis time and minor lieenof increased, and the lic Roads. was t4ivelt an appr,,-chinv,:es have l,ven From the very name 1ms , whollyprideof our anding,Invav of ansatisfaction. investig.ative ,-.1.011, 'Hieat and educational character,lelL,t, \N orb: .111;(rican, c;in ,,1 this. and oftice. to this division p,,irt illich is given with is s!,11, ,\ 1're-tit Ii t. 1 liglitv1.,y it. it, v,rit f.urtn tITTICE thebuildim.;-first,over Ilighway to materialsthree suhdiei.ions. fnall of the the Hvision of Tests, any locality are tested free; second, or lahoratorv, department. in which road- 'Ha.se are, pr, 1., ii el .1 tIe king ,';1!!1 ii e,aiplete hat- a;..,;enient,ing which ci,neent: Nvnrk of the ()nice; and third, which performs the technical the I rivision voIrkIt and the P(iad \Ian- engineer- ti'd .{ ' ,llole nnn-rt arid riu- -1 the r:,,I"no with !he hr,t..en Ile ()lirpreparation littlihi and distrihuti(at.41.4 at of this point. aowever, road system hii,'jtt tiii passUrL; tot to thelailletins. shoehreak unit. down. Rail adminis- wl,, la. and earth an, it v 1, 11',., ttotkto de ut 1- liraeyimp ruin., trim: 'It d hreak, Ile Certaintyvarietyhuttratitm h;tif Illhas nlathigvincntin het.n dytermining phwetl the uf tlie states of tile union, (Ai on a sound and practical hasisiteg indieati.Le-t frganization. the Link In sonic in- thr,l' the itt . :.3 114 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL ROADS AND THE ROAD PROBLEM 115 enuewaystances, Department to enforceas in New possessesits York bidding. and official:\Iassachusetts, authority andthe Stateample I rev-ligh- In others, as in Illinois, the marizeddefects.system as with follows: that of the 1.French is required to reveal its glaring The most evident of these deficiencies inay he sum- gative,controlbework remembered, and of of the advisory.roads. stat there lepal tnwnt In a full halfis of the states, no trace of centralized or state is only educational, investi- it should organizationunity. given 2. It(Jur enforces system theis poorly Thiswrong hasorganized, policy been of indicated incomplete,support, by entailing andthe brieflacks account of its a Ilut if state highway organization reveals variety and un- . .. ,!` 4'.. 4:;VII."...t.e,i2j4t.,474,,,,..".r.i.,..!W'rt,it'' organizationtioncertainty, is turned how for to much roads,the localworse as units.for do other matters governmental appear when affairs, atten- is In the South, this uni', of r'sf ..! 41'444.'0 .' ; 41.00s,fi..?.....,,,.. ' 4:' ...,k *.:.i -...... ,. withcentralizedthereusually county is the thus county. road organization,presented organization, the hut naAley ofnone others confusion for withstate none: ofor statestownship of some with In the N(q-th, it is the township. In all, 1. evilsstatetheof others county ofnor tlns county with; heterogeneousness statesystems. andSome township Defects of the control, of present the American highway Highwaysys- System. and of still others with township, but neither lalt none for The A , structionOftemrngineer untrained are most are A. plainlyofficials, evidentN. Johnson revealed. politicalin the nearly local iffiluence, community,seven and millions unscientific of dollars con- According to State Ilere the sins I lighwav are building.spent ialintally As an illustration of this ill Illinois by 111,1i ho know nothing of road unscientific priwedure I ri.t.!;. Ilobbc ma uponattempting.helet theworked its reader surface, atto the mendrecall \vrong thereby bow time many accomplishing of timesyear or he has has the known very thing roads I:m. to i stone niad by shoveling loose material seen local (,fficials demnationlocaltult ratheronly \\inefficient thanhich farmersa state but have andrankly natiolialheapid unjust system. and deserves the upon it in their demands This plan is con- mulnagentent,thatannually !he chief spends inoirri.siu;;os millionsill much()lily toothcr prevent.the inciiicicm.y, most casual is pactisou comparison of our so-called road this Let him consider, (,), in road totaltionfur state and mileage maintenanceand federal of roads 3.aid. in the Voited States It fails to provide adequate revenne for the if respectable highways. was 2,151,500 In Iwo the construc-" miles.116 COUNTRYDuring LIFE ANDthe same THE year COUNTRY the total SCHOOL expenditures for road ROADS AND THE ROAD PROBLEM Plans 117 donethreeisthatinipn,venient the the with thousandhard only an surfaced thoroughlywere annual dollars about averageone, a $oo,(xx),(x.x).dependable tulle, which of but costs and forty-five atefficient least dollarsfrom type oftwo to road the to it is plain that little can be In view of the fact situationseriousafterAmericanfor an error improvedwith system, by vast stretcheshowever,highwaySuggestions of should not for he an Improved Highwaythe systemsSystem. of Europe. many students of road administration. system are numerous. 'fins is now el msidered a patterned closely The ideal Our mosttomentmile. the harm.of local untrained field, officials.but4. this is exactly where they can do theThrough political contamination it permits the employ- The folly of this is self-evident. These, it is true, are restrictwl Europeandevised.elitionsing material models presentsexceedingly is that of (vial efficiency.difficult and individual for which a But the one respect in which we distinctly American method must he open country and little build- may safely imitate con- plicationSLIMS of engineering6.5. science, wasting annually fabulousin Itthis makesallows way. practicallyroads to be no poorly provision built forwith the little maintenance or no ap- stillofther Public strengthening Roads, so and thatTo development it: this eml an improved of the further increased. In conjunction with this office,already efficientsystem servicewould call might be present for the fur- I >nice yet hytogocouragingof whichcompletedsometo pieces "thenewly underworstroads. made enemythis roads lax of aremethod the subjected gol RIthat roads thehas stupidmovement."been declared neglect is the rapidity with which hard-surfaced roads So seemingly disheartening and dis- of anCommissiondistincttheters advisory state between highway council would states, seemdesigned and wise. to chieflysecure theto arbitrate workMg in coordination road friiin it, the establishment of a National departments. This commission sh(aild be The best organization Highway mat- adataThe beginninging, determinationconstitute hut for ha:, roads, the been foundationof as madelocal7. for other conditionsin thisof phases every direction. andof scientific agriculture, the collection undertak- scarcely ofIt provides no accurate survey or classification of roads. roadpreferahlysiontrolwithin construction of which roadthe an stateappointive shallaffairs seemswithin be in either one.the to the behands that of of an appointive or electiveThe responsilde office,state, however, head of actual a state highwayvesting commis-the f.zeneral con- sill mld he a gLacklegislation. rcthe at ofpeople origMal this andas adefect of evevy ftof insugicioit other deficiency attention mooed, on the lies tart the of Ilie systen1 as aI icreinwhole lies the source of its other defects. in the last analysis, is the mostis supported by insuffic:ent P wayworkinglieployedthoroughly engineer by under the trained should :tatethe supervision andhighway he efficient a countyTcholly commis4m. and state engineer. direction remored lnghway fromof theengineer, to!itical fo:.oritism. This otli This office, also,In each county, state high- should em- hestimulatingserious made to need tins influence pi)int of all, in awlaof later edwittion for connection. will avail. 1 1 0 its correcti(m nothing but the Reference will neeretnployedforshould should this he purpose.by \vholly hea county a group removed highway of supervisors from commission or especially elected l'nder the ju,isdicti,m of the politics, the occupants hcing overseers, varying county engi- 118 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL ROADS AND THE ROAD PROBLEM 119 butmenoverworkin number it whom thein the gangs theywithcounty. ofselect. the workmen amount hutand should difficulty be assisted of the highway by fore- is apparent that when some such continuity of pur- These men should be in direct authorityThis plan is but roughly suggestive, comingertyoverseersbuilding, road also taxare and inalsois duethe in appointed, the increasethe manner stateState notofin Aid throughcash. fundspolitically and appropriated Increased which elected, these Revenue. and for sums prop- road are . Significant reform is andposecominglative not exists, before.Improvements. designed good roads to overcomeSome will comeProgressive One as ora naturalmore Road of consequence,Movements'and the defects just Reforms : Legis- Numerous reforms are now forth- thoughoutfinancialseeminglyraised. upon not the wayyet nearroads forthcoming, has at is hand.been rapidly the increasedbeing corrected. provision for state aid. The wasteful plan of allowing local tax to be worked The most progressive reform in a is enthusiastically sought and Federal aid, nationaltheseteffectivethe forth.impnwement employment Office movements of of Public theof more system.for Roads progress. officials through has increasedbeen one fundsof the and most Chief among these are the legislative proyi, ions for The gradual expansion of the Legislative enactment for nishedfreelocalThirty-twostates material communities in that addition states ledprepared in now desiring orstate in furnishin lieu aidthe to inof statebuild more wtofinancial penal roads. wereor less institutions aid.New financial York, isaid appro- fur- to In other states Among the officialmarkedtheccYears improvement ctultv 1!.:."in recent and nc local road of state organization,history. supervision reform has also is further been especially advancing. highway 'tates availed thentsves of this opportunity. conmiissions, Twenty-tive states nowwhereas possess less than twenty In entiremillion,priatingstate field pays andtwo of Pennsylvania,theand road whole one-half administration expenseDevelopments millionone million. of dollars;all has roads greaterin Massachusetts,Road built. progress Science. heen one Nowhere throughout the In Massachusetts the roadciencythisKing\11,-.M111, reputation administration of and a well his longthrough diryetedfam, infamed 115 Missouri thec road forl,eslowal her drag,is ();)tionally letd isnc roiols,recently n humanity placed but proving now inof theredeemingD. the handsWard effi- cuntv system. The co:m(1 of county havethismade( nillety-fiyephase been thanhe overbalancing of*theespeciallyin the per problem.development cent emphasized percentage of inroad of science.earth roads in this country great effort has heen expended upon Location, drainage, and dragging this cimnection. lecause uf Road missionvidesdirectof the thecountytheand countyhighway is authorizedcourt, into workwliich road toof act: employ districts,the ttc county. a determiningtrained engineer the to as a county highway com- This engineer di- size, highwayhassurfacingstand been themade. engineersis ravagesanother lineofas automobiles.the of endeavorsearch for in a which surfacing great that progress will Nothing has so taxed the thought of modern In this connection it is visionunit.andshape,in convenience,the ofand actual district timber work overseers, ofrather suchof cnnstruction than districts who by direct township upon and the the maintenance. lahorers basisor other of employed economy political Fach district is then placed under the Mimediate super- These menthighwaysmobileinteresting of whichapplied builds to note through roadup theroads scienceNo paradoxical the evenphase derand than while of the highway of tearing experimental motorists themprogress fordown. work bettershows of a greater develop- influence ()I the auto- typesthe120 ofnational highway construction t COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCIIOOL ( tffice of Public Roads in designing various meet I cal conditions. .1side river, sedimentary claysIn arelarge very areas common. of the South, especially along die Mississippi ROADS AND TIIE ROAD PROBLEM L:pon investiga- 121 developed.abothfrom team sand the can dra...:,;ed struggle, earth"fhe sand roads sand-clay is the foll.oving road types have been clay. Of all the miserahle surfaces overis which adapted to any region affording prohably the worst, with clay Totheirtionfurrowedfound accomphsh thesurface clinkeringsufficiently into by opei. thislarge pointthe kwwood transverse road to of firessuggest manybed wouldfurrows is thatof theseserve the connected simple toclays harden has burningby them. abeen longi- of first plowed deeply and cl.)se second. but fortunately these two dreaded soils luirot-ilayclaytudinalfurrows, among one road,partially actingit as as covered, a tlue. and fired, baking the lumps of as it it burns. is called, When c(ioledWood is then placed is immediately rolled and sufficiently, ill thisthe applicationsandclaydragged isand to into increasingbe of found, shapeclay. withsomeIn a otherother decided regionsmethod crown of of the todampening turncountry rainfall. where the sand ahounds hut no Toits meet this demand oils have Lollrigidity must be devised than the distanceoiledapphedfornia road. with makes where fair tins success,the treatment presence producingIn the especially ofiIibhle oil Nv hWest, practicable.a t where, owing to the absence of g() Such roads are most common in sections of Cali- wells within reasonable is known as the present opposite ellaracteri-tics. AtItr on,0)11c Navat.,,ini.; a 1(,;11The essence of economy in errorspmssilde.arelembuilding often is are more foundmaterial common. acute \\ hiii and than iii;t1;e the in value any the coll,tructil otherof farm ..ection, lands, phi hedsthe road of gravel prob- In the huiiding of gravel roads three particular First, the gravel is merely (huliped upon ,;;ra:',1 untilllamlling the had such ,itudities roads therefore is to mix the two suhstances i ii ne have neutrahzed those Of the t the mannerroadway of and macadam not screened as it should and appliedbe, Second, the wrong in lavers after other.lar the sAndhlv grains, the (pore firmly they wedge andIi cement Thi-II 1 fll\ done hy putting ,and upon lIll hr clay road and an,t4th- hind1;ind that of gravel w ill hold is used. the it..; place w ell, Sharp, angular gravel tii& runled river is the only too tethipri-inglywell dragged good Iii.,11w.ys.and prol,rly -hape.1 ;111.1 1 . the f Id the undertaking...uch roads become sur- \\lien ;,ceomplisliedrepairsmoothmost common of to the remain road. byin throwinwhen position, noting wh..11yloo-e material neglected, upon is theordMarily surface Nliddle West, being Third, the maintenance and ;illogether without122explaMpractices, any its attemptearly decay. at makingThe height it cement. of rural highway perfection isCOUNTRY the macadam LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCIIOOLfamiliar sights along almost any graveled road, These ordinary ers,operationment,ing but the throughout all nowgreat that seen hasnumbet the thusnot whole only farof organizationsbeen amongpopulation. accomplished road officials for road is butand improve- afat begin- ROADS AND TItE ROAD PROBLEM But notwithstand- 123 fli- originator,road.roadin1812 the bed. designed building Mac Adam, theof a road macadam a bearingScotch road roadhis isname. scientistthe preparation who about of the This type of road building gets This is of the utino.t importance and involves its name from its The initial step ning.localterment.in saidthis community directionto begin at willwhich home finally and this proves is especially effective. true of road bet-Those who are earnestly conscious of theIt national need is the work of the small organization in the still find plenty to do. All reform is Among the severalofitAfter firm sistscrushed processes this andof ;stonethe stonesmooth road within adout is Ledthenand itself. two toisapplied rolled produceand inc-hall andwith a rolled.crown. a inchessteam inroller diameter. to make The The first of these is grading. This layerThe eon.first layer paign,cashmayhundredsHenry besystem and cited County, of united localof the road GalvaIllinois.theroad work,entire organizations Road community,instituted Improvement throughouta road-draggingboth Association,town thc and country coun-c,tm- of This organization has adopted the one-halfsurfaceputupper on. course to to one aid or zind in .kiyer the one-quarter processof .t,111', of inches0 cetnenting, ill diameter, and the is thenheavy A fter this, water is sprinkled over the completed )11,1still;4* of fragments fri;in lacadani roads as built ingthetry, recentfromin an effective Davenportdragging movement of to theAmong Council Iowa forthe River-to-River Bluffs, highwaymost spectacular a distanceimprovement. Road, roadof extend- three feats ever performed is rollerticewide,in witl,the is worked1.:nitedand from longStates four and areto faithfully.six generally inches fromthick, twelve though tois recent fifteen prac- stinicientfeet to make the stone surface as thin as luoly to endure the traffic imposed upon possilde yet it. inghundred!light%Moinesis through eighty ayCapital. twelvewas miles. the countiescoop(..ration andthe developed. connectingresult of a scoresnewspaper of towns, agitation aroused by the Des The significant factor in the making of this This interesting thoroughfare, pass- "It has taken two ThehaveThedollars itself.cost maintenance been ofper macadam declared: wile, depending ;old properroad cart varies slih-drainage,of upon macadam from the availabilitytwo ro;tds prompt to five is andathousamlof science material. efficient of The three cardinal requi,ites of good maintenance aldemonthsmonths,"and in national local to says build terms, aorganizati(ins reporter,the there orgat:,zationWhile is "to a proper.thenowbuild desire thatcovering the place built road,for for roadthisthe but the road."field. improvementit many took statefour is chiefly measur- Among (lust.repair,rcg;ii'lcl :ind under the keeping the American Increasedof the snrfacesysmil Road of free Sentimentroad from admini:tration, nmd and and Cooperation.All of tine, it nnt.:t ic onfced, are often Probahly I his- effectivepracticallyassociations.these should campaigns. all be the mentioned states, andfirst in the most numerous cases stateare carrying good roads on Voluntary organizations of this type exist In some instances states confronted by in adventthe most of eivouragingdoter roads is the increased road sentiment and CO- ,,f the time5 pointing toward the ciationssimilar highway as the :,outliern difficulties Appalachian have formed Good sectional Roads road Associa- asso- 4 tion,dredproviding124 miles ways and means for the construction lvi nelt has beenCOUNTRY organized LIFE for AND the definite TIN COUNTRY SCHOOL cf improved roads in the southern of Appalachianfive hun-purpose of Herculeanheadfall of for 1910. all task road "the organizations correlation and and has ROADS .,\ND THE ROADThis PROBLEMassociation intends to serve as a nationalundertaken as its 125 Thewasmountain thechief National egion. Good( 'wad:ft' the A.:,:odation,national 1 di;n1 organizecl leagues niiNV in too°. ill force the purlidi,:e of thk orgalnzation is to educate the first to fortn givenwayment."forts informatkin, in of the all rural existing progress and organizations may directory be reached workingof through the It serves also a a general clearing house for high- harmonizing ofthis the book. ef- for road impwve- Surmount- address pulilic to the necessity of (:didid road:. To this end it hold: thecongresses,gresses.standsing second all thelocal, in the Permanent llrussel firststate, of and which International national convened effort in Paris in 1d..0, This association holds hiennial international in low. .\s.riciation of Road Con- at road organization roadand science.nationalproHemuorld, engineeringofand road prive improvement sources discoveriesThese of is congresses viewedand the indicate the significance lint Ii wd rth for the exchange by thedevelopment nzdtidins (if road with wlUch the 1 1lie cf tifying,thereforeested in aCncouratzing project they Roadto evince Beautifying. Certainly nothing adds ill \Vhen Ii see a beginning toward road beau- a desire pie hecome trulv td, adorn it. inter- It is t L re to either the ;esthetic lit 'I d,. v. i;e.dr r li cr IIIagged dor 3',11 Mi 1c9 ourdifolderor material Fnglish11u11 countries land Line.value thisthe and fearfulofhas landFurdipean long toil than hvull necessary an drics attractive to suldjugate highway. the appreciated, and the ch.arin is greatly famed. con- hi tiondiriteandlarge thekno'vn annualof 1,ress. their conventions proh1ems ;old theSt.ite ILiLLIIO., departments realizing the sitni- 111:411\v;O: fd wined a peeial dirganiza-ddiedly through lectures is (lc- heIllthetinent neglect treated!. and acquire with whidtthe primal thi. phasecomidirts of road of It does not, hoveeer, in ;my degree, excuse the life largely excuse:improvement has d ;11111 1,riie..triIv "to encoure....d. -tale ioadl imprivemint 1 artind,11. publiclated,wanton thd.rdiughfares. 111k ruin .,nd indhtference with \dinch trees li.tcg;ctIi, and ru1hish dinnlied are still muti- ;dote.: our ie;in.\mongand other the state lades; mttiiiti dr tedIeral dlepartieents intercsted II It. LV ddrganiz:010,e,,, organized in the the Amur-ITt roail.," aresteps often for upposelthe deautifying to in.!uveTree of plantint:our and the miming of tvce,k \nieriean higlmays the et,I)Ir;try liui1i IR db d.. 1!, Tree, first 126 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL ROADS AND THE ROAD PROPLEM 127 astheclosely.are theycase. improved conserve moisturehy trees, and provided prevent theydust. are notevery planted twenty-five too feet along the roadway, is the distancePlanting idternately,Macadam onroads opposite especially sides, arc placing benefited a hy them, Even earth roads thusmentation,information.theIs rendering general gained and purposeto greaterhut the disseminates carries general ofservice.' a onnational puhlie the in vastclearing the amtmntform house of bulletins. (if forinformation highway scientific This office not only serves research and experi- recommended for tree setting by the ( )ffice of Puhlic Roads, In ( lermany. fruit trees 111(.111tificfact that these hulletins (..t,t reliahility ;Ind ofttimes attractive little or nothing and Their scien- literary style. make The source.enueandare planteda large highwayalong roads, rev- comes Aside from tl:is from this educationconstructedmethod employedof arousing by the hydepartment. roadthe lcderal sentiment, r, ad departmentobject-lesson is rt,ads valuable rt,ad texts for popular use. Still onuther means (if public .1s, a it printed second arc 0., provenientthisinlornment phase enthusiastslook of road (if f,,rward, ii.:- I,lecture upon the suhjectr use of in . anyads community and road huilding thri,ugh illustratedthestereopticon ( )tticm 5llihd. This lecture may lie olitained ui l'nhlic hsloauh Irk e itato MUIR% importantthe far11111,)11.,0; r ,:1,1 being' named or num thlie when every shall hear road1 instructi,,n dunilt,,n. are the Nemvarious to thestate\Va,Ililvg.ton, higln euhejal (.roffice the in, ist of Farmers' Institute effective agencies for ay departments.Specialist John .\ 1 It Sentinel cro,singsbered, and all con fu.;ing being. marked ilarThy to olucationld that of the work national carried office. on Lectures,these corresponden'e, offices is (mite sim- signs. ( ertainl\ thii would add much to the convenience of with wel1-kept i g n (1 e n.uch actual surveyin :Innual reports all help to serve the desired :nd, sttherviii n tiiui however,sp(nd their none (la> is so significantRoad Education. as road education, since the and should he welcomed hy those npon the land. (If all movements for road vli progress,expek.i to enlightenmentassistanceii of every should l:ind Amonghe mentioned the 11111ly the meetings,other agencies now in the field of highway is afforded for county and local engitieerill; reports. conditionsI1,111,16'road ill thio il\)2h more iiiilit)ilileiIt of n ouris needed highways. is el( itrly apparent froir the present ie iither prohlems, It1ill is .\tIi 4the done head in of this highway direction, propa- is chieily a miller uf thelargeandIt dailywouldgeneral and inereitselocal. he proicag;;Ind,t dillienit, of good indeed, roild to sentiment measure theis the influence of .\nother agency dCCrVill',..; spccial notice for nev\ spaper. 4,01 the yand,( stauds the i tion!nary nu purpose divisi-n of ofthis our national Ilepartment if .\izrictiltitre 1 urean is ednc itional and in this direc- Ie if Plil,he and ;illX, 'Ak.,: /;;;,/o,i 1,). I. $.1 \V ti,,p 021,. plulHlicd Iy 1!!, 1,,1 (fj!,,. \VA!, in 1 15 a:general128 press in this direction. Southern Good Roads II.exington,COUNTRY TAFF AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Special road magazine:, also, North Can) lino) and sentiment.bility of the country s,The hoof Country for Me azcalcenin,..; School and of the Road Problem. But withROADS all thisAND activity TIIE ROAD the social PROBLEM and economic Responsi- nudds 129 journalsaGood fullhiea: much Roadsshoreas thcvof attention the to(15o might. thecountry growth to roads are upon the whole scarcely Nassau Street, New Void; ) )f recent year: the farmers' institute,and theof other such social sentiment. forces of farm are contributing But the farm giving handsmarilyreachedwife of thein fanners, the asroad they kitchen issue, andshould thearethough hereal the and farmerverya nationalnmst people outhe. inprohlem, whothe field are is not being 'goo( roads is not yet sufficiently appreciated. l'or this reason the inch hisin the Pri- effortsthe tlrange, for road and education other farm and (.trganizations accomplishing are increasing, much. Eventheir roads.communityeducationalshouldschool. attilopt iwenciesmust to be give utilized now technical existing to preach instruction the doctrine in road of buildnig. good This bring:liy thethis problemit to the door of the country is not meant that the little country school in the immediate farm goodthatThisemnounitv. thewould ntads country liesentiment thoroughly school Justamong should ridiculous. how the this do children itsinstructien part and in instituting shallpople he of given its a .\nd this is hy itt t means ridiculous. It is meant, however, \\ ill depend ni.on throughthehoys.works. individual general teacher conversation with the children and older Such meansSometimes supplemented it may by hea st,,ek done ofquite governmu incidentally, nt. largely intl the emolitions under which she fffice Thfs h:o C, A Properly Draggedv Earth Road r.,p,r!y Ortg,v,? fr.r I, et alio 111111 As st,11, nms Alinmit whichbulletins,manner can procuredset be placed from in the the hands I of the boys ft,r reading and forth in the appendix of this hoot; Puldic Roads. after the Section "goodrailroadcoursesmachinery, roads companies in trains.-road have instruction arebeencarrying joining run offeredexpert by the several reformlecturers movement, and improved and in state agricultural col- lines. The special comment,ropilyroads.bestrelated wav. ;Ind tomay the roads, prove general througheffective. worh their of the common school. Wative? Therefore why not introduce the two strangers, geog-Drainage is related Frequently the subjectto can he get ugraphy and also This is quite the The laws to legestrainingNotinfor are onlythis practical another ofdirection. the expert extended farmersimportant engineers, andcourse; factor putty hut designedthein road "short officers forcourses- the are significant this new development. thorough planned eiidestraction,of thenature schutollionse, that ai study cand expansion heor science,adminthly \vill also, ic illustrated found its shown to embody hv itt the roadwally hefore prin- .\ild what eould furnish a hetter subject freezing., con- r j 130for themes and written composition than the improvement COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL primethe school, factor through the interest ROADS ND THE ROADin PROBLEM starting such an association and inducing it creates, may become the 131 of 245.itroads? maya country be given school; in the therefore countryWhen a lifemore course systematic suggested. and connected(or page Suchstudy ais course possible, was once worked out aml presented in it can be done ag,iin, or some- opportunitytendemscientifically.farmers to drag for teachers their sections in this connectionof road systematically by designating and an if Pubhc Instruction hasIn lately 1.1!innis provided and several a special other states the Superin- isthing roadwayfactschoolto stimulate similar that where thebordering to thelarger it.this doing became theLoys ofschool things.of a the reality yard school and was theircut provided the own weeds holnes, for inof andthe In giving C,is work the important thing Active expression in the the programsannualiniNssibleknow "tiood something and to discussionsRoads acquire of Day,roadsAll this throughoutthis and knowledge implies, road improvements, the to immediately schoolsbe sure, of that andthe notwith-, the state.it iscountry not teacher should tI be observed with appropriate anddraggedseveral girls their in simple the allotted study experiments, ofsection the various of as highway. the types mixing of roadsof sands and clays These same boys f perf, rrmedplasticity, teachersstandingdren are all should includeddifficulties. know in thisabout chapter. roads and impress upon chil- Some of the essential things country Ily considering the points ging.volved.studyingand LIIthe experimentpuddling that type, ofwhich to fresh illustrate illustrates earth some into ofa statethe principles They also constructed a miniatureShort newspaper macadam articles road while on the road question were the principle of road drag- in- otherhereshengul presented starredhasittending (fticers become references and androad quite farmers, reading meetings ain road the the propagandistbibliography when earnestgovernment possilile, teacher beforeon roads,bulletinsand will she talking alsoknowsfind and by thatto it. local writtenPrintertextsgested meantimeas here(.ec Page's hihhography,upon Roads, and their contributedTeachers Pathsown page initiativeand who393). to Bridges, the feel willlocal incompetent do papers. well to useto organize the work sug- and Ravenel's Road such schoolseemustIn this involved ahold communityundertaking, to inthe this longloluence center, road as view in movement all teachersof of otherroads rural attempts and upontheprogress. othersnew the atdestiny welfare interested making of of the country schools. They irilst localThiscountry can :chool he done niti:t through reachllut debates, 11,4in road oniv papers,education and a: in all lines of socialcomiwinity meetings held at hildren hut adults, too.the schoolhouse discussions in service thestimulated as standingili'i'lcountryofungraded, the sch(wd, smoothat the inefficient end whichserviceable of the country undrained highway school, stretch the but country standingof mire .school the at thelittle of (ndthelargely than by ane other one factor. is determined by road improvement They must see bydescribedoperati(m thealso.institute teacher's in ofandChapter thepersonal o,ad teacher X,organization leadershipand zind through school willand the with suggestion.be interest sure the 1.,.lok'al prove fruit ful In ileighborhoi,ds w here no local organizations exist, farmers'Tlw Ca- ofthurottIllyfuture, answering efiicient--a all the requirements Roadsfarm school of the laid ofFuture. uponthe new it. day, capable graded, consolidated, This new life means new demands pleasant to look upon, and I .1 npmi the roads (,1 the future, lt marls ill the first place a PP+ 132 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL roadTrue,andtrees, for which mustthey ft this ,r will hewill there heantiinl, he he exl,ensive, isserviceable hut ;Ilso,one hut solutionhard atwith theyall titnesgreen must and swardCOIlle. surface.1 in all, and seasons, roads.stately ininHt:N to as real it need as utility. The newTo these C II A PT 1.1I: VII mustqualities addF ofpermanence. servieeableness and beauty the road of the futureplaced upon it. It must meetespecially all the he requirements 'beyond the nowray- THE couNTRY Function of the Country School Defined. )1.1.7f ION OF -11 IE FARM PRUBLEMI sci lu( U. AS AN IENCY IN TI1E Some of the possibilitiesschttolremainslifethe farmers'progress, and to of ct.msiderthe the institute,have significance farm I,een lit,me,in and moreset offorththeof detailroads, the country in rural precedingthe as church,educationalagenciesoffice pages.of tile thefor system country to i ;range, It now withisbethti to necessary educate. children, to to define the university theThc function or ofspecial the country schoolend. school. for adults, permanent, primary function of tlic, schoolAs it preliminaryin step in tlns treatment itFrom will first the elementary school, which deals ehierty all society church,thefirstthisinterpretation school responsibilityduty and of has theotheif taken school.and holds,social definitionover andinstitutions.Many must of of education theever duties be acknowledged has of thegrown home, up, thethe until I4it witlnn recent years a broadened In the congested dis- who hut vestrolav stood byheconk' the side the of the road holding. his hit;td,diC ;Intl :tut( he;qting itn,,hily, \a,v,..tsance for the upt .,,eneral st.rvant I if all the people. In the motorist, ridesberc to stay and The farmer, tasksguardiiintrictsfeeding, areof cities put ofclothing, uponunfortunate the school die and school doctoring often children, because becomes them not of as practicallyallonly well. social educating, institutions the Nhole but These mani fold overtioLlymuch thoroughly as others. scrviceahle roads to the farm school of the ill ;ill :1111,111,d)ill' 111111,chf Presently he will send his children in 0111` iii cnit,vs its ettnyclanee ;H variedit is most ends. adaptable It wa...; rny first Thus it has come about that any neglected or am. I most capable of toserving divide thisnumerous 11,01k ;aand this into two future. Then o ill the new country life be full upon us. chiefiorts,'nullity diftiolity life if the e,witry ii neh further refieLli,ill I shi,uld thereliy eini,,11,0a/e,--7 it si.vinvd INt thi. uuth,q,., fri,to CMIN- 133 A. 57 unprovided134school for correction. condition of society COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL In considering the undesirable aspects is usually relegated to the it shallreach assume a higher the pinnacle work of otherof spiritual institutions. power than the school-- THE COUNTRY SCHOOL AS AN AGENCY The church can 135 toof ruralspecialmaintain,the present condnitms, function as rural is being is ofsituation that the done itcountry shall it throughout become school, an intNsed initiator by of presentvarious is therefore not unwarranttal this book, that a generallytentionschoolprofessionalthe farmers' can here, the neither institute, organization,hest and and thecover mosttheonly nor farmers' each availablecontention, gainsay. has club, itsagency special andis that inthe thetask thebusiness local schoolwhich coun- iind the The fundamental Con- is phasestheconit!ctcthatcommunity, phrase, is. of itsrural function educational thc progress country of the andsch.,o/ country itsa center associal schoola center forresponsibilityas may the for building heredirected summarized of educa- the in ExpressMg this twofold task of the school-- (;ne, the A ti,inlished,Community. and conniunitythe church, theThe I School as a Center for the Building of the Country In communities where thee are well estab- range, the farmers' institute, and other a I manyprofoundsocial sections organization: influence even upin and ourifl institution.; have ruralrichest welfare. agricultural states, in which l';ut there arc still little or no attenti; in is given to any of these agencies. Country 4 rural.'llurches puldic, areand rare, hut thefour per cent of the farmers of the range is little known to the general O. Theenhgliteninentnities,value chief of reas;strong in social for this institutions is that farmers .ind well-mieveloped do not appreciate oininm- the ThisStates resolves tabe ally the active whole part iittestion in the into farmers a matter of the ; r educatHil ,f e,,urtry per ;plc, and makes the institute. The 0.1.1ntry Schuol as a Community Center throntIlltion,school, a chief the institution prit.ia and fwaire, inay most directly comeh to attr;. conntrynt;tfl school and 1 ,ifattac's soeicty ,issigned to control educa- its imItience that raral situation. farmers. It is ofpruvcmenttry ress,lierits community peculiarlychapters, teach and the for canforeffective necessity instituting introducingreact positionupon (4 immediateroad home various theimprovement, life,school, progress. phases further as shmiiofand church rural cooperate in ear-im-prog- Ily reason boterment.Hate the true sit.;tiiticanceIle ofthis country it life and the possihili- all ot.ganization.:I. and agencies working14,1 toward nl1ilo.il that the cliiol call do ill, or that its schoolinstitute,in the introduction is theand hest other and andfarm most deveb.pment organizations. available center of the for the upbuildin.;; In other words, the ( ;range farmers' ,1. BEST COPY AVAILABLE JL t.) 136 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY SCHOOL AS AN AGENCY 137 temproblediateof the and and m.country the effective necessity Conimunity local of agency giving and may init thebecome solution the mostof the imme- farm Hence the importance of the rural educational sys- serious attention in any itsr,range,theand own churchin sharpfollowigg. its ownusually contrast patrons, means with and all just evenother the the ruralchurch farmers' institutiowt; members; institute but With the school, on the Other hand, every since the aslife.attempt itone must of at socialreach bettering leadershipnot only theThis unfavorablechildren and interpretation community but conditionsadults. service of the impliesfunctionof country that of the country school No argument is schi)ol,toindividual the taxes though in it till necessitates, the raange,3, if farmers' for no other institute, reason. and evenIt the exists everywhere. neighborhood has a vital connection, owing Every country community has a tionsconcludingmethodneeded of tothroughcountry establish paragraphs whichteacher the ofit desirability Itleadership mayformer should he chaptersrealized be citedof clearly this isinand service, suggested chapterunderstood, in the andillustra-nine. in the thehowever, that the social doescateeveryainterpretation neglect not properly school,necessarily of it iss.ofas to theformerly causeimply, function a and changestated, of should the inis countrytoconduct, by educate, no meansschool and the tolerate,made hypothe- here educational responsibility. The first duty of lint to edu- sispoe.tot that cause the acountry change school in social nsshall andattitude so relationships govern and commtmity its instructionin no way Condi- elash.'s as with itsIn fact,original it may pur- be made to further educational ends as .\ verage C'n1htry tionalwillserving appear asin thea community recordAdvantages uf concrete center instancesand of theas a Country latertemporary (page School 231)). leader for Rural Institu-Leadership. The advantages of the sch(wl for church,withUntold its v%ssihiliti,..smay peculiar be lacking. iJr educational fumlion and democratic nature, otntnuiloy s..1 This general availability, together P p Hrinant II en, s..11..wls as Oil: amongfollows:formerly rural social pointed institutions t 1. may 14., briefly summarized asThe sclio,d istit, the whole rural problemthe chiefis a problem agency of education and, as. seh,,olsignificantgives the as schoolan than institution at a firsttremendous4. appears. is relieved leverage from theupon humiliating rural conditions. penuryIts financial support is legally assured. llTall`q' of this provision the 'Fins is more the 7Chole' 2. educatital. It is a democratic community institution, representing V. In thk respect the school stands alone, thitillthat often characterizes the country church. The schoolof a., authority. a specialized agent of the ,t;l14.' It compels itteittion, Itllolt, UtiI, attend_ ;to imiti- - ance.138 COUNTRYI lyre again LIFE the AND school THE excels COUNTRY the church SCHOOL and all other however, the place of the sclowl in country community life THE COUNTRY SCHOOL AS AN AGENCY 139 varioustional,social institutionsbut other spiritual, rural except social social,6.7. the institutions, and state. professional as has as been well. set forth inIt Itcan can innovate fulfill a progresswide range along of demands; all not only educa- lines and through efficiency.officeundoubtedly that ofNeeds of the Country School. it must shortly institutional procure the Theleadership, needs of and the for school necessary deree of this shipthe early because chapters dosest of to8.this 9.the discussion. heart of the general puldic. It is mostmust immediatenearly ready in tothe lead effect because of its workcountry and teacher: leader- instructionurgentfollowingfor realizing deficiencies: to enumeration country the twofold childrenI. is function not in cotnidete, terms just uf defined rural hut coversexperience, are many. the must TheEducational redirection. lly this i meant the imparting of of hereinterpretationforall rural and leadership.socialwill be of worhers given the function fix-ft:yr areLeadership most e,,nsiderati,,nof ea,ilythe countryof :Ind the quicklyinScho1 school a later Largelytrained aschapter. made a Temporary Function. This point is of vital significance in the t i tnunitvmust,,n . gain the c,m-2.3. SicialI thy!.ical improvement.attitudeThe redirec- school and andplaceleadership,Put withawahened. to allother the these schoolinstitutionsrealizing :idvantages lutist that whenrecognize for institutional once its these limitations andare establishedcummunne and give it, chief nnion has Leen orbeet ers.social ime acenter, cioninunit 4. Trained teach- 4 verytilledeverthe signircant bestthrowh the d.ader-hip the conception stimulation of the which stir of otherid,all whoor agencies.church, would orwork ,,ther toward single .velopment of country life, however entlmsiasiic Thi, is a tion. 5. !letter!letter su pe legisla-r - 0.. . Aos. 7.-tiLoAd r in,titution,futile. should ponder weld tntions of which shrill de first :oil whichThere 1:kt is ismore altogether than enough work for all, an:l the only Any argtnnent ;Lin,ng. social institutions, non.system, or con,olida-7.8. .\ change of Th. .\n .\n,ientst,,,n1.' Landmark of Learning !Opt.111111y hut a p...r sliakt.,w of Ito form.r f..rts y..aip ago mustdirectsisafe .critcrinace,ptits action the :iccordingly, frchange the of rank leading andfix orfulfill following as occasion attenti,,u when the tin:, c,,nft, for the schuol to follow, it on the .ch, olk fr ',ther ultimate and common ,gud and its obligation. a, rectors, TheO. first seveti of these :wed: willSufficient receiveIncrea,«I detailed revenue. cooperation discus- ,ti the part of pet ple and di- efficiently a before: though it may Le said that the large and %% sion in succeeding chapters. The last two are implied through- tim,;,riert digni fv :my Iii tittiiili h: ;11w1l lilt ttt'.ct'(it de sufficiently important iralLcilf )1' outwhi,forced as Itthe 11111,4: hy basis a word cnnper;11 of all of other continent ,11 improvement, here. but may be en- 11 part of people and directors, sufficient revenue. madesince140 moneytangible, is isthe ahsolutely medium through fundamental which to public country interest school is COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL belongs, not to the present with its many urgent demands for THE COUNTRY SCHOOL AS AN AGENCY 141 areequipment,improvement.tigationsignificant. often willing that all costfarmers to money--nioreprovide. as a rule usually money raisethan countrybut a small people frac- In the first place it is evident uponGood ateaching, little inves- modern buildings, and ample Two aspects of this issue are plicatednoatypicalvaried jack-of-all-trades, one andthingof social a special primitive especially life training, like fiuedsocial so.that to but orderof do today,to all inthe thingswhich past.in which eachpassalily competitionindividual well. andwas is It has no place in a highly com- As a system, it is Thisnancetiontural of is and theregions.quite improvement.amount as true they in mightwealthy Country legally sections sch,ol levy penury asfor in school pooris proverl,ial. agricul-mainte- In Illinois, for example, it is unusual to the keYnote of the age, and where each individual must spe- aexisttoscoresfind whole thk a country limitof an towns averageand district andthinking of cities levying ahout nothing in thirtv-threethe maximumstate of it. are dollars taxing legal is rate,themselves expended thi,ughhere is shown in the fact that for the l'nited States as The inequality that annuallyi remedied for thethe vducationmiesti(ai.atry of eachchild citehut child,thirteen while dollars for each f revenne will remain a fnndamental A second aspect of tho nivneyi used. i'ntil thk inins!ice neid if the ciointra school. farniers fr school purpt,,esrelated faik toto realizerural educati, adequat n is that \vhat I r. r I. return,. Thy un.lerlYing. ri tn f,1" this ret li 1 ,y,teni iii the ineti- fects.theciency folli,wing i.1 th., presentparagraphs. countryThe One-Teacher Country School System andThe Its De-,me-teicher school systcm, ;is frelliennv main i. wnl ;tH iIsIlIIn Harlem Consolidated School, Wridelmi4o County. Illiimis Cr II i. lily 0I,.quah. 5,101..11 Iht wint r y s11;w1 prol;;,411 ILI, ow, it luN turned out enough 1)Ct'4, (1 it. 1)1111Cr t) served humanity long ;ind an\1:11( vslclui I (if if011 Cr it,iv In New t;; niter.4, tini ECt wpm! ;,(1vice in Two significant facts should lie nolvd mnrc or less and make hitelf k..apable of tendering ;it least one line. ivlio extol on11,It thenot Amelicanminimize therepuhhc. f,..,,o1 11;1`.tvork dcar of the little red fir us Put it iii it hos serzvd11;H itshad day, untold influence if the WC.st. It latersystemrentemlierthe present as anwas outgrowth that countryde%cloped school.;.cnd first, imprifvement. iind that the graded system came in the history of edncation die one-teacher in the first place, Tlik in itself is sonict65 it is well to proof142 of the increased efficiency of the latter. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Another point limitations of the ungraded system. TIIE COUNTRY SCHOOL AS AN AGENCY Suppose a school to be 143 ninetyturewhothat shouldtherecall half-grown country the be forciblyungraded schoodand adult impressed ofrural young today system men asupon enrolling andin theits women, prime,minds from and andof fifty thosemak- pic- to thethingofdirectors,blessed aselloff!: fair possible with numberhoused a hascapable, in oflinen a modern,childrensuppose, earnestdone tosanitary teacheradd to Luilding, theand in work brief,a liberal and and that composed boardworth of every- todaygradu:dlyingitsfact its former recalls influencethat decayed the glory.as thestrong felt countryWhat and throughout country now the so:11(w] unobserving.presents schoolthe wholeof butIns of hoyhood,unthinldngacommunity,forty poor years shadow no fanner longeragois the of has nf onewiththree teacher atincurable least can four defects possilily daily stillrecitations, 1.do remain: well in demands the meager more time work allotted, Thethan school having from six to eight grades, each grade yet, even under the most favorable conditions, intheexists. the country law or teach'..'r the ministry, has long :ind ago has attained la:ell replacedhis desired h ambition The wide-awake scholarly young man IR' remem1K,rs as oti nex- forto say such nothing a task. of the strength,.2. scholarsInp, and ability requiredThe small number of children enrolled very fre(luently heartyheneighhoringperienced, remembers boys untrained community.and is nowgirls :c.;edsliphis The imagination of and cimforfahle, a girl dilapidated, from sees yonvo,nlyntcity havewhile turned the hiiiciiiog tr city- hi...di schcol or c p loseanti-social.twoschools,makes c, interest, an to uninteresting necessitate dawdle, and theschool, often formation anddrop never out of someof fails, school classes even altogether, orin of threelarger one, children. The stray children of these classes consequently Such conditions are ahnormal and schoolstragglers.systemward in was can search the maintain, -enter of a moreof and attraction: kitextended but awhen handful training. spelling-bees, of thanunfortunate the liter- old There was a ftne, it is true, when the country gradedhighthrough school systemthe simple course providing lack and 3.of still companionablethe associates.The third defect, the fact th,ot the system provides no cc ists as muchI est Ler of capita secondary as a sch(ftils, is ()tilerchanges,tolifeary the societies,causes,of social educationalthe neighborhood. thisneeds singing time ofspecialization, thehas schools. gencraticgone icy. and city cn. debating migrati(cn. clubs ;1101 made many it the The school system was then fitted SuchHut rural school pros- cwin'.; to industrial theytwotheperhaps :olyantages thin...;s. fromusually its the worst both sendhodue of feature. detrimental athe hi.,11 into boy the school or care togirl farm icir ofunder an theirlife. urban consideration cbildren high doschool one away oilwhose Country people in order to secure In the first place, adaptationperityschool can of beof the theagain past whole attained has educational gone.Ily only never through system. to return. the uphuilding and this it is not implied that there ;ire nw no well- The old cc ,untry towntointerests, lead or the city.courses, fond tendencies are natunilly sic o ountry child directly away frono the farm toIn the tlns way. hundta..ds of the iii c,t orran2,ed as capable 'Floe conductrdrathersystemstill communities thani, seliools realijed. the underrule, where and the the oldin higho.sttheir system, prosperity poble efficiency but prove of thethy Such instances. however, are the e\e,pii,.t ! I here ;incl there ;ore selfoneymop,4farmer, toin asthe ho doulde in homeTie the are meantime,district;aid drained um ;Ind colal from proCcellS one the in ecoltitrytown, tO supportthus every yielding twoyear. schools, him- 1 sstem (if taxation a, any 16 everfamily144 devised. moves to town -to educate the children." (.01NTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Sometimes, as an alternative for this, the whole Whoever provided without a fundamental change of system. THE COUNTRY SCHOOL AS AN AGENCY As for- 145 hasandloafing seen who the away haspiteous their not timespectacle ?needs while noof the idlecomment children farmers are on being discontentedlythis state of educaVA merlytrayed.inefficientnottions. ordinarily,stated, theyand favorable. presentexist even far undermure thedefects most than favorahle those condi-just por- ..u.lt unfortunately,Physically. conditions are not always, in fact, they arc oftenUsually, eyesores country on schools the are more land- 4 scape.dren'sthey clubs, parent conferences, are Socially and educationally, equal failures. Chil- tousuallyand go to alla lull. nmri, c,imuunity , meetings \\*hi, cares huild- are fronttcachertyachingning?iniz to tweiu> slwnd who is hk(ly tisan ciim'elledaftern,,on to he ilone to hearby a And h!,\e much redirected twenty-tive recita- ir eve- 3 I(1.yfect,ii.ns ys in the of f:ctthe ine-teacherthat syste:n in clic day? t'.1 Still another teach- nowpectedsliecializatif,n,lug, charact...rized like to all handle ,ther Lyle equallyprofe-sions, teacher well is all 11.,. the hi,,..diest ex- T.., I,. ..sn Expensive al1.1 1,,,104lishment $12a Estab- c.adi D4,inestic Science in the Harlon Con!olidated School 14 a hut 1.; an Iiae 1an, nality 1r e shall twenty,enough.ages of it These ,everalchildren wadi] seem, t,) friln deft:i t- six to are serious and nuinerous !"1C111. affairs.ner.cr .s.:70 ;11,, .\nd 11-;e, too, the country suffersrus lea,/ again. form tro'?cto (is s 1 C iifi y Iola; as the mos! ener,cetic for,.ed into try ,cho,1 ,vsiem of theThe flume Country must remedySchool theSystem wealmes.c:, of the Future. The coun- citics ft pr,,71,lei,1 e,11(catamalThc ire the perinatientdefyct, onesif for - 01,, pre,clit rural educationd system just anta.s for their chiHrol. which no remedy can be of system,hie,thatthe it niust which will make luossilde In other words, it\;stini.:, systcni I c a ,\ steni t inu,t he a ,everal-teaclierHeal (if our or present gradedelnliha,i/vil. complex social ;t divi,iin of ialior (unoni; This means, brietly, teachers,146 permitting some degree of specialization, and there- COUNTRY LIFE ND THE COUNTRY SCIIOOL the school through increased numbers, and through the min- THE COUNTRY SCHOOL AS AN AGENCY 147 organizedafore better machine,professional imitatinggrdd flyservice. referring the errors to the of countrylarge city school schools. systemed of system the future it its is not meant that it shall be a rigid. over- ofharriersgling the oflarger ofthe the community.children, small neighborhood, Educationally,soon overcomes the the graded social system bans makesand possible ill die broader interests for the is Presenta division inefficiency of labor amongis to be teaci,ers,preferred tonot this. overdone grading The end desired mostchildren favored of cityfarmers children. all the advantages now enjoyed by the No other method of providing ii ofand tosarilythe the adjust future, copying imply themselves as the ofhere urbanother. conceived, to models.To their procure environment, will suchclearly a system, verify. eliminate it distance And this the country school system is only necessary for farmersPut the one does not neces- increasingtem.andcollecthy transportation, inetTectiye scattered the size effort funds, gatherof thenow and districttheir wasted combine children arc on sothe slowly intoheroicold, largeroutgrown grasped but fruitlessgroups, sys-will\\Thy advantages so easily gained by the simple act of andPerlmpsprobably faith thein long itsvery efficiency.remain simplicity a mysteryHowever of the in undertakingthis the may record la., baffles of education. interest it is cicarly evident that such a s\ s- schoolsdrentem,life;fortable, mayso aremaintained, eni,Iy sanitary,now--cicall, all tie willattraetiye conveniences provide, school among .Tdinarily home Idler where things,aerihed country ato com- city chil-a huilding which, at least, can \t ell-heated, and properly what few country size,ventilated. dignity, and attractiveness, can eNert a social influence school of this kind, moreover, owing to set its in ,,,,s,,Hht. 11 S hi Fl.);tt, ,U1 x,rt ; larlon Cotu:oliilated1.0.41Ii School P. IP...I t,, 111, Mil, rine' ancomparative impossibleinfluential isobuion. neiglihorho.H1to the little one-room center for school lectures, talks. concerts, The consolidated seip4,1 may off hy itself ecohily the11C\ country bi,y and girl (vial opportunity has ever been associates,systemliterary alsoprograms, increasesprovides and thethe similar one-in-a-classgeneral gatherings. interest child and companionable enthusiasm of " The nature of the them,elvesattempted hy;Ind to the children under1.0i. their charge. Hince or four teachers doing the I Me can naturally do greater justice both to 1 7 1. \viol; Redirected formerly 148 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL it systemthroughreality.teaching a and good a vitalizedhigh school,.inakes course of studythe graded the This, and the ultimate fulfilinent ofonly such adequate solution of the country school can then becoine a or consolidated a course countryimmediateThetrobk country life. point schot)I, of attack letConsolidation upon the unfavorable the Fundamental conditions Need of Country Schools. Increasing its efficiency is necessarily the first it be repeated, is the most direct and of CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS CHAPTER VIII diatefarmersseeing,isstep possible need toward heroicand for under progress.othersour teachers thecountry the existing inefficiency who schools one-teacherwill gois of forth the ,to impress Ilut no adequate degree of efficiency for an armysystem. of far- The imme- up.in classificationsschools is mefint of yonsolidated the unionDefinition of schools two and or may Types.more It ofmade them. : Ily the consolidation of country t. The Four depend.cienteducationalBut teaching, the fundamental redirection, the holding need serviceThe of isfuadantental traineddeeper as a community teachers,than need this. andof country all schools is outgrown system. aAnd change uponcenter, of it effi- else, system, or consolidation. I y complcie or toz,..ushipThe John O're, Swaney embracing Consolidated all Schnwl, NIeNabh, Putnam County, him the schools of a I Lo tionalwhole parttownship. (.4 a tov.n,liip. 2. .111(' partial tyre, including 1,ut 3. The ; 149 tov, n type. located a frac- 150 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL CONSOIDATED COUNTRY SCIIOOLS 151 isthein mostfoura consolidatedtown kindsdesirable or village. of consolidithd schoolfrom both located the social Ii. the and open pedagi:tgical country. Of points these 4. T1i 's. .cliools, thecol last iitrv tYPe, iv which is meant r country type Combined,oftionalmittee datedpublic Education on district sentiment, Industrial that thein Association, the committee privateEducation United liberality, States."was"as in affordingableRural andto Schoolsfind wise the in best organizationany of example consoli-the Na- of solidatedView, as willSchool apiwar of PutnamPossibilities throughout County, this of discussion.Consolidation:Illinois. .The John Swaney Con- As a concrete onecountry andfromSwaney one-half evenlife, School, a fair-sizedmiles fromOne town. the of nearest village and ten miles the most satisfying characteristicsis uf the John its to location thi,se who believe hi an open countryIn community April. DA'S. the writer pre- in the fulness of apersonal aredacquaintance ;in asliit \vork, and spiritarticle of for an educational journal concerning the this school, founded upon her . ii.omL.\ this article.lilt teacher . Nlitch of the fol. in settlers the takencoin- of tilt:wereii unit chictle Clear 1 Putnam County Crt.ek 111,..11 to die c o iii - 11.) prairivinws .11n1.,11c s anof the enduring \\*est s Teacher.' Cottage, John Swaney Barn and Jan tor's I 1,nisc, jlin Swancy School fir -tfaith 1 in iiia t ducation. ci 1 Pin ii thi.,-k tla It- 1I1,1y thy Ii wade throtp4hotit tinand 1,1;61161g the tbe -plendill possibilities of the cmsoliditted 1 ool,, the John Swaney Consoli- ,,1 iii -li- ''f iron IdIcrdrv n,;ii. ii thY np, ;Ind f1. ithi '1' two ciii- (latcd School of Pion:tin Count, Illinois, which St.ite Stfferintendent F.I is flair of sett cted. Illinois This ii!i i tt InH r in'agint intlnence ir ..pirAti,ns, bo0 ... out ot as "a\\ .1. selected for stwCial ro.port perfcct th;lt hook and phee them in would gladlyIll take oroo Inv by the Com- it, if on countrySlialo-p,;ire.in Ill. i_it ,everal timcs alttinpt1 d and forni,.! Idirough g-od I 175 aching, 152 CoUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL CONSOLIDATED t:OUNTRY SCHOOLS earnedenrolledgrewliterary stronger andsocieties, in thegained daywinter, debating bya reputation day. and clubs, before amongand long all, the schoolthese community early men schools for hadbig Eighty and ninety pupils were thisnamely,failing community. anto provideeducational what "squareTherewas due is deal." toa tirangeevery child of long under standing its control and great influence in Topics of interest have been considered here 153 womensomesalaries,.:oing years sp:holarship, nobeyond morewhen thecapablea change Thisandcommon efficiency. highth.an was branches tidediscovered.those of of prosperity and-Quaker were Lane- inacquiring rural were education an had lasted Young men and meantheirtinallytwicetion problem. immediatea wasconcluded month studied for success. thatover and consolidation discussed.forty years. The and 7cas inember here the theonly ,,chool solution ques- of Ilut such a conclusion on their part did not All voters in the community vere of this Cirange academy or high school education which seemed to tit them QuakertheIetterseeing. parents determined saw. and, world. fir the This, work of these give tax;notlandeigners, convincedsome owners, were afraid Grangemercenary more of aafraid littlemembers. Some were ignorant for- theircppnnnunitytheplace. own country children. school of the The teacher wa, was. a bu....y theof sillereda contest littleFive tax. was well on.In the spring of too; dist:.iet., in the were con- scheme, St,ck .11111 St:ir.Q alreadythetipplyman only and anthis overburdened hadalternatiwdeficiency, no time wa to So butinstitutes,cation.culty, the question of lo- an unforeseen arose. Grange meet- Farmers' diffi- Ilorti,:nitural (las, Pruning Trecs, illy. 1-, pep.,I tp a,.,:epted : n to pr-vide this oppor- ",' ere sent the boys z.,.cay alb' tp, privateings, mass discussions, meetings, were and Sw;Lin.). Sc1 uit,1 tp I d il i.i, m ft ii ql:t1 ritinie to foreigner,. Iii'! centeredfive districts on the subject, was t,,, hut great, to no and avail. the attenit t The discord among the failk pl. llef,pre - pl H !pip; pp,. np'et.,%, tin! " h uhi,ttttt. The ifl the first failure w us a.iircl, p,,wevcr, pl;m. wen., dcv(Vpilp,z(21 ii hiiiig li'-trieis ! V e;o.p !ht,.?nt, st;tn,lititz at eilutv,t ikba.ing oni, fp q. the ,econd effort. rt, !i were wt., th time oolv thr;'e 1 'irt'iul,t'i and signed, t',11 1,, ty., nt t.,1 , It vppiI I thi, voint th:d ;Ind one nielo the a tppni.hed ihapH.- 1,1 ofthn the impl,prtal...inv j.1:1.11 11,1' t f t 1 .tu 0 .1 f,iliiiii that the 111(1.- that it \ea, dHtnet.law, to the 'Pa's,. pinion.: were then pre,entepl,endiuh aceor,htig t WO h " g that the paper, bore d .ters of each ti 154 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Crowning the campus, here in the heart and quiet of CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS 155 all thetendent.theaprayer requiredpredicament question of To themajority the bepetition. occurs, countyweighed of signatures, Butthe superintendent and this decided were by the the county school law of Illinois provides that they refused to do. When such supposed to grant thepetitions were then superin- thisplannedstructure sumnatural atsoon acontaining beauty,cost reached of $12,000stands approximatelyfour good the but building. withschoolrooms, $15,00o.the equipment two training, a kitchen for It was originally It is a bricklaboratories, installed carried.ofhonorhisexhaustive th political e. as trustees a man legalprospects, andand treatise protectorgranted the on superintendent, the of children,prayersubject, of and revokedtothe at some After careful and deliberate consideration, his ever-enduringpetition. the decision in a most peril to ownrooms,domestica library, water indoor science, offices, system toilets, a a andbasement shop and is suppliedfor a large playroom,manual a furnace room, cloak- assemblywith room.light by gasoline gas It has its A year later the building was dedicate.l. Baseball Field, John Swaney School Although not an generated from a reservoir buried in the ground outside the Girls' Chorus, John Swaney School drenJohnaboutespeciallySade," whoseSwaney, $2.000 gave wealthy lives in or, outright all, theyas community, werethey have twenty-four aremade. enriched, affectionately liberal acres "Uncle donations ofknown toin themoney, Besides this, Mr. and Mrs. beautiful wooded John and Aunt chil- oftry thetransportation, thenecessitates horses,Clear Creek wagons, is itthe communitywas conveyance andOne declared, I:oys of the are of could ofthings ciimilnPutnam children. never such inCounty ea,th bea school managed. roads,have system proved and as this in the coun- '-ighways But opportunitydredland forinthle a campus. tre,..s, for study and andthr,ugh pleasure it winds that a water stream Growing on this campus are three hun- affords. with all the BEST COPY .,...;i1ABLE seatstheufactured contrary. and curtains. forTwo the wagons purpose are and used. are They provided are especially with long man- side In winter, heaters and warm robes arc " $40provided.156 per morith. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOLContracts for driving are trade for the year at The greatest distance any child has to ride doubt,3,7:4ois inabout19°4 Illinoisor fear, without8 four o'clock. and (and and interruptioninjunctions. elsewhere)one-half miles.or in delay, spite andof the mud," They have been running since September Truly, "civilization is advancing The wagons start about this in spite of mud, old"Clearcondition. school Creek buildings Cottage," werePerhaps the abandoned. home the ofmost theono uniqueteacher was in feature veryWhen good theof this whole plan It stands on the campus abr at forty rods from the is 11110, 11. -Nissd?' ofseven-roomwerenew hoard building. hard and to cottage, lodging find, anda thushousekeeper this peacefully building employed, and was happily and solved. Boarding places for the five teachers employed remodeled into a the problem In , winter.whoanotherwithout is kept corner good in steady ofteaching. the campusemploymentIlut all stands these during a thingscottage both might for summer the stand janitor, and here in hollow mockery This the people of the John Swaney abeenScho(il salaryparticularwell well trainedrealize, of trained Si w, ,000 and ia a pnitiortionatelyhaveboth year. prevented.normal The other school well and compensated university, isfor paid their four teachersThe principal, are equally who has of 14411scienceofeity the scho.,1 connutinft. are euitirses." taught inThe the cour4egrades andof study are strongly in this school emphasized is no "mere imitation .Tal and practical education aml reflects the life a! every turn. it lrcllt s ;1 Agriculturewc11-balam.,,d and domestic ,tdin,tment of acresin mentformalthe ofhigh plot,the science schi.ol, campus and conmionlyan where areexcellent used they found by school supplant the in high gardensecondary some school is of made elas the mrses..n isolated 1 each year experi- Six Domestic Science Kitchen and Chemical Laboratory in the John Swaney School ls manualby158 children training, of the construction, intermediate andnature grammar study, grades.music, drawing, COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Sewing, CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS 159 whichofpercentageschooland Agriculture, physical theyis fully of consider trainingthe accredited returning young "thefurther people inat best timethe enrich graduatingplacestate to the the university,in homt thecourse. enter world neighborhood, theand to College a live." large The high settsEarlyin.ais nobelongs Beginnings marvel, the distinction and PresentHistory of Development.being and the Status first ofmodified the Consolidation form. in any rural community. It is merely an example of tchat might state to legalizeTo Movement.Massachu- be done, dentsanimalsCloseinstructionthe schoolfromcooperation and their work.inproducts corn homes withTwo judging: are for theleading broughtclass homes and farmers study.horses, isin maintainedfrequently incattle, the communitysheep, throughoutby the and stu- other give thehistorywelfare(haletransportation first more of ofcon.olidated inodern countryin its and later educatkn. ofchildren developmentruralthus originatingschool thanThis bill in any other singleto further act in the educationalwasthe passed United in 1869,Statesa measure and was which has practiceschooleveryfeatures. pupilin seniors. parliameatary in the school,The usage, social from and theinfluence various primary formsof children such of a literary sc'toolto high- The two strong literary societies org;.nized include These societies meet fortnightly and afford is one of its best setts.hasEab:nSuperintendentorganized grown zt Concord, soonin afterward\V Nlassachu- illiam byL. Since this time the idea favor and has association.arcprofityear.participation. greatly of the favoredschool. through the agency o; a special athletic Musical organizations add greatly to the pleasure and The campus is well adaptedOne or moreto sports. good plays are presented each Athletics, also, receive due attention am' Basket- ofsolidat:d.tation.longerspread a westward tluestion and Cfree-fourths of until experimen- it of 1\ lassadloset:s is l'ractically the whole now con- is no notball, confined baseball, toand the tennis children all flourish. alone. But this social spiritParents is conferences, Mr John Swaney athe loi.ted the I'; st;:te,. of Ca: Union have 1 nf' rc or less musicales, entertainments, and community gatherings of every ?1.444 4 arid him fga, (44r Field Agt nt ;eorge W. courserealizationsdescription of the highest are of theheld qualityschool, in the is auditorium,there provided. is everywhere and an annual the heartiest lecture As indicated in the con-olidated schools than$ 411444.1 rvyf..ur s ,f 1 , I.1 tti4, 8%AN..4y ie:rtmentKnorr, of theof Agriculture,United States who observed and studied more De- anddistricthasThere most risen generousare rapidly sought devotion inby value,the very on and thehighest the part few ofclass the farms of school renters rented patrons. becanse in the is no farm problem and Ho moving to town here, 1.and illtypeindeedsiders yariou and consolidation the the partsestablishment daily of transpithe conntry 'nation "no longer a debatable question," of more thanany one d-e in the clinntryt of a total of 57,rno children 2,non scholuls of this tatenlcnt, con-and peopleof the unusual of the John educational Swaney advantagesneighborhood attainable. have done, however, 1 All that the attention through the centralization()hi.. folb.wed Ia sacl,iiett seema toin I verify Oils of its rural schools.nex) attracted particular llere /60the movement began in 1892. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL About 350 Ms( diOated schools organization.are three of vital effect : CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLSThe management IP( i. The township is the unit of school all township edueatismal 161 one.firstbeenhaveir thecentralized Themadesince history most beenin a rapid single of schoolestablished, consolidation, and year. was remarkable organized, an increase however, progress there of hassixty-five are occurred now twenty- having within In Ashtabula County, where the thus far made plies,teachers,director,interests whobuys issup- elected by the people. directs is in the hands of one man. the townshipthe school .This trustee employs 6o0thebytr:ct hstconsolidated any schoolsdecade, means. inhave schools. the beenstate abandonedof Indiana, whereand supplanted 1.600 small ty dis-about In the year 1911 Iowa reported a total of 6o But the movement is not sectional, consolidated schools; Illi- servicesbuildings,improvementconstructionforms commonly and per- all other a n d o f nois,homa,Kansas.t 2013; ; SA;Minnesota, 75 ;Virginia, Washington. 60; too: Idaho, 20 ; Okla- In toThisboards willrenderedlead concentration beofto readilydirectors.the by union seen local 1.4..$ haveall,andlegal Louisiana,aboutrecently thirty made 210. specialstates provision for 'he townshipof mayschools. legally 2 .trustQe The close 401%rezAil; tili11424110 161 141? r4;11...411111irrIT: IN* r - Track Team, SwaneyScho,1 nuallylarsandtransportation overis now one expended million of children, dol- an- for thi3 purpose. teenattendanceanany schoolor fewer, having and average of daily fif- 00%5714111 -aci;i1 0;winit 17.F.Ar~ VI;4"117; ^0.* gratifyingtionsunk because of Indiana and of remarkable inits anypresent Consolidationtreatment progressleadership madein inIndiana. this here movement. within the Thelast Special if country school consolida- attention is due to the averageschoolsconsolidatemust abandon having andall an daily at- -777 1,- 1041 1.4..0 f", I -ajW."4-111:4, LA." 4)'4:;./ % hadlocateddecade the issamein athe worthy difficulties very heartobject toof lesson overcome the great to all cornin other the belt, way states. Indiana of mud hasand Being moretetulanceIn the than year twelve.of not to too7. 1,110*011mTeldtIfelnafftot e, I larlooe ss m arft Whit see ref /NM ershipphysicalleaders seems handicaps and due expedient to that but aretwo school met chief in causes:legislation.any section. far-seeing educatioll:d Among the legal1t5 present lead- perintendentstatementaccording of Cot- Su-the Indiana I 1110.,11al...nt HhoMap nf Indiana Showing the Extent ni 0111 1.1121.11. ,I, II 1.111. r tat,o In II, 11,1.1 .111 1,1, 11,re provisions furthering the cnnsolidation of selmols in Indiana 1 BEST COM AVAAABLE ton, this law te- trtel 1S5 ,,,v (fano. 162 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS 163 transportationschools.suited in the abandonment of children, ofwithout about whichOne thousand the system weak is district prac- 3. A law permitting the use of public funds for the STATISTICS ON CONSOLIDATION IN INDIANA. (Reported Dec. 31, 1909.) A. tically impossible, is alsoConsolidation on the statutes. is common in Indiana in eighty-two out of a Among the counties that lead 3.2.t. TotalNumber number of schoolsof schools transported abandonedschools S2ptember, to otherprior todistrict the opening schools of 1909 1.402 591471 canoe,intotal andthis of respectDavies Johnson,ninety-two counties.are Hamilton, Delaware,counties. Montgomery, LaGrange, Tippe- The movement in Delaware CountyWayne, Henry, Elkhart, Clinton, 5.4. Number of consolidatedschoolsconsolidated transporteddistrict graded graded to schools schools town or made madecity schools up up of of three two schools 222 abandoned,countybegan in is 1898 now seventy-nine andconsolidated. has steadily wagons grown are useduntil overin the half county, the entire and Fifty-nine schools have been 7.6. Number of consolidateddistrictdistrict gradedgraded schools schools made made up up of of more four schoolsschools 4394 datedschool1,464 schools childrencourses. of are the transported. county maintain good four-year high- Six of the fourteen consoli- 1. than foor district schools 13. 42 oneemployed,high-school school at andthecourse small345 is children villageoffered inare this enrolled, school, 216nine ofteachers whom arcare I.iberty toWnship is wholly centralized in of Selma. A good four-year 3.2. Number ofdoing consolidated threetwo years' years'work schools high high schooldoing school one work work year high school 218126 53 oftransported. ofthe 81.85. children, drivers being hired at an average daily cost Another of the best instances of schoolThirteen consolidation wagons are used in the transportation 4. Number doing four years' high C. school work 10,203 419 in theRiverIndiana largest, Township is the most Center inexpensive, Johnson Grove andCounty. Consolidated most elaborate School consolidated of \Vine This school is on.: of 4.3.2.I. TotalCostNumberNumber per cost wagonof all ofchildren wagons per day, transported usedper average day in transporting children $2.31644 $1.861,241 schnol,schoolsfrom anybeingin the town. IfscatedUnited States. on a six-acre plot of ground two miles The building, which was erected at a total It is, moreover, a 1r:4e country 7.6.5. Number of pupils transportedtransportedvate conveyances bybvby interurban steamschool cars wagons or pri- car 01.767 470 56 costsolklatilfor of into. about 41 gives in$35.rxx), Indiana a good was :The summary dedicated following of Septemberthetable, present quoted 3, status from ofthe con- Indiana State Report 1(0, N umber (1. 1 fon sollda tea !Whim Is etnp1( lying D. Sch.ull. Grade School. High ; ThreeFourTwo teachers teachersteachers .1. S 7 292130107 66893 164 CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS 16S COUNTRYFive teacheri LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL 3559 41...tli teachersseventy-five, are employed. with a high-school enrollment of forty. The school term is nine months in Nine NineEightSevenSix teacher; teacheriteacher: teacher: 15.ro29 24131 i was$8,740,length, furnished andof which the by annual $3,600, state expenseaid. according A distinctive of maintenanceto the feature laws of in tom was makingMinnesota, the snows, many northern Minnesota.states have tested MoreTen teachers than ten teacher- Notwithstanding severe winters consolidation and 77 4 and heavy 53 ofacreLewiston canceagricultural school inschool this farm. lectures, school a notableA second is corn its example extension contests,development of consolidation work.farmers' This institutes, takes is its nine- and of marked signifi- the form theanding.a specialadults, highest the special andfour and socialmonths' best features centerdevelopment course of work, state-aid, in agriculturegive of the immediate extension consolidation and promise courses idea here yetforConsolidation of in Minnesota hasebecome a state policy manual train- sultedtoworked Hereattain in theout theshe movementby advantages establishment any state. Iowa.has of affected consolidationof sixty twenty-five union forschools. their counties and re- In Iowa, likewise, the people are quietly proceeding children.' Among inthonposedDuenathe 1003, most and ofVista at whatfivepretentious a County.costrural was ofdistricts. formerly $2o.noo. of these the Twois independent the hundrol school seventy-six atdistrict Maratlicn. of Mara- chil- in The territory of thk school is com- The present building was erected A nineaerefound farm no I it fea-ihle. Consolidated School. Lewiston, Minnesota p)st..tn evf ..%t,ohln Inwork arv two helpful feature (15 Nlinne,oto a law ,:rovidingUm!' for tip.; expendedweredren weretransported. annually enrolled for in transportation.191o, of whom one hundred fifty-two Six hacks are used. and Over S2.000 is Eight teachers are em- nearnitatileunion Ow of example,: if con,,lidated schools have been establi.hed. elii ol t a enacttd con.oilillationitt itp. in Wini,na County. Since thisI inne:otatune over One of the j fonnd The Throughontunusuallyployed, and favorable hisa good serv;ce four-year asKansas. chief high-schnol state school oltirse officer is maintained.State Supt. Here conditions, both physical and social, for the developnwnt of consolidation. are equippedis in every way. hou-ol (*..n,litlated Schoolin 1s8 cnniprke, four districts anda modern, commodious building. The total enrollment is one hundred effickntly eott.ohilaittOand the manual movunu,! ii scliole t,aining. offeringt The in,titiction Iowa legi5lattire in agriv,1;ttire, of trn3 parse.1 a lilt providing I etc. This measure will undotibtell!y give great impetus 1E9 aid f,,r all E.theconsolidation,166 T. Fairchildstate. hasand conductedthere are now seventy-five union COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOLOwing to the favorable road conditions, an aggressive campaign for schools in many of tained,three hundred and everyCONSOLIDATED effort is made to COUNTRY adaptchildren. the A school farm of four acres is main-SCHOOLS 167 mendedplanbuildingsuntilthese is good theschoolspermanently, together people and are practical. ofand first thebut deferring establisheddistrictshow Such well measuresthe the erection are of not are thoroughly satisfied that theby moving two or three old adaptability of the idea. a new building to be recom- eightnowoutstripped to(1912) counties, the needs manypractices of of the theThe state of Washington, pupils. consolidation in more conservative notwithstanding its 5.outh, has thirty-one of its thirty- eastern states, and course of study thoughequaltherateConsolidation childrenand in to most costlyany. ofsection% Good doesbuildings farnwrs not schools ofnecessarily shouldas the anti-consolidationists of country thisnot kind there can is be housed, mean the erectionenjoy of elabo- school equilmient no reasonusually why imply, how- showing in all a record uf 120 consolidated pointsandfromever, dollars.of in twoefficiency buildings smalland can districts incosting bethe maintained consolidated all to the way in fromschooldistricts three is not to thirtythat it thou- an entire township. composed of The real is teachers.itistaught fundamentallyhoused by inbetter a better different.teachers building, thanis attended thea graded small system,school, butinsuring that a division Its great gain lies in the fact that by more children, and of labor among it zationsWest.solidation To of someadoes certain notcommunities titextent theIdaho sparsely this inand Idaho,is ll'ashingIon. settled sections It is coimnonly %sserted that true. hut the splendid reali- Washington, and other nf the far con- twelvedistricts. consolidated Thls i ho,1 hri groithea InConsolidated king School, schools(ounty, have whichbeen leads in the nt tkv,n ms cost elf Enumclaw, Washington buiblina, $7'0Hil movement, gressionalpletethatArnowwestern village at Twinthe statestownship consolidation.1,e,:t Falls, show 1:11i.m.n andIdaho. the six necessity consolidated additimutl of qualifying schools of this this This school is anIts example territory of comprises one square miles. statement.section is About com-con- storyTheof Thethethe brick grounds on)sttown territory building of contain of has the been pretentious is the consolidated Enumclaw and elevenEnumclaw acres consolidated of land. two adjoining established.school at Enunwlaw. A moderncountry three- districts.district consists Vf these andinse\ theen fifteen hundredhigh wagimsscho,, children are are used 1,,r the ! I. ri.utes ya..: front two to six miles, enrolled, (Me transportation of abouthundred of hom are tifulrooms,nasium, elassn)onts and engine the for lalwatories. $75,000. The' first floor of room, househt.dd science and the grades, while The second doorerectedthis building and the third floor is equippedcontains at a cost the manualhas training eight beau- devoted gym- 190 191 1 168 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SC-TOOL to theportingstructedingthc world.andhigh pr;bably theschool.give care the the withEnumclaw must which magnificent itdistrict has been the consolidated distinction planned The large sum expended for this build- schooland con- in of sup- schoolnessof supervision, of supervision, county units and isConsolidation and frequently does the not consequent undertakenalw in a)sWashington, imply only a for however, purposes because of the vast- weakness of rural Under this planphysical union of theisolatedoftheir various centerthe original schoolslower ofschools grades,the locationas districtunderstood of and thefor for an consolidatedbe pupilsenlargedelsew accommodation here.of thebuilding district high is of the school and gram- erected in the remain in children inmar towns,consolidatedintendentthe grades. double and forA many, capacity well-trained highthe outlyingasschools citedof high-school ahove,ordistricts. "central are principalsclulols"of areand super- teacher is Own employed to serve The majority. of theseexpensive and elabo- located in partprogressrate equipment.of this is nowmiivement sweeping Louisianatakes over form and the South. Readers who think of this section in terms A greatthe Nvave South, of andeducational a considerable through the consolidation ' of allyschoolsarecountryits former nowexpends schools.in (10121 theindifference overstate over 525,000 of Louisianatwo will hefor surprised transportation, alone, and to that hundred ten consolidated country learn that therewhile neorgiaFlorida annu- 5. line.andj. V.North Joyner Carolina of North h Carolina, "in which the state super-"Scarcely a week passes," says State Superintendent e both made surprising prngress in this litio,wif ,rt er .ei / , , , communitiesintendentin the South does on is, not the generally receivesubject speaking, invitationsof consolidation." much to speak to 192 less expensive than Consolidation interestedBEST CAR MILAN Consolidation did It all, which ranks first among southern states in this lallYeet The Old and the New in Louisiana t'S There are now 1:10 ronsollIntrd Ich,,o1111 In Louisiana, 193 170 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS 171 andin the creditable, states formerly and nowhere quoted,First more amongbut strikingit is southernnone in theits advantages. statesless effective in the matter of consolidation providingleges for a farmtrue countrychildren.2. school with home high-school privi-It is the only way of insuring an enrollment large Thethestandsing single state interesting Louisiana. superintendent'syear 1910 data effected upon report this the subject: closingfor 1910 of contains over sixty the schools. follow- Here the movement began in 1902 and in everypanionableenough child. to provide associates the 3.necessarysocial and toculttaal the best contact development with com-It is of the only method of securing and holding trained TotalNumber number of ofconsolidationswagons consolidated used effected school- in 19to 4.088 210208 61 of whichdoteacherslabor good wherebythey workfor are Country andbest these choosefitted. schools teachers the and gradesmay of making have or specialsufficient possible subjects time to for a division AverageTotal averagenumber numberoriginalcost per expenditureof ofcostmonthchildren children of perwagons pertransported transportedchild month transported for by transportation each wagon used. $7.272$2.19$136 detailedby the University summary of of Illinois, theA bulletin advantages at Urbana, on of contains consolidation. The Consolidation of Country ,Sehools, issued an excellent At. toches,in Tangipahoa,Louisiana which are now which Avoyelles, have hasAmong ten twelve. Calcasieu, consolidated the parishes, De schoolsSoto, or counties, and each, Natchi- that and lead in consolidation As an example of these theunbelievers.willeffective consolidationbe found list of of general greatof schoolsDifficulties conclusionsvalue may in meetingbe Involved. brieflygiven inthesummarized the The objections chief under d;fficulties of involved in same source parish.T.anyschools II. railway. I larris, may "itbe was cited taught the Grand in a dilapidatedPrairie School one-room of St. Landry build- This school is located in the country ten miles from "Three years ago," says State Superintendent andsix((i)(4) headings: theinadequate competition legislation, of other (5) types conservatism of schools.the last and The of prejudice, firstthese three points will be discussed in following (1) roads, (2) cost, (3) undesirable drivers, sec- Consolidationwithingrural by eight one graded teacher.trained didschool itteachers all." systemAdvantages and is two ofhundred Consolidation. sixty pupils. It is now a state approved high school sc obvious and has been so The superiority of the tion.mentquatetions.similar legislation, to those can recently be overcome inaugurated only throughin Kansas and Indiana.and educationHence the of theneed Thegeneral for remaining state-wide rural public difficulties, consolidation upon this conservatism campaigns and inade- the enlighten- ques- theadvantagesthreeexhaustivelyfully present chief, considered fundamentalone-teacher whichtreated arein here. the wholly system.advantages preceding impossible ofchapter the of consolidated attainment that it need schoolunder not be It is well, however, to re-state the problemend,sinceSuch an farmersagitation indirect of roads largely hasbearing and a control directSometransportation upon effcct statePhases legislatures,upon is of the theconservatism, chief Question shows, difficulty inof and the Transportation. The to 1. The consolidated school is the only known metluxl of 1 r-1 %. 't be overcome in most efforts toward consolidation. 195 It is often declared172 by those who have not made a thorough study of COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL con- month. They are hired by contract, are requiredCONSOLIDATED by law to COUNTRY SCHOOLS 173 ditionsmerelyratherdeterminedhaps thatit than is,resolves "transportation but infaith theif itselfso,and texture the will into difficultyis powerof thean the impossibilityquestion onmud. is the probably After partof whether withof all, the in theus." thecommunity mud problem lack shall of Per- inlanguage,ductduringbe aworthy, driverof their the and thanchildrenrespectableterms other in of amisconduct servicewhileteacher. citizens, in and the need made andwagon. not areresponsible be placed tolerated underfor any the bondmore con- Dismissal should immediately Smoking, profane typicalthereflectmud.triumph mud Those thatof orroads those whetherthousands who ofin fear Ohioany civilization theof of andchildren difficultiesour Indiana, great shall are agricultural of now advancewhere transportation being conditions in sections. hauled spite shouldof "Asthe over are morethesumefollow wagonshours such action.of may time. be em-3. Some imagine that theroutes daily aredrive too to school will con- long, This, also, is wholly unnecessary. If theyroadsOhio,to our arc as "I.roads," as anywould bad county writes as say roads thatin aAmong thelocal canwe state. probablybe resident the and many still have of befalse Ashtabula roads."as impressionsdeplorable County, clay that prevail with farmers During a part of the year ployed.andStatestablishedsolidated need The average seldom schools routesin the four ofhe Unitnow con-longermiles, es-ed drenandroadsthe others arc case, theare relativeas following:not statistics hard, to the prove.and 1.public the averagetransportation daily ofcost school of running chil-It is argued that the cost is exorbitant. In Ashtabula County, Ohio, the But such is not driversroutesCenter,datedthan six. are begin of usualto collect length, the school Iowa, where the In the consoli- at Buffalo purpose,$1.86.wagononlyeach $1,52.wagon over at isa the costbut entire $1.64, of from state while $Ro in in 1908 toTrumbull $175, was and $2.07County accommodate and it in two, The wagons used are manufactured expressly for the In Indiana the average daily expense of each averages early4:45themtochildren 8:15 p.into the a.theirfrom m., afternoon homes7 and :15 return fromand thus mitigate this difficulty in part. tn. to 5 :45 a. p.m. m. Consolidated Dylphlschools may closeConsolidated School Wagon Wagon Works, Dulphl, Indiana world-need,anisabout often imaginary twenty cited children.andas fear. an when insurmountable2. the The position problem difficulty. of of hack procuring driving competent is once and reliable drivers Not laborers, but labor, is the present This is largely notent,Moreover, getchildren home ittrudginguntil should dark be4.through in remembered the winter mud andtime. that snow as things frequently are at pres-doThe ventilation and the moral tone of the wagons are Driversestablishedfrom whomin Indianain a tocommunity select, and Ohio just there as are inarc paid the soon casefrom several of $30 mail candidates to carriers.$45 ir " a oftenreasonwhenwagons, other the whatever schools,fears.people demandwhy and aanything wagon proper should elsemanagement. can not be be rightly properly managed ventil- But it should always he remembered that 197 There is no IN COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS 175 roadsareusedated, usually foror or even thiselsewhere sufficient. purpose,heated, for5. if though Somedesired.the wagons complaM carriage in stormyheatcr1; that children weather. and lap-robes are forced to wait at cross- Small stove.; are sometimes The altogetherexpendedbestoodschools great ; upon gratitudetoo countrylittle uponthat schools. it their is so, schools, and let therewill !x: cost no hedgingmoneymore about moneyit. than for farmers are now spendingLet this be distinctly under- as they themselves Let there rather is now being onlybeiswagons that tolerated.remedy all to such collect here conditions isthe toWhat children stop asthe the 'those unthinking,from practice answeredtheir homes. andfearful above run farmer enough need or not observer cannot see Transportation is therefore used as the final solidationbasis,attemptedknowrural fullwhich school well.economy.is isfound thesystem, The only to truth,When be muchaccurate cheaper however, cost money is method thanmeasured is is thatthe wastedof present dwingcomparison, on the in to systemspiteper our capita ofcon-poor of this privilegesingeverysameargument hundreds peoplestate balking fromin cannot ofthe milesurban Union,the see whole daily high the where transportation inmovementschools. their farm efforts boys As for aand now consolidation.tolast getgirls inresort high-schooloperation are forcover- The the in attendancebibliography,Georgeregardingadministration. W. this ofKnorr, section less point, thanof 6.) thethrough nine Department pupils, the exhaustive in ofIlardin Agriculture. County, study of Iowa, Mr. Interesting facts have recently come to light In schools having an average daily (See weather?schoolothersolution way while of at the present,in difficultiessession, whyBut and in notof discontinuespite transportation,consolidate, of all difficulties, it during conduct if there the the a worst isgoodfuture no of this question of standard,Firstsota,cachit was thechildgrade found, cost in in countrythe per1908for same pupilexample, was schools, county in $40.78. schools that averaged that the of is, annualthe schools$32.85 same per type per ofcapita thewaspupil highestcost$56.50. annu- for In Olmsted County, Minne- schoolshalltotransportation herald be children thehard the common adventroads, is offul! America. and'ofvehicles promise.the when day Thenof automobileswhen transportation we all shall main-traveled haveand for electric a the system country roads cars of It is now no wild prophecy thatannualintheally. forty-five other of theaverage hand, nine-pupil typical thecost annualconsolidated perschools pupil cost of wasper Iowa schools pupil$33.83, and wasin Minnesota. various but $27.16, states andtheIn the John Swaney Consolidated School in Illinois, a sum less than From on problemveyance.insettletransportation an earlierthe but last of chapter, manyvestige sufficiently others ofwill doubt nowbringrapid, relating engaging not convenient, only to the thethe question serioussolutionand efficient atten- of of con- this to And this day of rapid transportation, as set forth children,anewthis much itbuildings higher and at has lessgrade been expense The ofmet, educational matter thethan consolidated the of one-teachertuition, opportunity school also, school. hasfurnishesto more some bearingis evident that after the ini l expense of providing upon this tionpointment of farmers.always advancedThe against Cost consolidation.of Consolidated Schools. there is much misinformation. r Cost is another argu- Good consolidated Concerning this schoolsannuallysystemquestion is that ofmore cost. might thoughtlessly No far leakage better beofoverlooked conservedthe present than at rural home this. educational in pay out thousands of dollars in tuition to city high 199 Farmers a con- COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL themostsolidated176the expense moneygood school. consolidatedof for consolidating. this purpose school, are with often a thecomplete first to high-school object to Strangely enough, those who expend the What they fail to see is that trytownshipandbalanced schoOl, country andschool because childrenwhichmade still itto isfails answer removed to solve is the altogetherfrom mutual the the problem country.needs feasibleand of of the both citythe CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS It allows coun- 577 gateinattendancecourse, School,an yearly additional not there andonlyover tuition keepsareonesum. enough thousand ofthis.money non-resident tuition dollars at pupils home, topupils, the enrolledbut, school. usually through to brings aggre- the In the John Swaney Consolidated More- correctedatalwaysa break this time. betweenfelt so Thisin long the the break asundue elementary rural can proportion highnever and schools IT secondary comfortably of thoseare located school who tolerated drop inwhich cities is outnor line,ertyover,mentquently values ora good anyis theoverlooked of otherschool, aincreased community, improvement. it inmust attractionweighing beas remembered,does ofthis a arailroad, mattercommunity adds ofan school toelectric possessingthe prop. better- car Still another factor fre- Typesrenters.goodsecondary school of Rural education privileges HighThe for Schools. for countryConsolidated the best children, class Country whichof farmers Schoolthe consoli- and Compared with Other The advantages of a threethishighsidereddated typeschool. areschool by havenow some has established,been beento be legalized shown equally has to since well notprovide shown afforded1872, so admirably,thisand by towhere the be townshiptrue. are eighty- con- But the experience of Illinois, where schools of In Township High School, Princeton, Illinois thement.votedtrol firstconditions of place, intothe entire the the and largest townshippopulation usually city high makes andof aschool, locatedtownship, no provisions being in is an almostunder urban for :Le invariably agricultureenviron- con- The course of study, therefore, tends toward city problemsupportandA goodlarge them. type of towns, ruralof school education, several for many miles purposes. is not from anbut urbannotthe one farm affordingschool homes anwhose adequate that solution11/hat of thewe country need, chool and problemtnust have, to solve the of isandthe Grant,soil,true, otherbetter butthis however,subject-matter schools being work thus is ofthat likely this removed theespecially type courseto bedo from more providerelatedof actualstudy formal to such cancontactfarm becourses,than life. sufficiently with.the genuine. it 200 Some moderniced,theinfluencesfrom land, farm but lead and life,a youngcountry adapted it must people schoolaAside tobe thc concededof from needsthe country farmsthis of also grave presentschool, directly that charge country the improved,away townshipof fromleading life. young people away 201. rank,high178 school, is both providing unduly expensive only for theand older selfish. children of advanced COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL The money ex- onea system farm of child public in educationfifty will everfor all be affected by CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS country children, since not it. Georgia tagesconsolidatedpopulationtopended accommodate for in allthe of school construction a township, only which a small ofprovidesmay a proportionhigh-school far equalbetter educationalofbe building the used rural to designed buildadvan-school a children, from the kindergarten through the Michigan,aretheytosupports which also are strongly fartherathe systemcounty same removed vocational ofagriculturalobjection congressional-district from appliesin schools thecharacter. homes of farm childreneven moreand strongly, since agricultural schoolsIn Wisconsin and secondaryagriculturalinstancesing the school.problem the in aimtendency. of has rural Variousbeen secondary to othermake types these education. of schools schools strongly have been devised for solv- Minnesota offers special state aid In most andtotionalderinglished. the other and varyingexceptional tooeastern remoteambitions service,states, in distance of where but all farm These are excellent schools they also are too franklyto furnish education adaptedof their typechildren. and are have lately been estab- Massachusetts, voca- ren- truth,solutionculturalcoursesto city however, highofhigh of study. the schools,schools problemis that andfor they of areintroducing failrural considered as secondary grievously agriculture by many education. as the an intotownship adequate their Such schools are commonly known as agri- The ofestablish Massachasetts.pressthese closely isvocational the Smith upon agricultural aAgricultural congested population, This school constitutes schools. The most suggestivethe problems of livelihoodSchool, at Northampton, an unusual experi- are beginning to makesadoptingsarilyhigh school. bethe this citywork The methodschools, foreign schools there tofor chosen the theare environment nosimple for rural this reason highpurpose of theschools. that schoolsmust in neces-states and This childrenbeofment significanttrainingimitated statioa toward consistentlyin in educationala public-schoolagriculturala free choice for distinction agriculture education, of life but its system educating free American temptingwork. Herein to special lies as a vocation is not to primal purpose a must per- schoolstrywithisolatesthey, school. actual too,itpedagogically from farm are that not life fundamentalthe which right,home characterizes andschool social the of factand the the stilleconomic country genuine remains child,contact coun- that but Concede, however, the possibility of making such andSuchconnectedsonal make commenttraining, farmers with iton country is of Lontended, them.A greatlife demand will is being made a vexed question. Personally, forI am instruction in agriculture.today by farmers and others hold boys on the farm phaselife.highare remotelyof school the problem fail located to solve of in rural eithertowns education. the and elementary cities and orcut the off secondary fromThus his both the township high school and the agricultural choice,Iofested take farmers inexception. notthe upon frommaking force.the of land farmers and Let us have farmers who As a teacher in ascountry anyone. schools, in holding the right kind But to this argument are farmers from as much inter- I iceculture.schools, within in providing eachits limitations, county. one Mississippi specialSuch but aobviously highsystem has school adoptedmay can emphasizingrender never a system goodsuffice of serv-agri- countyas agricultural high r terminologyexperienceIdo teach not teachit offor they my twoagriculture younginterpret simple people, everythingeither the reasons: to first,make becauseexperience it is the203 through basic whi)!:c else or unmakeand second, be- farmers. tory.cause180which it is every a great child racial should heritage know, of just science as he and should know his-If a boyCOUNTRY born on LIFE a farm AND wants THE to beCOUNTRY a doctor, SCHOOL very well information therthe account set forth of in theconcluding John7. Swaney paragraphs, School forms and asthe will best be social fur-The consolidated country school, as already shown in CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS 181 andcapableingivefarmer, good terms the ;very twoofof weighingtheir well,boys daily indeeda reasonable various lives, ; and lines ekmentary leave of workthem education andperfectly choosing expressed free andthe let him be one. let him be oneby allIf means. his classmate desires to be a But methodsolidation.and educational through which center consolidation Thefor the Need community isof advancing. a County thus far System developed. of Districting for Con- Great waste occurs in the present hit-and-miss If consoli- cultureone which and most farm-life appeals experience to them. the starting point of ele- In shoct, let us make agri- thatrooms,dated the schools asfinal they outcome continue have done will to spring andshow are upthem nowhere poorly doing,and there distributed it is like apparent mush- and 11 agencyruralmentarytion education of thus ruralcountry far education, and devised. life, for the Forthe Someconsolidatednot generalthe its complete of ultimate itsreconstruction points country and goal. ofsatisfying school advantage and isredirec- solutionthe for best of the problem of cutothersareunsystematized. offestablished whereand left isolated outin a of given consideration and section unrelated than altogether. corners are really of territory needed andare There will be instances where more schools This, in fact, thisof twofold the people purpose who may support 2.f.be summarized it. as follows: It is ata democraticthe door of farmhouses,public school and directly is wholly in availablethe hands ; largeandtheeffortis what buildingyet planningof accommodateshas the alreadystandsJohn is notSwaney near happened only but the unfortunate Schoolthree geographic in small many illustrates in districts. centercases. spacial this of therelations,point, township in that but The splendidThis lack of thaneventheAll the moretypeschildren present available,of schools attend one-teacher when ;cited not3. a publicabove.school. favored transportation few. is provided,Evay child in the farm community is reached by it. This is not true of consolidatedMr.inconvenience,is unduly George expensive. W. schools theKnorr Department of Toto the makeascertain United ofa special Agriculture States.the extent investigation The recently ofreport this offinancial askedof this the loss and general theanding younger theothers high proposed, children,school.4. are5. selfish because at best they neglectIt isaccommodates a school of reasonable and provides cost. for all grades, includ- It is unselfish; the township high school ononeRuralstudyunsystematized consolidation. of isSchool the now most availableand valuable Organicationmethod in apieces offree consolidating ofbulletin of a literatureCounty entitled schools,System, thus Consolidated far whichMr. Knorr is To overcome the errors of the present printed all.drencatingsystem prematurely in terms desigred of farm-life intoto6. educate any experience,vocation, all chillren. yet it doesprepares not204 force themThis chil- for isIt the preserves only legitimate a balanced course course for of a publicstudy. school While edu- plannedconsolidationtolidation.advocatestricts areinto thenot various is toorganization advancing be consolidatedco-extensive would of a school withcounty be carefully townships, districts. system divided but arc and to be. Under this plan each county of every state where 205 These dis- for con- 182 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL 4. CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS 183 isRe-districtingdetermined to be consolidated by ofmore this vitalattype once factorsdoes or notat than any mean formalone that time. boundarya whole county lines. The idea is graphicaltransportation conditions. routes and favors the best control of topo-It assists in determining the best and most economical LeiCNO only to project a harmonized and correlated plan toward which Mesta,Mir., YAW /Veep . . to work. The objection that neighborhoods will not follow C.404.44,1* JI (0.410,M,(11 a -Oh 01.4 ...... a such a plan is to be overcome by a wise and thorough consider- emote*.Mosey vas . . beforesystemsation the of proposedallof consolidatedcentrifugal districts Fourand districts, are centripetal chief mapped namely: factors out.local are( social considered tendencies in forming these county ) population, 12) Wigs. II I I .e othersgood.controlroads.land values whoof each adequately and of thesetax unit factors,understand areas, the (3) idea the topography, problemsis productive of and countryof great (4) ItIt will be seen that in insuringis further the right recommended proportion or by Mr. Knorr, and by all plannedtownvillages.helife located education, or a a few city,in the milesthat the open the outsidelocation consolidated country its of boundaries. or the occasionally schools consolidated thus providedin small school rurilshall When the center of the district falls near a large is zit tionOlmstedFted are reproducedCounty, 'Nlinnesota, hereThe from following and NIr. the Knorr's accompanyingmap showing bulletin. theexplana- application of this idea to Olm- Map of Olmsted County, Minnesota, Showing Proposed Consolidated Districts countyaccruing where to consolidationThe twistis at allapparent feasible. general1. advantages ounty is a typicalof the countyMiddle sys- Western county. it from this re-districting would hold in every The gain trict,symbol,proposeddistricts. graded, and consolidated andto assist highThe schoolsin school cmnparisons heavy buildingsare lines also theareindicated. locationsthe boundaries of the presentof the proposed dis- consolidated The light lines are township lines. is shown by the conventional The locationThe ofnumbers the before overlooking.tem of districting for cons(didation2.I. briefly enumerated are:It equalizesprevents waste burdens front of overlappingcost and taxation, and neglect and insures from be"G." beschool,replaced andnoted respectively,"II. bythat for Districts inUnder the proposed XIIthis and project, XX, consolidated Rochesterthe present schools. and42 Stewartsville, 21S." denote probable enrollmentstrong, well-attended consolidated schools. graded and district schools would in grades and high It will solidatedthe adequate schools. financial support. of each school established. It prevents the establishment (if 20 C small, inferior con- BEST COPY Avect v41 allgested Romanrespectively,others for in numeral6the the rural consolidatedcounty pupils.apply are to replaced the schools number by at ofconsolidateda distance from schools. town are sug- With the exception of these two schools the Proposed districts. 207 The 184 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS 185 toingthe small injuryof the district ofpopulation. the boundary schools6.5. establishedlines, and makes by any it easiertemporary to dissolve shift-It overcomesequalizes population the petty jealousies to a large fostereddegree and by adheringprevents together,tangible.intensifiespettymunity jealousies, sense introduces the wherecommunity swallows thosenone ideasmallwhohas existed intolive differences, somethingon before.different and significant roads,enlarges forces and It brings neighbors on opposite sides of the hill It overcomes 1 obtains.smalllocating districts the innew states school. where8.7. the one-room schc)ol district still It definesavoids contentionthe boundaries and of strife country over communities the question and of hoodthewar," civil of manand meeting inamong every of farmers.families way furthers that "haven'tthe progress spoken of the since brother- the shallestablishmentfostersstructive become the growth forces ofgreat complete ofand country community 9.social consolidated life centers institutionsfeeling. for country the communitiesserving schools as which con- theyIt furthers the progress of consolidation and hastens the tice.thatofdefine. districting many states for will consolidation, soonIn view pass of legislation these and furthering other advantages its prac-, of theThis county has already system been done in Minnesota, where an it is greatly to be hoped adaptabilityinoptional the Future law of for Developmentthe this good purposeThe consolidated Consolidated is of now Country in country force. SchoolLife. school as for a Communitycom- Center, and The great The country chool of the future will have gardens, hills, fields, and orchards. School Garden. John Swaney School countryrecord,practicallystronglymunity this lifeserviceemphasized. every attributeleaders and instance has hasrural expressed been of the illustrated. two a fear thousand that One the of cases consolidated our greatestnow on Wherever it has been established, in life regeneration cannot be too bylightenment.marvelous it. possibilities Not childrenAll for only, this every thebut form consolidatedadults of as education well, school arc andreached accomplishes en- Itsthrough future its development in the days of hard roads, elec- whet ,. mOrk is done with both hands and head movalItcommunitydoesschool even ofnot localwilldefines do. break asdistrict nocommunity otherdown schools. institutioncommunity boundaries of feeling ruraland establishes life through has yet thea done.com- re- The consolidated school builds up the country But this is exactly what it tricarisegoodmated,the car present tolinestoday, will meet and eventuallytime.the the automobilesconsolidated needs come of these canunderschool children,scarcely its of influence. the bewillfuture, appreciat-d be whichbetter shall still.at Six million country children, 209 But thoughit is esti- /86 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL CONSOLIDATED COUNTRY SCHOOLS 187 agroup,terms lock-step oflikc the manymachine life ofabout the likeIn one-teacher it thethe and averagefirst will place, schoolsbe city neither it school. willof the anhave present, ungraded worked nor out its salvation in It will be Muchlife.living," still and remains in a happier to Muchbe people said has before and been a more thesaid general andsatisfying written public country of will the consolidated school. murmurGod'sbeautifully out-of-doors. of housedtrees, and and the charmingly laughter andlocated shout in theof happy very heart child- of Its music will be the song of birds, the hood.dens, hills, fields, and or- It will have gar- anylemadaptedthatawaken yetphase devised. tu form itsof possibilities.iscountry the best life, solution or anything of the country else, but theschool uponconsolidated prob- this country school in its complete and fully Personally, I do not wish to dogmatize upon In conclusion, let it be repeated head.effortofdonechards, community with both handspride andand It willfor those be a centerbeyondwhere work is bilitiesanyone,havepointcountry thoroughlyI ofstand be a teacher hecountry firm. farmer convinced of school ortoday educator, without has me aof greatto thisbecoming assume truth,mission the andpersuaded. fullto I discharge challenge responsi- The in Years of struggle as a country teacher ersgartenolddren.school willman To child.as visit andwellit will Tireditthe as and turn forkinder- moth- learnchit- the theevidentconsideredressconverting country of the to needconsolidation farmers school,at some further evento length this argument. movement.as view it in Chapter and in furthering X and is tootne prog-sel f- is today. stands preeminent.as With all its weaknessesThis responsibility is hownewabsorbersic.css. to will science.prevent the call courage their uponYoung wear- it of peo-and its Discouraged fam- improvedquicklydooranby influence throughenlightening enter. cons( for whichTo plidated rural contribute others all community school and a sharesystemrevealing improvement. in is this therefore the field necessity of incumbent of forms of advancement may most It progress is the an in terms of daily living and presentOn the activity. Campus, John Swaney School pleinstructionspirationit will come and towill ithope. because be givenreflects life's best in- Life will be its Its upon every country teacher. greatersideThetextstrong, andspiritand crop hozefind oftrue-principled yieldsthis toexpression !in' instruction ; in farm betterwill goorganizations, homes, out through redirected allhard the churches, roads, country- and 2 0 it fully, deeply,in "better and business, riAly better farming, better will be its theme. 21.1 becausecan be traced farmers to this are wantintellectually of good activeinferior leaders. in any sense or LEADERSHIP OF THE COUNTRY TEACHER It is not 189 THE LEADERSHIP OF TI1E COUNTRY CHAPTER IX TEACHER theschoolsveniencetomatureeven L.gin advantage because so isa andslowlyameasure typical desirewelfare of in such thethatinstance. is ofcountry. lacking athey changetheir well lives.that butknow progressive fail will to actadd movementssimply to the con- be- Many communitiesCountry appreciate people often neglect The consolidation of ever,organization,community,out andthe possibilitiesare andstill attractive redirected pretty of home,muchcountryThis school book inspiritualized life.the has realm thus ofchurch, far the been future. active devoted largely are all largely ideals, how-The cooperative country to pointing farm It theborhoodturescausefear power of thereof the liesincurrring of islocalin good "nobody the jealousy fact leadershipthe thatdispleasure to start socapable often refrain it." of menfound public from who in opinion.action mighta farm throughdevelop neigh- One of the worst fea- attemptadvanced.discussionwill therefore the to showbe the how purposeScarcity these throughout ideals of Rural the Leaders remainder and Its Effect. doctrine of the leadership of the country teacher may be realized. Before en- Inof this is forleasttheteacher's Community teacher something opportunity. as Leadership.a ofdirector a leaderOpportunity of ; childrenthe more and requires developed Advantages that her she powers ofbe the at Country Teacher For, in the first place, the position of Right here lies the country oflarging respectisticfromthe effects of uponChapter countrythe ofthisrural this I generallife wherecommunity openness is its thesisit isolation, was is is a letstated essentiallyscarcity that of leaders.different from the or openness,us first and pickthat oneup a thread a chief character- In this of ortertheleadership, criticism, ofschoolroom. authority, the as greater Moreover, oneand who lookher influence has topeople the the teacher, turnright both to withinto the withoutlead. school and withoutjealousy She is inas a cen- capableteachers,diverseprofessionstown or city.ofand business leadership and varying occupations. men, pointsand ministers, able of to view. render and editors, good publicall service The city is composed of men and This affords many leaders of There are lawyers, women of all eager and theandspectivealsoclose oneconditions. embodies and communitythan varied any a contact onenew institution else, point with and ofthem is viewin sensitive theand with neighborhood,on the tooften communitysame a largerlevel. the needs onlyper- Furthermore, the teacher is the director of She composedtourallyof theirfailthis developstokind. ownalmost appreciate line entirely a ofcommon work many of andpeople opportunitiespoint thought. of view andnot directly related The country community, on the other hand, is one pursuit. causes farmers This nat- theandinstancesall-inclusiveservice educationaleven inchurchesinstitution communitythe openinterests are of country, anysometimesinstitution of kind. the where community society wanting, granges, affords, theand farmers' only andmay in social- easily clubs,many She is also the guardian of . Most of the slow growth and retardation of country life 2 1 9 188 enlarge her office to include adult instruction and thus intro-ideas of progress relating to all phases of farm living. 2/3 comessocial,/90 economic,from outside and the scientific. neighborhood and has no pecuniary COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL The fact that she usually its realization. LEADERSHIP OF THE COUNTRY TEACHER This means that she must formulate a pro- 191 theship.oftagesinterests all proper mayrural to be attitudesocialpromote added workers andthe also furtherare adds are at present Mostargumentto her easily power. better that trained ablecountryTo these than for teachers leader- advan-others This is true because as a group they already possess ness,gramtionideatalent ofbut sheof workof ashow must thea formatter to neighborhood, understand communityexecute of suggestion this true building, and leadership, and that employing persuasion. all Shethe latent program. In thisshe idea must of haveexecu- sume not as aggressive- must 4 controlTeachers.to obtain the special local rural training situationRequirements for rural and leadership.guide forthe trendLeadership of thought on the Part of Country Hence no one person. or group of persons, can vidualrealize who that develops the best the leader, highest like initiative the best teacher,and isself-reliance the indi- in lege,knowsas withdirectcan experiment thehow and country to effective attack station, teacher, her than problem.or ifthatcommission. she of is Herany adequately influencedistant agricultural prepared can be more and conditions,col- of necessity demands that she be either Ability to so cope schoolrealizelargertrainedthe church,social for theor which self-educatedpower movements she of is her responsible. underlying ownto understand position, andrural the the progress.and place influence appreciate of the home,of the roads, farm organizations, and various rural She must sityintheSheagencies the farm, ofmust first its inespecially understandproperchapter bringing solution, of in thisabout andthe discussion, ultimatebe anda fullerinterested appreciate farm and must problemricherin realize somethingthe countryproblems as the set neces- of forthlife. ofits his followers, and most quickly makes his A Country School Prepared for Community Leadership inunitycomtrybro;uiideal significance life. teacherof the possiliilities who in aspirestheTo permanent this toand understandingleadership satisfaction and national must of addwelfare. farmerscountry a definite andcorn- farm conditions the She must hold a clear vision of what the local theinstitutions.andsomethingnecessary. farmof the home, offunction the thelarger andGrange, movements development the of of This implies in turnIt that the teacher shall is for this reason that chapters relating country church, and the recent rural progress otherown direction rural social un- know to thusneighborhood.others establish with this with ikkalism all its limitations, and enlist maytheir become. cooperation toward 214 a goal, she irust then be able to imbue Having BEST COPY AVAILABLE of writtenlocalfarmers' leadership. chiefly institute to assist are included country teachersin this book, toward 2 i 5 which has been this office 192 Knowing all this, it then becomes the functionCOUNTRY of the coun- LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL criticism sometimes directed against this doctrine of country- LEADERSHIP OF THE COUNTRY TEACHER 193 munity,ingaceptingtry weak, teacherthe childrenconditionsneglected, to toappreciate enlighten under andas they sociallythe herothers. nowbeauty charge, deficient exist, and and of richness school,assuming others and ofpossible control theof bring- com- ofto I ler problem is that of ac- thosehowevermanyteacher that leadership humble, country' isand teachers due Difficultiesthat chiefly the are case toincapable a of wrongis Countryhopeless, ofidea such Teaching.of just leadership.leadership, because available for the rural teaching It will be argued by force are so un- countryacceptedcountryaconnecting view life. dignifies teacher will link remove herself,between and theelevates but them to allandrural others, their teaching opportunities. and when not only generally to the She thus becomes a bar sinister leader of the people,still too frequently' laid Such the theorfewIttrained isurban, undoubtedlyteachers, and fully short-sighted. either appreciate true rural that possibilities of their upontheandcountry this goodimpossible. phase teacher work uf now theI do pedagogicalgoing Truenot mean Leadershipon in something scoresprofession. Explained.of communitiesexalted, indefinite. at the I mean only an increase and expansion of By this leadership of the timeability.especiallythatposition. country it may deficient teachersbe asked in thisare if But at the sameIt is also true communityschool,occupiesing,present and time.for of itself nosmall who teacher with isbeginnings. not its can first legitimate gain of allor holda goodtask the ofteacher. confidence teaching aof good any I mean a movement quiet, humble, unassum- I mean a leadership that first I mean a shipsseeteachersrected,these and inexperienced or meaning ever taught young of to the largerare wisely relation- di- thebyleadership,thatand leadingschoolroom betterlearns asdirt, teachingfrom I have anddouble others, bytried into leadingdesks, is it.to never indicate andsoap unwilling unsightly andthroughout, water, to takestoves ventilation, that the outbeginssmallest of I mean also a type of leadership countyhapscountryfaculties superintendents, life. may well ponder. instituteBefore instructors, censuring andcountry normal teachers, schotil isthe critic should con- a query which Here per- When First We Go to School quiet,hastionservicesuggestion beenbefore social and termed the comfortfromdirection, eyes tt the ue ofit simplest whichleadershipmay men. give sincerely soul, ratherbecause andseeks than itthat walforto leadsstimulate becommenda- a workfor andthe of Such leadership will be what hardefficienttoverysider work, physicallimitationsthe vastdegreeas shown difficulty conditions, ofof successinthe Chapter ofsystem theirlong is practically VII,position undermuddy are which andsowalks, unattainable. numerous undertaking. they cold are lunches, thatforced The an The gooddevelop parts. the ability of Atothers this ratherpoint Ithan wish to to exploit call attention its own to the fact that the 2 1 C individual,ditions,heavy janitor are toin v..ork, themselvessay nothing poor vertilation, enough of the nervousto and tax other the strain strength unsanitary and ofworry con-any 2 1 7 Thererecitationsoccasioned194 is almost andin the theno management virtur.general or direction ability of twenty-live not of listedan ungraded in or the thirty category school. daily COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL beingcommunityprivilege to study to andserve the their asprob- aopportunities, medium between her immediate the people function of the LEADERSHIP OF THE COUNTRY TEACHER 195 ansessof ablewhat aartist, gooda fair toails carpenter, countrybandage degree a smoky teacher'sof wounds,cook, stove,all-round musician, accomplishments.a pull rattling scholarship; teeth, and window, start gardener befires, or something a; driveknowdull boy; a just frac- of be She must pos- teacherThisenlightenmentoflematic farm makes wholife, theandappreciates to countryto bring social situations others. amongthetious muddyroyal horse, the sum countrydepths conduct of forty of tea.:her's a the SundayProfessional or public fifty troubles, school,dollars highway. isolation and ora month!fish one lost more boots influen- from is another matter to be reckoned And all this for thcfactortagcand farm realizesthc in chiefproblem. the solutionher immediate advan- of childhcod,tialthemateness and great of adultserious meeting dayhunger discussion afterthan ofonly firstday, country theand ihought and immatureprofessional teachersof havingmay suggest.mindsfor noinspiration pedagogical avenue and interests of shows inti-assist- ofin The loneli- ciallyerstributeITeachers. wish everywhere, toto expresscountrypay deserved and teach-a espe- Tributefew to Country At this point anceconnectionoflation, featureandother sociallow teachers of salaries,it ruraldiversion. is consoling schooltoward and smoky work, to this reflect stoves, phasethe factorthat ofis when theteaching. worse common the than full attitudesignifi-mud, iso- But perhaps the most disheartening In this thosewordstained,countryare withmaking thatschools whom countrypossible Iand have countryteachers the worked, partial life. are and realization whose loyalty of new and hopes effort for of gratitude to Procuring the Necessary Kindlingyoung andIt is inexperiencedtrue, as frequently and main- teacherthisspiritcance unhappy ofof and therural herearnest condition prosperity place, country Thehowever,must is pointbetter soonteacher to is understood,disappear. thatbe more emphasized she fully may, and appreciated, and thein this sterlingshould, discussion of the country grouphaveportionregenerationpoorly they had prepared thanare unfair filled theirever treatmentfor withproblemsbefore. their a great work. educationally, are sincerity. more vital especially and of larger from But, lkke country children, they But it is also true that as a In the recent rural pro-our itleadership.teachertemporarybecome possible musta localf4)r institutional necessarily lwr leader, to do leaderthis assume effectively. of thethis country responsibility conimunity of local the I ier position as one controlling education makes I f the school is to function as the It thus becomes her thisstatethenotwithstandinging spirit normal thingand theydirection, lacking,schools. accomplish their athe new visionyouth spiritgreat ofand descendsthings. the lack possibilities of training, of and the through With proper sympathy and understand- upon country teachers,The vision has been country r4 kr. 2 9 196 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL LEADERSHIP OF THE COUNTRY TEACHER 197 moreupholdcomesschool abundantly. andthe this dutyof vision how of tothe to realize Examplesthestate, end thesethrough that of possibilities. Country its normal Teacher schools. Leadership. to it may itself have life As a worker It thus be- practicecountryat forty-five someschool dollars of economythe ideasDuringper month. thusand several received.felt that visits here to wasthe school a chance and to community put into she found things Miss Mary had taken a course in constructivewhomeroussatisfactionwith arecountry handicaps.not way,quite thatteachers, resultswillingwhen and these areto for concede forthcoming possibilitiesthem, theirI have faith in provedare so revealed wholly, to my Iownin am a For the benefit and conviction of those spite of nu- mentseducationalfirstteachersinserting of whose twohere advantages summersome stories extracts termsI beyondhave infromrequested thea state theeighth personalnormal for grade this school. purpose. narrativesexceptof frag- The of these is the record of a girl who has had no This girlworks.waywhatpapers. writes seeksshe participates educational can to forupbuild church in andthe the improvement, programscountry o.aintry life communityof farmers'articles and in foreveryinstitutes, in thewhich possible local does she loreover, so great is her vision of the possibilities of Cedar Oak School, the Scene of Miss Mary's Endeavors TheseofThecountry all t'second people life thatstory formerly she is that insisted of a girl upon who clinHng confronted to all the their hardest old rural problems, a backward sectarian neighborhood. prefers country teaching to all other. penciledwithshowedfully dirtas decided picturesbadand asgrime. neglect.they and knifehad beencuts. pictured to her. Shelves and desks were dirtyThe and walls disfigured that once by were white were covered One door was nearly kicked to pieces. The building itself boththemofways. theserealtwo countryyears, girls andhas teachers theywished now and iher see their identity things stories differently. revealed arc true. but they are This teacher of leadership and vision has been among Neither theterm.toThe yard be yard done. and was the outbuildingsrough andFor uneven.several faced weekseach other. she busied herself with preparationsFinding for theno comingrecord whatever of the classification of the pupils, The stove-wood was scattered about Truly there was work l)irin tI hitow Miss MARY I stmovED HER COUNTRY SCHOOLyear t000- to many ,trange .tories were afloat concern-1 children,she procured and grouped the daily them register, into classes learned according the names to their and ages. ages of the Much carniingAboutFor the fairly twoc-ndition this wellyeaN time recommended, or Miss more Mary the schooldecided the directors had to apply been hired fnrrun her the with for school. ninea loose months hand. 220 affairs in a t ertain district known as Cedar Oak. As she andmentarypose.of this, classified. of lessons. course, had toThree be changed, days before but for school the timebegan it sheserved moved the intoBesides her new this home. she prepared her material for seat work and supple- Bulletins, pictures, and pamphlets were also arranged 2`11. Here pur- " andbeenshe/98 used mowed, found to level thatthe 'yardothersthe ground cleaned, besides in and frontherself several of hadthe wagon building.been busy. loads A coalof dirt shed hauled had COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL The grass had a stove,Sowere much kindergartensome for matting, the problem chairs, and sixty ofa sand-table, physical square environment.feet a window of slated seat, blackboard window cloth. shades, LEADERSHIP OF THE COUNTRY TEACHER 199 Laterhadthebeen wood building,been built in the stackedmoved somewhat yearwhich i inside. "heirther greatly toyard apartthe improved wasside and againand turned rearits cler appearance. toof face the schoolhousein opposite directions. and all of A long platform extended across the front of 'd, and ferns, bushes, and The outbuildings communityiAintrents,shouldnent factor be building aand incenter thesocial included socialofNow gatherings.community life Miss parents of Mary the interests.and community also pupils' believed Organizations, and that that the the teacherenter- school should be a promi- For these reasons she organized a Therefore her plans for mosttactground;flowers and beautiful were patienceso there plante lawns w:Mis. I. s Thein noMary die interiorneed county. and of herofplacing thepupils building others finally there. was made by it no one means of the neglected. There were twenty-tour giant oak trees on this With a .little At the discussedpatrons.theirmothers'introducing purposes club educational and materialthe instituted mutual topics, relating benefit regulararticles to andthe directors'from homeencouragement school or meetings. home-making, magazines, of teacher sometimes and and again The mothers' club met one afternoon of each month and Both had for 1 theteacher'sandThen wainsc:ning desk Miss suggestion as Mary well varnibed, asherselfthe the walls organ, tookthe had floor ahook beenbrush scrubbed cases,papered, in hand chairs, and theand woodworkwindows andvarnished map cases.washed. painted,every seat house,discussingand wroteexamined the the care necessary the ofOnce records, poultry schoola month orcondition gardens.money the directors order.of building held andtheir furnishings, regular meeting in the school Several times Miss Mary sixrows,previouslythose dark ofaccording lightingpaper faced window toand three size, Afterventilation uncurtainedshades,and these turned which werematters to south face takenshc of theplacedwindows cleanlinessup. north. twelve wereThen and inches arrangedshe repair ordered below had in been attended to, The scats which had goodtheMary'ssucceeded classes will countryand were incooperation. getting incommunity session. Afternoonthem building.to spend and eveninghalf a day entertainments in the schoolroom formed wiIe ar.other phase of Miss In this way she secured their heartit The first social event of the term shade.theMks top ofMary the frame, rearrangedAs thereby winter the forming approached seats, shea narrow theforgot,tove; heating transom consequentlyto leave system above a requiredplace anothereach for attention. arrangement had to be made. WhenSome attendedtheaddressesfr:endlywas purpose the and patrons'relations ofwere proved becoming delivered. picnic,Letween successful. acquainted given the homeAat basketthe with andbeginning the dinnerschool. parents wasof the andserved, school establishing and year, twu for The first speaker was a United Presbyterian This affair was well t By Thanksgiving.ul one-rminread day that the countrythenew Waterbury furnace school; was jacketed so in the its directorsplace stove in was the began anorth- very to inquiregood thing about November.minister and the secondAnother was the affair county of importance superintendent. was the country school exhiltit held in Miss Mary invited the cooperation of two other teachers andsurerior convenience, to the old the way.After decoration satisfactorilyfresh of air the as ronm welldisposing aswas a meatusnext ofcorner thee in oforder, questionsof renuwing the room. of the physical foul air comfort and was much The new system provided a constant supply Miss fieldingin preparingNormal them day contestsone School this of theexhibition. betweenWas mostA engagedfter importantMiss this A speaker cametoMary's address occasionsthe fromand Christmas the an the audience.adjoining ofWestern the and entire spring district Illinois entertainments school. State and follow- term, the yearboardtheuponMary walls, several and theplaced daintycolored articles a white few tissue vere well-chosencurtains addedpaper atoverto thethe hut doors windows,school inexpensive and equipment, windows.rugs Perryof Napier among pictures matting which upon floor, and transoms, or "stained-glass windows," of card During the hadothering,andThe story-telling,eachprogrampole social avaulting, place events indoors inwhile during discusMiss consisted the Mary's thethrowing, field term of sportsplan contests which, and for were bicyclecommunity inthough singing,contests riding.of minor speaking,inbuilding. running, importance, reading, jump- There were 200 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL LEADERSHIP OF THE COUNTRY TEACHER 201 eveningstudentsduring Miss sessionwith Mary's their ofSomething teacher briefthe farmers' ..tay. drove must institute a nowdistance be in saida of nearby six in regardmiles town. to to attend the educational an progress On one occasion a number of the older Another selveskeepchildrenwho had our of and neverneighbors'sticks, I made been wirc chickensa andin garden the brush. school and sheepitwhile was itnecessaryout. was Tlw in session.fence to have a fence to It i as a standing joke in the neigh- we made our- Later the visitedSchoolexcursionmenstime they ofthe was schoolvisited nor.nalwas clt sedthat thework school. forcounty from a day superintendent'sthe while various Miss schools Mary office and of and seventhe examined county. of her A speci-pupils third to the Western Illinois To the children this educational excursion State Normal School, picnic,borhood. one hundred and nine being present. Nevertheless it answered its purpose. School closed with a memory.meantofequipment boys, a reveladon working and 'ieautiful onceof wonders.Miss or twiceclassrooms, Mary a introduced week willfrom manual 12:30 until training i o'clock. into her made school, and her class The great school, with not soon fade frum their its splendid ishedlooms.manyFifteensuaded usefulsome thedollars veryarticles, directors neat was such and thusto expendas attractive obtaineda sand-table, a small pieces and sum aspent ofwindow ofwork. money for seat,the for pupils' and library weaving reading books. The girls' sewing class also met once a week, and they too fin- Miss Mary per- manyinmentaryMarycircle a few J.bookshappy Holmes'readersdrawing and hours also. the.novelsand were World painting shespent Today was lessons. in enabledsong. magazine. to purchase a set of supple- Besides all this, Miss Mary found time to slip Music was not neglected, and By disposing of a set of suchaway.undertakingschool times of noisy, this,foree lay beforegiggling, Whensustained her. mischievous Miss and Mary, comforted children, at the her.she knew that a mighty But she had caught a spirit of enthusiasm for her work, and at wginningMany times of her she term, felt herstood courage before ebbing her andterm. returned home Afterfilled schoolwith plans was andclosed inspirations I went to Normalfor the comingto attend theHere first I tooksummer the special courses offered for country teachers Closing Day Picnic in District 23 terduties of the as roomteacher was in occupiedDistrictI shall never23. by the forget stove. how the schoolhouse looked the day I began my THE REGENERATION OF DISTRICT 23 It was clean but very bare. The cen- increamschool playing year.social games, at the singing, homeAbout of and one the instrumental of middle the patrons. of August,music. 1he evening before wasschool spent began, The sum cleared we had an ice dustgraded.room and suggested somewhat cheer "wheezy"It tookbut some stoodall of old thein onesash fall corncr. termcurtains to get at thethe windows. school organized and properlyThe middle of the winter term I had a box social. An old organ covered with Nothing about the wansoapdows,rods, over and newsome eight soap dark toweling, dollars. dish. green The a windowlooking curtains glass, shades,and to%%elscomb mosquito case were and hemmednetting combs, for bywashbasin, the girls.win- With this I bought new sash curtains, brass alsoproceeds gave I thebought seats, some organ, Inpictures. the and spring my desk I had and a Mother'schair a coat Day. of jap-a-lac. These were suitable for all grades. There were mothers present BESTWith the I COPY.AVAILABLE putgreenthoroughly up, and shades mosquito cleaned and sash andnettingEverything curtainsthe tackedstove were was had on hungreadybeenthe windows, at blacked;for the the windows, first theso whenschoolroomday. the pictures The schoolroom had been 225 our new 202 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL LEADERSHIP OF THE COUNTRY TEACHER Boards did not 203 yearpresent.looked afteron the cozyrecess third and schoolFriday cheerful. matters in September. We and held the our home first trainingmothers' of meeting the children of this were They watched the Thenclasses refreshments, the fore part consisting of the afternoon, of tea and and cake, were served. Seven of the district were picnic.moreanswer substantial the purpose, and so OurWehelped the neededschool boys to keep and work a walktheI made for porch fromthe a brickandyear the roomwalk, porchwas clean.whichcompleted, to the proved gate. and we plannedBut thea %%eather interfered and it w as not as successful as amountingTheseThediscussed.financial school were to helpgavefurnished ten fordollars. a program,theWe by future, nextthe district heldand and asimple as;dime an socialrefreshmentsexcuse at tothe watchful home were of taxserved. the payers president of the board. This Nas handed over to the board as a little so the money taken in was clear, arecloselynextthat anxious ofyear. the to for theyear continued needs before. Throughoutuf theprogress; children; the so districtto organize the people buys' areand interested girls' clubs in the school. These are: To make the course of study conform more I have made a few plans for They Itgramelevatorfur was increased and the man, corn first generosity andexhibit. celebration nineOur The upon mothersnext schoolroom of theevent its part werekind was of present.heldwas thea Corn board.in the Day,We district. gaveheld Octobera corn pro- 14. Two directors, the decorated by the children. Did the to huldspiritualinterestinwine the the recreation; community. interestinwelfare country ufanduf the everylifeThrough to young andhave individual to people, athis advanceCountry inand the Life theespecially district. Club,social, including to educational, furnish everybody whole- and I hope to awaken a greater local ofthepeople mostwith entire the enjoyothers community. school it? in Illinois, is throughWe and then onethis had greatway two to connecting getweeks' the parentsvacation,. link. to Duringcooperate this time improvements Indeed they did. Corn is the staple product of this community as It was something that interested marybasicfor thetheme may be muchCountry questioned, Life Creed. I shall risk repetitionof iny personal faithsake culicerniug of the function of the understanding and offer the following sum- In concluding this chapter whose newwerecleanitroof just porchcommenced shingled. theas was schoolroom.the built,carpenters on thethe schoolhouse. cistern had wasleft At the end of two weeks I entered my school and found But, for the education of the district and for it. cleaned and re-covered,It wasThe expectedfoundation and the that was I shouldraised, a countryis the teacherproblem of keeping/To solvea standard this problem peoplebelieve upon I believe that our the farms. great underlying problem of country life in the present rural situation: it is necessary to make appearance.andwasthe welfare withclosed the ofuntil new future it Waspipe country done.fence teachers, in front it this presented a neat, home-like The children and I cleaned the yard, I refused to do; so school communitycountrythrough life learning life.fully satisfying. to cooperateThis satisfaction, in the upbuilding I believe farmersof a complete will bring to themselves longseatsboysNovember for andaccordingthe directorsmyself a Smith to stayed the toHeating sizedecide while of Plant thewhat the children. wasstove was installed. neededwas put inup this and line, arranged and in thenext problem that confronted us was the stove. Three of the larger It didn't take quatelytrymunity church, functioning building. the farmers' as instrumentsGreat organization, agencies of cooperation andare alreadythe country andestablished school.com- and more or less ade- Chief among these are the home, the coun- anxiousallyAlbum, visited for getting the school everywe toandIn continued oneprogress. December scented in the our districtto we bemothers' hadinterested to takc anw meetings, part. her in hox and supper, two of and the gavedirectors the actu- We clearedthe fif- work and Family ershipcation, and and influence education because isIOf thebelieve these cooperationspecial Ithat believe responsibility in iscommunities the school of the to iolwre school. be temporarily homes arc first defective, in lead- a question of edu- teen dollars. This moiwy aided in getting me /1 new desk and chair. churches closed, and farmers' organizations wanting, the r rA:. I 204leadingprovement,school mayto their even become establishment teaching the agencythe and regeneration.of progress toward all im- COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL service of other institutions and plyteacher.teach the the information, For necessity her I believe the ofI believe Butitsspecial ownin back a that redirectionadaptability,type of thc ofthis schooltraining program and and, can upbuilding.that above do ofshall yetaction all, sup- more; the stands that itthe can country also THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM AND CHAPTER X placedvision,country uponto teachermake her, this Iand also end inIn believe. the Therefore,herattainable. teacher's and in my heroffice conclusion ability as a chiefto justifyof immediatebeliefs the in responsibility the leadership thus of the sized.sponsibility of the countryThe Problem teacher's Stated. position has been empha- The present chapter will attempt to show country ITS ATTACK In the preceding chapter, the re- factor in the solution of the farm problem. singlescribedteachersevery country havecountry how all toschool. teacherattackbeen. That triedtheir would there withproblem. seem issuccess, a evident.problem, most and of athem very in serious a one, confronting The efforts here de- Yet, many coun- problemtryseemsglingupon teachers thechildren to and somedifficulties do therefore not throughthe realizetotal of fail thefulfillmenttheir the dry unity mechanics of a daily program situation.to make any organized attack of duty. From such there and magnitude of thisTo run a kw strag- neglectedwhois solves,fullylittle would realizeto countryhope.no bring path their But children, thethat problem from joys leads the ofthere but clearlifelarger iscan to everything through classthefind minds no of thesolutionearnest to and hope. workers tangle of dis- thathearts fully of These veryteacherscouragingthe real. schoolend of itdifficulties thiswould the class strongest all the meanwith problem possible which the same of theirinfluence the thingthe work country is beset. Though differently stated by each individual, in in enriching thetask of making teacher is To 2`)E3 livesit should of those be for remembered whom it is maintained.that the 205 school, though designed 2'9 In this connection awholeprimarily206 chief community immediate for the education and factor may working of become, the young, toward as formerly is responsiblerural pointedbetterment. for the COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL out, roomswithiningwork. is were far a schoolroomtoo made small. for passiverequire reasonablelistening and space. not for active In the first place, the averageTHE country COUNTRY school TEACHER'S build- PROBLEM The activities that must now take place A country 207 fromprogress.cationally,lem decay of accepting and and inactivity socially, conditionsThe and into problemas of athcy convertingliving, now of thevital cxist, thecountry force physically, country for teacher, ruralschool edu- therefore, is the prob- In other words, it is the problem of making the squarevided,schoolroom, needsfeet of especially tofloor be large,space. where covering there atis noleast second seven room hundred pro- It is not unusual, moreover, to actienbemunitycountry a rather but building.including schoollong treatment, a muchcenterThe detailed forMethodnot redirected only information, ofillustrating Its educationAttack. it may andbe well com- Since this must necessarily a course of to beveloped.outline most directlybriefly controlledthe fourI. large: points of attack to be de-Through spiritualizing and improving theThe F countryhysical teacher's problem as it now exists may en- tutionvironment of community of the school. 3.2.service. Through socializingvitalizing and the enrichingschool and the making course it of study. an insti- dation.andworked teaching out the to thenecessity exclusionNo4. one of a of change thesethe others. phasesof system, can orbe consoli-individuallyThrough considered improviniz and the administration of the school All must be con- find school buildings with no hall or cloak There are many defects In the ordinary oneroom chool building An Old Type of Country School Building room of any I.stantly kept in mind and simultaneouslyIMPROVING furthered. THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE COUNTRY SCHOOL andcaredplanneddescription. need more by of forafuture set a fewof generations. indifferent cents in the or hand penurious than the directors, convenience who Such buildings confess at once that they were architecture.building.There are many have defects comeThe down in Building: the to ordinary, us from a one-roomday when school-school Most such buildings, or at least their styles of Defects of Country School Buildings. emphasizeonestill roomhave the shouldto necessitylive neverfor years Forof be a built.thesecond in one-rsake room. of ,om country Aschools, school teachers ofI wish only and to children who may There is more need of an 4oV 231 ; ackg COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL classroom,poses.toteacheradditional revolutionize can room, laboratory,quite teaching evenrealize. alunch small Aand room and mayone, ofplayroom, answerthan this descriptionany a scoreandone primary-except of tends pur- a It is convenient, not only as a workshop, storeroom, ludicrousomy,manifestedindifference since and attractive dingywithin regarding combinations the paper schoolroom the and laws paint often of is harmony costdisplayed.usually no more reflected and goodthan by the taste the THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM The same 209 groupsroom,weighThescience butpracticalof the lessons,children as small a place possibilities and expensemay whereother withdraw incurred work individual of anrequiring and inadditional workits children, construction. space on oralroom and or reading, freedom. smallfar out- If so ernconsideredture,exterior requirements with appearance a artistic snub-nosed, of once, architecturalofWhile the butlean-to building. it many certainly attachment,fitness. school A little, does officers maynotbarn-like fulfill have execute struc-mod-been their duties faithfully age,satisfactorylittlepreferablydesired, dust,expense. the andabout as basement dampness.oneA twentybasement above, may feet owing room, besquare, enlarged, to however,the can danger be and obtained is ofa not workroom, poor quite at drain- very so A workroom upstairs, fully ex- andpresentvenientindifferenceefforts deserve and and strong gratuitous future.inartisticor ignorance, words schoolhousesservice, of stillcommendation there persist areupon in others, perpetuating thefor childrentheir who, sincere through incon-of the For the poor planning of a new school- rosedmuchstores,to contain to freshbetter and the possiblyair and furnace, and more sunshine, the fuel, Asanitary. toilets fourth water-tank, with and defect a a basement playroom, janitorof the supplies,old-fashionedlarge will enoughbe schoolfound country school is the ofmanytendentonhouse athese school valuablethere who,matters isbuilding, through nowsuggestions should no their andexcuse.consult concerningexperience,who the can teacher at the shouldleast andneeds furnish countybe and able purposes superin-sources to give Directors needing assistance ofcross-lighting.allowsarrangement light lightin such to of enterrooms. windows fromMost oppositeon serious both sidesdirections, of all of defects, the and room. however,results in is the matter of ven- More will be said later of the management This desiredofficethistained.from information, which or assistance. to theinformation nearest and a normal letteron school toschool the architecture state will superintendent'susually may bring be ob-the Nearly every state now makes special effort to spread Assistant Superintendent U. J. Hoffman tilation.thisofwhateverconcerned, country question is schoolroomscannot madeits neglect befor too theseems today. strongly removal nothing emphasized. of short foul ofair criminal. inNo thousands provision This subject, so vitally affecting the health of all To those who have studied andof hasandingIllinois ril andbuiltcosts. loge whichhas aSchools model prepared contains ruralin Illinois a school severalpamphlet which building good entitled may plans and be with Thehadpublishes forOne-Roomspecifications the a ask-circu- The Missouri State Normal School at Kirksville largelybuildings,candidly. a matter there of is accident positivelyThe interiorand no usually excuse, finish reveals not of even the the thataverage fact of most econ- rural school For the conditions that prevail in thousands23 of '2 is also scriptiveexcellentlargivenschool descrihing inliterature modelbuilding the it. appendix upt,n upon conforming its request. of campus, this book. to of the which(Section ideas it here will 3.) setfurnish forth de- are Cornell College of Agriculture has built an Plans and exphnations of a 233 210 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM 211 erlyisroom given belongs architecture here towith the covers thecountryThe conviction only following teacher's the most that informationproblem. itsessential dissemination principles, on various prop- but phases of school- Her explana- thiswhileleap-frog,windows performance the to room or their do is veryalmost atthoroughly least limit. anything once flushed during requiring with every pure bodily session. air. exertion, Let the children march, run, play Repeat lightenmentsignificance,tion of these andfacts progress. is often the only means of enforcing their . .d she thus again becomes the medium of en- teacherdren, parents,should know and directors andHere religiously of are her a community.few impress facts upon concerning the chil- ventilation that every Only in this dren,usefreshstill ofa airteachers, subjectvitiated and sunshinebut air or little cannotparents.Heating understood,abound. be too and stronglyThe Ventilation. even dangerous impressedin the countryeffects upon ofwhere chil- the Children compelledThe to live necessity in a of pure air is way will the subject receive adequate attention. ultimatelyorvitiated poseandinactive, vigor. of atmosphere the suffer but school, are from made become as a it generalsusceptible has not been lowering only scientifically to irritable colds of bodilyand and demonstrateddisease nervous,strength and Mentally, poor ventilation defeats the whole pur- conditionsactive.thatschoolrooms. children prevail inhaling The during ordinaryNotwithstanding impure the stove,cold air weathercannot making all this, be inno manyintellectually provisionthe most country extremewhat- and intolerable thedowshot,ever air, thefor and usedchildrenthe doors circulation over are and tightlyallowed overand purificationbarricaded, againto gather by theclose andof unsuspectingair, inaround isa shortheated it, timewin- redin- This beautiful buildingatCost standsIthaca, about on New$2,000. the York, campus for descriptiveof Cornell College circular of Agriculture. A New Type of Country School Building Its special feature is a workroom. Send to the College withtheandmates, problem tasted any becomes mechanical by of one ventilation so entering vitiated means in thatthe for a schoolroom roomitthe can exchange fromhe actually outside.wholly of air felt, unprovidedis undoubt-smelled, Although minute,anfeet, average or about schoolroom1. whose dimensions are, say 2ox3oxwillEach properly child shouldsupply havetwenty 30 children cubic feet for of only pure twelve air per 2,000 cubic feet per hour. This means that casesedlybecometeachers. difficult of neglect languid and are baffling, and due sleepy, to it the is neverthelessitignorance and true indifference that the worst of When things have gone23 so 4 far that the children is time for action. Open the minutes;changed and at thatleast the five air 2.times in such in a asingle room hour. An ordinary open stove heats only the immediate sec- 235 should be completely exchangetion212 of the and room distribution and makes of noair. provision whatever for the COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL impure air cannot be THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S drawn out unless a draft PROBLEM recommended is created, 213 thepure;lowing room; (b) requirements: distributes (c) maintains 3.the fresh an equality air equally of temperature well to all parts ; ofA good ventilating system is one that answers the fol- (a) removes foul air and introduces (d) andby thistion, Mr.another requires isU. an J. through excellent Hoffman heat. theAt method floor the cornerwhere theof the stove house cut a of the Illinois DepartmentThe following plan,of jacketing a stove. hole in the foundation wall and is to stand. Connect these of Educa- suppliesprovided necessary for every moisture; country4. InA systemview andschool. of(e) of what avoids efficient has drafts. been ventilation said, the can following be, and should means be, are Thegalvanizedopeningswhichto jacket a height fuelwith shouldiron ofmay a jacketfivegalvanized reach,be feet. placed about and iron ineightbe the pipe, stove There should be a door in the jacket fastened to the floor, andinches be extended from the sides of the stove. and throughsurround which the stove the ash with box a through recommendedpure air and forthen the ventilation1. of country schools! In the first place, the teacher can flush the room with . resort to the well known device of insert- canmayjacket. be beremoved. raised or There It should not be on hinges, but lowered. should be another Itdoor should at the be twelvebottom inches wide should be so attached that it and eighteen of the theleewardtoing be childrena boarddefective side under ofare the inin the thisbuilding,the lower room.respect, windowshould When one. always loweredsash.window be fromkeptat least, openthe ontop, while the it In a room known inchestheregulatevidedair. room high. with the is The to theamount be hole ordinary heated inof theair quickly hot floor air the register, register By opening the sliding door admitted or to shut it off altogether. in the jacketshould the air be within12 by 16 the inches, room and pro- thus makingshould shut it possible out the outsideto When inadequatewillinsure usually correct makeshift. injure conditions. no2. one. A sheet iron screen standing aroundThe stove may be jacketed. This method, of course, is but an This, if properly done, will theis admitteddoor childrenit willclosed. be toare necessarythe present furnace. thetoIn provide registerWhenorder that that fresh an equal air may flow into the room isshould sufficiently be opened warm and the slidingthe room through the furnace amount of foul air escape and takenthetheventilation stove, morefor one. however, intense is concerned, raysis not of anda heat.jacket serves and only should as a protection not be mis- from The screen is absolutely useless so far as A true jacket is an air- fromfurnace.upwardpipe whenthe to room. thethrough on jacket very the windyand roof. extending days the air might come It should be provided with a damper so This can be done by attaching a This will take air it from within six inches of the off down this thatthepipe. floorit may outside beten-inch closed the galvanized floor The outsidetightheated,thefloor covering,stove. throughand and open rises enclosinga duct, (Ayto the opening at ceiling, the stove,top. into eventually a extendinghole in workingthe clearfloor itstounder thewad . Fresh cold air thus passes in around the stove, It draws pure air from expensehigh-pricedlie depended should patented notupon to one. heat3. and ventilate The recent awakening to the exceed $20.00. Any tinner can make it. This home-made room furnace can the roomseriousness as effectually of this as ques-a ordown greaterupona register to to the removepressure children.in the impureside of wallthe coldernear the air floor, on theis often outside. depended The openingair, but of fails doors to anddo so, windows, owing to the The tionofgood lis,putofthese ventilation mechanicalandout arc bythe the Waterman-Waterbury hasSmithventilating resulted System systems. Manuel-Smith Heating Company, in the manufactureof Heating of several and Ventilation,System, also of Minneapo- Among the best known of Minneapo- 4c_S r I.. ' 237 214lis.1 These heatersCOUNTRY operate LIFE AND THE COUNTRY upon the same principle as the SCHOOL drencian orfor oculist, nearsightedness, and should farsightedness, make simple tests and other THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM upon the chil- common 215 petentmakethroughchargingproperly can agent thejacketed bothbe use purchased for smoke of stove,from and ninetyandexcept foul placed thatto air a patented device, called a mixer. one hundredonthey twenty-five the fromare floor capable a single by a of com- chimney dis- Either makingimpresscovered,achesailments, and otherupon especiallythe show teacherparentsproper signs with medicalshould theof those trouble.necessity make childrenprovision When ofevery wearingwho weaknessesfor possible complain relief. glasses effort of head- Nothingare dis- or of to cleanerderived.factorydollarsa and system small more of sum, sightlyheating4. indeed, A but andfurnace, savingventilating, compared however, provides by far valuable floorbeing space. not only much with the benefitthe most satis- %Nelluntilmightis more past beto dangerous knowremedied all permanent the following ifthan givenBefore delay cure. early general considering in attention such principles: the lighting of country schools, it cases. are often neglected Troubles that is aattentionand necessity.ButSmall nothing with furnacesmust furnaceselse be should given are as now towith ventilation. other If desired a screened fireplace ever be installedon the in market a new atbuilding. reasonable cost, systems of heating, proper A double chimney ismay be built in the as fusedfrom evenlywindow from sills, the desks,3.2. ceiling,1. or floors.throughout the TheThereNo light part should shouldof the be roomcome no glare should largely of belight from insufficiently reflected above and from lighted. be below, dif- room. thatlateoccasionsventilating moisture spring asasflue, is a aassured. genialfuel servingWith companion, not every only heating and plant saver. Furnaces and caremanufactured should be exercised to see as an air register but upon during early fall and sys- small windows in the back6.5.4. are not especially harmful. TheLightThere window should should spacebe be admitted no should cross-lights. only equal from at least the leftone-sixth side, though of the aused,shouldbe substitute.tems demanded a thensmallusually see tea-kettle athave that the water-pans.they time of Dry air is extremely disagreeable or an open pan may be providedare kept as filled. installation, andIf theoverlooked teacher these should When stoves are ofthethisfloor the old-fashioned respect space. building. is the notion defectAs of isof placingwell cross-lighting, known, windows the resultingchief misery from of country schools in Some authorities say one-fourth. This condition is one of the most serious on both sides chart,requireous whichto the as muchhealthmay be care. of procured theLighting. children. free The eyes Everyare teacher as delicate should as have the lungs and from almost any physi- and injuri- a letter whatwindowsedieddefectsjusted controlledin of everysoon old-time asthe to buildingleft by shield constructionsidv.the use wherethe of lower heavy itand half should blinds of thebe that speedilywindow, In the meantime, it may be exists, by putting all the can be ad- some-whilerem- sonalandtion elsewhere opinion to country and throughout schoolinvestigation,I needs.All this recommendations book based wholly of manufactured articles 236 are expressions nf independent per- upon fitness and made in this chapter adapta- knowneasyexposing and as practicablethe the upper Johnson half. by Window the manufacture Shade Adjuster. of a pulley device Such an arrangement is now made These ad- otherjusters216 country are listed school with equipment price and placein the of appendix manufacture of this among book. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL tions of color displayed in many country schools, howevef, are THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM 217 shadowandblind(Section certain for is4.) the desired, to protection screen butThe the admits of old-timewhole the eyes.the window shutter light in whenis bars not, only andas some astreaks, partial suppose, an adequate It is not only clumsy toouttoo decide familiarin decorating whether to need the thecomment. walls Ascheme general of any shall colorroom. be schemewarm or should cool. be planned and carried It is first necessary The thebutzontallyVenetiangiving shutter,is very a checker-board onblind, likely hasstrong thea shadeto tape,same prove effect made isobjectionable an regarded mostadmirableof wooden harmful by feature somedust-trap, slats to therunningas of desirable, eye.admitting and, hori- like The Thewallslightbettershould common inhas barshide bemuch borne ofpracticedust tosunshine door in smokewithofmind choosing and the when is shadow.problem atrocious. darkselecting paper of lighting, paperbecause orand ittinting. willthis TheThe color walls of should the oftenbeciencyalways used recommended inbe for thecomparatively community country for whereEvening thisgatherings. light, purpose,the andlight building the is but ceilingan should theirimportant very expense frequently light. point and of schoolroom effi- Gasoline fixtures are ofsafegooddanger these and oil argue aregivelamps recommended aagainst arelight now almost themInterior manufactured somewhat.equalin Finishthe toappendix. that andwhich of Decoration. gasoline. are thoroughly A whole school is often Alcohol lamps and (Section 4.) Some Library Room, Peru School, Macon County, Illinois halfdustyandareformed little the of cobwebs. plaster paint.mind in matters in is agone clean, of and conduct attractive the paper by room hangs than in festoonsin one where of Any child finds it easierAll to bethis clean of body is now so generally accepted as few rolls of paper and blue,yellow,warm gray, colors while and include the green. cool the colors shades include and tints the ofshadesAn red, ordinary brown,and country tints and ofchool entranco converted Into a reading-room Since country schools are in session generaltruth thatneglect it is hardand unpleasing, to account for often existing ludicrous, conditions. combina- BEST COPY The AVAILABLE bebestchiefly selected, for during them. as it inclement makes a weather,more restful surface for the Plain, patternless paper, or wall tint, should a warm scheme is perhaps 241 eyes. sow 218 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM 219 morecolor.A work,veryshade likely light ifnot old, totints, too fademay darkusually andhe should painted to cream, contain be for chemical the ceiling. Green paper is less satisfactory than a darker shade of the same used for the walls, and brown becausecoloring mat- The wood- differencetobrighten areitspick homelike cheap, flowers, a inwhole effectand influence day.aand between cluster the of well arranged are carefully given. The children should be shownteacher can easily illustrate Simpleflowers glass will vases often how the Newsametheter injuriouswalls buildings, color, and but toceiling however, thethe colorlungs. should chosen must be light and water-colormay be painted in three shades of the In case the building is ceiled,never be papered, but tinted. cheerful. effectmaythoughtless upon bunch,seem of children, trivial, harmony and perhaps, but in color to a free, artistic spray arranged with details make up the whole in a motley, short-stemmed,one who has not breath-and observed proportion. their Such things school- some 0 shouldcessfullybestWhat finish decorators be 'over finishedand roughthe call mostin plaster. the easily natural applied. wood. Woodwork in a new buildingis the most economical and It can be used suc- batteredofevident roomviolets, that decorationdinner must a fresh pails be as and truly green fern,somewhat a vase more of poppies, spiritualizing as elsewhere. At any rate, it or a bowlthan the some- is fectsimpleover-decorating.not beof ruinedandthe pictures.plain by andcareless shouldWhen and correspond a untidyroom is wall once well finished, Frarres for schoolroom pictures should Pictures should be hung neither in the whole effectwith must the general ef- decorations or by be a beknifetimes romantic, carved adorn but the it interiorSeating. The old-fashioncd initial" and fond is certainly very unsanitary of country schoolrooms.basins of dirty water that double deskmemory with ofits seatmates "jack- may and inconve- I childrendark corner get no nor benefit in of thcm. a glare of light, nor so high that the A list of good pictures maymentnient. become in the seatingis shown of by children. the Through its use there is an utter neglectHow of adjust- serious this neglect 011 uponstuckservesthisrelating book. thearound a displayleast especially anywhere, provocation on the to countrywalls,to collect from but li the fedust it iswind.should given The (Section 8.) The work of the children also and flutter to the floor in the appendix ofnot be carelessly most satisfac- de- overgrownfortandders sogirls. and much poor boys disregarded physiques are frequently cramped Nowhere in fact is the as in country schoolfound seating. even among Largenumerous cases of round shoul- question of bodily into scats about half country boys com- theThindenim,covertory burlap pine andand a sectionboard orconvenientfirmly denim or of tack building theto planeach makewall for piecespace displaying of with work cork such paper may be first nailed under uponcarpet, this surface. burlap, or material is to toarrangedpeer mergedlargedescend out enough supposedlyat in bythe a jogspile bigfor ofthem,andworld. to old gradejumps while lumber over which they Frequently,from rear too,mostter to derthe front, uncom six-year-olds but fortable to those can barely scats areare sub- really ingframesMovable in effect in bulletinthe unlesssame boards way. theBut little a room may be well decorated and may be constructed on separate touchesa body for that holding add so the much tacks. to still prove unpleas- spinalswingwho column. theirsit on feet the inconnectingThet. chief defects of Improper adjustment in height, space. common school seats are: lines.This often causes injury causing children to to the 1 243 220 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLLNI 221 usuallygirdle,allowing when either no writing.freedom too high 3.2.ofor toomovement low. for the hips, or pelvicA Improperslant in exactly adjustment the wrong to the direction arms, alongthe desks the back, being tation.Theregodliness,length; areOne thetwo and of other, these,difficult in the the ventilation, schoolroom phasescontrolSanitation of of has the dust,it and beenproblem is Care. alsoconsidered ofquite, school aat task somesani- in a Cleanliness is said to be next to is certainly next ahead. thethedeficiencies eyes single while adjustable reading. here pointed desksAlthough4. A out,andlack chairsthe ofno bestany seats which provisionfor now generalcan on be for thefitted use holding market are to bookscorrect closer to all the closelyroom,beroom solved. filled where and with constantly children active fromchildren. Dust,together, different even should chalk families dust,be the needare cleanest brought not be of tolerated.soall However, it can and should The school- childindividualthetouchingstraight canbeginning be children. the placedbacks, floor. but squarein will a seat beshoulders, fitted found to to him and yield withgeneral paying his bodilyfeet returns firmly comfort in A Suchfew turns an investment of the wrench, may costand everymore in waterafterorplaces. dredstwice dayfor ofa months.inweek schools a room think are thatnothing scrubbed has ofnot allowing onlyfelt aonce drop children or of twice purifying to sit a dayyear! Yet people who regularly scrub their own floors once It is, indeed, the actual truth that hun- seatsfloor.seatsandrear see health. have andthe been appendixthe smallprocured, of ones this they in book. front, must (Section bebut properly to arrange4.) When placed the good onvarious the The proper method is not to put the large seats in the For the purchasing address and cost of these repulsiveThemanagedSuch first practices step buildingthrough for are a iswhollya teacher Thetolittle have care sinexcusable. tostematic a plain,takeof a room,upon face-to-face planning entering as of and mosttalk a attention.dirty with things, andthe needs only to be chairsnorsizestable less in solve differentcanthan be thetwo made seatin rowsinches by andg. under theForproblem to olderlapthe its each littledesk. mostboys seatchildren, excellently.or not purchased more a low than primary from three any table and a dozen small Such a regularlycleaned,bepaint.directors thoroughly theandconcerning workconstantly cleaned, of thekeeping whoeverattended necessity it to.respectabledoes of clean paper is not and severe, a little if Whether she gains her point or not, the building must Where the teacher mustit. When once well ofsameschool fulthese sourcenot supply chairs only for house, canaround' about scarcely andsixty the the centstablebe chairs overestimated. each.for can the The be younger greatobtained convenience children from the but They 3re use- thedocleanlines,..andA herstrongest country no own boy janitor boywilland isgivemost work,usually the reliable itlittle awill misfit touches of pay the when her older necessary to put employ girls at housework, toto order oneassist. of and Brooms, mops, pails, cloths soap, and cleaning totheas six-year-olds.andstumble.ret awlmard itation their size seats long and for benches colorthe whole greatly over school, which endear thus everyone them making to isthe way inclined hearts with of Their light weight makes them easily movable, hard,justmaterials as will in must aabsorb home. be wellthe interest provided,One of and the and provechief in a businesslikeattractive.sources of dustmanner, in a schoolroom is the When well kept up, the work, though 245 blackboard.222 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL But with proper care its annoyance may oe THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM 223 efficiency.thingsgreatlydone,well atcleaned. reduced. and best, Will and simplify a coat of the chalk care dust of theadds whole nothing room. to their They shoukl be washed every day andThis the will trays be found a light task ifBoards regularly in country schools are often poor The ofbuilding. Whentheirhumanity shoes tactfully thanand managed,removesome things their the inovershoeschildren arithmetic before Such a lesson will add possibly are glad to cooperatemore to the comfort and grammar. entering the ingChildrenorerasers forthree dust some should particlestimes should of abethe day. be andcleaned small taught should boys, whenever the not dangerwho be allowed aredust-filled, to always thc to lungs dust atglad leastan of to eraserfloat- twohelp. The task is only a minute's exercise alwayskeptiswith the intheshould public the teacher building be.drinking Whenin securingif thereAnother water is and must source keeping be kept of infection aside from cup. Drinkinga well on water the grounds, should notas there be a school beautiful.dust and bad airinside, a special erasersverymakesdustinside good lesssupply. made the substitutedust, room, entirely but or writes for toof bring slate,felt, better. can industless mud, now or becrayon, in obtained any and way fromnoiseless add anyto the Dustless crayon is best to use, as it not only Paper boards, which are a andquentlyeasilytankvided. encouraged with and and acheaply airedfaucet to in supplied.drinkand the asunshine. quantitiestightly, fitted of Individual drinking cups All cups should be scoured fre- Childrenare necessary should and be allowed can bewater, but care must becover should be pro- menthousesarticlesreliable recommended and mayschool of some all supply be manufacturingin found theThe house. appendix. old, in the roughThe listcompanies addresses floorof country with producing of its aschool fewgreat ofthese equip- cracks, these presents another ThebeDirtywellstaken carefully drainage watertowould have cleaned constantly Ofshock it pure the theand welland drippingwhole watched.clean. is community back a matter of vitalThis importance. means that the well must into theThe drinking contents supply of many if brought to view. ever,coloredareschoolroommatter andtoo forwillexpensive linoleum consideration. add floor greatly wouldforto be the topractical. be hallthe cork attractivenessfloor carpet A will few ornot square linoleum, ofcost the feet much, entrance. ofbut brighthow- both Perhaps the best covering for a flowers,largeandis repulsive, is boys the and bestcan shrubsto putprovision say in will thesuchThe least.not for Improvement this A tile drain of the Grounds. a drain with but littlegrow expense. on school grounds is truly purpose. Justcan be why easilyThe trees, laiddirectors or cantheycrackstheFor applicationbe thewill shouldmopped old no floor,longer first ofin anothing beaserve couplefew filled asminutes betterofwithdust coats catchers.crack-filler canand of beshouldgood recommendedA wellandfloor he putty,sopainted paint. treated so thanfloor that at The orother refuseseightysomethingthe side,lack bushels to weof nourish ofsomething must, an of agricultural cornof a force,bed else, to ofthe concludeenters tulipsmystery. into When the balance acre on one side of the fence or a few shrubs on the that something else, land that raises against attractive.willleast be once found in two nerve-st)othing weeks. A rug and across may the be frontboth sanitaryof the room and Children should be emphatically taught to clean wecommunculturaltheof schoolmust beauty ity.states, succeed yard. for are thein country establishing cralren school and a grounds new ideal But bef00re much k done by I low rarely, in even the richest people of the surrounding247 way of improvement, made an influence among country of our agri- 224andthatteachers. thegood; school and shouldthat it should, be, in all in things,the matter a power of outdoor for beauty art, COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOLThis ideal is nothing more nor less than the belief causeoftencommon,this notit theshould only mutilationeveryday because be the beauty ofmission ittrees, of ofthefield, the neglect forest, school ofand to yards, revealstream. and this How the THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM is beautiful and abundant but be- 225 True,sibilitiesanbe soexample maintainedthere to every of local as home. to pos- set is certainly masses,preciation!vision of leavingunsightly open dumping spacesWhat grounds forto thePlant eye show : to rest upon. Plant, by all means, as Nature dues, in irregular Trees. If the grounds are treeless, trees a lack of such ap- awithoutdoenough landscapethis in a isseeking forcountry by one gardener.no to teachermeans becomeschool But tothe trees,nativemired,rowsshould withwoods.especially but receive theirregularly stiff thosefirst military attention. and of the naturally,precision maple family, asformerly they as box-elderso much andad- If shade is needed immediately, the soft wood Set them not in mathematical grow in their Cultivating Minds Throughand Spirits Flower Gardens theendsensiblefloweris first desired.cultivating duty gardens. teacher of the minds, school will not True, too, But the permanentsoft-maple,strength,theElms, best oaks, plan vigor, varietieswill lindens, they grow and are permanency.tomore hard not choose, good, maples,rapidly as not than theyand only splitevergreensothers, for easily beauty though in storms. but in fur Evergreens arc especially are much a tolose gardens,the her plants. perspective but minds and and Beginningshi spirits ft her through attention Yard flowerImprovement. from gardens.the children The first act on the part The sensible teacher will cultivate 110i flower alwaysgoodsurpassscreens as be bird aaroundconsidered clump attractors, outbuildingsof evergreens. in and this the matter or interest for ofwindbreaks, tree uf the planting. birds nothing should can For I* of theimprovementan untrainedschool grounds. shouldteacher be ambitious to make ato simple do something landscape for plan yard This should be done early in the year, of wheningtechnicalfirs andearly the spruces. tomustsap be begins consideredbe borne to stir, in here, mind.and butlong the before necessity the leaves of transplant- The method of transplanting trees is too The best varietiesThe first arc warm the days, just appear, duringanarctodone, beundertaking. now the startedand firstat furthermore hand month in the for ofearly school much fall. preferably,of the work for in itplanting will then needs be Several state departments issue literatureteachers who work faithfully on such Nlany suggestions and aids inbeautifying iseffect the bestbut a rapidtime. yard. in They growthShrubs. are and not promptonly captivating in blooming. and showy Shrubs may be made a most important factor in Favor plantuponopenthings.effectively thislife spaces. ofsubject. the followed local neighborhood by any person: as much as 2. Plant in masses, avoiding 4. Select things adapted to the climate. I Iere arc four simple directions that can be 248 t. Usestraight common, lines. familiar possible. Do 3. Leave Use the andshrubswildthe wildroses,plum ones. are especially all to be the had ramblers, for the taking.are always Among popular. cultivated iilac, flowering almond, flowering quince, snow-ball, Crab-apple, sumach, red-bud, dogwood, and 2'9 For 226riednothingbig strong variety is bettercolor are especiallyeffectsthan the in golden the attractive rear spirea. grounds in winter or fence when corners most COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Shrubs of the ber- recentlypeony,those best whichbecome adapted can very be to popular usedthis Most with effectively and which THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM purpose should be mentioned the landscape gardeners. Plant 227has cago,ownerplant life of theis bare Ottawa and Gardens,cheerless. 4717 Winthrop Avenue, Chi- for free booklets entitled "Twelve Best Shrubs" and Send to Mr. Fred "TwelveHaxton, Best Perennials." Vines. In the selection nasturtiumsasters,lessperennials attentiondahlias, can chiefly, chrysanthemums, andbe cultivated work as they than have the annualson any and school biennials. ground without crocuses, sweet peas, and advantage of requiring Tulips, theof thetovines, way take wild of itsuggestions woods. isvines well can again fromhe \Vhat in plentysiderationpansies,an nwarranted of andthem. also. many expenditure otherHouse of of ourplants. effort. wild flowers Children delightHouse in plants flowers tile and Violets, bluebells, wild deserveshould con- have eyedprettiergrapefall woodbine or the fragrant in wild in than the the spring? deep-vinesearly inhadandschool the thein fallarc thedifficulty almostfalla potted and ofan spring.keeping up-fires,impossibility but some owing things to the cold weather Ferns are always pleasing, and year round in a country can be thereAmongdeirataria,glory, are hyacinththe the tame morning- bean, wis- moon-flower, Ma- Boston ivy, jonquils,deiradenstractiveness andvines hyacinths,indoor of the vines, room. and narcissus will may be used most effectively, while Chinese chrysanthemum addsas muchsmilax, to Wandering the at- Jew, and Ma-In the spring, early window grow from bulbs in a lilies, gar- lises,vines.mentalandNothing a multitudeand quick of growing others. vine, For arches, trel-thanis more orna- beautiful . onlylongschoolvase more ofrun iswater lastingare not fully andoften and as cheap.Walks and Fences. The need of prove a delight to all. fully realized. satisfactory than lumber but in the Many farmers now experiment walks aboutConcrete the walks are not country aniesishing few of seeds that our wehomes thrust should intoto stareso the often groundus in allow the might facethe uglytransformday afterspotsA Monarch daythemand whencran- into of the Prairie passed.screens, and they are unsur- it is aston- theneedlated.Aoftenwith virtues fence not tile be be induced compositionisof broken, a to used of for I leavy woven wire makes necessary protectiona harrier tofor stray every animals schoolyard and andof use their skill for the benefit of the school. concrete for home kindling, or otherwisean admirable muti- fence, though purposes and can usefulscenes ofand grace appropriate and beauty. forFlowers. schoolyard cultivation. Of flowers there is no end, but not all are equally 250 Among scho()lfirmlyrack can bolted he combined in place inand where such a fence was constructed,a fencethe children made of two-by-sixneatly planks painted. 251 In (Jne country a hitching 228painted it themselves and managed to do a pretty fair job, COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL ingsdone can that be is kept not doneclean, and with the necessary boards and doors THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM yen now. In the first place, the build- 229 youngermerwhentoo. house they children once would undertake in often warm, proveSummer rainya campaign aweather. blessing Houses, for Such beauty.asArbors, a a playroom building and Arches. may forIn fact, A well-roofedsurprising changes sum- can. be wrought by children beforeinglimevaultsin place. up thewhen canthe entrance, inscriptions benecessary. cleaned over Thewithin, andwhich disinfectedinterior vinesand a canmayboard withbe be painted, trained.lump copperas thus Children cover- They can be cared for in a sanitary way, and the screen can be placed or grownlily-pools,makesomebe made shingles.not with byonly and thevines, wigwa olderthing are ams, boysof all service made suggestive with of buta polesfew of to oakbeauty. and one or wire interested cedar Arches, netting. posts arbors,in over- andthe Vines planted and trained over it will then causesightlylearnspendingcan be thatit writing requiredbelongs timethe walls inand to idleto the sketches.arerefrain gossip, country not tofrom as be teacher's they used congregating often as problem, blackboards do. in and them becausefor and All this is emphasized here be- They can also un- improvementWat:hfor the suchcountry of magazines grounds. teacher almostLandscapeas Country wholly, education Life a matter in America is oflargely, suggestion. for and new ideas and helpful sugges- matterit isII. certainly of outbuildings. time for a campaign of morality regardingSOCIALIZING this TIIE COUNTRY SCHOOL AND MAKING IT AN canouralltions. the comparecountry barbarous with features the usualThe of Outbuildings. schools, none Of itsthe community. apathetic social relationsSomething of the has average been saidcountry in foregoing school chapters concerning INSTITUTION OF COM MCNITY SERVICE These conditions are too familiar to need to outbuilding.lawmayfound,double to be the a prohibitivecontrary. Among state evenbuildings though In some cases, are there still Themosttolengthy the common difficult country comment. schooland teacher delicate entertainmentFirst sonic phases Steps: ways of Schoolfurnishes ofher handling larger Entertainments the problem. bestone begin-of the and Home Visiting. It is rather the purpose here to point out fluencecisionitschool is almost thatofficers noa unanimous other and teachers one de-in- is more suggestive or entertainmentprinciplesningcheapen, for socializingin should its shonld influence. guard theelevate its country use. and idealize,school, butnever two compromise important To this end only good literature In the first place, the school agecivilizing country Ainfluence selio(il thatwould could be Disgrace to the Community 2" J4, possiblyindoor betoilets. procured for the aver- building.of nessimmtirality than the and isolated vicious- out- In truth, theBut most much can be nottainmentinand only reading, music improveas a should music,whole the be shouldstory-telling, entertainment used growfor this out and purpose.but of other willthe dailyalsosubjects. vitalizeschool workclass r, 4JC,rSecond, the enter- Thk will 230 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM thatrecitations,school entertainments work. and will takeespecially.eliminateAnother too much naturai beginningthe in school of the children's time from socialization may come frequent complaint becausehenceforthtwenty-one. the as primary the Girls' purposeThe Culture teacher of theClub, was organization the wordguide, culturewas but to a cultivatebeingvery companionableinstrted girls. At the first meeting the club was named, and was known one, and 231 throughleisureeasilyreceptive the in be theteacher's directed frame evening, of visitsto mind. schoolhas in just thc matters. had homes. a Topics of conversation can very Somegood supper, of the great and issocial in a The farmer is at stantguarded.sonalwaythrough attention that growth her made sympathywere and possible improvementthe incorrect soon many grew things expressionsof toeach be otherwise thegirl confidante wasin English. unattainable.carefully of thewatched girlsThe per-in and Among the considerations that received immediate and Matters of con- a beforewaymovementsinfluence. as people matters now The who stirringof opportunity possiblySocial rural knowActivities is one of the ordinary conversation and thus Children; Boys' and Girls'life Clubs. may also be discussed in this but littleof ofno theirlittle moment.work and brought areofthewantphysical allowed young part of of adefect girlhoodto littlethe grow teacher wereattcntion forinto also discussion.opened stooped, corrected.at the even ungracefulright more How time! delicate figures problems just through and queries the Many of the questions of life, relat- many country boys and girls This close sympathy on nizedandChildren,best work by interests theliketogether. teacher adults, of thc areand sellool, social made to If this instinctive tendency is not recog- it beings andwill lovelittle very totrouble congregatelikely through work work incliques, the in harmony with the 1, oppositemovement,superintendentnowfactions, directionquite and common the pettyand task cause quarrels.becomes no easy. dignifies in country s'Thools. this work hy making it Girls' clubs and toys' clubs are But even where the assist- Where the county a county Girls' Club 'Ready for the Thanksgiving Minuet IIereance ofis the countystory ofThe how teacher a knew the value superintendent is lacking much can he girls' club developed ofin organizationone school: among children and mentioned the subject to a few of done, jects oftenpresenteding to sadlymorality, them neglected, forsex, solution. socialDefinite were relationship, considered lines of education health, and were pursued also. A chorus as experience and inquiry even religion, sub- was formed, called.theduringtheday girls. suggestiononea meeting recess period of allthe incidentallythe teacher, girls to The matter was thoroughly discussed,That was enough. The childrenin the seventh did the and rest. eighth gradesinvite was all the young women of the and it was attendingdecided, upon school to join. That very musicalagivenpiano,and folk-song some by which training,the very program, club the delightful girls throughbut and helpedseveral anda the spring happy toyear, of buy. theconcert. amonghours girls were hailothers spenttalent, around Several musical pi ograms were The teacher had had little a Ch,.istmas cantata, aml with their the school neighborhoodtunitylocality,This was and but done enrollvd. wl,o others, and \sere not three living only and atthose homefour of but not In this25.1 way the number increased from miles ilistant, improvedthe school the district oppor- and immediate eleven to educationalthings,ass:stanceiaC A,general isthe largely surprisinggirls excursions, reading, alto a matter became andresults too, offinally weremoreenthusiasm. were presentedmadedeeply obtained; by interested the forclub music, in lio.trz'.urc, like especially a few littleThrough plays. the infleence of256 the to points of interest. Local and all other 232Alltwo the years.immediate COUNTRY LIFE AND But this little club did not stop manufacturing plants were THE COUNTRY SCHOOL here.visited in the course of Sixty miles away inwholehe ruralless argumentconplaint life savors ofabout ofthe the theplace idea that it THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM expense of its maintenance.and relationship of the school This 233 wasspringsonwtimes amusical large day, city concerttobe seeheard, something and and aGood, fresh, wholesome entertainment %%here Shakespearean drama good drama. hither the members of the life of a real city and to is much needed in the country. and good musicjourneyed could one bright attend a entertainment,meetingscancational be done may dispensary most bethose effectively classified forfor nwney-makingthe throughundercommunity three, evening which gatherings. should be made an edu- purposes : supports it. those for These This tentIf youngsidesgirls onhad provided thelittle peopleseveral farm, social had forgirlish gatheringsmorethemselves frolics at and less moving to town. of this at home there wouldtheheld schoolhouse, in intheir an interestinghomesalways, and and at Such entertainment these refined form. of course, underbe less discon- school, they Be- country,munityscarce. instruction where hard and physical Gatheringsinspiration. labor for is plentifulentertainment and recreation Musical programs prepared by the children, are seriously needed in the and those for com- little plays thenow chaperonage common of the Corn clubs fur boys throughout the corn-growing teacher. organized upon a county of the boys' agricultural states. The largest basis are club schoolhouseneighborhood,bywholesome the young people parties of of the a and and even refined 1 and most unusual development 1I idea, however, has in the relaxation.type may all furnish such 1 directionSouthgrown up of the late under the eringssity'are unfortunately infor most money-getting rural commu-a neces- School gath- \. Dr.See S. Chapter A. Knapp. V. becausenitiesunfortunately the financial sup- so, housern unit as ay Com-The School- Center. properlyport of a be school maintained should by ChorusAn nuilleni Cast, i. Peru School, Macon County, Illinois iif nnl thousinily nt- + Schoolhousesmuchcountry are inused the as f o r public forcethenity. people a teacher of the to commu- bear the additional burden For a district to t,na,,,i of supplying meetingsthewhere,begained good derived. but that not mighthalf as is If allelse-thus andonlyfashionedMoreover,money educational unjust for but box sincethe reveals advantages social,necessary the theschool or greedbasket-supper, maintenanceshould is and be closeness free ofis the of school a public institution, its the most commonto all. the distret. The old- is ;,ocial not A Fulllittle(Photograph Schoolhouse schoolhouse loaned inby and the drenthe Teacher a 17-Year-Old Wm, Missouri Mato University) the Ozarks-62 paidDepartmentChil- it a visit occasionally, of Moot. Boy thetheat community home felt taxpayers there would within the in borhood,means of thefinancial box-supper gain. isWhen respectable, well managed hut in tio often it attracts 257 a gixid neigh- 440.rvirk-aliketal, 234andundesirable has a smirching visitors influence from some upon neighboring those present, town especially or COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL locality the imitatewomen in"club the country.crazy." THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM This is a cityBut evil such that an organizationwe need not as the one 235 ment,hearchildrenchildren.much school the better.arequestionable sale, not ledor someto consider remarks other arrangementthe of questionsome coarse of pairing auctioneer, An ice-cream social, oyster supper, pay entertain- by which young off, or to is teachermonth,changeciallysuggested in andbut the has recreation.bythe country, its thechief place parents. initiativewhere among mothers shuuldparents are beeverywhere, busyexercised and often nutand by need the Meetings should be held about once a Topics of school and child wel- espe- worthycommunityisters,of aid and liephysicians, closeinfluentialinspiration at hand,lawyers, Eveningof and schoolbut instruction editors,are meetings gatherings.never business suspected. areat the among schoolhousemen, thethe mostcounty purposely designed for Many sources Local min- fare should constitute the program. superintendent,huttopicrespond that related somewhen to and such invitedtheir neighboring effortprofession. to give a Notalk community upon some is educational so starved is possible. teachers But this is not the will usually all ortakeend. a questionanThe active farmers boxpart andinon these sonictheir meetings. wives should A round-table eventually come to farm topic is a good beginning. discussion .04 Shortroad papers. problem, debates, the consolidated or discussionscorn, breadschool, of making, thesuch silo, subjects the improvements farm as home, the the country church, and otO. a hundredwillsion.farmers' have When others, developed club the schoolwillor local its has grange own reached leaders to carry this and point, the may good the soon communitywork form further, a provoke needed thinking and expres- Play Festival, Pomona Grange Picnic, Winnebago as andcooperationSchool;described held Parents'through in of an parents earlier theClubs.Developing formality withchapter. the schoolof anCooperation organization. is perhaps'easier Between gained the Home and the The much-desired interest and (See page 88.) For this TheSchool: wide-awake teacherOther will no Agencies 4 stop with for suggestions the Socialization of the Country Newspapers; Exhibits; Educational Excursions. County, Illinois given nurpose,'.ires as a theparents' girls' associationandteacher boys' club is supposed is a useful to agency.go into a community and set all the 2 r; conducted on much the same Not that tunityherindividual by thatothers, presents agencies but will itself. furconstantly awakening adapt a browlerand seize and better Every community affords its 259 every oppor- coun- own try236 life. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRYThose given here are simply suggestive. SCHOOL But a cised over children during these visits and it is usually safest THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM 237 tryingthinkerteachermeans life local subjects practicallyandis conditions, the can local fromoccasionally always it bookswill be at best,writeand the disposal newspaper. If the teacher isbut an quotedoriginala few articles statements onperiodicals concern- are effective of the ambitious coun- nowexcursionsorticallyto takepoints quite noonly of danger.common. to interest the the larger state areThe uttiversityones,often visions possible,but and withor collegelarger dueand countycareappreciation of agriculture there educational is prac-given are Railway excursions to neighboring cities theaimbywhenrelating the state for given children written university to particular the proveschool improvement or interesting ofwork. the of comment. state departmentfarmBesides of life, education, this, shouldat thehomeLocal reachbulletins and school furnish of items a good prepared every Althoughto country the children latter undertakingin this way can is best scarcely managed be estimated. by either theydrenful.family do and not throughparents. become the butmere efforts.ofWell displays prepared the and local exhibits of the children'sThese stimulate pride and increased care should be exercised to their occasion anschool. attempt workeffort are in also both help. chil- see that of specialthetopictures show A. NV. arrangements off.are Elsonforace sent outPicture K. for withTurner study.Company, schools Company, also of Boston, Traveling art exhibits Aby letter which of mounted inquiry toexhibits either may be had, too. of Boston, now makeMassachusetts, and The exhibitschoolsprocurecompany s. togethersuch will anbring willexhibit all findEducational the for it detailsquite a week. possible of excursions, agreement including both Three or four country to get one of theselocal and distant necessary to Agricultural College Excursion, Edgar County, Illinois machineticularlyimmediateization.railway byshops, excursions, country environment. potteries, children, constitute brick concerning anotheryards, It is surprising how little is known by Foundries, flour means of school schools,social- courtmatters rooms, outside their mills, elevators, children, par- operationgeticthethe county teacherCountry in superintendent bringing can School. play it Asome to Country pass. or part the throughfarmers' Life Club suggestion institute, the Best an and ener Social co- . Organization for It is not implied here that the various abletheiraini than churches, inspection. the amount are all of accessible ordinary and school educationally of course rigid supervision260 work neglected for must be exer- more profit- BEST COPY,AVAILARLE manybemethods undertaken irons given in intheabove one fire" school.for applies socializing in this country situation schools as elsewhere. should all The old adage concerning "too 261 thatEach238 seem teacher best should adapted start to theher COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY one, two,school, or three and organizations carry these to SCHOOL suc- III. VITALIZING AND ENRICHING THE COUNTRY SCHOOLTHE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM COURSE OF STUDY 239 andschoolhouse.theLifecess. district theClub. programs, and should for the meet most In general, the best organization This club shouldIts be machinery composed should of be simple, its fortnightlypart, or should monthly consist at the of discus- to develop is a Country all persons in officers few, bookishtaskintroduction of regenerating way in whichof a littlethe thisThere country formalis frequently is now school "agriculture." a ratherdone can benothing general settled could impression by the be that this whole In the staid bothself-evident.ofsions theold of countryand country young, life life inclub topics by the In the first place, it unites the whole one organization.over other social organizations members. The advantages This, as already community, are theTakenewsofarther much little pointthe newsix-year-oldssubjectfrom of viewcourses the of realbeginningand in steepedissue. a the new country reading, approach in farm school for experiences. upon example. curriculum old courses.Here as are a What is needed, in fact, is not They ducingitmatelytheshown possible second considerdiscussionin earlierfor place, the any teacherchapters, suchand or allreform to phases is of ofthe a club, from its name, may legiti-use a single organization in intro-on any question of school country life. utmost importance. This makes orIn outmotherthings.knowschoolroom all all these Theyin about the valuable have garden.by horses, forcing followed experiences They cows, from theirknow them calves, fatheron real snch the colts,life. in.the veryperjurious thresholdand field other declarationsand of theirfarm the Why, then, blot tionsticallyancommunity active and solve countryAgencies. welfare. "the liferural AnotherCooperation club problem."' in significantevery of district the School school with Other For these reasons it is safe method of socializingCommunity Institu- would prac-to say that ofcountryas "I see school the ball," is a matter"IThis see anredirection apple," and of the"I like my book"?fundamental educa- ate.thewithinstitutionthe various country other institutions itselfcomnlunity school as inalready ofaddition agencies. the set rural forth,to whatcommunity is In every effort at may throughbe done itswithin cooperation the should cooper- progress holdingtionaluponmaking philosophy, thecountry land, childrenas not is often of farmers or of home,helpand happiness. church.to induce Grange, such cooperation farnwrs' institute, between This is not only more effective but is Some ways through which the andthe road school organiza- and theessential to peace telcher may towhileandsirableargued. try it "it toto The makeais certain not latter desirablefarmers, degree. is de- is also true that Practical Arithmetic Illinoisclub:four,tion nf Stateare five,this discussed Normal and six' UniversityFor of in athis thebulletin book.conclusions at Normal, giving detail; Illinois. of and method Of procedure tyi:e 26'2 addre.; the Country Schmid Department chapters two, three, in nrganizing of the it seemsprobletningunmaking of advisable educationally. them." to stop faratcr,: tr:uches the quick of Butthe countryneither the school making nor the unmik- To make this point a little clearer, 26:3 consider240 till teaching of agriculture in COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY country schools. SCHOOL The Through problems of this type,' percentage, interest, book- THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM 241 agriculturethatthingdailycommon it will farm-lifein theshould"keep reason whole experience theneed advanced boysschool no introduction. it shouldfor "introducing" be the this work on the farm."course, the common stock from In its broad sensebackbone as ofBut ev..17- educationally, is rienceintroducinginging.keeping, aDown sheepfold. concerning and the lumber even road it. bank measurefrom discount, the andschoolhouse getting came someto a havefarmer first-hand a new was mean-build- expe- This proved an excellent opportunity forSimilar opportunities were discovered ardturenatewhich aP shouldfromother other itsubjects, beandstudiesrtcrience taught, maintain spring.though inof other directcountry not words, limitedconnection children, because with and it it. allis thereal Arithmetic, reading, geography, by it, should origi- teaching builds Agricul- basic withgetson every thethem. new side, point and willof view. beIn revealed the same to school any teacher the beginning who once work in first grade read- The &untry community teems thethatuponerly children.known is, past taughtthrough experience, to inthe thethe unknown." nativecountry leading, home-life, school Thus in the nothingexcept familiar through else phrase, "from or farm experience, of can be prop-agriculture, ousthistermsninging buildingsplay wasof and theirfarm based construction then farmwere upon constructed homefirst a miniatureenabledfenced experience. of in; thepaper sand-table the children house,; farm,to barn, talk whose andand vari-read plan- in The fields and lotsand of finally the fam- worktryexplainedmeaning teacher of an ofperhaps metaverage some actual byof rural theseaconditionsThe suggestive school. generalRedirection and account statements attempted of of Old how to Subject-Matter.vitalize can be bestThe one coun- fuller the ownthewholefarmilyminiature stockpaper home journalsall undertaking pets represented creaturesdolls, moved became dressed cut amongin. free-hand the for source the their common or ofrespective from clear herds,catalogs and parts, absorbingand and the and Each child took care to have his toeachlum,sons what shesubjectfirst remained.began carefully and with attempting culling theTo conventional prevent the,to imparttraditional community branches dead antagonism of the curricu- and for pedagogical a country school twist matter from rea- tionsoil,interpretation.reading werewind, lessons soondrainage, onseen both and toGeography, blackboardhave the question the closest too,and of feltchart.roads relationship the and quickening transporta- to this influence of this new Loral weather conditions, landscape features, M onofretainedmethod thepartial farm, ofits payments, approachmathematical not that and compoundof Wallsequence,a new Street. application. interest, but became and cube the arithmetic root This twist consisted chiefly in The time often spent The arithmetic a new was ingrealitiesthesubject coverssamecorrect which of treatment. ofcorn-husking, letter the had text. formsformerly whendid been not writing n()1regarded ice to the as the drudgeryconfined Department betweenof learn- of The larger Literatureboys, fresh and from composition the stern profited by cornusedfertilizing crop,for the the solutionof feeding fields, of andgardening, original shipping problems fruit of cattle, raising. suggested the and draining farm and 26.1 by the sales. Co.,cents,and lIaselwmil,Chicagy. and 1 ;,e publishedI For Fct,; by Row, of such Peterson problems and seeCo., Chicago, at 50 Price 60Corn cents. Lady by Jessie Field, Flemenhtry Agriculture 265 publkhed by A. Flanagan by Ilatch Agriculture242 for desired bulletins, fully realizing, COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL as one boy hold science, but, being inspired with THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM a new vision of country 243 didputraisingdragging,going notit, thatseem to o,f "asend burning toa fellow cornbe it particularly crop, corn-stalks, has andto get hardthe amoving rightletter kind to of off." Class debates and papers on road- or foreign, either. up in shape if he'stown, chores, the country school, In the studyspringdevelopmentschool ofservice,by seedlings a brief of shethis study determinedidea. andSome of plants soils. points to and do of whatthe the necessity shefirst work for in agriculture The course was begun early in the This was followed by the could. illustrate the crop actualappealhome,"thereading story to as theseof lessonswell "that isboys numeroustheboy andgood in girlsWordsworth's times nature who of Whittier's Michael Snowbound who life every day. Even in drawing the interest poems,saw all their made counterpart a direct in wasleftand nofarmpreparationplanted,rotation sooner machinery. had andand it ofsoil thisappeared the fertilization. called seed than bed,forth the and cut-worm the influence came also. Soon the corn was through the ground, but a discussion11y this timeof plowing, corn was the being and care of Here observesunsetyoungrevealedenhanced the beforegrain, whenremarkable and ortomorrow, the theasked cununonteacher color each as it masses tookmember wouldthings the of be of classes ofthe thefarm the distant subject class life woods tofor study the and next the out of doors to were newly was a subject in which the whole community felt the keenest begate,"raisesofpainting fed." the or wheatsongs"the lesson. violets forwere bread, that about budded "so "the that today,"lark all thethat hungry sings with it Music, too, was a new delight when or the farmer who at Heaven's somemay mentofteaching the in thecountry of rural old sellool,courses,communityThe while Introduction has fundamental far outgrown of in New the the redirection limitedCourses. to is not adequate. TadustrialIlut develop- this revised interest. A Sand-table Farm partiallying.needed,:Choi)! curriculum,especially narrated agriculture. hereand it was 11,,me necessary science, to nial;e and manual train-In outlining these cullr.! bridge this chasm new courses are in the school wlmse story is a stmlv of ciwaswereof int study rol. workedprocured, in the out agricultureand to suggest class the for best several time of attack in The cut-worm, therefore, became the special nough of the life history of the insect days. Bulletins object its hadshifty.needed,the life,had noindustry,and ,.pecial then incorporateand preparation homes uf the,e in the either thingspeople: agriculture into to the Tilt' teacher referred to in this tale, like 266 see what manythey others, orcourse house- Of bulletinstheden, various which on cut-wormwasagriculture. now usedremediesIn theas meanwhile, reoummended ,..orn in had been In this testing plot the whole 26'.' a testing plot for trying out grown in the sclmol gar- hooks and com- '7+ tomunity244 investigate became it, interested. and farmers of the neighborhood paid it fre- COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY Church-goers stopped on Sunday SCHOOL lishedwell-planned served as house a good in standard the for THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM town war by, Wei. %vol.!, The ideal ilms stab- 245 procured,andtationsworkingquent care of visits, oftheand clothes, dairy classthe even milkcows inupon agriculture.coining of wasseveral the discussed.various inside occasions, cowsthe A schoolhouse Babcockkeptto listen for dairy test in their Following this the feeding. to the reci- pur-was savingherthenment housefurnishing, improvements takenand as remodeling up.it wassanitation, andand of changes existing and decoration might homes in the Each member of the class made a second plan showing how labor- be made.were considered in conimunily was Fir impo 'ye Remodeleda idan of theaboutposeseral close one-halfinwere connectionthe not neighborhood were paying fbetween forThe their wasthedomestic keep.needs tested, ofscience withthe community thecourse result in theandthat same school illustrates .ound to be poor investments, while sev- variousheartiesthood,detail. homes. andsupport its practical was givenElementary influence from the Rural mothers Sociology in the Country Throughout this work, in spite of early soon became noticeable in of the neighbor- School. fears, the theShelowteacherjust school, described.allnoticed night,found even that and thatbetter, some withchildren perhaps, windowsof the slept homes than inclosed roomsthe were workor withbutcrudely in slightly aagriculture lamp decorated raised.turned In her nightly visits in the neighborhood, the ogy,ofThis vitalizedteacherelementary referredor country of course thistorural thelife school ofsociol- study con- study, had another idea along the line of a The curtainswith gaudy and wall carpets. paper. tissue-paper flowers, and cheap lace She observed, too, that several of the school.ditions, She knewin of uni- the country 111 conditions.studyobservedgarmentsgirls were for her were theseunattractively particular poorly things, fitted children,she dressed, andset to unbecominglydealing andwork this towith only make these made.because a particularcourse Having their of This course included, among other things, some agriculturetowereversities consider given where and an some collegesopport"nity students of the of ... S. ye 1 fittingplentydiscussionway ofof simple servingfresh of the air,scho amore plain and ii dresses.common thehomeLater, planning, meal, the principles planning, the selection, necessity of constructidiet, cutting, and the benefit proper in, and decoraOon, of and furnish- andcamecanlemssocial farmersgirls the confronting and ofidea her economictoday. of country bringing ThenAmeri- prob- school, these matterstheCountry majority before School theof Gardening whomolder boyswould in Massachusetts visitedwithing of contractors, a furniture modern countrystores,investigatedit this phase andhome were lighting of was the shown devel( course, and through plumbing.)ed. the girls a modern, systems,did try,ch reading, talked 26,S hi working mightplifiedvenientlemsremain be to course given inmike.reference the inhomebased material, neighborhood she Groping desperately for organizationany country school.upon the experience of the children eventually worked out 263and have these very prob- Such a course will be and c(m- a sim- that 246countryfound an life.' excellent meansThe for suggestions developing of a higherthis narration idealism are of but COUNTRYfaint glimmer- LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL datedinstalled,this schoolit is not will will assumed run require itself that without just a graded as furthermuch rural money effort. syston, and when just onceas THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM The consoli- 247 Theingslivesocial.farm countryof fully andthe andthelight school needsrichly. that of ofis the thesoon futureopen to fallcountry, will upon reflect both rural the educational education. life of the and It will teach farmers and farn, children to live and to In procedure, it will no longer put the awayschool.much with attention thtf hopeless and cooperation, defects of theto insureone-teacher success, school as anyand It is maintained only that the graded system does cartitcurriculum.nowmake willbefore regarded agriculture,relate the To allhorse, aseke.these, accessories, manual hut an(l will toarts, turn the the and greatthings very home question squarely science, of about living which and well, are Arithmetic, reading, language, and other fundamentals of the springconventionaltherebutexperience, as naturally will tools be andsubjectsto less froma will higher dissatisfaction bethis will underst(Km1end. cominon then And be with in seensource thisnI)t country to day,as ofgrow ends basic itlife, may inout lessneedthemsele(N of.he moving added,andand countryto IV.town, school. and a new understanding1EACHIN6 of what isTHE meant NECESSITY byI ma OF A CHANGE OF SYSTEM, wi NG TIIE Ao NI I N IsiRATION OF THE Seim!, AND Community Cooperation in the Porter School, Adair County, MO. astematic a fourth education point of of attack countryTo some in communitiesthessolution readers the oftoward emphasis the country consolidation placed here upon the sys- ok CONSOLIDATION, FOR COUNTRY SCHOOLS But the awkward, out- teach- This Demonstration School lc In charge of Mrs. Mariefaculty T. ofHarvey. the Kirkmille who left Normal the School to show compliehedwhat could beIn ase country school. the people preparing to constwhich rut Ithey did chiefly by donated labor The Ph"tograph shows a basemnt er'spermanentlywayteachersgrown problem to machinery a aremore may now effective thorough seem forcedf d' schoolunwarranted. can to and expend be efficient done their for system effort country simply schools. must give organization under which country before anything Ily isprovides notsomemeantformality. an adequate here,aimitation foundation letFor degreeit these ofbe upon theunderstood, ofreasons average success. which the it city adeliberate, graded system country purposeful of mechanical school instruc- ; And by the graded systemis po.sible to build with ment of thc Illinois .5!:teI For N.,rm:Jan University at Normal. 1111011w 2 7 0f !hi; aillre,s the Cnnntry Sehml Depart- integritytion of a andcommunity energy of toward every thiscountry end teacher.is a 'service worthy the 271 248 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM totheotyped wide-awake intention method here teachersfor to such offerThe whoa Beginningsome campaign have suggestions mettle ofcan a beConsolidationenough that given. may to beenter useful Campaign.' the No stere- It is but cussionshouse canvass at the schoolhouseby a seriesGeneral of or educational elsewhere,Educational revealingmeetings Campaigns. theand defi- dis- Follow this house-to- 249 others.mentarenanity, ofin or countrythis in justthe children. andhands righteous of one causeteacher, against may the fail unfair utterly treat- with Each teacher must study local conditions carefully What works well in one commu- emphasizetheagriculture,educationalciencies improvetnent of the domesticideal presentgreat toof bethenecessity science, system, attained. local sdiool, andfor aallshowing change can other he topicsofsomethingquietly relating made of the to Talks on manual training, system. Get- to becomejudgment.andlatenting apply furthers apossibilities thoroughEverythingthe specificthe interest convert tendingof measures farm in to towardconsolidation, lifethe recommended efficiencyand an ruraleducational educationoffor theby to aconsoli-realizeawaken- careful the is to tiousthisthingtingintendent. reason.such youngof a lecturesproblem, educator for but thein an a little earnestneighboring isolated teacher schoolhouseschool will is After this try toCall enlist first theupon aid the of energy some of ambi- your county not despair foror town. super-some- ofdated consolidation.tunityenlightenment, school. for the stimulation not ofVisiting aggressive of in anthe argument. interesthomes otTers in this the matter first and of most direct oppor- Make thc first discussions merely a matter Describe con- orsshouldway,formerly for aid.with have connected, a statesuch connectionswriteor through county summernormal tp schoolandschools, normal school every instruct- teacher As a last resort, gather up your courage, arrange or in some other If asrecentlysolidated typesthe John inbeen schoolsIndiana Swaney reading. andas School a elsewhere. new ofdeparture, Illinois, and of whichsome ofyou the have best Give vivid descriptions of such schools Carry with you books, pic- goldentheyourin home thisthoughts age suggestionground of connectedly,rural yourself. schoolto one andprosperitywho face teaches your there little will audience probably on There should be nothing startling every day. In the -4 addresscollegeyourtures.pay state andexpress for in department literatureconsolidatiflarge accompanies numbers descriptive of education if anthe explanation ofropiest. orthese to the schools. state and agriculturalan offer to 1,ulletins. These will be sent to any Other bulletins are Write to expectnowveryofbe thissome beginningpractical sort.to agency succ'eed idea. towhose organize in Townshipespecialan effort such duty work.of or thisit Community is tokind conduct must Organization.campaigns manifest Country school extensif al is a new term, but Sonw normal schools are in Teachers who fact even a behetinlistedantagonism. read.broughtor intwo the of into bililiography this each character honw of withs this ith eachlittleI.00k. familyeffort and and without it will usuall) heated In this way general information on the subject can Leave a marked bulle- campaigneternaloperationnity thatvigilance for presentsand the a andconsolidationbroader itself. keep and their closer of eyes schools community open isfor every relationship. opportu- For The chief point tu be gained in a feeling of co- a State Normal Univer5ity at Normal, Illinois, ImIletin upon thi 272 :ubiect m.i Ile procured from the beclubthis considered, purpose or a parent-teacher some is very educational helpful. club in organization, the township as Township exhibits, rallies, or 273 or territorya country to life THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEM 251 250ticipate,entertainments,success. have also in which been handledtheOutspoken children for this ofConsolidation individual purpose Campaigns. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL By this time a with markedschools par- cated.timeherePractically The bearingnow state seems no uponof legislative Illinois,close the atconsolidation hand,for provisions example, however, haveof is rural inwhen sothis schools.far some been made latter class. definite The taken.isdefinite withto Onemalhave a outspoken schoolstereopticon.of a thegowl mostin lectureany consolidation profitable A state letter on will consolidated of things suggestinquiry campaign that tosources canthe may nearest schools illustratedof assistance for be done now be Under- state nor- action may be accomplished. In the meantime let country Thewinterelssions,thisto purpose.objectthe evenings benefitsand is debatesInterestingsimply at and sonic necessityonto getschoolhouses,the mass thesubject meetings,whole have with of a change in the present order community vitally alive alsoquestion been held boxes, in the dis- the desired effect. of things. A small coiumittee of the leading enthusiastic citi- I. %IP charting,ningzens, has meetings,whoof statisticaloften will takerenderedscattering dataupon worked good literature, service out andon ina themselves the responsibility of plan- the general campaign-piecethis of oilclothconnection. and A ' t,* $ r ablemeetingshungassessedlength also. upon ofmay valuationthe term, seewalls teachers'it andof property,the draw schoolroom,salaries, their amount own total cost, cost per Data for this chart covering the school census, certified, tax rate,where conclusions,and all present is valu- at capita, teachers, farmers, educators, and Play-day Masque, Illinois Sitaz Normal University agriculturists, here and in never-ceasing, ham- ofany tlthe othereexistingunder county argument information consideration schools,clerk's for office. consolidating, and after the centrala similar mayschool may whose consideration adds to the weight 'Make also a map of the territory fashion, on whicl, houses, be obtained from Le located, and meringotheraffectedfreed st:..tes campaign from by so the handicapped,this present until greatest the limited injusticethousands continue educational of a ofour country school system. opportunity are children pcssiblewitheasyIn somethe transportation and chief states.simple points this process.All routeschangeof teachersclbol t;aced, to lawofflsolidationr, especially tiamtry 274 In others, it is difficult and compli- teachers, should be familiarin their respective :lates. is a comparatively 275 THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS 253 smallnowa dozenCrcsse,Michigan; being group are Wisconsin; laid makingmay Cheney, upon be citedspecial countryWashington; Lewiston, the effort normal teachers. Idaho;to Kirksville, meetschools and atat Missouri Kalamazoo, Macomb ; and Prominentthe in new this demands La- whole rural problem,The as Needpointed for out Properly in fornwr PreparedTHE chapters, TRAINING Country is Tearliers. OF COUNTRY The TEACHERS CHAPTER XI traininghasNormal,for been this isIllinois, thepurpose. necessary belief all inof for A normalwhich chiefcountry now causeschool teaching. have for circles thisspecial neglect that departments no on the part of normal It is even com- schoolsspecial ofandpractically 135.)the city town. only the And when problem this country is of clearly the life country.sch becomesa question as of satisfying school control, as that Farming will hold its own against the call of town (See pp. 14, 17, trainingcountryandmonly there argued life supposed should take that bestrong a tono good answerdifferentiation. exception. teacher all requirementsm The ill To teachgeneral this anyview for school leaders country normal schoolit well of effectivestandtrictlifesince satisfying school, the centers idealism as are the ofbut local learning, andmatters agency ability instructingof trainingofnecessary rural education,forboth to which makechildren the should country dis-and chiefly responsible. When country schools become teachersschool.meaningteachersplanned is and withtoconceded docity reference so, schools. of to the be to baffling very the needs helpful, conditions and but conditions of the country of city It neglects not only the peculiar problems of country It takes little account, even when is usually amongmunityadults infarmers,prosperity terms ofand andcountry -the welfare, rural life problem" andmoving pointing towill town bethe near willway solution.decrease to com- schoolwell-trainedthose organization, uf rural country community management, teacher welfare needs and and a teaching,deep social appreciative relationship. but especially insight The 4 schoolspreparedlifeership, at the and, countryconvertpresent through teachers themti»te, vitali:edThc intotherefore, whogreatest living teaching will centers isenter singic for and aour forcorpsneedtactful existing the for ofsocialinstruction properlythe country lead-improvement of of country thisintoarcsecondaryinnate generalthe offered problems beauty training.teachers, special and of finalcountrytraining, and triumph,various life, andteachers which an exalted shein difierent cannot get When kindergartners, primary, and what argument can hold against faith in its subjects, from bothteachers,Notwithstandingtry childr,.community but fnd little adults thespecific andnecessityNecessity the attention complete for for properly has the upbuildingthus Special farprepared been Training of coun-given cointry toof Country Teachers. orlackthe specialon special of the need parttraining training eitherof society of ofoncountry country theforAt leastpart teachers: teachers? direeof the basic n.ral reasons may be offered in advocating effic:ent country life leaders. I. The peculiarities of Certainly not ateaching force the hundredthe question state of normal their training. schools in the United States, less than 270 252 ( ut of a total of almost two difficultiesthe ungraded school s)stem afford nunwrous the way of management, administration, characteristic and 254ateaching. program for a one-class graded school and a five-to-eight- COUNTRY LIFE AND Consider, for example, thc difference in making THE COUNTRY SCHOOL shouldcountry impress life in its upon broadest them socialthe place aspects of the and school relationships. as a socializ- THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS 255 It demandsArithmetictheclassthe experience countrycountry the is school.use arithmeticteacher of of country the callslocal everywhere, children forenvironment, a careful requires but pedagogicalwhich itsspecial best on theattention.teaching studypart of uf 2. The adaptation of subject-matter to changesof ingthe agencywell-prepared in the in rural present educational country farm teacher, life, system. the and unlimited the necessity opportunity of Above all else, it ties.countrythestudy rural on differcommunity. the frompart ofthose teachers of the who city are and to workdemand in rural special locali-This is an invariable argument and one of particular 3. The sociological conditions of the kindifPerhapssignificance. those of whotraining there 01)pose would to be be Kindoffered less ofantagonism Specialfor country Training to thisteachers. general Needed thesis by Country Teachers. it had more carefully thought out the This professionaltion.preparationchildrenin an ideal to shr study situation,instruct, uld necessary consist should, the ofcountry bothfor if anythinr,any general teacher, teacher. be and who even special has better all instruc- ages versed offly general training is meant hcre all the scholarship and In these lines, ciallyshouldthan the to he thosegrade of two problemsteaSier. kinds: First,imposeddilems that of byof country athe rural peculiar pedagogicalschf )01 conditions managetv.-t type, relating and instruction. to the special espe- Special training for country teachers of tlwingshoublthe briek1,4,netopresent the incltole prospective ungraded muchof the agricultureredirected country schoolteacher countryand hiniseliold system. how sclumol. these science, subjects reveal- form This training!hut agrkul- beautyshould ofinspire the country them with and ashould high ideal give ofthem the courage possibilities and faithand Teachers' Training School, Dunn County, Wi:consin ther neededtureleadership. alone in thedoes wav not of afford, specialSecond, as preparation some th;lt seem for tocountry think, teaching.all that is This training should give teachersI anli insight into a sociological nature, preparing for rural teaching.words,to Inwork High fill steadfastly themSchools. with towardsa newSpecial vision this ideal. Trainingof country Now life andOffered country for Country Teachers Special preparation for country teachers It sliould, in 1-1 279 256 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS 257 thehighis now state school, being normal theoffered school. countyThe through normalstates three of school Vermont, agencies: or training New the York,state-aided class, Michigan, and Minnesota, shipsvantagescountryways impossiblethe teachers. inbest the plan way to The the thus of statesmaller larger far normal developed socialschool, school and but for professional these possesses the are partly many relation- offset preparation of ad- firstpopularintendentofferingIowa, year Kansas, educationalpedagogical of E. the T. and operationFairchild, movementsNebraskatraining, of "this this furnish ever law,course inaugurated. seven aid is one hundred of During the seniors most the "In Kansas," says State Super- to high schools allystate,countybyThe the turned however, Traininginstitution.unity out. and liesTheof tangibility Ruralin following the Schoollarge of paragraphsnumber conditions Teachers, of teachers fromwrittenreprdented a bulletin thusby Superin- inannu- theon The chief advantage of this system to the theAdditionalthantooklist legislatureenough twelvethe of thosenormal appropriations hundred conducting training seniors to add were course,normal fortyare made taking andtraining more at this the thehigh courses.recentyear training schools (two) sessions course. tomore the of We have thistendentDepartment plan: II. of Education,When a summarizecounty wishes well to theestablish chief afeatures training of school, the County S. Youker, and issued by the Wisconsin State allyconsiderationhavefifteenevery for devoted expectation, hundred our rural ofthe toeducational schools."last two therefore, year thousand of problems their that high incourse a Willschool very in be shortlarge graduatesavailable parttime to annu- fromwho thc appointedmitteeundertheBoard approval hismust consisting supervision.by vote theof the toCounty ofestablish stateIn the most Board. superintentknt,County the case, school. Superintendent tt:se schools and the have school and a twobuilding is conductedmembers and equipment of their The governing body of the school is This application must receive a com- gogicalatraining yearselves is department.in of granted high this schools.privilege. to eachMinnesota high school alfo maintaining has worked out a peda- a good development of rural About eighty schools have availed them-lIere state aid to the amount of $750 tenanceown.ingthirds by isof the bornethc graduate, cxpense by the A hasand state diploma thethe and forcecounty frimithe of county, one-third. aa training third the grade school, state county Learing after certificate one Thetwo- year building of successful is provided teach- by the county. The expense of mairt- work and arc usually in charge of capable supervisors. These departments offer one year of Every tioniorstate three of thenormal years. student schools, before the entering amount the of training credit depending on the prepara- The work in the training school is accredited at the scau,,., 1 1 11 cours of andeffortschoolpartialschfol when is being affordspreparationand thk the adaptationmade a state most toof normal adaptavailablecountry is akured them school, teachers. and itto immediateis countryhowever, evident school thatagencyas institutions the needs, forhigh the The county normal studytwentyshowteaching in thethat weeks. in training the cityamount schoolschools.Training of is this now school practice two pupilsyears teachint inhave length. the varies privilege from of five observatiwi to and practice Reports from the different training schools effectivedesignedsystem, forprimarily as this organized ptnpose. for the inIn Wisconsintraining County ofNormal andteachers, Michigan, Schools. are still is inmore many 2S0 The county training school countryno theulties/oiler very schools areinstitution bestsufficient havetalent can. Thethe to in draw trainingWisconsin.Wisconsin into and thc trainingthe service sympathy ofschools training which are country enablesreaching teachers them the country people as salaries paid If/ the training school fac- The teachers they furnish to the 281 258to maketheMay girl the education.for onplan the be farm extended country have until boysas good everywhere and educationalgirls more in Wisconsin nearly advantages hit the mark.boy as andany COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL hasof all forced who uponhave themcome some Missouri.in contact appreciation with the of ruralnormal conditions. school and THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS The Missouri State Normal School at Kirksville, 259 childrenproperschoolsBut neither in share the will land. the of ever goodresponsibility excuse workCountry northe inthe state the'Teacher extension training normal Training of school county from innormal State its Normal Schools. of country teach- thebeenthroughconducted children, erected the influence for swho an this ungraded come purpose of chieflyits school president,on the from since normal two John 1907. schooldifferent R. Kirk, campus, rural has also dis-and A building hasThis building, school.culturalteacher,ers. A broader contact,and this outlook isthe better state isableinstitution, the to greatest give withthan itsthe larger county social training and This is said by no means in a spirit of belittling the need of the country tricts, are transported to the city in hacks. ,t t4>r goodincreasingschoolsstate work institutian. become cited demand above, generally As forrural but better educationestablished,only country to emphasize develops thereteachers. will theand Suchbe duty a constantly thorough of the consolidated Pf.,40.rt,, ..( ;,s Or 1004 t. gladlybenormaland offeredforced complete comply schools. to only give training with ininstead it large, demands,serious as ofwillwell-equipped beingand then thoughtful relievedbe commonly institutions; from attention, demandedthis duty, and and state willcan / theschool.hasI trainingfame been behmgs ofmaintained country the credit Indiana.teachers. here 1,ff as making a part the of firstthe r,special gular effortpractice for This schoid is a true country schi)ol, locatedTo the inIndiana a rural State Normal School at Terre Since f(02 a r .intry school Dramatization of Hiawatha, Rural Observation School, Kalamazoo, Michigan leastclassconnecteddistrict. (rite of thesix weuI;, b norm!lmiles eleetri from sch,,01 the arc normal remnred sch, toii, teach with inwhich it \Vintner or not this is the best policy is car line. All members of the senior it for at is uralstate.architectureveniencewhich country is constructed and andenvironment, beauty, has in been is harmony an quite seemsunusual with extensively likely example all theto destroyprinciples cipiedof rural its over ofschoolfunda- con- the Ihn to some, its location in town, removed from a nat- ces,probleminstitutionschool has hasbeen tended p'.aced U in tile training department of such anf the tindurtakiwz, ii to be worked out by thos responsible for the sue- dignify ruralrill teaching in the eyes ihiu nwre fact that a country tionedmentalInserious all here,characteristics effort bearing not toward in anyupon as spiritprogress a the conntry generalof criticism, itcchot must question )1. bebut remembered only of rural because education. that of its we 253 This danger is tn,,n- aflo COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS 261 thewanttownship alternativeWhat country we and mustof city urban highhave schools, school, for the especially farm is a farm schools for country children. We have long and have found them a misfit.and social influence, are all in the case of the schoolthat is, tried agesthemay statecountytenth thosetake normal grade.the whotraining advanced have schools classes, gained coursewith whichthe the limitedin county aprovide year. and institutions aelementary encour- prepa- Teachers who have completed the work of This affiliation ofone-year course, orlikelyinone influence.vitalagricultural whose to sympathy be environment, maintained trading with center in countryinterests, a large may life. city, The disadvantages of location in be essentially rural in its thoughSuchits a small management,a school village to be the case of the is not atof thoughnormalrationpresent.the department of school.no the actual training isteaching provided classes is todonefor continue by students work inof thethe regularcourse Among the most distinctive features of the planA typical rural school under the direction purposes of observation, directionTheobservationmoreKirksville whole than of school,offset planeducatorsand practicebyis however, here thoroughly developing among are said, the by its increased convenience for purposes in sympathy with countrynormalrapidly school now students. under the of bers,teacheras here and (levelopedclub, an annual enrolling are series aall RuralWashington. studentsof "rural Sociology of progress the Seminar,department lectures." or ascountry- mem- All state normal schools in Washington, espe- threeUnitedsupportedRuralschool hundred EdncationStates.needs of students, anyandA v:duable similarhasview and just points. bulletin,is been at present setting normal school department in the A establkhed,special Department which enrolls of the most generouslyforth the organiza- ciallygrowthstillsivenessheartily the the and one suppocted people'sof prosperity,theat Cheney, people, welfarerural have the haveschool friendlinessat all atheart, tended'departments.present and to offully createthe a legislature Idevelopedgeneral fere the them )st spiritprogres- that andfavor- has of tionrequest.in theandthe most bibliographyservice effective of thk of anddepartment this unifiedMichi!;an. book, state plan To Michigan belongs the and may be procuredin upon greater detail, is listed creditthus of far developing worked out thosebuttheablefor schoolthe conditions countryof entrance Michigan. at Clwney, teachers, forrequirements this as workanin NIichigan,elementary thatof these can twocoursesbe and found courses a s?condary are anywhere. higher than In Each is two years in length, the first are offered course, ofingfor donespecialthe theclasses state preparationmore rural havenormal along courses. long school: ofthis country line has been beenThe authorized, normal schooland since at Kalamazoo tRo7 of special training for those teachers. required by law to offer Ifere county train- eachwhohas givenasecondmentaryaccepting secondary by accepting diploma,the students diploma,state studentswithout orof certificate,tenthor certificate. examination,of grade eleventh up rank m year completion,permittingand rank granting and recipients grantingand an ele-the These certificates are areyearscourses tothe teach incommon are in offered, the school country an andA Ruralthe School Department length. The first nf these is planned elementary and an secondthan anyfcr those other who in Michigan. have is here maintained and two advanced, each two for graduates of finished ersofto women,teachthe attract work two intoa and largeand these the three number generouscourses, Sinceyears, of th respectively.salarie young offered people, to both men and mception of the Rural School Department in the This recognition2S5country teach- , :MI/WV rInuOtr 262Normal School at Cheney, county COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY superintendents working what are known as SCHOOL follows,which will the further year being illustrate divided the into character three terms: of this work, is THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS 263 as butapproximatecountyin conjunction no specialobservation ideal assistance with country schools. it have is school givenestablished conditionsthem so These schools are intended to by the superintendent, far as possibk, PhyficalPrinteryCompositionNatureUnited Ntialy ConstructionTraining States and HistoryGrammar PhysicalHouseholdCortitamithinOrArithmetic t hoard ohyTraining SeMnec 81,1 Grammar ElkaT YEAlt PhysicalGcographyCountryDraAgriculture wing School Training tirganisatmn Theencourageexceptice normal through to insure the school, an directors intothe however, mittent to systemrenders of employment of good teachers and to make all reasonable improvements. supervisionthem some and advisoryspecial serv- PrinciplesGeographyProblemsA rithmetLite:attire lc o' ofmethodMethod Country andTeething ReadingLife CountryHouseholdCivicsPhysiology and School Art undHistory Method Rural ofIllinoissanitation SECOND YEAR HeadingLiteratureAgriculture Method, Method anJ NaturOistoiyStudy MethOti, themunitycorrespondence,Cheney idea meetings. is hasa fundamental been and the through introductitm Anotherone and furnishing notaNewell in the phase summer of the country school movement This work has not yet developed fully. worthy of imitation. speakers for com- school of a but at (0 weeks) onlymeagernewly-electedspecial instance course, andof soa inexperienced direct far as attempt cmtety cutIrse of Si X weeks' duration for the benefit madeinvestigation in the United has revealed, States. is the for the special.training of superintendents. This of countywent.yersity shipsuperintende:tts Str.m..; ;:ndat Normal the emphask s..ciological establi-lwd yetriinois. k placed apects a ,pecial IC( thitry hi Septcmlcr, loll, the Illinois State ifin rural thi.: il,titutionteaching. upon The keynoteleader- School Depart- Normal 17n1. of stumnarizedtheredirected effort expethled inedrwation the phrase: by themid the coummity country department here in fact is well buildin. Three cottr-esschool as a center for , ofare cour,ee'raduateshiL:h offered: for aiuniors ofone-year the andeielith omr4e grade, h ii pr,paration, an elementary two-year omrse seni, v:s of regular normal school forof students the department having two ic anda years special an advanced two-year rank. for The (organization of the Gauntry Suh0,11Coiuntry TeachersDepartment at the here IFinois is Slate Niq111:1 Univer,ity programadaptatiooThe chief of criterion stmlies 10oftered all work l mds ni :ountry sehool;. in thc Llementary two-year coorse, The conn 'etc BEST COPY AVAILARF threethreefold(ollows: special and instructors,i, designed to ruinire eventually the services of These phases may he defined 27 as 264 1. The specialCOUNTRY resident courses LIFE AND relating THE exclusivelyCOUNTRY toSCHOOL coun- school exhibits. THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS Satisfactory work accomplished in this man- 265 andschooltrytionTo schools observation, these maintainedorganization shouldand country rural beamong and added sociology, management,life; the the namely,students Country and agricultural countrytheof Life the courses Club,department school economics.' inan countrymethodorganiza- for the talksnormalnerrocal is ongiven schoolservices various regular are fotphases sent creditcooperatingIn out of return counting schoolinto local forteachers. and towardthis country community exertion graduation. schools the improve- department to give performs recip- Speakers from the discussionbothwholein observationinitial of department, rural stages, problems. and this practiceand2. work is being teaching. is regarded developed as largelythe basis after of theThe work of the Country Training School, including Though as yet only thusspeakersequipmentelectricityment. insuring A areportable at ITthe paid any this self-support bycountry stereopticon,purpose. the communities schoolhouse, ofThe the whichtraveling plat,. requesting canforms expenses be usedtheir services,ofwithout these Bulletins relating a part of the Westernpracticaldescribedsion Illinoisof manner Cooperativein succeeding State of thc Normal Country3. Countryparagraphs. School School Training at Extension. Macomb, School which of the isThe extension work as organized under a special Divi- School.foundsourcepublishedto varic in foros the phasesfrommuch work time of and countrythe todevelopment materialtime school for usedfree and of distribution. thecountryin theseCountry life bulletins Trainingwork A chief are is Other tnacrials are furnisned through the work aremeettendedthe extensionfirst certain to filled any requirements. work. countryout byThe those teacher distinctive enrolling in Illinois fek:,:re who of thiswill schemeagree to of organization This opportunity for assistance is ex- Blanks designed for the purpose in this work and are is ment.generalcountryfrom The thcbureauultimateteachers undertakings of intentionot:. information ;riA the furtherofis schools tothose issueon assistance country cooperating ofthese the bulletinsstateschool of andthewith and monthly.departmentespecially the country depart- is its service as a filedselectedproblemstitutethe with teachers a the ofbymeager countrydepartment.each and cooperatingsurveytheir school schools of or thc community teacher schooland communities, who locality. improvement agrees One to and is con-then These contain information about organize specific munityof theforlifeexhibits informationextensionmatters, gatherings which to idea whichand mayand as help. teachers'workedbe rural taken teachers out institutes.or atsent Normal and out A directors to limitedis country the preparation number Still another method of advancing may turn com- beforeinandthrougha campaign attacking diagrams May tl a this fort.solution. showing itsproblem advancement results is then and rendered the method hy each of procedurecooperator Some of these reports are published as bulle- A written report with photographs and to attempt to carry it trypropaganda,of eachcooreratingbnoks school year on conferences, ruraltheduring teachers. department themes the whichsummer is assistsalso convene loaned term in promoting and byat thethewhich normaldepartment annual arc schoolproving to As a final means of country school coun- tins by the department,I For outlinesand others of wo are of usedthese courses,in special see countryappendix. Sections i and 2. BEST COPY AVAILARIS most effective stimulantsAmong for rural the educational earlier pioneers progress. that took up the training of 289 266 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL countrypopularizedBayliss,wasMacomb. introduced teachers formerly Countrywas the beforethrough schoolWesternstate the thesuperintendent workCountry Illinois at the LifeState Maconth of Normal Illinois Normal School at efforts of its late principal. Alfred Movement became for eight School IP yearsthatmoretryIllinois schoolsand have than a sinceman provided to and any thoroughlyunfolded desirous other neither is.from ofdue funds serving this norinitial legislation step. conducive to familiar with the needs ofthe coun- credit for the realizations them. To Mr. BaylissUntil recently, cumstances.anservesthis earnest effort, as a andstategood this normalillustration work, as developed at Macomb, Since pp; a special one-year course has been school even under unfavorableof what cir- is possible on the part of therefore r offeredplan,bycertificatession county toatas thisMacomh at superintendents. present andcourse to for graduates inaugurated,is prospective limited The of to the most theiscountry eighthits holders serious brevity. teachers.grade of second criticism of this res.oimnendedHowever, as Admis- grade theyoungarrivesMr.will requirementsBayliss doubtless andwhen quite has hoards said unpreparedbeof allnecessary inof referringsortsdirectors and if toconditionsthe this normal point, of school teachers, such a course as this refuse to employ very "Until the timeschools." is to meet waslocatedMacombnormal an actualin school. heretoforea true country farmA hasenvironment chiefteacher, been a Country about two Training miles from feature of the Country School Department at The teacher put in charge of this school selected from the rank and School. the ;-^ fileexperimentofpracticalschool of the countryPteachers, Department progress leadership, in the and three of andrural Education thoughyears the scientificof an its eagerin continuation the direction student normal ofreached of country the head per- social conditions. Under suchschool, this Country Training School of the Western Illinois State Normal SchoolBefore Improvement L 290 291 268Ideahaps thusthe fullestfar worked development out. of the country training school COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL the window panes broken and paper-patched; the seats THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS 269old ofcautions school,actualthe ordinary werepossibility. with taken. thecountry natural TheThe school;school environmentguiding selectedthe motiveteacher wasand throughout aall the difficulties the undertaking To insure this practicability three was a real coun- typical country was that pre- middlecarvedandnowooden double, library. initial." of supportthe and room. elaborately from the floor. decorated with "the jack-knife's The teacher's first work was sweeping Thecobwebs, stove, red and unjacketed, stood in the The chimney above was braced by a There %vas an old organ, but ofcisely undertaking,state;trythe teacher, summarized,Country and the transferred Trainingexceptnormal the purposes toschool School payfrom thegave anotherunderlying at salary Macombno financial countryof thethe establishment teacher. supportschool ofto the may be stated Con- Theingspresencelargescrubbing childrenwere and ofroomymere floors, the as shells,usuala and wholeand well dilapidated disgracefullypolishing were shaded, typically the but open stove. average, too. coal house. marred in front by the and scant of boards. The yard wasThe outbuild- There ofthus: centerpossibility. for its community,2.1. To and remakeshow an energizing how a typically a country force needy for school school may as he a demonstrationmade a social hadofsmall beenthe appreciationschool no evident fe.as a functional ofattempt theIn attackingvalue at source grading; of daily these of growth schooland conditions there inwork community was andthe but lesswork of the school was themteachers,life progress. in a where they might3. To actually furnish trya training out the theoryor practice school for country country, rather than a graded, school. country given organizedmakingprovement underthe of school buildingsfive heads: a center2.1. and The grounds. of problemproblem community of of the the physical environment, or social environmentthat is. service and a the im- of normalcurriculum.provide school an opportunity to study4. 5.To the Tofor serve needs furnishwo-king as ofan anexperiment out opportunity a country station forschool inthe rural departments education ofand the country schools at first dren.a curriculumsource of growth adapted for to3. socialthe actual and life The problem of instruction and of the development of administration, making possible through intellectual betterment. needs of country chil- socialtionhand. of movements the country affecting school6. TheTo problemstimulate itsschool solution. selectedand and in develop all as educational the state-wide scene of and thisinterest endeavor in the solu- was an otherimprovedschools, problems organization providing named.4. an Theand 5.opportunity Theproblemmanagement problem of for theboth observation and of the training of teachers for country solution of the blacktoardsprotrudingordinary box-car in cracked building and useless; with.. the (me plaster room missing and a small in hall front. The paper was old and dirgy spots;; the tionimrticipantschool. was first teaching. directedIn to the the campaign physical of environment improvement ofimmediately the started, atten- It was soon decided to build two new outbuildings, 29 , 293 . tono move and turn the school building, COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCIIOOL construct a basement, THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS 271 chairshall.closeredecorated,and andput New the intables, end seats,n afurnace. of hay curtains, thea clock,window building hall and leftlinoleum, window The interior was then remodeleda bookcase, work benches, primary open by the removal of the seat beingrugs, added pictures, to and and planted,metamorphosis.a pianothe room. and a strawberry a telephone Trees bed were started, later added In the meantime the yard were set out, shrubs, vines, and flowers and a garden and came in for a share of to the influence of a corn 04 I a mentsachievementtrimmed.wellplot waslaidseeded out.added Aof and newthe a directors,lawnmail fence box, and which with the After some necessary grading, the mower provided with which to keep it were built.cement walks, the pride and To these improve- telephone, fur- lawn was physicalwereisolationnished manifested connection improvement. in which in most withthe Theunity country the first outsideengendered stirringsschools world ofby thethis social awakening Early in the history of thc exist. andwhich removed soon beganthe campaign for undertak- sion.hadment.anding, hadoccurredthe A peopleparents'agreed in of toyears.association thedonate neighborhood labor for the This was the first act of community But others followed in quick was formed ; had responded to excavation of the base- a girls' club sprang cooperation that a "sing" succes- ofhouseandmunity intothe even parties neighborhoodbeing gatherings railway and athleticdeveloped excursionsbecame recreation activities popular with became surprisingadded ; exhibits were held ;a reality ; much to the solutionenthusiasm ; and school- com-local Country Training School of the SchoolAfter Improvement Western Illinois State Normal er'sundermunitypeople problem the ofdiscussionand the inits district the life. ofprteding thenot social only chapter phase 29 4 Practically all the suggestions offered to the schoolquestion, but to the binding the of the countrywere developed teach- and young com- littleAnd,effectedmosttested country in parttruth,here, was schoolto andthe declaredthis theloyalty school. specific marvelous and was good to see, but there was accountsThe there social given transformation referdevotion for the of the people to theirby many who witnessed it. 295 no marvel thus 272 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS 273 trainingaboutidealmorphosis it, offor other the country was teacher than the teaching. thateducational andBut of of a moreothers teacher reform significant interested who wrought. had thanin hadthe either project physical to or social meta- It was the propel' effecttwo-mileschooltraining that presidents, walk school"normal thus unless school andimposed, allyouAmong students who drove and came country frequent themwbuldn't in contactto teachers, it, prophecies look anyway." with at county ait, country thisto the superintendents,little normal betheruralmakefitted the development elementary thisfunction to schoolthe needs of education.serve theof of aschool. realsomewhatthe localcountry community as schoolan experiment course was conceived stationof study in to Not mere routineIn this teachingredirection but old subjects toldteaching..countryandAssociation in propagated. some school detail ofhelped Illinois, in connectionto stimulate through with whicha new the idealismit Country has been of Teachers' countrypreserved The further enlargement of this idealism will be unusualintroduced.intaughtwere agriculture, first in in terms culledbeing household of of daily their life. science,chaff and and thcn manual vitalized training, by being Pedagogically, the teaching of the schoolconstructive was and Later, new courses, especiallyexperimental. The courses were spiritlegislativewhichwhere has aProfessor comeclearneglect promise upon and BaileyThe ruralvarious Newof theof education, Spiritthe other"new Country ofinconsiderationsrace Country and of Life countrythere Teachers.Commission is teachers"every- a new Notwithstanding constructivenessofdescribed withstandinginthe agriculture, work in here, chapter their home werewere ten,many evidencedscience,locally for faults. example, adapted and in elementarythe and whichpicture constructive, were studyrural products sociology, experi- not- Other illustrations of this spiritwhereverengenderedprophesies of the such shallcountry by a risevisionnew school. up Avision isspecialamong carried of countryagencyus. there through isschool manifest service,which the this new and spirit has been devel- This change has been variousics,ciationment but recorded course uponideas rhythm,ofbased in community the not appendix spirit,To upon train serviceand note of teachers the thisreading formerlylove book, forofand inmusic, country mentioned.formal a music and mechan- schools appre- in the was, however, the attentionwelfareposedopedAssociation in entirely Illinoisof to the its vexedcountryof offor Illinois. country the problems. schoollast teachersfive at years heart and is and the others who Country whowish Teachers'haveto attract the This state-wide association is com- It was organized at the West- observation,otherratedavowedto thiswascountry purpose end,undertaken an. teichrn.s. and of as this especiallya program school, that ofand itaction mightall the and serve effort suggestion as just a means nar- for '..ne participant or practice teaching was The school was extensively used for merernsuperintendents,Since Illinois of that State time Normal about local two schoolSchool thousand officers, in Macomb country and duringfarmers, teachers, the attracted countysum- 1907. The charter membership numbered eighty. conducted.significantschoolwere granted was fact wholly the here latter elective was privilege. its popularity,on the part notwithstandingof students, and the Only students of regular senior and junior rank296 Teaching in the country scteralbythc itsforth for doctrines,character all in phasesthe preamble haveand of advance enrolled.countryThe of Country the thelife constitution interestsprogress. Teachers' of Associationcountry teaching of Illinois stands in gen- 297 arc: "7'o elevateIts purposes as schools,and274 country COUNTRY and teachers,to make LIFE lifto AND cincrease large THE and the COUNTRY lovely efficiency f SCHOOL of or the country country state-widethe ensuing federation year for the for organization country life. of a comprehensive, THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS This %vas done in 275 teachingorganizationandchild."increasing immediately force. proposes the influentialefficiency to build of of uprural country farm socializing life schools in Illinois, agencies, and Believing that the country school is the To further its initial purpose it most direct seeksthe rural the by first this hasthisaProgress,February, thusgrezAbook, grown camestate which1911, aininto movement one andis being. ofthe the IllinoisFrom designed greatest the Federation germ tocauses enlist of littleof allfor the the Countrybeginnings present forces Lifeofage. furt(.er discussed in the last chapter of ers.normalgreaterrealization andschools of more three of effective the immediate state andfor ends: the practical training interest of 2. It strives to dignify country school teaching and make 1. It hopes to create a country teach- among the IresponsibilityState Normal Schools. of theA normal shallSuggestive outline school Outline what for the seems for country Country to me school, anSchool immediately Departments practical in 1 n concluding this discussion of the countryandofposes itthe aeffort recognizedultimatelystate, church, of and the and especiallytophaseschool, effectroad of associations. home, athe federation teaching farmers' ofprofession. allinstitute, the rural forces encourages the united harmony 3. Grange,It pro- gropingconditions.necessaryattemptfarmers for about to that any solve helpstatein thisthis tonormal problem, supportwork school for it.as the all which others,next desires few in termsyears, to serve of a local few the Nevertheless, since there will naturally he much In every instance it will be ences,throughNormalunderstanding convening which in 1910, country of provedat country the teachers ToIllinois an teaching.thiseventful and endState others meeting.annual The Normal third Country A ofUniversity special these School triumphconfer- at Conferences are gaining a new are held, construciveattitudewisethe normal the toward work suggestions school is country sure devoted aretoThere teaching be permissible to slighted. shouldcountry denlands be schoolhere. in thethis interests; first formal place recog-other- a special detartmcnt of Moreover, the present of thecentratedmostBailey,this subject conference significant chairman in of the rural was lastdevelopmentsof federation, thean session eveningCountry through byaddress ofLife Presidentthe Commission. conventionan by able Professor Kenyon address were L.L. But- But the uponcon- benition.ever,untrainedas two possil,le. yearsit will young in probably length, people the1:e tstandardne.7essary for to entrance accept students being as of high ninth The course offered through this department hadIn states best where defective legislation allows wholly ) be certificate4 and to teach, how- ofterfield ferences,followingformerlybroad of social the conceivedthe to Massachusetts Countryleadership,this concepti(m the Teachers' mission and College having through ..\ssociationc r. ofthe gradually Agriculture. countryits literature became teachereducated and its an excel- Havingas one con- thegradeofwithout normal two rank. years' scho()1.necessarily duration, "loweringContiguous for graduates the standardwith of this the of course tenthscholarship" shouldgrade. be Asin offered another, also Ilut even for these nnich can be done, and done lentaddressEnthusiasm medium until forincreased it the pronm1;.:ation in the general ofdiscussion the federation following 298 11 as decided to call a special meeting during idea. this advanceddiscardthe standard the more of the elementary department course rises, itand should supplant be possible it by the to lie, as has been (lone at Nalaillaz(),), Michigan.290 276 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS 277 schools,ofcourseEventually teachers of normal regularthere for high-salariedshoulddepartments normal be introduced, school in high rank also, for the country schools, consolidated schools, and other a special advanced preparation spe- ofandcountry withthe inspiring entireother school departments workpersonality. experience of the and departmentHeand instructorsshould sympathy, have and inthe generalshould adapting best of cooperateoversight training,the whole lum.stitutenaturecial phases These study,the backbone ofand and rural other home education. of subject-matter Thescience,the redirectedbasic since elements these of these courses should be agriculture, courses shouldcountry be schooltaught curricu- subjects must con- limitationscountry school of the training prospective course country to the teachers immediate enrolled. needs and berelatingby included specialists to inthe this immediate of curriculum, the normal problen.% school. of country teaching should Three special courses PPONOMMOD organization,firstistration, of these country management,should school deal method, with and social namely, country school admin-the physicaland rural improvement. sociology. The 1. Ftt, schoolit,child-studycountry and shouldapproach school. and especially ofThe the second principles emphasize of necessary in good country school teaching. course should give a glimpse of and illustrateteaching the dependent relationships of the country upon '1. 104 I understandingcourseandstrongerIn connection offered in students, rural under sociologyofwith farma actual littlethis life shouldpractice and follow teaching these, course much observationcountry and, school for conditions. a clearer vision o; its possi- should be offered, giving a better The I shouldcoursesbilities.I and be 2.)are three included special inServing workers:the appendix the country of this school department Suggestive outlines for the first a general head or director, hereand recommended third of thesebook. (Sections be maintained as an integralA one-teacher partFirst of Annual countryevery Meeting normal training of country the school Country should Teachers' by all Association means of lacomb, July, 1908 at schoolallworker.atimes, country may eachproblem. retain school doing a comprehensive training the work or of critic another teacher, These instructors should be able 300 The director should be view of the whole temporarily,to exchange so that placesandan an individual extension of country countrytheseshouldschool it department. becan teachers.training its never constructiveness schoolwin A the special idea approval is characteristic andthe and establishmentpracticability. cooperation of such ofof aconsoli-working school Another much-needed development of the 301 Without 278 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL normal school should feel affiliated with its rural department. THE TRAINING OF COUNTRY TEACHERS 279 datedtrainingtoifwith ithandle trainingis us to notschools, be its onlyproperlyschools. problems.. theto stay first directed butInstep working to shouldwe increase must byout have no these teachers consolidated trained The consolidated country school is a thousandfold, and means be omitted ciationandthiswillIn realizing feelingservicebe among found of ofthis working acooperationthe chief end extension thefactor. country assistance and division.A tend formalteachers toof increasetheorganization will extension also the efficiencyfurther ur worker asso- As une phase of its thatderingwhichis is,the their first theygood creationstep need service for much countryfrom to Statedirection. their non-consolidated teachersuniversities respectiv in statesthe and field,territory. collegesthrough and of agriculture are now ren- one fur organ- This endeavorDepartmentteachersattack ofthis somewhatindividual organization of the Illinois afterlocal may theproblems State wellmanner Normal stimulate among of theUniversity. the workingCountry constructive countrySchool whotunitiesneersannuallyized extensionmight are equally tofor thushe this work. givenefficient he purpose enabled this to great the to hundredsservice,do more, why of both struggling not for afford themselves teachers oppor- Thousands of dollars are appropriated If farmers, mechanics. and engi- theandofficersmanent departmentcountry of exhibitthis teachers departmentshould of ascountry Adequatebe they sufficiently for arise. school meeting plans buildings,largeshould the toneeds bedisplay devisedgrounds, of farmers by and the director and other The rooms and office of a per- trictstakingrevealsand for work organized, practicallythose of this under kindsystematic no their normalis badly charge? extension schoolsneeded and inwork.' the is incountry great demand. umler- Investigation, however, In rural dis- teachers.theequipment,ance.mation students to and whichof theof hooks, departmentteachers bulletins, and and directors andfor visitingeducational may writedirectors helps, for assist- and for Under the direction of the extensionThe department office should and also become a bureau of infor- izedeversayCountry it and is notsupported.school justified? extensionIn harmony may be awith new this term, suggestion hut who theshall extensionnormal country division school of department should be well The extension worker should be organ-a sin- undertakenandteachersingthrough tocarefully country thisin thehy bureau executedtheterritoryschool department of problems information,of consolidation the normalin conjunctionshould monthlyschool. canlpaigns bc issued with bulletins the to should allteachers relat-rural be Wisely planned hulletins,equipment.cfcere perhapsrural and progressattractive anda good plans. phtspeaker. nograph. th. roughly should familiarconstitute with all phases To these should be added charts, pictures, books, .\portable lantern. nimn.rousspecifications. slides. and and modek of country a part of his countycountryandwi,rked people superintendents. sclmol servantsof vari.-ms department of communities.Stilleducation, another should froment significant be its relationship of the efficient normal For these much neglected and over- con ferences of en- responsibility to schoolde,;(4pfugschool buildings director and in furnishings.the territory Tileunder we,tern the jurisdiction unlink State of Nermal the School w..,d sy,tcm Of extcn..ion work. 30'' Every country teacher and at Macomb is row schoolscountyzouragementsummer may courses also and besuggestion developedshould he sh,muld in each be county, provided, and special superintendents one offered.or more county 30J In cofiperation with leanwhile, toobservation ii 280 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL year.schoolandcrystallize exhibits as a allsummary should this effort,The of great need of be held under the special normal schoolthe work of the annual country school auspices of the normaldepartment for each departments for conferences CHAPTER XII developmentbeenbetterdemandthe .frequently trainingthan whichnormal of ofsuchdiscussed. must school country teachers is rapidly departmentssoon be met. at presidents, by whomA serious detriment No one appreciates growing tothe a issue has to the best this thancountry that of school supervision. improvementImportance is of Country School COUNTRY SCHOOL This, at least, is the more urgent and significantSupervision.SUPERVISION No phase of consensus of providingbeingforscarcity concentfated them,of this specialof and typewell-trained the onmay the he largeracquired. andabsence of institutions men and women to act Meanwhilemore immediate attentionpresent, issue of however, is the where proper train- as directors must schoolouttheopinion this question. problem. book among as the educators onlyConsolidation, and in its best form, has adequate solution of the countryall others qualified to analyze been advocated through- isthoughtCountry be School emphasized. Problem.Trained Teachersspecially and Tt'ell-trained training for local Not the Only Need The crucial need for Tn conclusion, let teachers. country teachers. for Solvingcountry the schoolsOne additional theysuperintendents,tageswe must can to farmershavedo even virile mayand better educational fulfillothers; in this and office leaders rural But before consolidation most effectively.supervisors, or countyto reveal its advan- becomes general, This schoolsixpartteachers to ofproblem. eight the arc work grades. human required and In fact, the problem They alone can adequatelyby a daily perform can never solve the program registering from cannot be adequately But even trained but a small country entashipbecause bylocal thethan community verybetter teachers. nature placed leader, of and his butusually position the efficient The good country teacher some ways than country teachers, better prepared for leader- is not only a leader of county superintend- must become ismentthisteachersolved a change,matter of until difficulties.to the theofand consolidated education fundamental in no other way,But will the very system, has been attained.need, the change from process of this conversion come the final adjust- thc one- With mentattacksupervisionthe andpeople, upon rural but themight life whole easilyDifficulties. problem be a leader of leaders. progress. made the immediate point ofof country school improve- Thus it is evident that teachers,"claimsthroughreturns the the to whonecessity leaderThip the shall original andrise contention,of efficient herein teachers.upadvent and function of "a which must be new race of countrysetas forth, the and wrought largely-Thus the issue most imme- pro- oftically fullyupthe as insurmountablecountry neglected,a profession, teacher, until country the school But instead of being difficulties. are literally ti,o numerouswhole to system is beset with supervisionThese has difficulties, been shame- like those so considered and built name.prac- diate factor in the solution 304 of the American farm problem. Thewill following reveal at classification least enough encumbrances to show is 281probably not complete, 3'J 7" something but it 282handicapsof the seriousness to efficient of supervisionthei. existing are: situation. Difficu!ticsCOUNTRY LIFE AND TIIE COUNTRY SCHOOL 07.'sjug frmn the status of the rural teaching Among these experiencescountrychapters, school andof the teachingthat schoolroom. are met that with have The on beenperplexities every set hand forth of in inthe the earlier actual COUNTRY SCHOOL SUPERVISION coun- 283 totransientnamely:force. aredirect; not ;(a) evenand that centrally country located teachers where are largely they can untrained be visited and fre- "Fhree (b) that each supervisor has far too many teachersaspects of thisI cl troublethat these should numerous be considered, untrained workers cultiestrysemi-annual,intendent teacher and arestill in generally assisting otherscalls, andbeside. acknowledged,his at teachersany other must hour but theface of countythe all day their super- or diffi- year, When making his annual, or quently,asconnected passahle. but usuallyare scattered by earthI. over roads great which tracts are ofas oftenopen impassablecountry butprtvision perwhen canexecution, \ liolappreciate iv untrained even the when amount teachers teachers of are time areto be necessarypartially considered, trained, for its those who have been engaged in the work of super- as twoeachtl:cbecomesis practically ruralor of three whom far supervisor more hundred the he cionplicated.maycase isperhaps. devoteinnot most dealing a rurallarge with counties,share just of a time, fewthe problem cases,but with to It mustIn Wisconsin.be reflected, which too, thatmay be Li anddren.averageselectedIllinois, 8.000 covering. supervisesas children.the a typical averaee an averafze withthe state, number work a territoryeach territory of to county 136each of of teachers 55F,.:upervisor 7oosuperintendent square square and ismiles. 4.25o miles.113 ontea, chil- the hers Add In Full of Difficultie for the County Superintendent thingnecessitatingtheto workersthis great of the the majority isfact seriousness transient,constant that of this country instabilityand oflarge thatthe teachers bodyruralfor and economic supervisor'sof readjustment. migrateinsufficiently reasons annually. predicament and and trained others,thus some- tionscumulatedtilequently rural of teaching supervisor boarding-place troubles method of must his teachersdilemmas beand prepared school and and management,to issues meetconsider notuf neighborhood onlyall but the fre- ques- ac- beginsthe countryto he realired. sch! sptem,2. PiPculties 30C arisin from the limitatiiius and Thesedefects include of all the difficulties of tortmuniticsfetul. of school demand officers much attention. Dieiculties arising from ignorance and patrons, The average school officer, Thee 307and neglect on Olt in many COM- 284 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL COUNTRY SCHOOL SUPERVISION 285 thoughhowandgence,routine, attention adifficult well-meaningto and become is itof almost is the involvedto individual,supervisor.collect certain, inaccurately eithercomplications seldom through knowsthe little inability much data of andor legal negli- few Only superintendents know taxing the time superintendentanployed!if wellIt assistant should executed, isbe provided, canremembered, would get out and keep in then thetoo, at fieldleastusually that to fiveeven attackbut capable beforeone his is problems, supplied.menthe county em- And yet it is only under the greatest pressure that officersthereportsquentlyintendents common requiredbut arise of inertia must people prejudice, of struggleanddirectors. generally, unprogressiveness, antagonism, unceasingly against and which and nota misunderstanding fromonlycounty ofwhich schoolsuper- fre- But even worse than this is at leadership.weeksnecessaryableIe.:, time' two that andforlarge are the energy.needed reductions clerical for workactual must of supervision behis made office. from and hiseducational avail- So great, in fact, is this drain that the average The first of these is the deduction This consumes agingruralof all supervision. educationalof all. reform..1. Difficulties arising from the present general system of Moreover, they are the most inexcusable, be-These are the most severe and discour- monthsthatherural is employed.ofsupervisor the year actively can seldom engaged spend in the more real than work three forit which or four is poor economy to make janitors of teachers and Some day farmers will appreciate perhaps ofmarycompensation,undercause the theofruralthree annuyancemost supervisor'sheads: unnecessary.and politicaltoo is muchexpresseddistress. Thesehindrances, work. difficultiesthe very insufficient heart may andbe financial grouped source Herein also lies the explana- .14.1.111Lihred sum- clerksthecountyconsumedage countyof timesuperintendents,of Illinois, insuperintendent must driving beexclusive fromagain but onefinds reduced asof school yetrailroadit necessary even by to subtractinganother.and this tointerurban small drive percent- the762 travel,hours miles In one large OfwetionMoremore allstill of hindrances the willhaveproductive fact be no saidthat profession of laterofafter the evil ofrural fifty thisthan of supervisory'or countryand its more ofconnection the yearsschool question system, of supervision. withsuch of none financialpolitics.work, is hisleastmeanstravelingin visiting professional thirty always twenty-five each days maintain ofwork a yearhis isschoolsmiles into over merelybegin. a earthday,once. reachiog an roads, average hethe must sceneshe can spend whereby no at This means that when goodputscompensation.multitudinous inefficient superintendents. men duties into oftheNothing, the system, county however,and superintendent. at best could inconveniences be more discouraging than the Suffice it to state here that politics frequently In most superintendents.arisingdifficultieson the part through of of county rural Thesethe supervision 5.superintendents.lack are of so specialburied must amongtraining finally the be on more added the obviouspart those ofDifficulties arising through the lack of special training To all these numerous portionatelyincreasedstates,thatassistance. thelegislatures workthe increasing duties expected for of the countytheir of past the salaries twentysuperintendents average or years countyproviding have superintendent,without constantly sufficient pro- It has been care fully estimated by one308 who knows, buthindrancessuchselvesroom when preparation. for are the professionalof the latterthe first system are to seesufficientlyconsiderations, that and they acknowledge are cleared seldomsuperintendents away the considered, necessity to make them- of Clearly no one could need the advantages 309 ;"4. ^." 286 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL COUNTRY SCHOOL SUPERVISION 287 accruingtrainingpedagogy,visor,supervisor, who from now psychology,has specialpossiblebut to manymeet training for notothers and county only child morebesides. allsuperintendents nature thethan special thethat rural confront problems is super- that anyac- of Yet the only special thoritiessumablysionaltheir superintendents ability,assume selected. just the asinitiative teachers wholly in andupon entering city considerations superinteudents of Those employed need not be natives of the a union and employ are pre-profes- orquired appreciatewritereducationalfor in workhas the beengrimthe ofinstitution thisnew ableschool type. demandto determine,inof theexperience. in this yet direction, provides however, a department and Some institutions are beginning to United States, so far as the No normal school andregularfromsystemtownship, country political professionthus and schoolsscores biasmay of and the retainsupervisorsof makesthetremendous their state possible positionswhothe advantage the indefinitely. of being free samecan expert give attention the small astowns development of a The obtainStates.intendents.within as aexpert few years instruction the Systemscounty as is nowsuperintendents of availableRural Supervision for may city probably super- Employed in the United Three different systems of country school super- counties,Newthatthese secured York, states being Louisiana, by the largesometimes supervisory cities.The Virginia. large larger districts districtand and Nevada. sometimes system of supervision are not co-extensive with is practicedIn eachin of smaller. designatedvkionshipStates.throughout system, are asemployed thethe large town- dis . These thc may United be theirmerousization,Louisiana,intendents. counties, districtsis divided retaining while practically into the the parishes, influence state equivalent of and Nevadaof henceits but early not hashas coincidentclfurell with New York and Virginia are divided into recentlyparish abol- super- organ- nu- countytricttomaryStates, system. emphasis upon theThe New England system, and the with their cus- asstateterritoryished a unitsuperintendents. the intoof office school five of large organization,theThe countydistricts, county supervisor prevailssupervised system ofmost supervision,by generallyfive employingin and divided the clmnty deputy its An oxnmple of rho nfrrientofcounty 1;4:Hingham Sup,rintondentManual Training Mary Curp4mtvr in Whateom County, Washington I ii,iIIi t politicaltown,systemoriginated or township,which as a nnit, the is townshipnaturally univer- missioner,istwothe known Unitedterritories. either butStates, will as thebeing be county referred followed superintendent to throughout in thirty-eight the In these states the county educational officer or county com- statesremainder and unionoutofthis this the of privileges' eral townships of supervision. which desire to avail themselvesplan. scction except in Vermont.Under this system provision The townshipsally employed school au- through- Ohio, also, employs is made for the makingof ferentsystemthis discussion deductionsmedu:als of supervision asof and theselectingMethods generalizations. county will county alsosuperintendent.of Selecting be superintendents the system County in Superintendents. mind in The county areThe even dif- LUL 3 1 0 more numerous than the systems of districting, and in their 3 1 288prevailsaresirevariation appointivefor improvement. in clearly Delaware, and indicate four Vermont, elective. a general New dissatisfaction Jersey, and Virginia. and de- COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL In all, there are six ways, two of which Selection by appointment certainlypossible,superintendents, keepand notbetter a New few paceOf Jersey,exist. withthe states the best demanding interests ofspecial education. qualifications for COUNTRY SCHOOL SUPERVISION s hich requiresMoreover, a state certifi- legislation should county 289 governorstatesgenerally.stateIn the board andtwo and two statesof state education. territories, first superintendent; named county appointments superint.ndents in the last are two made are by elected by the the In the great majority of instances, twenty-seven Selection by election prevails most countiesnowofgraduatescate, learning, beingand of theNorthof made may afirst reputable Dakota, annuallybe class cited to normalwhich inhold the requiresimprovementschool superintendents of rural school as examples of the rapid advance a state certificate or to be or higher institution in countyregarded.bebyPennsylvania sodirect chosen superintendents vote Two if of partystates,this the is favorpeople. doneIndiana by andthetriennially, andvotepolitical Pennsylvania, of atschool machines the time directors. of canelect the be theirannual dis- At least they are supposed to In intendent'samongsionalasupervision. thirty-six license. other certificate. months' qualifications state license, to hold a lifea special license, Indiana requires that superintendentsIn Wisconsin, shallrural holdsupervisors This seems to be the only instance county super-or area profes- required convention,threctors'fourinfor each the years. .meeting.election township, elect ofthe butand county one these school superintendent trustees official, assembled or for school a termin trustee, of Three statesLouisiana, North Carolina, and In Indiana the school system provides county' Delaware.countyOtherin any statesstate where specialIncreasing supervisory the Efficiency of the superintendents stipulating .especially are Pennsylvania, County Superintendency.high ability qualifications NI ichigan, is required. and for totendent,chiefMarylandprovide choose duty and its is school onethe selection state.small supervisors.Qualifications Tennessee,county of an boards efficient trusts of education thecounty county superin- whose court Required of County Superintendents. thistheseofaccomplisliedImproving country attempt is the schoolMc improvementmust before system. besupervision some any adequateofscheme tbe for solution decreasing At least two large tasks must be can be realizcd. system. The initial step in of the problem The first theof amount evercate.low,countyOnly for beingtwenty-three superintendents,this usually office. states but the require and possession in educational these of the a first-graderequirements qualifications certifi- arefor Thirteen states demand no special qualification what- Veterinaries and road-makers must meet of theginningworkfurnished,far employment as now init goes,this expected direction butof clerks deficient of thehas and been assistants,in that made inwhich Few counties allow more than county superintendent. A be- not enou.li assistants are manyone countiesN%hen a by half is good in so opinionthecertaininfilled most states stipulations, utterlyalways important making regardless dictates officenobut legal thea of certainin countyspecial therequirements. educational standard superintendency,fitness! of but system,efficiency exceptions possibly may even be are 312 To be sure, public supervisors,gestivenotablydenselydozen could schemeIlaltimorepopulated asbe ofwell beo. manual sectionsCounty, occupied. ing training,upon ofMarylandhave the this music, point, by Several counties in the moreeastern states, lniwever and primary313 work,developed a sug- which special 290are employed for the benefit of all rural, suburban, and vil- COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL vary from less than $ioo to $5,000, the latter, of COUNTRY SCHOOL SUPERVISION course, being 291 tionsectionvenientlystates,lage ofschools.. where assistantthe large, counties theA cannot stillsuperintendents unit into better of be supervisorycounty advisably solution organization, who fordisregarded, districts under though incon- are responsiblewestern to and the southern would be to the direc- sandsationincities.exceptional New dollars. for Jersey county and and foundsuperintendents Pennsylvania, only in the counties The highest regular salaries for this The majority of states runs from two towhere three thethou- annual compen-are better represented by containingservice great are paid entspresenttagescounty is of reduced, superintendent.political small district organization.another Whensupervision improvement die amount and ofstill of the workconforms system required of county superintend- Such a plan embodies all the advan- may be to the intendents,Illinois, where or by Wisconsin,the average wheresalary theis $1,500 average compensation for county super- supervisionsuperintendent.principleoftionsrealized reducing and through appliesbetter quantityeven thework. with of possibility wellwhen equal trained' quality force of demanding to men,is thedesired, whilework higher and ofthey the qualifica- It is utterly useless to atte'lipt to exact Dusiness men realize the necessity the same arecountyexpert as countyatlegislatorsdeeply the superintendent heart buried of underthe present at multitudinous present. difficulty, duties not by uselessly multi- vill soon sce the folly of such exaction and strike :\nd it is to be hoped that a: is the average by plyingtemsecondtaking ofdtities legalruralstep thatnecessarysupervisionsteps cannot forEstablishing- the to be is theremodeling theadequately acquirement establishment a profession of discharged, the of of of county but superintendents. system.an efficient sys- a profession The bebilityacquiremenof countyadjusted. and of special status" womensuperintendents. trainingcan to be stay insured, for in it. the two work underlying permanently, factors and to First, the present scale of salaries must be This, only, will enable efficientBut before this desired "sta- must is butThe automobile$v7o, from shown which woe wontraveling by Pago PountS County Superintendent Jessie Field, at tho National Corn Exposition in EMU and campaign expenses Pagefor County,Its display Iowa of school work must tendencyincreased; must and be second, divorcedThe the fromsalaries office politics of county superintendents in the United 314 of the county superin- States rollmentWisconsin,ruralbe deducted. supervision in The which inadequacyin mostthe largest of 39,000 elementary states is well illustrated again byof the aggregate sumcity, Milwaukee, with school 315children, spent forexpends an en- annually292 about $13o,000 for school supervision, while COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL the reasons, it is safe to sayCOUNTRY that the SCHOOL political SUPERVISION plan of electing 293 soonents,tionIlere,state expendsbecome isat as atlarge, in the conscieusotheronly heartexclusive $71,000 instances, of and the offor realize difficulty.the ita schoolis cities evidentthat havingpopulationadjustment that city the of liessuperintend- 320,000. largely Of this farmers must money ques- theandcounty firstthese superintendents place, can beit ismet claimed equallyAt is al.Waysbest that onlywell election a three detriment.under arguments by another popular plan.can be discovered in its favor, vote is In selection.ofmentalin theiroffice thanhands. occasioned economic among Theconsiderations county superintendents is thc uncertain by political removal of political induence. The whole plan of subjecting educational matters But even more detri- tenure aman'swrong.and teacher,superintendent the efficiency welfareWhat or organizing difference of formust children judging be a not doesschool? to aonly goodpolitical party a memberreading adherence upheavals lesson,of the makeispredominant assisting entirely in a Usually, too, the county numl:erdecreasespolitical of the partyavailable efficiency but acandidates. resident of the presentof When thc county, systempeople which bydesire limiting still medical further the I ..... or tendentingtiontheirlegal schoolbe own assistance, olike msidered town supervisors? the cityor they incounty. superintendent. seel:ing are Why not educational restrictedshould be not chosen to direction the the talent and within select- Why, then, should such restric- county superin-upon the basis 1, of stateswithstandingorhis his efficiency politicaldemanding thewithoutaffiliation? noevils qualifications. regard of politics. to either goodlany his placeargue of that residence efficient superintendents men are commonlyis quite true. are elected not- In democratic. Complimentary Float to Superintendent 0. J. Kern of Winnebago But the principle of representative County, Illinois government, politicalespeciallyopinion.elected,his party trades.as whenhas ticket been deflected admitted, hy partisan through politics the strength and ignored of in 316But puHic opinion is a pwr guarantee of efficiency, Moreover,without the average voter too often further consideration. For these puNic votes campaignquirementeducationalandupon the which employment necessitatedequally boardour republic well. elected of by county ispopular by founded, the superintendents peopleelection is likewise would is by democratic, Again, it is argued that the political 317 a good thing, in meet this re- a qualified samethethat294 people it insightbrings and the can their county be needs. obtained superintendent from conducting into close educationalcontact with COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL This undoubtedly is true, but the politicalthan at present. organization of all states where the COUNTRY SCHOOL SUPERVISION In the second place, it harmonizes with the county is the unit 295 campaigns,isbeenFinally,legitimate now practiced enshrined it whichis expression sometimes in are insome certainlyour ofargued statespolitical an educational much thatfor heritage the needed presentpast leader's and twoand method, should generations,a farendeavor. more havingthere- developmentmanencysupervingof state it from isors.to administration. the directof office political of the countyuncertainty superintendency and by a well-trained And in the third place, it lends profession making possible thc of rural remov-school per- getherforeaundesirable politician, be too retained. unreasonable, it11 not every onlyThus way. toentails demand theWhen all election theattack.the evils county of of school politicalsuperintendent spervisors machines is by popular vote is But this argument is too futile, and alto- tendent.whichboard,help and couldbut plenty upon be ofdirectly the assistants, recommendationIn and application closely to be employed supervised this uf the system should further Each county might then be subdivided into also by the countycountyprovide bysuperin- clerical these assist- districts theory,demandsabilityandests party Of theits time thetrades, actualcriterion schools.and butapplication energy of makes success. that political, inshould practiceWhen berather he expended is is undesirable, notthan a educational, politicianin the asinter- all it Acceptable as this system may be in tencybettertenureEnglandants, thus andplan of and officefaithfulinsuring would preserving should service.be the continuous closebe meanwhile at supervisionleast employment four the practiced Every school in the county should years, though a stillcounty unit. during compe- in New The thesuperintendentsknowreason who educators have come themselves, everywhere, in contact are and with beginning even its workings.the majorityto officedemand of countythat be removed as far as possible from For thispolitical sion,soalsofarmers as Le ato necessity connected expedite might they reasonably withcommunication. can the scarcely superintendent's demand hope office competent school supervi-Under suchto provisions attain under present by telephone, handsthatOnefavorit of ofism. placingthe a county hest thesystems board employmentThe ofofProper education reorganization Method of ruralelected of supervisors for Selectingby this the purposepeople, Countyin the asis Superintendents. tendency.thethisconditions. Opportunityreform Of all is needededucational and canresponsibilityLeadership beoffices, appreciated of of the the only County Superintendent. none, as has been shown, county superin-by considering Ilow badly withrequirementsofis nowfrom almost done five universaltoineducationally. nineNorth members, Camlina.favor because possessing in the certain first place stipulated Such a plan in general meets This board should consist it is asbentgreaterentails primary upon responsibility.greater thefunctions county burdens, of superintendent, his and office. Of the many responsibilities incum- none, These are fir,t, his respon-it two stand out especiallyis safe to say, bears sentativedemocratic,with fewer government allowing political the to selectpeople their through own the superintendents, principle of repre- but 3 1 difficulties and less friction and waste andsibility statussecond, for ofthe hishis proper responsibilitycounty. supervisionNo one couldfur of the his do educational schoolsmore under favorable conditions 3 9 and teachers, leadership fur all COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL COUNTRY SCHOOL SUPERVISION 297 296phasestendentspresenthe is ofnot rural limitations areonly progressadmirably a leader no than butonedemonstrating the a can leader county do more,of superintendent, leaders.through as many their sinceeduca- Even under superin- becomescountyvisionsiderationtions and in asuperintendents. permanent many .bettercalls forstates preparation. special profession for Four meetingattention. statesdemanding the at travelingleastMinnesota, higher expensesqualifica- Wis- of One matter of financial con- This is the lack of pro- wherearetionaltogiving legally educaional campaigns.no requirements required leadership, of county are enforced, have done many a superintendentsgreat attention to the clerkship of their office and more In Missouri such educational campaigns superintendents. In other states,deal, notwith- by expenseofconsin,general this situation California,of sources their superintendents. ofand andassistance nowAssistance New authorize Jerseyhavefor fromcounty statecounties superintendents seen departments the to meetinjustice areof the education. the The chief bagoamplesstandingCountrysmall County. ofoffice .heir Schools.these Illinois,countlessbig instances is Superintendent which duties. where is described efficient 0. J. Kern's in men his book,work have inmade Winne- a Another interesting record of what train- One of the best known ex- Among superintendenting,county.County,of personality,County superintendents Iowa. Superintendent can Numerous and do generalfor might a countyother Jessie efficiencybe instancescited is shown here on of asin the, thewell the partgood leadershipas numerous of work the of Field, of Clarinda, Page system,acknowledgedcauseinstancescriticism for that ofcriticism of theirthe county remarkable, present poor and superintendents work. complaintgood considering service against it is must therendered. some, difficultiesbe remembered And of in theall that But notwithstanding the just it must be School Directors' Convention, Goodhue County, Minnesota creasednoteasilycounty the salaries. available superintendents for thoseInspiration is whoalready care and at to Helphand, use it.forand County much of Superintendents. it is men but the system is chiefly at fault. In the meantime, inspiration and help for Not the least /n- times,manyassiststate their statesas departments in county Wisconsin, this aid superintendents, ofis definiteeducation.yissouri, and Louisiana, at well least organized. personally, and North andCaro- in All state superintendents Some- neededcialmentisin consideredthe phase ofandscale rural tangible willof supervision,salariesby eventually some of thisin the many assistance though adjustmost states. vital itselfit is is evidentpoint thewhen recent in thethat the workincrease theimprove- finan- once This question of salary inspection,duringtheinspectors.lina, inspector it isefficiency provided at is least appointed and through to goodan extent by theconduct. the employment sufficient state superintendent to of make state him rural and familiar schoolserves In Wisconsin, where this office was first created, His duties include321 school with298conductingtribution conditions of ofinformation throughouteducational relatingthe campaigns COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY state; the collection and dis-to rural schools ; and the SCHOOL patronagecombat and with fewer be,tter miles school spirit. COUNTRY SCHOOL SUPERVISION to travel; and a more enlightened All of which is con- 299 superintendents.trons.feltences andHe with tois thusact county as in a ageneralsuperintendents, position counselor to make teachers, his and and assistant for countyand frequent confer- influence widely school pa- fessioniswhat ducivea profession the can tocountry neverbetter arisesupervision needs whileIn furtheritsummary of of county superintendents. in the thisway theme, ofand school to let progress it be repeated ofthe system is saturated But such a pro-every kind. supervision and con- that dianaruralschoolsconsidered school and and Wisconsin, performstheinspector. head practically oftheAgain, state as thein Illinois, the assistant In othera specialstates, particularlydepartment infor country superintendent keeps in same dutiesstate as the superintendent state is con- In- trolled by political influence. This, to be sure, is not the only ciationsintendentsfulteacherstact form with forbyof is cooperationissuingcountyhis that county effected superintendents.bulletins superintendents through for each. and on the part of state and county super- state conferences and asso-Minnesota, Oregon,Perhaps Mis- the most help- even with his rural variousheldInconventionssouri, Illinois undernormal Illinois, yearly theof schools. Washington,this direction conferences type, and of andreportthe of North The benefit of' these conferences statecounty superintendent superintendentsgreat at progressthe are from, them. Carolina hold annual as visionofmediums the consolidatedshould for thebe noted.interchange countryThe Chief school of ideas Need. is In conclusion, the effect of the Something of the meaning of this system upon rural super- self-evident. growth The From HisCounty Home Superintendent to His of Most Distant School in Newton County, Missouri, One Hour Can Get thetendentssuperintendencyshownmovement disappearance thein former consolidatedto country ofis chapters. equallyall children, the school difficultiesbeneficial. teacherssyttem will and farmers Its influence upon the To county superin- mean in brief has been county doCubberly,dominance,politicalreform with a needed,man's availability, of considerations Stanford ability but certainlY place of residence, toUniversity, be an educational says, "have leaderwhich," as Professor so long as "political affiliation, and party political no moreEllwood to P. than the supervise;earlierto the inconveniences part fewer of this school chapter of theofficers ungraded to instruct; system, ; fewer and better teachers of supervision due lessdiscussed isolation in to the to ressdeterminebaby,church can or be thehe the expected. belongssize selection of of to, the age of his wife,the shoesPartisan he wears"so control is the county superintendents, little 323 cursethe name of country of his long as these prog- 300school supervision, and COUNTRY LIFE AND THE for its correction there COUNTRY SCHOOL is but one venient, and conducive to consolidation. COUNTRY SCHOOL SUPERVISION 301 ruralhaspoliticstherecure: been supervision Take said the is in officenoshould this otherThe of theDuty of Teachers chapter against bythe no meansto County be interpreted Superintendents.way. county superintendent present system of out ofWhat Illinoiswheretion.otherpassed school on consolidationquestion. no legislation Most in of thefor this lasttransportation has There are still several states, howeveramong ten years than upon any relatedMore to transporta-laws have been is yet pro- others, moreauthoroncism the ofearnest no partcounty ,servants of in superintendents,country their in professional the teachers. educational field or as a suggestion for disloyaltyattitude or more In the experience of the are upon the whole courageous as a criti- consolidationtheronvided this and and question. set where a bysplendid angiving effective,A few stateexample other determinedaid desirableto for districts Minnesota and Oklahoma have gone fur- the encouragement of campaign is needed which unite. beringshouldcapssuperintendents.in thatstandingunder at his all which difficulties times for thethe give countybest him superintendent Teachers should consider arewelfare even of greater children than than their their most loyal the peculiaris placed, handi- remem-,support and co- are county own, and Wisconsinandbothhere. to countryIndiana have and Minnesotaat andis least raising town twelve teachersthe standard weeks of of measuresnow may offer be one only hundred glanced fifty at dol- to be high school graduates professionalteaching training. by requiring Schools.outInoperation this the way schools in only furthering of theSome the Other Legislative Supervision can unity and progress be maintained state. educationalMeasures welfare of Needed the for Countrythrough- county. tionOregoncondemnationclasslars insuring of requirements state and compulsory aidMinnesota, of annually poor ; and schoolhouses. attendance haveWisconsin to all lately furtherpassed country schools meeting first on the partSeveral of country states, notably provideseffective for legisla- the legislation,Noothereducational. phase issues of sincemight reformeducation, it receive needing legislative may be considered the basis of in fact,is bYdemands no attention here but for lack means the only attention. more attention than Numerous of space., rural . andconventions.lationchildren. Minnesota is that Another providing are of the for best county school Pennsylvania, Washington, Indiana, Wisconsin, among the states which have availed measures in recent school legis- board or directors' futureingstatutesneglected,ress. in promisesthis for asmatter,compulsory is well,commonly however, education. But in the country, illustratedat least, byno thephaseeven disregard among is farmers, and the A new awakening is soall muchprog- com- of a bettercountlessperlawthemselves dayalso day forprovides otherfor ofattendance childrenthis unnamed mileageimmeasurable of at reformstheandthese farm. meetings.benefit. is heralded a compensation of two dollars In most states theIn all these and the coming of whereverizemeantconsolidation all the schoolsefforttried and has to theof discard been townshipTwo the measures of general 324 a township under one board. found less expensive,agitation in this connectionlocalunit. small district By ttie township unit andmore organ- con- This plan are is 325 , r-, upbuilding of the soil; while the farmer himself stands a little THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT 303 THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT CHAPTER XIII demandington,before.straighterBut while theFrom for and line anof Maineviews greatimproved of greatest the sweepto Florida,world agriculture interestand even generality, and andmore fromand attention independentlybetter Floridathis interest country follows to Wash- is thanlife. suffi-the mentthosenot isin essentiallywho any aresense a nativea an movementCharacter "uplift" part of andfrom it.of theis the never Movement. ground so regardedup. The Country by Life Move- Long before the appoint- It is ciently localized to be practical. West, South, East, and mentfromsionedmenment of andland hadthe largely women Federalitswaste beginnings by andthe ofCommission necessitythedepletion. farm. in the for on needs economic Country and reflectionsbsettermentLife this move- ofarising the Its first stirringsThis need were .tioon occa- awaleened a injunction,Notplacebydesire farmers the strongfor early agricultural until"better emphasis command, lately. farming science, upon "better and the andbetter socialfarming," little business," phase else not has of the butcountrybeen later the heeded fully duallife. Recent rural developments, however, meetingsistercOmpleteditself withinliving," astraythat the ismandate, convenes, nowlast upon few its "better ruralslogan. years whatever social thatfarming, So practicallystrongits questions; initial better is thispurpose, business,every and human everyagricultural soon andempha- agencyfinds bet- ingMiddle in terms Westeach of its ownsection viewpoints has its problems andConference conditions. which of itRural is solv- Social Workers, College of Agriculture, Amherst, Massachusetts There is ment.widespread,onefor countryof Theparamount city lifegeneral office betterment importance. interest clerkIn no dreams atdevelopmentthan last in recognizesof the a Countrysmall of our farm this Life national asphase Move- an ark aslife is there now more sinceritylittle imitation of the andmovement noWork lossSOME andof of DEVELOPMENTS individuality. the wisdom State College of OFits direction.TIIE of COUNTRY Agri ulture.The LIFE MOVEMENT chief This proves the merceof financial sees untoldsafety possibilities; the member for of boththe urban country chamber and city of incom- the 302 theagency state in college this reaction of agriculture. of interest back to the land has been The profound influence of 327 30.4measure.the agriculturalwhole philosophy college of national COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY not only upon farm welfare but education is quite beyond SCHOOL upon large factor in the developmentInfluence of theMachinery. Country Life Move- THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT Machinery has been another 305 whichotheruatethis field School summer calls of together ruralof at Agriculture' service the is Of the many organizations one of the best state colleges of agriculture, presidentstwo andstand leaders out especially. of these The Grad- a short course convening now existent within everyinsti- tocrops,eration isthe a controlmattercorn of farmersand beyondof wheat, steament. for the andare lack comprehension nowsteel. of almost contrai. thoroughly of the younger subjugated gen- The influence of invention upon modern agriculture Cotton alone has remained The great staple tions,theseeminglytutions Association which for far the meets removed exchangeof Agricultural annually from of actualprofessionalfor thefarmers, dissemination thought. this'Colleges schOol 'and and Experiment Sta- Though anden- 04174":4 ,,z4vitl.0.11.44j 4 417". P4t,04;, 1Y1,, IFt11; thecouragement fountain source of advanced -of applied agricultural agriculture, Vence, iffect the in Ihe end very in stimulating fi AA". ' iI ,17 ,6 tt,*#i:t "40 r A attention.collegesconnicted of with''the agricultureThe' 'but social side of farm life man behindstate the c'ollegeplo,y, as .of does agticiilture. everything is now: bdatnninghas ieen io holda second Thought . theirwith " AmherstYonAgriculturefeiv L. 'years Butterfield, Movement." at this Amherst, college is The ,under has special developed In this line the Massacliiisett& a recognized leader. the direction of President Ken- feattire of this what is known State CollegeDuring ofthe past movement as "The ofagriculturecatorsLife,is athe five closing workand weeks' Ruralisrelates anrually offered Summer Social .to withtheat thisSchoolWorkers. sociological session, a Conference of Agricultural Edu- of Agriculture and Country Instructionbut a phasesin large technical proportionof country life. The Cotton Harvester oflems,agriculturalCourses and in rural agricultural cooperation, literature economics, rural sociology,1910 thirteen states were represented are offered. country church welfare,At the summer schoolby the student body.rural school prob- newfirstunconqueredto centurybringdevised the hasthroughouthis final justrude triumph witnessed gin. the yearsin thean of inventionconquest invention ofwhich since the great promisesWhitney white But the closing decade of the whomprogress further directory information ofI thisAll organizationsmaybook, be with obtained. mentioned in this chapter 3('S the addresses are listed in the rural of officials from tocrop. thepass green over bollsa ripening unharmed, field, isgathering the product the fiberof twenty and leaving years ofThis sensitive mechanism, so delicate in adjustment as 329 . 306acourage machinist and of endeavor Chicago. on Though the part not of yet Mr. in Angus common Campbell, use, no COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL examplerural but of nationalthe service interests.1. 'such provision THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT American farmers have long can render not only 307 harvester,doingfullywords more regions successful, can for like prophesyof the the developmentis wheatSouth. destined the "combine," Norevolution to single ofinaugurate this humanwould section.which in meancontribution thethis cotton notmachine, only could if For the cotton grow- eco- cretethisforthto beencorrect demand itspolitical conscious legislative it. is action of desires this worthy problem, in ofunmistakable note however, is made by farmers Every agriculturalstill convention unanswered, that but here and there and are doing much terms. meets sets Much of con-and toldcivilization.betternomic in twines,gainthe World's and a the happier WorkreductionBusiness people,for December,of field andOrganization. labor,the 1910. basis but betterof The a new schools,high rural cost of living, which A fuller story of this remarkable invention is yrOV '14 V:. chieflycomingeconomists,attributedhas lately to to provokedtoan agree and theinefficient allinadequacy that soothers muchthis system whointernational alarmof studycrop of and distribution production. the discussion, matterphenomena rathercarefully, But is generally farmers, .isthan due are to haveoftioninadequate the has come leading become production.about developments an through issue For of nationalthethis of desirereasonthe Countryconsideration, ofthe farmers middleman Life Movement forand better manyques- agriculturalIMMO( by Cornell legislators. College Exposition, columbia, N. C., rebroary. 1913 Model Country Fair An interestingof Agriculture example at of this the Fifth National Corn out- businessOregonbeenFarmers' cooperation,methods. founded shows Union uponsomething the and Hoodthis the need. ofAmerican River future Fruit possibilities. Society Growers' of Equity,Association have of Two great national organizations, the As a study in local business This organi- legalgrowthfarmers.consistsan organizationadvancement is theof The about Farmers' efforts formedseventyof agricultural Legislativeof this withinmembers, club the are openlyinterests. centeredmanyClub ofin whomfur- ofstate Illinois. are legislature actual for the Its membership This is beposalzationto found afford of provides fruit, among one and of Americanfor isthe saidthe bestAgricultural picking,by examples farmers.studentsof sorting, ofLegislation. agricultural business packing, cooperation economicsThe and need dis- tofor proper and ex- ofthering state'sandthe Unitedits legislative best action welfare. States thus measures is farThe the has Country proved Life Movement for the benefit of agriculture,in the South. Lifehighly Movement conducive charged to the In no section peditiousthelems farmers blocking agricultural are the also road legislation the to chief rural lawmakers,isprogress. another of we the have large a prob-worthy 330 In Denmark, where Farmers,"with greater in the significance Outlook1See an and article by F. C. Howe, entitled 94:441-50. earnestness than in the331 South. "A Commonwealth Ruled by This308 is but proper andCOUNTRY natural since LIFE 'nine-tenths AND THE COUNTRYof the south- SCHOOL large negro population. Two rural movements looking THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT to the 309 inUnitedrenovationbestern Chapter population known States V. andwork Department most of the fundamental late of Agriculture,Dr. Seaman of these which A.efforts Knapp is discussedis the of soilthe live under rural conditions. By fa r. the Dr.theimprovementthebetterment sameS. AnnaA. Knapp'send T. of dealing Jeanes thisof negro successfulclass with Foundation, ruralmay adult beschools. experiments negromentioned embodies farmersA second here. known .is a One effortplananother of fortoward these, ofthe as the moreformerlyisFarmers' conducted especially described. Improvement along the ThelinesNew Society CountrysimilarEngland of to Texas. States, Lifethe demonstrationMovement is another sectionin work the East. The East, This organization sciousphasis.notableawakening of feature the to benefits a renewedof rural of social lifeinterest progress and in economic things here agricultural. is ccoperation its social,em- In no other part of the country are farmers so con- The as analysisleadershipadoubtedly .highin New and stage of England.due directionthe of toMassachusetts agriculturalthe of pressing this social advancement. demandsCollege growth of of hasAgriculture the been cities, referred inreveals the This readiness to cooperate, although un- The scientific haveduringProgress.thisto. viewpoint been which voted time, is intothe seventy Newit. England different Conferencefarm Anotherlife organizations fordevelopment Rural which shows the predominance of This conference has convened annually since 1906, From this it is evident that New RuralMinisters Life Attending Conference, theAnother held since leading i9o8 rural at themovement University of the of South is the annual Michigan State Agricultural College, Lansing, During the Summer of 1910 Country Church Conference Held at the shipever,certedEngland is that action. due farmers no to small the have insight proportion come and to visionappreciate.theof this of unusual President benefits social Kenyon leader-of L. By way of explanation it may be said, how- con- mostcourageSouth,Virginia. difficult andand bettertheir factor influenceliving conditioning in many is already southern southern measurable communities. agriculture in is a the w These gatherings call forth the best talent f the he congratulated.West,gistsButterfield, and characteristically for who whose stands possessionThe inepitomizing Country the foremost New Life Englandthe Movementrank native of is ruralspiritto be insociolo- ofheartily the West. In the Far mar- S. 3 velous310methodsgress, attainment, looking of agriculture particularlyis the International in the to semi-arid the introduction Dry sections Farming of theCon- United COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL of scientific a greatseverallem of national ruralnotes welfare ofcountry progress from life were convention every struck. side. attackingOne of these was the In its management the prob- centeredgressStatesfastissues thus becomingand almostare farother now through entirely countries.the being nucleus the upon entered five agriculturalof years a uponcomplete of itsits science. programs, country life and move- it is The chief interest of this con- existence has been But social thirdscientificAnotherreductionexhibits, was wasworkthe as strongtheillustrated of emphasisthirty-seven sociological in the on showing statethe tenglency educational experiment of the of mostthe sidestations. meeting, advanced of the A of exploitational and entertainment features. inWomen,ment Throughbility1911, for of washeldthis women all asection.under worthythis in thegeneral country recognitionauspicesThe interest lifeCountry of development. theof inthe Dry countryLife place Farming Movement and life, Congressresponsi- there inhas the Middle We Et. The International. Congress of Farm pointednothaslocalfull as nationalnotyet impetus. out, yetgrown thathad scope. thesufficientup aCountry voluntary time Life tofederated bearMovement fruit organization in nationalis chiefly terms. o of f Its growth has been nourished in the soil and This is due probably to the fact already Thistionalothermovementbe properexercised blight. organization rooting to by prevent those is for most responsibleits agriculture, injuryfortunate, by for itpolitical and theis inevitable greatdevelopment exploitation care that should ofsome theor But in the absence and need of a central na- Rural Life Conference, University of Virginia, Charlottesville cornthepoint.organizationrecent National growers remarkable Cornand of lesserrelating Association, and rank variedoriginally should developmentan rganizationto bethe aed Middle asof instituted athis gathering organiza- by This responsibility has been temporarily thrust upon West. The economistsdiscussed,Conference,which culminated of and inthe which for country during which every werethe the phase last leadingconvened. week of rural inrural aUponcommunity national sociologists the Ruralwhole, life andLifewas undertioncornlumbus, is thefor show auspicesthis Ohio or reason an (February, ofagricultural peculiarly theThe National Fourth 1911), significant.exposition. Annual Corn was Association Nationalmuch more Corn in thanCo- Exposition a lately held It was, in brief, ofablythis cratictheagriculture. lastthe need mostannualorganization and magnificent demandmeeting of of nationalof celebration rural the Cornlife scope workers everAssociation to conducted serve for some as was ain unifyingdemo- prob-honor But especially significant was its reflection wellcenter312 as for technically their complete agricultural. interests, social and economic, COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL The request from this vol- as shipCommission of this body on Country wisely Life.bestowed, but the whole personnel THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT Not only was' the chairman- 313 lifeofficialinformalmanuntary interests, of organization actionthe Committee Country is might unprecedented askingon Lifeserve CountryInternational Commission, Professoras a inLife, national the which L.history Institute H. centerto Bailey,in appoint ofthe ofagriculture.for absence Agriculture.ex-chair- a Crowning all this country new of ducecombinationvariousmembershipof the an committee opinionsanalysis everythus andofcould effectedsection inestimable viewpoints scarcely of could the valuehavecountry werenot, andbeencarefullyto wasthe did improved. whole represented, not, balanced. fail American to pro-Theand In its Rome,Thisyetislocal, an comparatively isorganization state, inthe 19os, International and chieflynational unknown,of international through Instituteeffort embodies for the of country Agriculture, notable life improvement,possibilities. founded energyscope, whichof an American, though as at andreadableofpeople, this every commission. and style one absolutely isconnected easily obtainableNo vital with attempt to country the (see needwelfare bibliography,life be should madeof farmers. hereby page all to means 389),inculcate the conclusions The official report prepared in clear, anduelcooperationinallyMr: haspermanent David since subscribed of Lubin,erected headquartersthe King toof a thisSacramento,beautiful of venture, Italy. of its building delegates. California',and King for the .Yictor apd special the Forty-eight nations orig- The large aim Emman-enlisted use speciallabor,Foristers,procure this theespecially, adebt and copy. farm ofand mengratitude forwill and the find womengreat to it thesea guidegood of men the andthat Unitedof incentive has the come commission.States to of action. their Farmers, country teachers, and country min- owe a aof means formationworldcoordinatingthe International ofpowers. realizing concerning bureau A chiefaInstitute better of the immediateagricultural equitysupply of Agriculture ofof purposedistribution agriculturalinformation is is and products prices. to furnish,to serve in- .as a among the as ever,areispopulationThat a orrighteouslybit a "read, serviceof political should ordered soindignant. vitalbe intrieue hampered to to lie the foron well-being whichthefor table,a few all whoofpaltryand half beknow dollars, the printed," nationalthe how-facts TheofAnothernomic immigration realization cooperation,purpose of in is these theto and foster channel and still variousthe a third ofdevelopment its otheraim need is undertakings to directof rural the as farm labor. floodeco- is are certain needs of theWith Country all this Life expenditure Movement of as energy a whole for rural welfare, there NEEDS OF THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT tionattempted of statistical largely information.through the study, collection, and publica- Mere mention of this insti- ership;thesewhich needs must(d) and .are: be idealism.regarded for its ultimate success. (a) concreteness ; (b) federation; (c) lead- Four of redirectionopportunitytutefar can the be most madeforof Americangoodinfluential here, liesThe but in farm Countryits ofit properall life Lifehas development. been Commission the Federal and Its Work. But by 33C is evident that immeasurablerecent movements for the downespeciallymustfarm. become and fastens true a partof its those of rootsConcreteness. the developments dailyin the life soil of byAny the helpingthat people.movement pertain to upbuild to that the proves permanentUnless this movement for rural improvement reaches '337 This is 314 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL thefailure. life of the local neighborhood,Perhaps the itbest is therefore expression doomed of this primal obligation tois genuinespiritualredirected enough aspiration. so as to to unite preach Then all religionintroducethe people in termsa oftrue-principled the of community country life grange inand THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT 315 athemunitiesThethat glance farm conveyednecessity athasproblem actual been by for conditionsthe emphasizedinthe Chapterphrase, regeneration is "country I,necessaryin but considering no of community referencelocal for conviction. the solutionother building." than of country com- All plantwholeandoperation,or farmers'performing other township andburdensome club construct,the infor functions the social, meantime labors nearby ofeducational, creamery, of perhaps, with the home.well laundry,aand cooperativeconstructed, economjc cannery, labor well co- Intersect the notunvaried:townofover the found the by Country Unitedscores. inTo the obtain Life Statescountry.When Movement, the today,asked advantagesThe notwithstandingnecessityfor farmersan explanation of of the are instituting town still the the movingwhichpopularity replydefinite tois are maintained, and attractively improved highways leading back 4 migrationisbringconcrete thus these clearly effort be desired stemmed apparent. within advantagesAt andthe this localthe point American ruralto let the the community very farmreader door problem consider ofwhich the solved. farmforshall a moment the latent In this way only can the tide of city ofplete opportunitiesthis and territory highly a developedoflarge the and average thoroughly living. fertile equipped farm region consolidated for Picture near the center com- The "Country Community Center" Exhibit at the Fifth National Exposition, Columbia, S. C., inofcountry schoolwhichadults. school, course.books, Add an furnishing bulletins, extra room cropa redirected or reports, two or education anda separate agricultural with building, a highdata Include ten acres of land and the education andto comfortable, where might modern men dwellUnderlying homes, more and happily the scientifically success ? of tilledall such farms efforts at local Corn February, 1913 commu- principaldifficultiestheof secretary,'every use of descriptiona farmers manof or their "farmof such andwork. may doctor," maturity,their be collectedwives. to training,consult and with andmade experiencefarmers available upon that for the Or, better yet, employ as school Employ an agricultural necessaryherenity buildingby wayto define ofare summary. a thefew community. 1.general principles This natural which center mayNatural centers must be employed, though it may be stated may be forhecounties maythe entire act in asvarious community. a general states noweducational Add employ a prosperousDe such Kalband agricultural County,agricultural country Illinois, secretaries. church, leader Pettis County, Missouri, and several other 338 uralbewithwhole a geographicschool the township chief district, initiativeland may a village,division. 2.well and be aresponsibility.included. "neighborhood," or Local farmer leaders must be enlisted and entrusted In339 level prairie states the These lay leaders some nat- THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT 317 316naychiefgymen, beis to stimulatedmission awaken teachers, of and bythe and encouragelocal professional othersbut professional leadership not leader, controlled leadersthat onas laterthe by part pointed is, of cler farmers. out, COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL them. The tionsnitetateforces of aprograms seriesthe will labor be of a broad of necessarycareful work conferences for for the progress. various and division among rural social institu- the formulation of defi- institutions involved. This will necessi- ceedingcommunitypicture paragraphs of ideal. what the under3. community4. the heading may ofbecome idealism. and of the attrac-EveryAfter individual establishing within thisthe community "community must ideal"that hold the is, a More is said on this vital theme in suc- The country church, the school, the family, and the voluntary' wholetionswomanoandgoodin working it population mayroads possessdefinite, toward are child mustneeded, it. in thenthe the population,be concrete wholeconcentrated. community, tasks should must For participate example,be every, selected man, in a Upon these the cooperative effort of the if localvidualschool, good 'programs family, loads campaign.and of othsrsAmust wink6.5. developed be defined; for their guidance. LocalThe function forces must of each be federated, local institution, as as of the church, shown later,16.6olve and definite 'indi- muchthetheseinvolving tasks enthusiasminstitutional of improvement so many as programs the persons,The Country undertaken. Federation of so Lifework many Movement, and of organizations, gainRural strength Forces. and so In any undertaking there is dan- for Togerunion,among preventofforces," waste orthe workingthis asfromvarious it a has theunited institutionsharmony,been overlapping agreement called, or is further and to be concerned is advisable."federatiton of ruraland social duplication of effort. division of labor desired because This farm organization, for example, Diplayedmust each at the work second out annual a line Country Life Conference of the Illinois Federation for Country Life Progress, July, 1912 Country Community Exhibit ,the ruralofalone.many problem view phases are in represented its that complete no one isAn form plainly initial is soapparent. step in securing this federation of countryThe life advantage of a unified attack in which all points institution is capable of handling it large and of to of otherofaction developedsocial institutions. for progress its is guidance, that and inaugurated modifiedBy based far the on byin most the differentthe scientificscientificpresence places principlesandwork through rights in rural of the federation thus far ir .4..1, 0I ' 341 Massachusetts.influence318 and thought of President COUNTRY Of these personalLIFE endeavors of AND THE COUNTRYKenyon L. Butterfield of SCHOOL President andinend a whatthird theto carry federation out these can dorecommendations. to relieve undesirable aspects, THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT 319 . Oatnelion. first.responsibiiitYandButterfield's, holds annual and, the workrshare Rhode Island of each League for Rural It enrolls all the rural social institutions This was organized in progress conferences through which the 1906 and is still in opera- organizatioti is deter- of the state Progress of agestivepracticalIllinois carefully ismethod totc consideredinsuremake of this proceduretheThe movement best platformambition success, for sufficiently othercherishedof thingsand states. to amongadvocated servescientific as the a and ruralsug-was progress workers To this end chapter.whiçstandi'mine; b. the As New the.dlimax -EnglandOutside of the New federative England, idea where in 'New is mentioned in 'another connection Conference for Rural Progress, rural social consciousness is earlier in this England "Countryadoptedexuberantgivesgle phrase theat Community the keynote enthusiasm,the time fundamental qf of Building,"organization, its but work. the purpose which accomplishment together summarizesof the with federation the of in motto, definite,a sin- and Not large generalities and Federationoriginever,cation.most inacute, and Athe notable method Illinoisinthe Illinois federative exception Federationof hasorganization beenidea to for hasthis Country. thisstifement Life a gro*th from small begin- ha4 little organized appli- movement is unique. is found, how-Progress. In thisproblem.poseswhichconcrete organization tothe tasksput Illinois upon in advocates theFederation city local migration countrythe for following Country andcommunity, the measures: Life Illinois Progiess is the tenancy check pro- Through the platform .of principles referred to, Counktythre6thiefofCountrynings, tile Illinoishaving LifeTeachers' featuresnamely, Commission, Federationresulted Assodation largely for and an anthroughof Advisory Illinois. Country Life Progress involves 14 activities of the The organizationCouncil, a state big united effort for the betterment 3.2.1.of country life% LocalThe country federationdevelopment community of allof theinstitutional building. rural forces programs of Illinois of inaction one Lifeenrolled."duly1:electedAdvisory Commission, Council delegates affording from the various This body selects the members of the is composed of "the. heidi onlyExecutive instance COmmittee. thus far The in state organizations of, Country or of institute,forcommunity.for all the rural andschool, social so forth. another agencies. for the church,4. another for the farmers' The stimulation of farmer leadership in the country This means a program of work tigationsservicesionwere,rural without developmentofprovided of this farmofficial life,for wherethe: and appointment thatthe of the council of their own commis- state commission lies suggestion and direction. people of a state have, as it in conducting inves- in acting as The chief munitiesserveship among the ofrural a country definite community teachers, community in offices ministers,6.5. ideal, of educational and and the all concentrated others direction. who TheThc perpetuationincrease and amongimprovement all the peopleof professional of country leader- com- ruralthusa judiciary providedconditions, to determine a anotherbody tothe toascertain policyconsider of the federation. the truththese in factsregard and to recom- There is theeffort realization of the whole of this community ideal. in concrete7. tasks looking toward The recognition of the country school as the imme- 3 343 4111.1Mr. .1 326 .COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL diate initiator of progress in the8. average rural community The study and investigation of country life facts and of takingsimprovementinformation, can be; nothing traced toscientific the propensity can be to done rely inupon the hearsayway of THE COUNTRY LIFEin MOVEMENT. fact, much of the failure of past rural under- 32I lifeconditions. from every formThe ofzo. exploitation. first of 9.the annual Country Life c.onferencesThe holdingprotection of annual of this country federation life conferences. and of all provided country andinterestsshouldto prejudiceget these relatethen at 1in factsbe aspects tothe the the beforeabsence publicity federation of agriculture,the of public definiteand and extension ;guidance and asdata. formerly a thirdA work secondof linethe suggested. necessary nationalofeffort work 15,for 1911.in this platform was held at Normal, Illinois, July 13, 14, 0. :. Federation, consistently emphasized the upbuilding This conference, like other features of the Illinois of the 6 a toj, + '.:, 1 '! )f,,t { ++., ... 1 ...: t . ', 1 1 local farm community. The entire program, with the excep-. 14. 1: .. 1 .10'.,A j :'. 6 .: t i 1 t k q. . . 1,1 graphicallymeetingtionspecial of two was feature numbers, thein every work was was sensea of Country invarious a the getting-together hands Community local, of Illinoisians,state, Exhibit,conference. and showing nationaland the A i J ' .' '". it ' ',),ItP fit 4 I'''. 4 Uc. t . ' thestateorganizationsredirected federation types. movement andof state institutions Theagencies toward little of iscountrytheformal not farm adequate. federationlife. has been ofso far accomplished But in a complete organization of country life The forces local orin this abeof national ruralagricultureorganized social bureau and work,have federated. which nationaland of may annual To aspects, serve facilitate or as andbiennial a this clearing-housethese, there national also, is for needconfer- of should Every We has its prose and poetry. The Poetry of Country Life In shouldourfield,tionsences rural may Deanin be whichsocial be designedBailey, worked situation,the Sirfunctions out.to Horace meet this Federalandall Plunkett, the correlation needsBureau and ofother of farm Countryrural life, institu- Life In the opinion of President Butter- students of the itsfurtherBut establishment whatever farm life its development organizedplan, it is clearcampaigns at great that strides such for rural aand bureau thatprogress through would of this country life is no exception rateture.whichsocial factsOne areand effortandnow economic, local so of wellthe data bureau ashandled pertainingwell should as by the the to betechnically Departmentfarm the collectionlife. Withoutagricultural, of of 344 Agricul- accu- this unrealizedtoership.sion, come all thisproportionsthere work will in be andLeadership.rural a task influence redirection for every would will individual be demand possible. who much aspires lead- In no field are leaders more needed. As pointed out by the Country Life Commis- 345 For some time 4 322tribulations.nityto it, is especially pretty sure since to be such accompaniedRural aspiration leadership by in peculiarthemay be consideredtrials as of COUNTRYtwo kinds/ocal LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL rural commu- and becauseit willtrue-visionedindependence be it a willdetriment, have teacher,and taughtinitiative rather or otherthethan are people aprofessional thebenefit, results dependence, to thedesired. leader community, whereas does, What is the to THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT 323 worktionandprivilegetention large. of for affairs better here of many isinequity notstate kindsfor and and agricultural justiceis national already toward provinggovernmentclass farmers. privileges. dangerous that to our By large leadership is meant the particular direc- The con- Special shall submergeandthestimulation, fronttheyoung onlyhis as penple own fosterguideskind individuality impliedtheof and the latent directors.farm here possibilities and community,by thethrough use of of suggestionandthe the men, sendterm. women,them and to This is true leadership nationalneedreasonever,part, fully for are democracy,and agricultural thatrecognize another, the inherentand have this statesmen farmers truth.been must, of insight and do, and for the most rights of land owners, for onemuch over-ridden.The facts of the case, how- vision, who There is alonefortable.land;improvement thatwill is,prove a mustlife sufficient economically, establishIdealism. ; a Tosatisfying socially, be permanent, typeand spiiof life theitually uponmovement com- the for country life It is sometimes assumed that economic satisfaction but this hypothesis has been com- law,willleadershipforces seeand, the of in agriculturenecessity response in agriculture, of tobut remedying Butthis all opportunitiesgreatvision,national theseas will isforces. thisdiscrepancies serve for need localnot for only effort what arehas been termed of the large the thispletelyfactorydissatisfaction,success, section disproved lifeand the in yetbounties the areby rural opentheas exodusof seriousexperience countrynature andhere practically must unrest,of as the elsewhere. be Middledue attractive.insure chiefly West.Toeconomic beto And socialsatis- to In evendirection,whoBythe more professionalfarm serve significant communityas the teachers country leaders and and iscommunity inof ministers. this two connection typeslay in offices and are of meant plentiful. Local leadership withinThe men and women professional.educational those ccssfulbewarmis attractive no butexception. bed spiritualized it into must a zerobe not and atmosphereEvery only idealized. economicallylife has to feedits prose andhogs, socially and and poetry. the suc- But the boy who stumbles sleepily from a In this country life girl thethisnowthemwhich nextjuncture in countryward.this shalldecade fieldof send national is carry entrustedyoung development.a people the perpetuationof the farms This type of local rural leadership is tremendous responsibility just at Into their hands for cityward or hold of influences ofnot processlargelywhowearing so likelywashes a ofdrudgery. matter toeducation. innumerable see theof This emotionalpoetry idealization milk as pans to attitude, feel every of the country day deadeningis, afterin life, the all, week,though prose but are a It thus becomes the duty of the . thusshouldlay,means a greator becomefarmer,to anresource end, leadership.a leader, and forBut this the butprofessional properconservationThe if this country leadership leadership, in the last analysis, 346 end is the development of teacher, to illustrate, of country life. ends with itself is but a revealingschool,thetionFor life withoutof however the ofthis thefarm thisside land small spiritualizationproblem. of will farm or notisolated, Younglife aid and therein peopleto establishing do can its whobe proper no do ultimateaits not permanentshare reality. idealize solu-in 347 324civilization upon it. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Nothing is more fundamental or more possibili- charms and vicissitudes is equally desirable. THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT It is to this latter 325 possible.establishruraltiesvital of toprogress, country rural a clearly-defined welfare whetherlife. The than of first anlocal andenlargedgreat or practical nationaltask vision in any proportions,ideal of campaign the of what is to for is of directingpart.idealismagriculture that'it, mustthese selectionsBut the contribute. country school in ministering to thisThis highest it must need do through the leadership of individuals for institutions, like stone, are vitalized only -st absorb a new idealism on its own ofimmediatemethodsfocused the old uponof subject-matter and imparting thissuccessful phaseFortunately this ofofofidealism theitsthese responsibility, curriculum;for is are thethrough apparent. school, thatthe and attentionredirection is lately becoming is, throughThe most several through the visions of men. Thus the great call is ever for Anotherteachingthistraining.and newend isin through courses, throughterms of theas the the agriculture, agency introduction daily ofexperience thedomestic countryof new ofscience, subject-matterschoolfarm children.and Still another unimproved opportunity for realizing lies in the manual orwithteaching Lark.two the will idealizedof makemasterpieces this side suggestion ofIn of life the poetry, in fields morethe music,country. of art, and considerAn art, that Breton's The Song ofHere is a portrayal of life near the beauties of the concrete. illustration deal the soilinspiredoflike.farm. thatthe the lifeshould Frenchwith about a speak new peasant them understanding directly and girl deaf of to this tothe itsbypictureblind boy warbleda good and girlteacher. lyrics, to of But alas! How often are American country children the color until the joyteachersteachersschool of Serving toward and the of in aspiration the their Heart service and and shallspirit Soulwho redirectof Dean work theBailey's countryfor the little The End of Day tures,moreincountry revealing tangiblepoems, life andforitsand attractions, fostering havesongs,Poetry been that this foundareand portray given music helpful inthe offer the Appendixassistance equally helpful and even idealism of farm life. through actual testidealistic side of of this Pic- poem : TheTHE COUNTRY earth and SCHOOL soil I teach book. (Sections 8, 9, 10.) These are not merely nature selec- for 1 TheTo them hill and that fen toil, tions.country Nature children appreciation a special is desirableappreciation for allof children,farm but 348 /ife in all its 4 ThatTo common live just men here; 349 326 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT 327 TheThroughoutIn windsplantsstreams rain and that that sun blow,thegrow, run year; who,normalmunityremake serving life.schoolsthe schoolin offices and but other vitalizeof local educational and leadership, stimulate institutions, shall the whole not a onlypart com- of This in turn demands the attention of state TheThe menshopcraft part today,and they mart,art, play amongiscommunities.whose arising, theduty evpnrank is andthe before preparationfileIn nowit the arises, serving,meantime, ofothers such who mustwhile shallworkers advance thissee thenewfor vision ruralfrom race of country teachers ThroughAndIn OutThroughhumble then unto wood Isphere; moldlead God and and mead, sode, itsthistrytheand transforming teacher ranksleadis the theof meaning as theway. power, regeneratingnew Having of race. thesethe caughtvision young forces whosethe Merlins forgleam theradiance andalsonew experienced shall ruralworks joinorder this The country school and the coun- Concluding Summary. As a gnat summary With love and cheer, I teach! L. If. Bailey. of the discusi.. contributionchange,fying countryand ofwhose theselife. interpretation pages toward has a happier been the and purpose more satis- and sionsimplestproblemstir ivefarms.of of this and activity book,terms,of satisfying, American let isfor itthat ruralbe nationalofanbriefly holdingprogressend to life. bea But this cannot be done unless country repe4ted that underneath thiSattainedstandard onlylies through apeople veryThis theupon problem, our stated in life is attract-fundamental upbuildingbothnityitstherefore building, localof whichof aspects the reverts however, local are becomes to matterscountry the requires question acommunity.of problem of proper education. leadership and cooperation, for the .country school. education,TheCountry whole and commu- issue in undergoButentlyresponsibility thetion, forcountry abut, redirectiona modernized more beingschool than laidbefore itself all system upon else, is it at it.can itof present 350 calls for a new race of teachers,administration,This redirection or consolida- calls insist-effectively meet the new inefficient and must 351 OUTLINE OF A COURSE IN FOR COUNTRY TEACHERS APPENDIX COUNTRY SCHOOL TEACHING ideal,forteachers.are coursesbeginning but is for offered tothis turn purpose. Manyhere their normal attentionThe schools, to the high schools, and Since this work is new, there is everywhere course given below is by no means other educational institutions preparation ef country a great demand mayshouldreasonspecial be confronting notbetraining found be taken ofatheThis usefulcountry in problem straight book text teachers, is fromin the its directless development. for experience. outgrowth of this as the product of six years' work in the the assistance of thosecourse who and should for this When so used, it moreintentionindicated offoundstrongly the toorder.tobook coverthanemphasize was wouldpractically not theotherwise made sociological the thatentire have been possible. If this order is adopted the text of sequence, however, but in the followingof the course,work because of the it course. The setting of the country school the book will be sequencewas the 2. 1. SocializingImproving the the school. physical Chapter environmentChapter X, X, pages of the 206 school. to 229; Appendix, Sections PART ONE OF COURSE pages 229 to 238. 3 and 4. 5.4.3. ConsolidationOrganizationVitalizing and and enrichingand management. teachingto the 246; the Appendix, Appendix,necessity SectionsSections 5, 8, course of study. Chapter X, pages 239 9, to, it, and 12. of a change of system. 6 and 7. 352 6. Leadership of the countrytionsChapter teacher. 73 andVIII; 14. and Chapter X, pages 246 329 353Chapter IX; Appendix, Sec- to 251. 330 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL APPENDIX III.I and II. Farm Problem.I. Chapter I. AgenciesSocialising for the institutions. solution of the farm Problem. PART TWO OP COURSE c. Interior finish and decoration.finishes;Choicechildren. of woodwork; color schemes wall decoration,for country pictures,schools. and bulletin Typical conditions of neglect and their cause. Importance of, and effect upon Best wall 331 C.D.B.A. Home. Chaptera. II. State Church.andVoluntary government. Grange.farm Chapterorganisations. I, page x3. Chapter III. Chapter IV. e.d. Plumbing,Seab:trnrds. sanitation, andwork rectives.care. benches, cupboards, and other neededg and furniture. furnishing. Musical instruments, library cases, work tables. Country school seats; defects; cor- The mechanism and cost of E. School. d.c.b. Farmers'Business clubs.institutes. organizations. Chapter XIII, page 306. Chapter VII and Chapter IX; Chapter VIII, page Chapter IV, pages 85 to 90. Chapter V. f. General rural school architecture.dust.tages.buildingplumbing for rural schools. Janitor work of theSanitation country ofschool. the country school room; control of Indoor toilets; their advan- A study of the plans, IV. 2. B.A. TheMatirial Country means Life for Movement. the solutionRoads.The of agricultural the farm problem. press.175; Chapter XI; Appendix, Sections 1 and 2; Chapter Xll. Chapter VI. Chapter V. Chapter XIII and Chapter IX. B. Counturiyldisncghsoo. principlesconstruction of planting; of well,b walks,what to and plant fences. and how. materials,l grounds. and cost Suggestive landscape plans; general of model country Outbuildings; their Care and school theDepartment Study of THERural of the COUNTRY Social AIllinois Course Agencies. State in SCHOOL the Normal Problems UniversityAND and THE Management at RURAL Normal, COMMUNITY Illinois.of Country Schools and Offered in the Country School 2. A. A brief analysisSocialising of existing the country social schoolconditions and inmaking the it a community,andcare,community arches. sanitation, withcenter. and a study moral of influence.their causes. Summer houses, arbors, average rural teacheronGeneral the first-hand asdiscussion an innovator informationIntroduction. of country of rural and school progress. experience and community of the c;ass. conditions based THE COUNTRY TEACHER'S PROBLEMThe present AND ITSrural ATTACK situation . in Illinois and elsewhere The country B. Ways and methodsa. of making the country schoolThroughcommunitycenter the and teacher's of through developing personal its agency. a cooperativeinfluence in social the community. spirit in the rural a community 1. The problem stated.ImprovingPART I.the physical environment of the school. CharacteristicIts attack through: defects; their correction and b. By developing the socialgirls' activitiesducedVisiting clubs; by amongofthe their the teacher. children. values;patrons; organization; conversation and work.literature intro- Boys' and Illus- A. The building.a. Ventilationimprovement. and heating.mechanicalforventilating the ventilation system;systems; stovesoffurnace country as ventilation. ventilators. schools: jacketed Necessity of ; requirements of a good Relief measures stoves; c. By making the school housecommunitymeetings:munity.trative a examplesmeeting Need for instruction entertainment;of studied.place recreation for and the inspiration.among for earning farmers. The developmentmoney; and for School house com- b. Lighting. lightingGeneralits symptoms. principlesof country of schools; school theirroom correction. lighting. Eye-strain and neglect among country children; Teacher's responsibility for care of the eyes. Defects in the d. By developing a close cooperationmanagement.school.nityand managementorganization between centering of thea Country home about and Life the the school.Club or other Parents' associations; their need; organization and Topics for discussion; available helps. commu- 332. e. ByCOUNTRY utilizing allLIFE materials AND THEandmunity.an active agencies COUNTRY The inte: useat esthand of SCHOOL inthe forthe local awakening welfare press. of the school and com- Exhibits; of children's. b.c. SpiritSeat-work, and discipline. principles underlyingand improper its selection punishment. and teaching. APPENDIX The school as a social group. Spirit desired; how to secure it. Proper 333. 3. A. Vitalising and enriching theThe course social of efficiencystudy.educative aim of education.process. cationalwork, art excursions; exhibits, industrial local excursions; and agricultural railway excursions.exhibits. Edu- Factors determining the d. The country school systemfundsofdutiesPlayground average of compared;Illinois.and powers. levydiscipline. in state country Indooraid fordistricts; andpoor outdoor districts. rural games;and urban play school days. School revenue; legal rate; inadequacy Officers involved; their B. The considerationa. of a country school course of studyStudy dictatedby the thevalues. experience social-efficiency of countrythe aim country children. of education school curriculum.and conditioned by The relative value of the different subjects in Formal and content studies 5. Consolidationa. and teaching the *necessity ofThe a change presentcountry of small schools.system. district toryThesystem. ungradedand development versus the ; graded, or consolidated, system for Its disadvantages; its his- b. The re-organization of curriculum.stincts.theSchool country subjects school classifiedcurriculum. as the outgrowth of human in- Thrte-fold division of the subject-matter of the The b. The larger district or consolidatedHistorytypessocial andof and consolidation; economic system. status of conditions. the consolidation movement. Advan- its lack ofideal adjustment to present possibilities of the system. Definition and relationmar,andrevision selection history, to and rural redirection ofmusic, interests.materialHumanistic and forof, art theold in studies.newsubjects;the countrysubjects. the school; introduction their Literature, language, reading, gram- consolidation;highthetages questionconsolidated schools;of consolidation; of theneed transportation; schoolconsolidated of difficultiesa compared country schoolcost system involved; withof as consolidated aother communityof somedistricting types phases schools;of center. rural for of organieationreorganized.physiology and ruraland agriculture. introductioncurriculum.Scientific studies. of agricultural courses for Arithmetic, geography, nature study, Agriculture as the basis of the Principles underlying the 6. The localc. leadership of the country teacher.Consolidation campaigns.literaturesteps necessary available; o consolidate a study of in the Illinois. school law and legal Method of procedure; helps and encethecountrythehousehold teacher. in industrial theschools. country science organization school Industrialfor country curriculum. art.of schools. the elementary school cur- SourcesOtinition, of information content, and and right assistance to an exist-for Manual train:nThe significance and of ofteacherandleadership; country its for teacherstruecommunity leadership forProper leadership.leadership; explained; interpretation requirements scarcity of ofthe rural ondoctrine theleaders part of cot.ntry teacher effect; opportunity and advantages of the country The necessity of under- c. Elementary rural sociologyavailablesuchriculum; for countrya course; helps.its effect children. its organization,upon old subject-matter. introduction, and teaching; The need of I. THE AMERICAN FARM PROBLEM. PARTvariousstanding II. rural country social agencies. CJUNTRY LIFE AND THE RURAL COMMUNITY life conditions and of cooperating with 4 Better organizationA. and management.a. :356Organization Theand managementdaqy program; of the principles studyone-teacher of suggestiveunderlying country model school. programs. its arrangement; II. its effect. TheThe problemSOLUTION necessity stated OF THEof ; making PARM PROBLF.M. country life its significance; cause; rural isolation and 357 permanently satisfying; 334 building;thecountry ideal community countryagencies community; of buildingcommunity ascooperation abuilding; means to chiefthe this keynote functions end; possibilities inCOUNTRY communityof agencies of LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL b. 2.I. Needs of the countryIncreasedConsolidation school. financial re-stated support as the and chief cooperation fundamental on APPENDIX the part of need. 335 III. defined;I. necessity for the federationSocializingAGENCIES of community FOR institutions. THE SOLUTION forces. OF THE FARM PROBLEM. 3. patrons.service;received;in cause. the economicTrained wasteteachers. of the ungraded system. Some statistics of rural school expenditure; value The present training of country teachers; Class of teachers available for rural in A.B. The Home. The farm home as Thelife.conditionsan agency Country in for Church.farm rural homes. progress. The home as a center of all interests. The improvement of farm home Present helpconferencessionsspecial-aided of for country the highandtraining teachers. otherschools. of gatherings country teachers.state for normalthe inspiration schools; Futurein county developments normal schools; and provi- Country school and C. The State and Government.The church as an agency for rural progress.of ress.country The churches.present status Recent awakening; movements for prog-Relation of the country teacher to the church problem. 4. necessitycreasingsystem of the rural efficiency Bettersupervision of the employed county superintendency; supervision.for its removal from Difficulties politicalof inrural the U. S.; in- superintendents.influence; supervision; the D. The Voluntary Farma.Function. Organizations.lators,agricultural voters, and interests; citizens.The Grange. remedy. Needed legislation; cause for legislative neglect of Its purpose, history, organization, and influence. Duties of farmers as legis- 5. Theopportunitystudycountry duty of of schoolssome teachers and responsibilityspecial,Improved and to cotintyof recent, enforcing legislation. superintendents. of legal county provisions The need of better legislation for what now exists. The for country b. ThegrangesbershipDetailed study through forstudy of country typical ofFarmers' the a typicalschool. teachers.local clubs. clubs.subordinate grange. Grange mem- Their purpose, benefit, and management. The organization The relative efficiency of of local 2. A. For the communicationMaterial instruments of thought: andproblem. means for the school betterment. solution of the farm c. ofclubfarmers' farmers' through clubs institutesinstitutes. the andFarmers' school. subordinate in the institutes. United granges. States. Organizing a farmers' The history, organization,Progress and influence movements; study of sug- The present status d.c.b.a. literature; a listRural Telephones;Libraries;ofThe books,delivery agricultural school bulletins, oftheir mail; andinfluence press;itsandgrange effect upon libraries. upon farm country life. its influence; types of rural life periodicals for farm- living. d. Theselling.andgestive themiddle-man typesfarmers' of work. institute.system;Business Cooperation its organizations. dangers; between results theand country checks. school Elevator and telephone companieg, creameries, Local organizations for buying and etc. B. a. homereforms.organizationFor and personal country-school The communicationand countryRoads. defects. libraries.school Some and and road the progress road movements The road problem. Our present road system;transportation: its problem. and E. The Country School.a. progress;countrylem. school its advantages Theas a schoolcommunity to thisas an end. centeragency358 and in theinitiator solution of rural of theComplete farm proo- function of the country school defined; the b.c. lifeconsolidatedabout ; their in use rural forschools;Automobiles,Rural life; the electricusetransportation bearing for andlines;the upon transportationthe their oftherevolution rural. road increase they and are effect .destined upon to 359 problem. school children.of children to country bring 336IV. THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT.Various phases and recent developments ofCOUNTRY the LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL movement, as illus.. I. PRESENT RURAL SOCIAL CONDITIONS APPENDIX 337 3.2. NeedsThe Country of the Country Life Commission Lifeandtrated Movement. summary by andcurrent its of influence.itsmeetings report. and organizations. General study Covering1. also the followingA. AFarm detailed lifetopics: contrasted studySocial of characteristics the with Report city lifeof of the in:farm Country life. Life Commission. B.A. Concreteness. 111aning,Meaning;Local country necessityhistory, community and ofThe ;advantages examples; federationbuilding. principlesof of the rural federative underlying.social forces.idea. B. a.Congestion versusconsciousness; isolation;Ruralspecialization isolation transportation adaptability; in Uponand vocation; its community effects. and satisfaction organization life: conservatism;and and leadership; radicalism; attractiveness. communication;provincialism; social C. KindsDvvelopments of rural of leadership; ruralLeadership.Thelarge; federation. institutional layneed and of professional rural leadership leaders, rural of both the leadership, country school the office in the of localeach. local and c.b. UponUpcin individual family life: life: unity, the thescarcityneighborhoodindependenceinterdependence, farm of family. leaders. strife;and individuality lack of organization and and self-sufficiency of cooperation; of D. Need for a new ruralhigherrural idealism; community.Idealism. idealism the in school's country partlife; howin establishing accomplished. a C. b.a. The unrest and movementThcThe movement of the westwardhistory,citywardgeneral farm population.changes;farmers; true aspects,habits; meaning temperamental of rural depletion; tendencies; the necessitymorals; causes, effects. causes; industrial ideals. OUTLINE OF A COURSE IN RURALCOUNTRY SOCIOLOGY TEACHERS FOR II d.c. ResultsPresent-day of the city migration migrationindustrial, try;causes..of balancerural effect population. uponof population. social, cities; and general industrial and social results, Effect upon coun- psychological of a teachers a somewhatThe better following understanding courseOffered attemptsof in the Country only School DepaNment of tIse Illinois State Normal University at Normal, Illinois to give immature country country life, not to 2. A. CurrentThe high price of land;comes Commensuratecauses as compared and resulting financial with demands. the returns incomes upon of othercapitalboth vocations.. good invested. and bad.Neces-agricultural problems. Farm in- lifethisReferencesherecover is book.only therequired asfield A for aspecial suggestion ofarsignmentsof rural term sociology for paper maythe upondevelopment bein selectedany any scientific topic fromof relatedsimilar theway. better student. Part of this course closely parallels bibliographyto ofrural social It is offered courses. B. The conservation of soiltion;Economic fertility; comes;cooperativesity theand measuresvarious t.se methodslabor; of determinant machinery;for specialization maximum of maintaining factors. crop in farming,production. commensurate farm in- necessity and seed selec- RuralobligationPart Progress. Il of to the President precedingReaders K. course, L. Butterfield's familiar and is thereforewith course the literaturenot in hisre-stated of country in detail. life will observe 360 Chapters in my D.C. ScarcityCauses; reaults,of house national TenantandAgriculturalresults. field andfarming labor. local; labor. large Causessocial, economic, and versus small farms.361 338 others.industrial.plants; Immigration increasedCOUNTRY attractivenessand its effect LIFE uponof ANDfarm the life ruralTHE for labor,COUNTRY laborers problem and SCHOOL all Remedies: use of machinery; cooperative labor . i. Cooperation the keynotecorrectives in its solution. involved in cooperation; (a) Education. III. SOLUTION OF THE FARM PROBLEM. APPENDIX Fundamental sociological 339 E. Need; ideals governing;AmericanlandAgriculturaland suggestive farm and farmers; inlife Denmark; business in European instancesgeneral. cooperation. special developments of success. difficulties in Ire-of cooperation among 2. Community building as a factorcommunitycommunitiesisation.(a) inThe the ideal building.solution approximating country of the community. farm this problem. ideal. (c) Orjanisation. (d) Idealization. (b) Study of various local (c) Principles of local (b) Social- G.F. SpeculativeSome needed holding measures; ofAgriculturalwastageExploitation lands; need monopolistic of for forests; legislation.of agricultural agriculture. restraint control statesmen; of of trade; farmerssoil depletion. streams; I. IV. Institutions.A Study of the Possibilities and RealizationsAGENCIES OF of RURAL Country-Life SOCIALIZATION AND COMSIUIIITY BUILDING. Institutions and Organizations. H. a. as citizens,Agricultural voters,History education. and legislators. of the movement ; ofdevelopment Agriculture Of and Land of Grantexperiment Colleges stations. A. The farm homeThe and home family. as a socializingcenterconditions agency; of interests; in farm its functions homes;the farm improvement;defined family as a social the farm unit. home ; present as a c.b. NeedsKinds: ofin agriculturalelementary schools,educationseminationagricultural secondary : work extension schools, in agriculture. forand adultcolleges; farmers; research and dis- extension; social emphasis; C. B.The country church.Function; needs, statementGovernment. and innational; rural districts. the larger use of local govern- J.I. Pact versusRural Health.impression morality.immorality; regarding correctives. rural morality;central national bureau. causes of D. The farmers' organization;a.As a socialization its function.gressive agency;school developments; welfare.function stated; relation present of the church problem status; pro- to country K. Special rural diseasesprovement.ditions Rural; and recreation. neglect in country communities; measures for im- facts concerning and extent. Sanitary con- c.b. Farmers'The Grange: clubs: its method origin, tionfluence;of history, organization, with cooperation school.organization, infl. with work, country and school. in- uence and coopera- present Need of recreationrecentrecreation in the play country. formovement. adults. It. THE FUNDAMENTAL FARM PROBLEM. Rural aspects and developments of the Recreation for thz young; E. d. The school. Farmers'Farmers' institutes: economic origin, organizations:canstatus Societyhistory and progress ofand The Equity, organization; Farmers' ; cooperation. and others;Union. with theirAmeri- school.social influence. 4.1.3.r. PhasesCause;ItsThe problem ofisolation the stated.problem and its : (a)effects the scientific, upon country orsignificance. natural life (see above). resource, aspect; b.a. The statecountry college school. of agriculture.countrycommunity; life; its (See development Chapter VIIof leaders. this book). Definition of its place and function in Its service to the local rural Fundamental theministratiVe,(b) social, the technical, or community,aspect; or (d) productive, the aspect. economic, aspect ; :3 6 :2 or industrial, aspect;(c) the (e) business, or ad- outlinedbetterneeds: supervision; consolidation; in the preceding improved increased course, legislation. pagerevenue; 335.) trained teachers; 363 (Develop fully as 340 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL rs a. B.A. The rural Materialpress; influence; instruments service; and Rural libraries; permanentlibrary asand a community traveling center. means of rural socialisation. need of social emphasis. libraries; the rural C. b.a. influence.ment;Means the ofresponsibility communication.RuralRoads: electric of the the lines roadcountry andproblem school automobiles; as for a national their issue; present and future road progress.improve- Federation defined; studyits necessity; of the Illinois historyc. Federation of for Country Telephones and mail delivery.V. THE FEDERATION OF RURAL AGENCIES AND FORCES. Life Progress;the need movement; of a special Its character; recent leadership,fornationaldevelopments; rural Bureauprogress. idealism. of Country Life, and of vt. THE COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENT. needs--concreteness, federation, state and national campaigns other people who neverSchoolhouses live in them. are usually planned byA COUNTRY TEACHER'S SCHOOLHOUSE II I This perhaps accountsarchitects, for directors, and PLAN Front Elevation outgrowthtinctionplan,Yetbesttheir they appreciateusual designed of are inconvenience.comingof seldom direct bythe fromthe experience.demands heard author, an fromactual of therefore Of all people, country teachers should upona this good countrysubject. country teacherThe school following and building. of being the claims at least the dis- mayfeetonThement the high,frontbe drawings. usedextends projection in construction, 4 feet isThe below18' General but thc the ground. Plan.latter Theis main Either wood or cement-plaster All ceilings above are 1 2 feet high. X 20' part of this buildingRoom is 32'dimensions x 40'. are indicated Basementon expandedceilings are metal 8 lath The base- greenbungalowifwarmer built with ofeffect, and darkercement-plaster more having green attractive. broad trimmings. low 364 may be gray with bro% n trimmings or The exterior, as pl; nned, givescaves. The wall? of the exterior The shingles should be recomm-nded because a Rear Elevation 365 largebrorneverstained343 possible. basementeffects a dark or is COUNTRY LIFE AND green andIf the the buildchimney ng isbuilt ofa plain white exteriornot desifed, a small THE COUNTRY constructed of lumber, may be chosen. native stone where- SCHOOL tan and If the Theisqualification,'structed best color under may scheme the beInterior madehall. Finishpatent and plaster trowelled is softFurnishings. tan walls Theand wall finishWhen this is donein the attic of the building. smooth and tinted basement may becream ceiling, or gray a playroom of fair or painted.as planned con-

- aM Wm,. Right Side Elevation...... _...._ ...... painted.water.finishedgreen The natural, walls floor and and may pale be yellow dressed with a soft dull matched hard ceiling. The woodwork shouldpine oiled, or soft pinestain that will endure be theboardswilltogetherconnected front permit and forthe byright communityteacher large rolling four feet wide and Schoolroom and workroom36,, walls of the schoolroom to meetings. view twoboth feet rooms from at thedoors floor so that they Glass-toppedshould swinging be finished alike and along the once,front may be thrown extend across Slate black- doors and First Floor Plan 367 344withand left a mantel walls of of the slight workroom. projection A ventilating are placed flue in and the a center fireplace of COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY.SCHOOL ofboardstore-box,inchesthe the rear schoolroom.made wide, wall extends of withof burlap the aaround hingedschoolroom,A over 300 the asection gallon fittedwindow and frameformingpressure alcove. a window hangs thetank A portablecoveron stmedseat the of eighteenrear bulletinina large thewall basement and filled distributionbyfurnacepanyKewanee,be means purchased of ofheatingDecatur, of Illinois,a waterhand from all pumpthroughout Illinois,or the from makesKewanee thefor the Leaderabout possible building. Water $250 Iron the SupplyManufacturingor indoor $300. Company toilets andCom- of parts of the building adequately can be Such a system can A hot-air mattingonlyhereinstalledare freshplanned easily rugs. for heated cleaned. from provides air $loo directlyAmong forto $175. the from the removal furnishingsoutside. of foul suggested air and furnishes for this building are Napier These save nerve-wear in the schoolroomChairs will and be found more convenient as reci- The scheme of ventilation as sink,tationandthebe shouldkitchenplaced. school. seatsput in than be equipment, byThe a thesanitary equipment commonchildren. and drinking primary forlong Among the benches.fountain, play-roomand the laboratory furnishings a coveredmay tables, be home-madeforbox should the for hall over- Each of these has its place in the administration of In the workroom a andfacilitateshoes, attractive and outside a telephone,floor communication. covering which for the withLinoleum hall. a mailbox will make at the an gateexcellent will SPECIAL POINTS OF RECOMMENDATION largefloor, ior forwork agricultural and comfort. study, 2.1.laboratory and kindergarten work,MostIt possesses country schools a workroom, are too conveniently small. This onc located is sufficiently on the first deo:,lutionizeandair domestic chambers.sandury, country science. indoor teaching. toilets on 3.the first floor, It affords cloak rooms for both boys and girls, and has 36 No one thing will do as much for the morals of This one feature alonc is enough to revo- surrounded by dead Bacement Plan 369 346furtheroncountry the first adds children floor, to their inas a moralclean, thoroughly influence. indoor respectable, toilets. The recognized fact that theselocation, are COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Milwaukee,ican School Wisconsin,Board Journal,General affords published School an excellent Equipment at 129 directory Michigan Directory. for Street,school APPENDIX Ady copy of the Amer- 347 oneit possiblecenterimportantthe large bay for room windowto thefeatures convert forneighborhood. communityalso in the the adds whole country4. to meetings. themain school seating part Thewhich of capacity. permanentthe is building used as seat a into social inSliding doors between the schoolroom and workroom make These are andcountrydatesupplies,from useand $90itsteachers thoroughlyequipment, advertisements to $125. will reliable. anddoHeating welltext-books. for to reference.Plants. send Thesefor The a numberSmith lists are Ventilating always up-to- Room Heater. Manufactured by the Manuel-Smith Heating When putting in new furnishings. Single copies, 20 cents. of this journal Prices strainrelegatedshop, onthe the toplay-room, thepart basement. of both and teacher all This6.5. other A savesand fair-sized sources children. janitor play-room of work dust andor isnoise nervousprovided areThe infurnace, this plan. tank, fuel, stores, janitor supplies, and the This room IMinneapolis,RockCompany, Ilinois. Island, 821 Illinois. WashingtonFurnaces. Avenue, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Peck-HammondMinnesota; Company, Cincinnati; Also the Waterbury Ventilating Company,Buffalo, New York; or Springfield,Lewis & and allnominalwill insured. prove expense. a blessing, The especially boys can8.7. indo bad the weather.pumping. AdequateRunning water ventilation and Heating and proper lighting are is supplied throughout the building at Heights,tutesColumbus,Kitchen, is Hylo-Plate, Chicago;Ill., Ohio. and soldColumbusBlackboards. made by byschool theHeating Webber-Costello supply and houses Ventilating generally Co., Company, Chicago at Slate is best; but among the best cheaper substi- 10 countryThe exterior, school also, architecture.in hundreds isit.to. artistic A telephone provides. and pleasingan and mailbox unusual constitute a TheAmpleregular interior storing feature of the space of building is planned, is well afinished convenience and decorated. not one point in supplycents233-35school a housessquare supplyMarket shouldfoot. house.Street, beCrayon. Erasers. used.Chicago,The Dann at erasers95 cents from per dozen, E. W. andA. Rowles,the new NothingUse butnoiseless, dustless all-felt makes erasers. furnished by all school See list below, See catalog of any necessarythis plan. to good teaching12. are included. The rooms are adequately furnished, but only the things IV $1.25Atlasrentsfactured per nciseless dozen,cach, by permit areR. erasers, R.good.Window Johnson,theWall soldregulation Finish. Shades. by 161 the Randolphof Beckley-Cardy light in Street,country Chicago,Company schools. at at 60 For new walls, water color, Dekarato, etc.,Johnson's are Window Shade Adjusters, manu- FURNISHINGSwhatfurniture they and want ANDsupplies and CountryEQUIPMENT how when much teachers they it FOR cancosts. carry tellCOUNTRY farexactly more where SCHOOLSweight to in making requests for The following list get is 'usebest. plaincommon ingrain floor paper. paintBeats.Floor is good. Finish. These can be applied over rough plaster.Adjustable desks only should be used. New floors should be oiled. Inquire of local dealers. Inquire of local dealers. For old floors,For old walls,"Ideal" desks of Catalogsselectedentirelythereforeseveral years amaysolelyinserted. matter beexperience upon had of personalupon their inrequest adaptability the opinion country from andall toschoolroom, companies responsibility, named. and beingare All recommendations370 made here are the result country school use, Avenue,and chairs Chicago, from the are American recommended. Seating Company, 218 S. Wabash 371 Average pr'. " SO each. ,:-.41-At- 348Company, COUNTRY Chicago. LIFEMusical AND Instruments. Lyon & Healy,THE Chicago; COUNTRY SCHOOL or the Baldwin Davenport, Iowa. Prices, $5 to $g. Good kerosene lamps APPENDIX are now 349 seatsStrongtablesgarten for aretableskindergarten the much wholecan cheaper be school chairsmade,Kindergarten and 14 Tables, Sand may orbe purchasedbought atTables, aboutfor from $7and $4 morePrimary toinches $6. serviceable Chairs. high and when useful home-made. as recitation Kinder- Sand $6;themuchmadez5g andRome likewithWest the real Heatingmantle Angle Twenty-fourth gas. Lamp burners &Among Lighting from whichStreet,these theCompany, supplyAngleare New the ManufacturingYork, anRome, Harp abundant price Lamp New from York,white $t.8o pricelight put out byCompany, up. linoleumInvestigate for halls. throughLibrary catalogsPictures.Rugs. Cases. These Napier matting is recommendedSee this appendix, Section 5. Inquire of local dealers. can be made by the children, of school supply Muses named for schoolrooms and per dozen. below. ofport,fixtures. local Iowa. dealers. for information.CookingManual Stoves. Training Tools. Address the Alcohol Lamp & Stove Company, Daven- Complete equipments mayAlcohol be had stoves from are E. moreH. desirable than oil Keen Kutter toolsPrices, are 6o good. cents, $3, $5, and up. Inquire IndianapolisA.chased bookJ. Nystrom fromcases makeschool &of Co.,the good supply Globe-WernickeChicago;Maps and Globes. Themaps. Rand-McNally Send fo. special Cr.npany, literature.companies and from local dealers. and The C:..rborough Company or Gunn make may be pur- or sectional Chicago; of cheaper.UseSheldon easy & dyes Company, fromClay.Raffia. local 82 May Thedealers Street, National and Chicago. color Clay at Supply home; thisCompany, is much Macomb, Illinois; Vaughan's Seed Store, 84 Randolph Street, Chicago. turedsupplyto $5. by houses the Big-Ben listed below. CompanyClocks. Every school should have Good eight-day clocks The Big-Ben alarm clockat La Salle, Illinois, and soldcat forbe purchasedone. for from $3 See catalogs of school manufac- 3 houses.specialCompany,price, $2.50 companies White per hundred Hall, of thisIllinois. pounds. kind than Also from the generalWhite Hall school Stoneware supply It is much cheaper to order from dealers.$2.50,the sakekeeps ofreliable healthAquaria.Water time and Tank An andaquarium Sink. makes also.sanitation.Every school should many things possible in nature Inquire of local hardware possess these for leytionfromis Company, cheaper Company, the Prang when Springfield, Chicago;Educational purchasedPaper. Massachusetts; and Paper in Company, others. quantity. for drawing, Chicago;the Garden mounts, the City Milton booklets,Educa- Brad- and construction Get samples and catalogs woodwork,Company,study. Chicago, Gold DustDisinfectants. andScouring or other Dutch dealers.Powder. Write for information and For the schoolroom, Platt's chlorides; For windows, Bon Ami; for Cleanser. Inquire of local prices to the A. Flanagan floors and forgrocers out- andabovemationthe advertisingother foron generalpaper;these, pages also,and schoolPrimary see of of supplythe catalogsthe handwork,Thomas School houses. of theCharles Arts supplies, Chicago Book Company, scissors,forcompanies current Chicago, water infor-listed colors, etc. Watch twoMoplocalbuildings, made Wringerdruggists ashes,by thisCompany, for companyfreshWringer earth, Fultonville, at lime,$1.50 Mops. Inquirecopperas. of local dealers or lumpgives cdpperas. excellentNew service.York. Wringer number or address the White Inquire of forAvenue,or crayographcatalog Sandusky, of all from kinds Colorqd theOhio,Printing of American crayons. at Crayons. 7 centsOutfit. Crayon a Crayons box. Company, Send from to localthis 1230 dealers Hayes at 5 cents A rubber stamp printing outfit for making company a box; school n^.. Lamps. 372Alcohol lamps are safe and well Address the Alcohol Lamp & adapted to country Stove Company, givenandbeprimaryMcClurg purchased other to readingteachers. companies. & Company, for charts $t.z5Books. is fromChicago. essential Any the bookAtlas in country Schoolpublished teaching.Supply Company, One Every country eacher should keep some Discountsttly on ordersbe purchased are usually of A. 373 may C. ' .text-book350Address and any school of the followingsupply catalogs companies: on hand for reference. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOCH 'Journalthese of exhibitsGeography, is express and sometimes a nominal sum for the materials for September, 1912. APPENDIX The only expense for 351 ColumbiaA.HaneyE. W.Flanagan A. School School Row Company, les,Furniture Supply Company,338 Company, Wabash Indianapolis, GrandAvenue, Rapids, Chicago. Indiana. Michigan.SOME SCHOOL SUPPLY HOUSES AND EQUIPMENT DEALERS 233-33 Market Street, Chicago. produnts.Cornsota;included.Belding Pillsbury Brothers Company,Products Company,Wheat Manuiacturing Minneapolis, and New flour.Washburn-Crosby York Minnesota.Company, Chicago. Company, Minneapolis,City; Minne- Nonontuck Silk Com- Corn and corn Silk. Beckley-CardyAtlasMilton School Bradley Supply Company, Company, 312Springfield, West Chicago. Randolph Massachusetts. Street, Chicagv. SOME SCHOOL BOOK PUBLISHERS pany,Lowney,WalterMassachusetts. Florence, Baker Boston, Massachusetts; & Massachusetts.Company, Dorchester, Cheney Brothers, Massachusetts; South Manchester, Walter M. Cocoa and nhonolate.Huyler's, New York Cotton and by-products.Hoosier City; Houghton,Rand,GinnThe Macmillan & McNally Company, Mifflin &Company, Company,& Boston. Company, New Chicago. Chicago. York. ArmourHampshire.Utica,Sheeting New & Company, Company, York; ThomasCannelton, Chicago. Oakes Indiana. & Company, Bloomfield,Company, New Minneapolis, Minnesota; Globe Woolen Company, Cattle and meat packing.Morris & Petroleuni.Standard Oil Company, Wool.Lone Company, Chicago; Star Woolen Scott,TheSilver,Row,D. C. American HeathPetersonForesman Burdett & BookCompany,& & Company, Company, Company, Boston. Chicago.Chicagc. Boston. Chicago. No.Company,EberhardRubber sflo Wabash Company,White Faber East Avenue, Street, Newark,Company, Hartford, ChiCago. New New New York. Connecticut. Jersey; York The Spool Cotton Company, Rubber and rubber Rock salt and City. Graphite Thread.Claricand pencils. goodtHartfordbrine.Diamond Thread EDUCATIONAL HELPS AND SOURCES FOR COUNTRY V Chicago.nationalCompany,Crystal SaltHarvester SpicetThompson, Monroe Company, Company,Street, St. Chicago. Taylor Chicago; & Company,McCormick Michigan Twine Company, Avenue, Shears.J. Clair, Michigan. Manila hemp and Paper.Butler :ad.Inter- Paper disposalfollowingsuch material, of teachers. references but CountryThere otten have aredo teacherstherefore notnow know many are been especially where aids prepared and to benefitedhelpsfind at the by free TEACHERS or inexpehsive as a partial it. The University,tisements.roads and steamship sold in setsPrinted lines.Outline at 1 SelectMateriaL cent Maps. each addresses Byby McKnightD. from C. Ridgley magazine & McKnight, of adver-the Illinois State Normal WeissFree & Sons, advertising Newark, literature New Jersey. from various rail- pricesource-list attached for theiris free. convenience.Pictures. I. C. Hood Company, Lowell, Massachuseets. GEOGRA PH Y H ELPS Everything in this list without One Chicago.Goode'sMcKinleyNormal, Illinois.outline Publishing AlsomapsWall Company,wall Maps. outline The Philae,elphia, mups Scarborough at 2o cents Pennsylvania, Company, each from Indianapolis, andthe Indiana, Price, s cents each. (small), University of Chicago Press, geographySewingcent each Machine and pictures cheaper. Company, freeExhibits. as advertisements. address The following nearest large sources town. for exhibits are taken from the 374 Sets of ten on various countries. SetSinger of similarpublishesMissouri. literature a good fromleaflet Stereoscopicthe onGovernment Rand-McNally map equipment. Views. Publications. Company, The Free Keystone to teachers.Chicago. View Company, St. Louis, See Circular .,4, Free Publications 37r) Get 352 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL APPENDIX 353 Free.ers.of the Department of Agriculture Address the Secretary of READING AND LITERATURE Ageculture,Classified Washington, for tbe D. Use of Teach- C. the Henry Field SeedFarm Company, Arithmetic. Clarinda, A pamphlet Iowa. of farm problems. ARITH mum Price, as cents. Published by lisherParker, and priceTaylorville, as above. Parker'sIllinois.Mother Penny Goose Classics. Melodies. For primarySelected grades. poemsOne cent for each.all Publisher, C. M. grades. Pub- nati,tion, Ohio.division, and fractions.Number Games. For drill on addition, subtraction, multiplica- Priv:, 25 cents each. MANUAL TRAINING AND HANDWORK Cincinnati Game Company, Cincin- pageper Publishingbooklets, copy; single coveringCompany, copies, Biographiestwenty-six toChicago.Five cents. and Ten of Great Cent AmericanClassics. Poems, fables, etc.and Englishlives. Authors. Five or more, 6 cents Educational Forty- Chicago;Company,gathered byA. Springfield, lookingFlanaganCatalogs. through Company,Massachusetts; catalogs. Chicago; Thomas and Charles others. Many suggestions for primary handwork Send to Milton Bradley Company, can be Auditoriumcopy,yille, Illinois. 5 and Building, 6 cents.RiversideBrewer's ThcChicago. Orville Classics. Literature T. Series. Prose and poetry for all Send for list. Publisher, C. M. Parker, Taylor-Brexver Publishing Company, grades.. Price per Miltonneeded Bradley for a country Company.Codas.Outfit school for of Country twelve Schools.pupils is MUSIC A list of handwork materials sent out by the use. Chicago.grades. Price, ts cents each. AGRICULTURE Prose and poetry classics forHoughton, Mifflin & Company, upper ton,Songs,Excellent Mass. Songs material. of theSong Sunny Books. South, and other collections. Inexpensive sheets of vocal music for school Old Familiar Songs, Favorite Prices,Songs. aPopular to 5 cents. Ginn & Company, Bos- Price, 8 Stations,needed.tions of theirWashington, state college GovernmentStateD. C., Bulletins. Bulletins. Teachers should Write to the forof a ligtagriculture of publications. and select procure a list of the publica- Office of Expe-iment bulletins musictoriumcencscents each.per literature,Building, copy. Chicago. procureGeneral and Music consult and catalogsSong Material. of the For general information Also C' Orville T. Brewer Publishing Company, Audi. Songs for Intermediate Grades at following on 15 culture,tinCyril by Urbana,G. the'State Hopkins Illir.ois; DepartmentCornThe Circular Day Story Annual of a forKing the on corn and clover rotation. and Queen. A bulletin forElementary Schools of Illinois. No. Is. College of Agri- children by Bulle- companies: TheThe ClaytonOliverOrville John Ditson Church T.F. BrewerSummy Company, Company, PublishingCompany, Boston. Chicago. 220Company, Wabash Auditorium Avenue, Chicago. Build- Bird, Animal, and Tree NATURE STUDY Plctures. of Public Instruction, Perry Picture Company, Springfield, ing, Chicago. Silver, Burdett & Company, Chicago. GAMES, PLAYS, AND RECREATION listjects.Chicago.Malden, and make Massachusetts, Good selections. largeFarmers' pictures, Bulletins. Send to the United States 376 Some of these dealand with A. W. Mumford,Free. t6o in colors. Department of Agriculture Price, a cents each. nature-study sub- Adams Street, for A.Committee,Country Flanagan Children, NewCompany. York. bySingingPlay Myron Days. Games. T. Scudder, Pamphlet. Singing Games for Children, by Mari Hofer.Price,Price, 30 tocents. cents, The Field Day and Play Picnic for 377Charities Publicatinn , 354nati, Ohio. Educational Games. The Cincinnati Game Company,COUNTRY Cincin- LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Good for indoor recreation and seat work. Based Boston.from Louisa May Alcott's books. Price, so cents each. APPENDIX Little, Brown & Company, 355 author.Ninaetc.upon birds,B. Lamkin, geography, Macomb,Outdoor poems, Games.III. authors, Play; pictures, Its Value, numberPrices, and tables,Fifty35 and Games. 35 eve,. A book by Price, 6o cents. Address the fromcollection. to to 15, The and Century fromNewThe 15 Company,St.Dialogues to Nicholas 25. andNew Book Plays. York. of ThreePlays sets,and Operettas.for children Anfrom 5 to to, Hinds, Noble & Eldredge, 31-35 Price, $t. excellent cents. Johnson's What to Do at Recess. Ginn & Company. LECTURES AND AIDS FOR COMMUNITY WORK Price, 25 West Fifteenth Street,Applied New York.Art Drawing Books. DRAWING ByBased Wilhelmina on the best literature. Seegmiller. withHamilton, stereopticon Washington, slides;Mothers'Farmers' free. D. C. ConfessInstitute Speakers.Lecture Series. Send for list.Farmers' InstituteMost Specialist states have John federations of Printed lectures illustrated beperAtkinson, pany,all copy. a teacher Chicago. MentzerA set needs. of For eight,& Grover,Test-bookseach including grade, Chicago. of45 one Art to Education. The Prang Educational Com- 60 cents each.book for each Prices,grade, willto and 15 cents progressivecanMrs.women's usually Alfred clubs teacher.Bayliss,be obtainedwhichNormal Macomb, furnish for Schoolexpenses free for speakers.information. and from Agricultural these institutions College bySpeakers. a In Illinois, address Speakers setts, and G. P. BrownSmall & Pictures. Company, 38 Lovett Street, Perry Piciure Company, Malden, Massichu- PICTURES Beverley, subjectsEaton,to speak, Elwood, uponrelating request.Illinois.Grange toPhotographs, farm Lectures. life Lantern Slides, and Articles Loaned. State Grange masters will send organizers out For information, address Mr. Robert will be loaned free to country These on Perrypany,Mass.Massachusetts; Company 146 Oliver for threeStreet, Perry Largea-cent Boston. Picture Wallstamps. Pictures.Company; A. W. Elson & Prices, 4 cent, t cent, and 5 cents.Horace K. Turner Company, Boston, Prices from 75 cents up. Catalog from the Com- ofBloomington,Harvesterteachers concrete andCompany, social othersIllinois; workA Chicago. byJournal a infarmthe country Scrvice journal of Rural communities. Bureau devoted Social of largely Progress.the International to reports The Farmers' Voice, Semi .conthly. Millet and Landseer areRiverside especially Art Series.valuable for country Cover livesPICTURE and studies STUDY of twelve artists. schools. Yearly subscription, so cents. SCHOOL ENTERTAINMENTS Price,Houghton,Parker, so cents Taylorville,Mifflin each. Company, StudiesIllinois. 623 of SouthFamous Wabash Pictures. Avenue, Price, 15 cents per dozen. Picture study leaflets. Chicago. C. M. Chicago;catalogs Atkinson, of various Mentzer Generalcompanies; & Grover,Helps. Chicago; Educational 'Pub. See lists of drills, plays, decorations, etc., as, the A. Flanagan Company, in Ikt1 lishing Company. TenGreat cents Artist each. Series. Biographies of artists. Educational Pub- 'fishing DearbornCompany, Street, Chicago; Chicago.LittleDramas and others. Women and Plays. and Little Men. Two wholesome plys adapted 378 The Dramatic Publishing Company,Select 258 only the best from catalog. forElson terms companies. and information. Traveling art exhibits are sent out by both the Turner See addresses above, under Pictures. ART EXHIBITS 379 Write and 356 COUNTRY LIFE AND .THE COUNTRY SCHOOL APPENDIX 357 Address,of books forF. A. each Kendall, grade.AnnotatedIllinois NaPerville, Pupils' List Readingof .Children's Circle Lists. LIBRARY BOOK unsEspecially prepared for country schools. Illinois, for list. Contain well-revised lists Free. byFreeintwo Circularaddressing great Distribution, classes, 2 of the the Secretary DivisionPublications of of Agriculture, Publications, of the United Washington, entitled States Department D. C. Eve 7yof Agriculture fall in freewhich, with all other and pay documents. free All free bulletinsmaterial, are listed may be obtained Publications (or Librarygrades.DepartmentChicago. Association of List of Books for Sehool Children. Free. List gives Education, summary of eachPublishing book. Board, Lansing, Reading. Issued by the American Michigan.Bulletin from theI State WashingtonPrice, 25 cents. Street, Classified by possessionfromSuperintendentcountry him forteacher reference of shouldDocuments,All in selectingpay write publications Washington, for other this bulletins. circular of D. the C., national andand keepcan government be it obtained are handled by the osly. Teachers should write to the Superintendent for any in her variousIllinois. grades. Books listedThe Use of the School Bulletin, State Department of Education, Free. as references for different subjects throughLibrary in the Homes and Schools of Springfield, freeorderhadallone other priceforand individual the price list. asking. lists, bulletins. and from By keeping this those track desired of these may two be divisions, selected andthe pay publications, any Thecountry first teacher page of thus this places list will the thengreat contain a list of These, in turn, become catalogs from which to orpedia Chicago. is now publishedMagazineCyclopedia. by D. Articles. Appleton A small, & Price, 08. Rented at smaa costnew, for convenient,MISCELLANEOUS and low-priced encyclo- Company, New York use in geography, otherwealthanimalDepartment organization of theindustry, whole of Agriculture should plantDepartmentAside industry,be from understood. eleven ofthis forestAgriculture scientifictwo-fold Thereservice, bureaus:classification atare herchemistry, within command. namely, the of soils,national government ento- material, an- weather, erencestainsfromAvenue,history, alsothe fororS.E., Western useful debate.each Minneapolis, grade. lists IllinoisCourses of stories, State Minnesota.of Study. A good H. W. Wilson Company, elementary school course Normal School,poems, Macomb. songs, books, Con- and ref- 1401 University may be had mology,example,andbureausall goverumentagricultural pay, biological isrue) thata road relate aon education survey, listpublication roads. mayto itsstatistics, be bulletins),kid. obtained, list From containing experiment and thelisting Office all everything stations the of bulletins,Public put Roads, out both 3y freeforthe Country teachers should have such ot these public roads. Each of these(which cover Philadelphia.opticonland, Ohio, is made or Williams, by BauschStereopticonsPost Card Brown& Lomb, Projectors. and& Lantern Slides. Price, $3.50 up. Buckeye Stereopticon Company, Cleve- AnEarle, excellent 918 portableChestnut stere- Street, calledrequestbebureau taken, particularly publicationonly since material these to lists theOfthat publications theseas is arenecessary. special found scarcely usefullists included meetin their present in work. the abovedemands, classification, to attention is farmers' bulletins, some of which should be in Care must $58.Stereopticon Company, Platteville, Lantern slides are niade at Explanation of Government Publications reasonable pricesWisconsin. by the BadgerRochester, New York. Price, Reportmentthetouse the Secretary,in Secretaryevery of the country Country is ofCircular Agriculture. school Life 94, Commission, and entitled which Free are Publications sent free upon ofof theapplication Agriculture, Depart- Classified for the Use of Teachers. Another publication, also free, from Document No. 705, which no The Official useclassificationdueas these Government to insufficient advantagvously. is made.publications. knowledge,No free material contains 3SO so muchKnowing assistancetheIt is following a that great for much losscountry brief ofthat explanation this teachers disuse of is so few teachers their purchasedcountryAgricultureOffice, teacher Washington, of the is shouldunderstood,Superintendent D.After fail C., to forallthe read country toofgeneral cents. Documents,under teachers organization any consideration, Government who desire and serviceto Printingmay watch be of its the Department of 351 358 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL APPENDIX 2 4 obtained.Monthlycurrentfrom publicationswhich Mailing full information may ask to of have all the their List. Circulars will then be forwarded monthly publications is.ued may be names placed on the relationgramand improved that to geographylanguage by emphasizing sin and By both consideringhistory. the this fourth relationship. the and school sixth in grades two groups is taught for some in purposes. Notice in this pro- 359 than the arrangementNo of problemthe of country school A WORKABLE COUNTRY SCHOOL prog:am. The following program, thoughmanagementVI involves greater difficulty PROGRAM thecrowdedclassesdren best of provide thefeature out lower of antheof grades opportunitythis countryTwo program. andgeneral school, one for classesforintroducing and the are advancedare recommended offered desirable children. on work this as program;perhaps usually. one for the chil- Stories, poems, dramatization, con- These wishedclassesby no means andconsummation longer faultless, periodsThisr. hasis offered wasthanbeen done ordinarily brought through found. By reducing the tchool to five grades. the alternation as an organization containing fewer andabout in the following ways: elimination This devoutly-to-be- daysgiventurethisstruction period, mayor once weeks. work,be aand arrangedweek, watera similar or, color, forin schedulethe the and upper upper primary offering grades, grades. songs naturecontimsously may stndy be givenand for agricul- severalduring Plan each day of this work carefully, as the tempta- Each subject may be isseventhinandfourth,alternation not the always six, teaching the isand possible, meanteven-numbered eighthin of thebutthe teachingis oddthe commonly odd-numberedgradesfirst, of thepracticed .years (too8-lo-'ta, etc.). even gradesfirst, second,second, third, fifth, and years (1911-13, etc,), of grades. By This plan tionbook to driftrecitation. in such a classThe efficiencyis greater than of this in the program, conventional or of anytext- program, is PLANNING THZ DAILY WORE greatly grades.therural individual school To il'ustrate,system teacher. cif in someBy the the schoolstates, andwhere this elimination of grades is meant.the cutting out of can frequently be adopted by programthroughout was thewoiked w hole one or more eachthiscountryincreasedfour purpose. class should teacher by will making The besuffice, will covered. merest findbrief but it suggestionoutline theadvisable whole plans to programof ofdevote the the ground day'sfrom a special work. nineto be note-booko'clock Thecovered hurried until toin is andmeantsixthofout, children this the grade agrade teacher return should for w todecidedtwoere the appreciate accordinglyweeks, fourth to dissolve with grade. the given the increased the understanding fifththe privilege grade. Care was taken that both parents advantage of such a The three chi!drenof thata trial failure in the here butwhenpointswhileenough the regularly into teacher'sto historybe record emphasized practiced greatestandthe sentencesgeography becomesin safeguard the orrecitation classes,wordsnot against only to willthe thebe insufficient one,usedsuffice.basis two,for of goodthe orand next three reviewingnegligent lesson; chief For example, in first grade reading it Such planning objfivenomovement teacher,ection. grades. to howeverThe the change school 2.capable, isas thereforea whole. can advantageously Usuallylegitimate, this handle regardless of pare,italappeases them. more t .an But preparation. :co- 9:10Opening exercises. COUNnY SCHOOL PROGRAII FOR Flys GRADIS history and civics. 3.ThisCompare plan is eighthfamiliar grade to all geography teachers. andBy combining physiology;ay alternating classes. classes. also eighth grade 9:20-9:10-9:50-to:to--Sixth9 :35- 9:35Second9:aoFirst 9:soFourth reading. reading. arithmetic. arithmetic. combined. This may Some4.beMany done subjects, moreclasses, oftenlanguage as thethan sixthand penmanship and eighthBy teaching opecially,reading som: .;,eg. sec.,..!:..ily; that is, in relation commonly practiced. classes, can well be are given motive to other:. 10.55-1to:45-10:55---Firstto:to-to:30Eighth t :o5Second reading,arithmetic. numbers. word drill, or numbers. Recess 353 360 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL APPENDIX 361 11 II10;05-11:40-12 :20.11:40Sixth :ooEighth :20Fourth geographyphysiology. historylanguage. geographylanguage.:00- z :10First reading. Noon ModelingClayDrawingCuttingSewingCloth and and foldingPaper. stickand and cardboard. layingCrayons,sand. ProcessesMaterials Used water colors, and shoe-pegs. 2:15-1t1:20-1:10- :35-:55- 2 :30Written 1:20Secondt2 :35Fourth:55Sixth :15Eighth spelling,geographylanguage. reading. reading.historycivics. all grades. thethisabove, familiarbowls,one it story.will spoons, story be seen of beds, theToWeavingPaper, that make"Three alltables, five this Bears." activitiesand explanation raffia, chairs Referring might reeds, clear, grasses, let etc. Different scenes may be cut, or drawn, it be applied concretely. may be sewed as card be exercised throughto the five processes or painted; Take 3:05-2:45- 3:30Advanced reading, sixth and eighth grades, and3:o5General English andstruction, grammar, drawing, eighth music, grade. etc. primary class for lower gradesliterature, con- Recess totakenandmodeledpatterns develop all, not may or into each shaped clay;tirebe worked onethe while althroughchildren ontline outthe inwhole but of detailform anytwo setting onor threethe of desk ofthe the with activities shoe-pegs, oneon the story, sand-table. so it will be advisable story, house, forest, Care must be possible, or 3:30- 4:00General advanced cIass for upper gradesnature study, agriculture, home science, drawing, music, etc. separatedraggedseatworkchoosing handwork in thoseis merely always to whichSome coursesto an keep itSeatwork is andchildren best the adapted. Problems. impossibility busy; of showing outgrowth, In well-planned courses of study tbe never an addition, or somethir,g hence the incongruity of a course SEAT WORK IN COUNTRYTwo fundamental SCHOOLS principles AND should SOME be kept PRIN- in mind in selecting CIPLES UNDERLYING IT VII and thanisplain onceisolated can of underAood, possiblya scarcityfrom the be moreofused.rest ideas of suggestionsered the for herecurriculum. seatwork as for illustrations handwork that of this relationship. When this connection But teachers so often com- a few problems arepresent themselves work.shouldexpression,planningwork be cannot every related and he pieceshould to, wholly and of therefore handwork.made wrong. to embody grow When out some of,these other idea phasesto express. of school i. Handwork is simply one form of are adhered to, the 2. It ofanimals.buildings, somebroken kind,Make the bits trees, thent ofme mirror, modelfields,houseA Sand-Table andapastures, and miniature barn the Farm. of streams,woods eitherfarm ofpaperand real or twigs. wood, the Any school can have a sand-table. upon it. even the people and Put on all the Make one Cut the water oftensomeanor motley taughtclassification teachers array in this in of getting Toway.separateto handwork.the ainexperienced bird's-eyeand unrelated The viewwhole teacher tasks. of subject the theresubject seems often and to seemsgraspmg present to be neither end The following classification has assisted Unfortunately, it is fact,thehandedfoundfarmer serviceableness is ratherfrom that and plain much ahis by-product family paper. scatwork of the and thanfarm haslive-stock an beenhas original but necessary from just in magazine begun.estment in its preparation.in pictures its By the time all this is completed it will be Handwork, in construc-or free- But folio%materials,involvedits underlying in or ordinary principlesmediums, seatwork through which they are worked out There are, after all, but five distinct processe- These processes, or activities,, and the are as children..fundamentallytion.for primary reading lesons. The chief purpose of the sand-table farm is to furnish a basis necessary and therefore of meaning and value to the The seatwork imolved, how ever, was 36.1 BEST COPY AVAILABLE 385 . 362 A Doll House. Another project that calls for COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL weeks of interesting one for the first grade, for example, list APPENDIX all the different seatwork 363 industriallargeinand geography wooden profitable study box andof seatwork house or history. built building is of the lumber. doll is made house. as a basis Wall paper must be designed, rugs woven, beds, Then follow the interior finishing, decora- As the task progresses, anThis may be made of a for future work theteacherhastheirproblems third finished educational and vainly that fourth his relateracking taskvalue. grades, ato new herthe thesebrainworkone awaits cardsforof the an him orday,assignment. slips and arranged theremay beis in no tacked the distracted order up of Through this plan, as soon as a quick child In the case of readingfamilytables,tion,good and is chairs, lessonsproblem tofurnishing. be provided.and has in dressers beenseatwork.Booklets. possible. made, These and are even best Individual booklets to take home as gifts furnish another In the meantime a whole series of interesting when based upon a definitefhe clothing of the doll tionfromreferwhere in theto thecountry thembusy children teacher.and schools. proceed canThe see care them,at ofhis materials makingown rate it iswithoutpussible another furtherfor vital each matter direction child in to handwork instruc- Trideed, much of the success of the whole mediatelanguage,thoughinterest, agrades. as generaland a Hiawatha picture bookPrimitive study book,of handworkbooks Lifea story are Stories. much book,is Among or a the best books yet out on also good, and geography,worth while in the inter- nature study book, seatwork theorGood Variousroomcabinet individual housekeeping management ofplans some work for kind each is theand a fundamentalcareis ofchild almost the of mayteaching materials necessary have requisite process his may ownfor ofbe itselfgeneral the box,worked countrydepends containing stores. out. teacher. upon A closethis this. For AfterarelishedCavemen,"is the history eachprimitiveby Rand, chapter books,and McNally life"The numerousbut series, Later aid 8c, inentitledCompany, Cavemen," suggestions "The Chicago, by areTree offered at 45 cents handwork is one of their chief virtues. Katherine F Dopp, pub- Dwellers," "Tht Early of "things to do." each. These abeconvenience.inpersonal presentable separatedeveloped eouipment, boxes andlesson followed.or indrawers. or cutting the different when he kinds failed of to work find maythe scissors. be classified The important thing is that a definite, systematic plan Froebel himself couldIn this, never each have teacher taught must suit her own Thesewithchildrenthe subject-matterfurnish their in furnishings otheran abundance lands givenChild may furnish that of beLife theyhandworlc workedmany Stories. become lessons out, and but are the so costumes, Sand-table scenes of the geography studies natural forms of expression.also. Not only the homes vitally related to too. This of PICTURES THAT PORTRAY FARM LIFE VIII is bestandnecessaryMuch ofdone the inconvenience throughmaterials .co each the used, Handworkchild. dressing is involves occasioned, of Management. nodolls. small for onedifficulty thing,The management of It is great economy, therefore, to take up handvork instruction in givingin thecountry help schools. Schoolstudy,the thought someof the of experimentsWestern increasingThe Illinois good thiswere State idealismcountry conducted Normal school through School,in implantsthe drawing Country Macomb, a love and Training throughofpicture the open country. With probablytheThissomesuch teaching can explanationof in the be theof practicedolder theprimary five thechildren childrenprocessesto class the oversee advantagelisted can in proceedsomeon regular quite the seatwork of the younger ones. of all in a school of the rightthe program above. independently. recitation period, After Let picturesofchildrenthe followingall years the thatshould 19)6,various listportray 1907, know,of classes pictures. farm and to belife,of1908, paintings.sure; help which neither to idealize resulted does it, itin andfurnish the have selection type-studies been offound the This list does not include all the pictures It is simply a list of some paperelasticothers. for enough each tograde accommodateiritAnother requiring difficulty all. arises because some For this, do not discourage rapidity,386 but seatwork aasignments. Provide daily enough slips of children work faster than devise a system Then on the hadbelargepopular procured in enough colors with incountry forfor a five-cent wallclass Allchildren decoration. study these edition, throughfor pictures oneand actual centmany and each. experiment.othersof the landscapesmay be had may in smallbe reproductions For information, see catalogs of Most of them can thepicture364 children firms as quoted special in favorites section 5 are marked COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY of this appendix. with an asterisk. ThoseSCHOOL selected by * Deer by Hunt Moonlight. APPENDIX The Lone Wolf.Griffin *The Gleaners.Song of the Lark.MilletBreton *The Balloon.TheMilking Haytnakers. DupreTime. * CloseThe Brookside. of Day.Twilight.DavisHart AcrossTheSunset Endthe onJacque Fields. of theAdan Day. Meadows. *Angelus. WomanPotatoGoingThe Sower. toPlanting. Churning. Work. *Three MembersPharaoh'sOnEscaped the ofPrairie. Cow. aHorses.HerringTemperance Society. Spring.Winter.Cat and KittensDouglasAdam at Play. TheFarmIn Road the Scene Pasture. toPicknell Concarneau.Van with Marcke Cattle. *The* Feeding Rainbow. HerAThe Distinguished Birds.First Step.Landseer Memberof the Humane Society. *The*By Shepherdess.Village Blacksmith.RuysdaelLe Rolle the River. *Breaking* Young Mother HomeEngland. Ties. KowalskiandHovenden Daughter. *The BrokenDawn. Pitcher.EgglestonGruese *Saved.*King**Dignity Shoeing of and thetheThe Impudence.Forest.Bay Sanctuary. Mare. *Autumn*LandscapeLandscape Gold.The with Coming Windmill.I with/1 ft Storm.UsWaterfall. throughMany thecountry teaching teachers ofAnother literary realize selections meansthis of increasing rural idealism SOME COUNTRY LIFE DC opportunity but do not know where LITERATUREwhich idealize farm living.in the country school is * Spring.LayingLandscapeDance Down of the Corotwith the Nymphs. Law.Horsemen. Landscape.Spring.Autumn.MauveGorier farmandinserted.to turn sketches, life. for such but material. onlyIn thosemaking selections these lists the aim has been This has greatly narrowed the field. For this reason the that refer specificallyto include, not to realnature "We have practicallyfollowing lists are poems * Landscape*Evening*Return* The Lake. to within the May. Cottages.Farm.Troyon 'Fading*Avenue LightThe of ofTrees.Prairie. Day.PaulHobbema Potter on highwaythecommentingnothe gdod plowboyland. poems rather is on of thanthe American present one that farmstatus life," of rural I do not know where Ivery likely to be one that sees the plowboy expresses the real sentiment of labor can find a dozenfirst-classsays Professor L. H. Bailey in literature. "A poem on poems OnOxenHolland the Ploughing. Alert. Cattle.Rosa Bonheur ' The Cornfield.Valley Farm.RiekeConstable depictingtheof andfarming. city by man's personsthe real point whofarmer. of see iew. farming at Farm poems are usually written from . . . long range, or vho come to itWe viith hme very few good novels the study outward A 3SS*ANorman HumbleWeaningA SireNoble Servant Charger,the Cal' es. * September.Sunset Glow.Road to thcZuber Village. areanddrawn, greatly present but the most a typeexception." ofUnder of them life suchareand limitations it A goodis evident many that farm thiscaricatures, characters 11qta %ocabulary vhether which, so intended if they exist 389 cannot he wholl) have been or not, at all, 366satisfactory. COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY It contains some of the best literuLac available for SCHOOL this Whittier's PoemsTellingDays. the The Bees. Homestead. *The Barefoot *The Huskers Boy. and the Corn Song. APPENDIX *In School 367 :11 purpose,country however. children in awakening and Selections that have proved most effective with expressing a love c the land are Bryant's Poems*Thethe Planting Country. of *The the Apple Prairies. Tree. An Invitation to *To a Water Fowl. Lines on Revisit- suchmarkedBaker book-jobbers with & Taylor an asterisk. Company, as A. C. McClurgNew York. & Company, All books quotedSHORT may POEMS Le purchased from Chicago, or the Longfellow's Puems*TheingAgricultural the Country. Old Clock Celebration. on the Stairs, ''Oh, Fairest of the Rural Maids." *Ode for an *The Deacon's Masterpiece, or the Rain in Summer. L. H. BaileyIn a collection*TheNew York,Country published price School. by 50 the cents: Also *Thein Butterfield's Farmer's The For class study. Suitable for memorizing if desired Challenge.Roycrofters, *The East Farmer.Aurora, Country Church and Holmes'Wordsworth'sLowell's Poents*The Poems*The Poents*TheOnWonderful Plowman.Dandelion. Planting Oak. Daffodils. "One-Hoss a Tree at *My Shay."Inveraray. Heart Leaps Up When I The Pioneer. WhatAn IndianIs So RareSummer as aReverie. Day in June? *To the James Whitcombthe RileyIn*The RuralNeighborlyAfterwhiles: Raggedy PoemsProblem. HerePoems:Man. *The at Country Home:*When Church, the Frost Is on the *Old Aunt Mary's. *Thoughts for a Discouraged Farmer. A Voice from the Farm. Punkin.*Our Hired Girl. the Cat to Die. In Child In Burns'Shelley's Poems*The Poems*The AuldHisBehold cloud.Nest Auld Farmer's awith *To RainbowMare, a New-YearPlow.Skylark. Maggie. in the Sky. *ToMorning *The a Mouse Reaper.Salutation on Turning to Her Up in Her *To a Mountain Daisy. Repentance. My Father was a TheRhymes:WintersPathway. OldBrandywine. Hay-Mow. The on *How Boythe Farm.WetLives John Weather AonQuit Song Our the Talk. Farm.of Farm. Long *Waitin' Ago. for In Farm Rhymes the following: A Country *When the Green Gits Back in *Knee-deep in June. *Up and Down Old Old Browning's PoemsHometheFarmer. Spring. Thoughts from Abroad. *John Barleycorn. LONG POEM S *The Year's at PaulEugene Laurence FieldIn DunbarIn PoemstheTheHills Trees, of Corn-stalk Lyricsand Childhood: Where Far of Away, Lowly the Fiddle. ToChildren a LittleA Corn Used Song. to The Play. Life: The Old Apple Tree. Spellin' Bee. Brook. *Over the In Lyrics *Evangeline.*Michael.* Elegy*Hiawatha's Written Fasting. in a Country Churchyard. Wordsworth. Longfellow. For extendedLongfellow. class study Gray. Robert Louis StevensonInCrick.of SunshineFarm,Lands. *The *Autumn Farm andA Child's Shadow: Child's Fires. Lullaby. A Boy's Summer *The Cow. *The Hayloft. *The Swing.Garden of Verses: Song. Farewell*Wadin' to the jn de Foreign *Tam*Snowbound.*The Deserted o' Shanter.SunthinMaud Village, Muller.. in the Pastoral Whittier. Line, Whittier. Burns. Goldsmith. Lowell's Biglow Papers. LidaJohn B. Burroughs'Mc Murry's Songs SongsMowing.Helen of of HuntNature: Treetop The Jackson. Oak and Tree, by Emily II. Clovers, by Helena L. Jel liffe. *The Joy of the Road, by Bliss Miller. Meadow: *September, by *The Chickens. * Cotter's SaturdayToThe My Song Old Night. of Schoolmaster, the Sower. PROSEBryant.Burns. SELECTIONSWhittier. Eliza CookSee volumeAcrossCarman.Gate.Hamlin of the TheGreenpoems. Garland. Wheat, Old Things Barn. by \targaret Growing, *Old Dobbin. Sangster. by Dinah M. 390 a Troublesome Fly, by *The Horse. Song of the Haymakers. The Toil of the Trail, byThomas McKellar. Craig. *The Old Farm. *The Wind *Rip*The VanLegend Winkle. of Sleepy Hollow. Irving. For extended class study Irving. 391 368 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL APPENDIX 369 1 *Vicar*Poor Richard's of Wakefield.SpyWoodSir Roger Rock Almanac. Magic de(The Coverley (The Blue Blue Flower). Papers Flower). (selections).Van Van Dyke. Dyke. Goldsmith. Franklin. Addizon. ofidealizationexcuseThese farm are forlife nowthe songsof usecountryas easyisof included Theinferior andlife. field selections.here of song may also be as inexpensive as any,The and following there can listbe of to assist country teachersmade in amaking great stimulant for the song sources and no *Main*Prairie*Being*Adventures Traveled a Folks. Boy. in C. Contcntment.Hamlin Roads. D. Warnetl. Garland. David Grayson. Hamlin Garland. NOVELS collected,bookspopularcountryselections are are lifelistedwith starred.toward spiritualization. the in twocountry this double children, end of for groups, and those that haveFor furtherproved convenience, most these good musical knowledgewhom they and were originally songs and **Eben David*The*Courts*Boy Holden. CountryHarutn.Life of Boyville.on Irving Westcott.theDoctor. Prairie. Bacheller. Hamlin Garland. William Allen White.S. 0. Jewett. *1. Elements of Music in Song.Publishing Company, Bloomington, Illinois. SONG BOOKS FOR COUNTRY SCHOOL. USE For all grades F. W. Westhoff. Price, 45 cents. Public School * Rebec,:aBeside TheInof OleSunnybrook Kentuckythe Virginia. Bonnie Cardinal. Farm.Brier Thomas Bush,Kate James N. Douglas Page. Lane Wiggin. Allen. Ian Maclaren. *3.*a. Common4. School Book of Vocal Children'sChoice Songs Singing for Intermediate Gameslishing OldBurdett Grades.and Company, New. & Company, Mari Chicago. Chicago. Price, Is centsMusic. each.Price, 40 cents. OrvilleEleanor T. Brewer Smith. Pub- Hofer. Silver, * The ReignTheThe HoosierSkyof Circuit Law. Pilot. Schoolmaster.James Rider. Lane Allen. Ralph Connor. Eggleston. Eggleston. 5. Songs of gan Company, Chicago. the Child World, No. t. For lower grades Price, 3o cents. A. Flana- **jean Black Mitchell's Beauty.TheIn the Call MollieMorningSchool. of the E. Angelina Glow.Seawell.Wild. Wray. Jack London.R. R. Gilson. *6. 7. LiltsSongs and of Lyrics.the Child World,price.Church No. Company, Chicago. Riley and Gaynor. Price, $1. 2. Riley and SameGaynor. authors, The John company, andCPyton F. Summy Com- COUNTRY SCHOOL MUSIC AND FARM LIFE SONGS *9.*8. FirstPrimer, Book, Modern Modern Musicabove. Musicdettpany, Series. & Series.Chicago. Company, Chicago. Price, 30 cents. Price, $1. Price, 25 cents. Eleanor Smith. Author and company Silver, Bur- as instructionabilityones,that are and ot suitable yothose is nger to adapted considerfor children. theThe lower tocountry the older school grades childrenschool in two presents are beyond the interest and About the most practical plan fora difficult problem in music. are too childish for the upper groups, the lower group Songsmusic 'to.12.it. SongsTheSecond inSong Season, Book, Primer. Modern MusicYork. Series. Price, $1. George andA. Coonley. E. Bentley. A. S. Barnes Company, Price,New 40 cents. A. Flanagan Company, songeight.including material. When grades this isone done, to four, the nextand thequestion advanced is 39 Only the best of songs need, and should, where to find desirablegroup grades five to bg used. 14.13. SecondFirst Reader, Reader, New above Educational series.Gilchrist.Chicago. Music Course. Price,Ginn so cents, & Company, Chicago. Price,393 30 cents. Price, 30 cents. McLaughlin and ,..P1123 TritIttertri 370*15, The Abridged AcademyCOUNTRY Song Book. LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL For upper grades Levermore, Ginn & Com- *The* The MeadowFarmer,The Farmer 7.is a Battle-field, in the Dell, 16. 4. 7. APPENDIX The Windmill,Toad'sWind (Stevenson), Mistake, 5, 12. ix. 8, 13. 371 **DS, Alternate Third Book, Modernpany,Silver, Chicago.Music Burdett Series. & Company, Chicago. Price, 75 cents. Price, 50 cents. Eleanor Smith. The Swing,Rainbow,Stepping-stones, 6. 5. 6. ThanksgivingTheThanksgiving, Woodpecker, Song, 13. 8. 9. 18.19. SongsFourthFolk ofBook,Songs Life above ofand Nature. series.Company, Chicago. Many Nations. Price, 75 cents. Price,Eleanor 75 cents. Smith. Luuis C. Elson. The John Church Scott, Foresman & *The Swing (Stevenson), to, 13. For upper grades Who Has Seen the Wind? tr. zr.20. SongsFavorite of SungsAmerica and and Hymns. Homeland.Company,Company. Chicago. Price, 8o cents. Price, $1. J. P. McCaskey. Charles W. Johnson.American Siker, Book *Autumn StrewsAutumn,All Among on 25. Every the Barley, Plain,16. I, 20. * On* Skating HorsebackOn a Song September,PolishNameless (Rubinteinl,(Schumann), May Hill-top,18. Song, 25.3, i, 26. 15.22. *23. 22. FolkSongs Songs of the and Nation. Other Songscents.Burdett for & Children.Company, Chicago. Author and company as above; Price, 6o cents. J. B. R. Whitehead. Price, 6o *Farmer**Corn Corn Song,Song,Comin'City and 1,Lad t6.Finch, 15.Through and to. Country the Rye, Lass, 19. 19. **Song Spring After SongTheSong Labor, (Mendelssohn),Apple of the16, Orchard, Brook21. (Tennyson), 19. t. 25.24. TheFifth Lyric Reader, Song New Book. EducationalGilchrist.Company.Oliver Ditson Music Company, Chicago. Ginn & Company,Price, 65 cents. Chicago. H. W. Loomis. Price, $2. Course. Price, so cents. Clayton F. Summy McLaughlin and *First*Hail Violets, toHailFawn-footedFarewell the ts.Oay to(Mendeissohn), the Nannic, Forest, 3. 15, 22. Bonoy September, 17. *The Farmer,HappyFirstThe Grass BlushingBerry Farmer 20. (Schumann), Pickers, (Schumann),Maple 26, Tree, 15, 20. *27. 26. Note-Numbers refer to the booksSixthThird Reader, Book, above Modern series. MusicBurdett & Company, Chicago. SOME FARM LIFE SONGS Price, 5o cents. Series. listed abovePrice, 5o cents. Eleanor Smith. and show in which Silver, *Hark ! HarvestHappy Farmer Home,Song, 17.Boy,1,26. 16. 1. Hark ! the Lark, 15, 16. *The Hay Ride,The Harvester,Haymaker's 26. 17. Roundelay,Song,t6. 17. 26. book or booksAutumn each song Fires, may z. be 16. For lower grades found. LetLittle Us Make Gipsy a Dandelion,Garden, 7. 8. *HowHome,Harvest SweetCheerful Song, Home, 22. Along 22.Mead, the 16. Gay *The* The Low-backed OldPainfulThe Oaken Linden Plow, Car, Bucket, 17.15,Tree, 19, 22. 1. W. *Boating,*Bringing*Flower 6. the SongsCoasting, (entire 13. section), 6. Cattle Home, 7. * Milking*Song*Nature ofTime,My Songs theSong Pony, 6. (entire of 7. the Shearers,section), 5. Loaf of Bread, 5. 6. *My*I Know Heart's aMillHow Bank in theDo (Shakespeare), YouHighlands Hoe Your15. Row ? May, 20. *The Violet,Plowman,RiverThe Farm, 3. WildRiver 26. 26. Rosebud, (Beethoven), 25. ts. *Goodbye'InIn the the to Barn, theGrasshopper Farm 14. Green, 7,(Stevenson), 14. 13. Straw Stack, 9. 39 ,1 * Songs*The DairyofThe the Maids,SeasonsBird's Nest,7. (entiLe 5.section), 5. 0! OldOh!Hemlo:k Kentthe Ash ncky Tree, and Home,3, 16. the Oak,(Burns), 19, 18.21, 22. I, 15, 16. 17, 21. *Wait*Up the for Hills, the'Way Wagon,3. 15.Down 15. Upon395River, 16, 21, 22. the Suwanee 372 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY XI TRAINING TOOLS FOR SCHOOL thatitsNnrmal practicability. can School,be purchased Macomb.The prices of local listed dealers are averagesanywhere. for the standard tools ManyAPPENDIX country teachers have testified to It is assumed that 373 A MINIMUM LIST OF MANUAL SOME PRINCIPLES RELATING TO MANUAL COUNTRY COUNTRY SCHOOLS SCHOOLS TRAINING IN 1tthe ripbackcross-cut one saw saw or (26 two saw in. benches long)(Io points) for this outfit shall be ,nade by the larger boys. $1.6o T.75I.50 I StanleyI screwdriverI square brace Loo .25 ii I. Introduce the subject gradually.schoo/s,pedagogically,basket-ball where standards, abut favorable it is walks, the attitudebest etc. method must often of approach first be established in country Mer-I and make school furniture, This may not be satisfactory I coping saw jacklow angleplane block plane 1.851.00 .25 2 hammersI oil stonecan 1.20Loco .50.to 2. Make things that are neededor ofamongat thehome.and coursetheof practical people. and dovalue not either allow in material school needs to displace Cling to pedagogical principle as the determinant this zI markinginch chisel gage T squarequarter-inch chisel .40.30.10 1 set Dowel bit. $14.60 4 Remember that manual illustrationscriterion,traininging thought," has but beenof atthis and thedefined educational makesame as suretime"hands unfolding. thatselect there practical is some problems thought as follow- about A MINIMUM EQUIPMENT FOR THE TEACHING OF DOMES- TIC SCIENCE IN COUNTRY SCHOOLS XII 4.S FourConcentrate elements attention of study itupon at toplanningremember least follow. the should children a thatdisplay be the andconsidered ofteacher's bric-a-brac.their task is educating boys and development; in working girls, not hereExtensionis recommended through' in theher Ohiokindness. byThe Mrs. State following ElmaThe University, inexper.siveness P.list of domesticColumbus, scienceand and practicability is equipment published of for country schools Foulk, Director of Household b.a.c. Execution:,Tools:Materials:out acare, problem source, wayhandling, inof story, woodwork.handling etc. value, tools variety, and seasoning,performing etc. the physical wascostingthis decidedlist tenshould dollars, upon commend as may Thefuel also becausestand it be forobtained it theis always stove from obtainable.in Mrs. this Foulk.equipment is to be home-made. to all country teachers. A better (For alcohol list,Oil 6. d. Strive to avoid the Relationpedagogical to life: errors commontask.and competition, manufacturing processes, etc. Correct habits must be formed here. social and industrial studies, labor organization in manual training. stoves,lidstore.needed.part should ofsee the thisbe money selectedappendix, to be so Sectionexpended that they 4.) may into bea stove used asand a buydouble the boiler.utensils as The large granite Manykettle ofand the the granite smaller articles granite may kettle be purchased with a at a ten-cent It is better to putthe greater b.a. NeglectLackAmong of thesemotivethe thought are: or purpose side. in the work. This is seen in asking 1 stove EQUIPMENT COSTING APPROXIMATELY $5.00 $3.00 7 Dover egg beater $0.03 ownthe children point of to view. make pieces undesirable or useless from their 2 tablespoons measuring glass .10 tT wire egg beatersalt and T pepper . .03.05 formerly teacher d.c.ofThe mantlel fnllowing training list in of the tools Western wasNeglect preparedOver-stress of the by social on skill and and industrial excellence. side of the 39C Mr. U. subject. Illinois I-I. Burch, State 3 teaspoonsIt steelparing forkknife knife Jo.05.o5.io t asbestosI 397 mat....granitegranite kettlefrying frying (large)pan pan (small). (large) .10.10 374 granite kettle (small) COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY$0. io SCHOOL granite milk pan.. g0.10 9. Kemp, Elwood W. History for Graded and District Schools. APPENDIX 375 2I bowlgranite for pie mixing panslid for at smaller toc granitekettle .05.20.10 granitewire strainer teakettle $4.93 .05.50 ro. Dodge, RichardChicago.tarygradesPrice, E. Schools. The more ContainsTeaching adequately the of bestGeography than discussion any other. in Elemen- of rural school geog- $1. Covcrs the work in (Forthcoming.) Rand, McNally Company,history throughout the A SELECTED LIST OF TWENTY-FIVE BOOKS FOR THE USE OF COUNTRY TEACHERS XIII 12.ix. Comstock,Field, Jessie. Mrs.cago.raphy A.Contains B. in Handbook its excellentrelation of to Natureset farm of farm livingStudy. arithmetic yet in print. problems. Price, 6o cents. The Corn Lady. A. Flanagan Company, Chi- The story of a country teacher. Price, $3. manyteachers.experience country in teachers.countryThe followingschool teaching list of booksand in is the the training result of of several country years of practical Each book has been carefully tested and passed upon by It has been the purpose in making this selec- 13. Keeler, Harrietillustrated.excellentComstock Louise. sourceOur Publishing Native of information Trees. Company, for Ithaca, nature study.New York. Price $2. Profusely Easily An possible.tionmayteachers.represents to bekeep secured ita minimumas inclusiveof A. C. equipment McClurg and helpful & of Company, professional and yet Chicago,as inexpensive at the prices as But oneAll book books in each named field for or whichsubject no is publishinggiven. The houselist thus is given aid for country 14. Blanchan, Neltje.colorbeginnersMiddlehandled and West. and large in helpfulbird life-like study. key pictures. to the study of forest trees in the Bird Neighbors. Contains classification based on Price, $2. Best help for quoted. The entire2.t. list can be purchased for less thanReportButterfield, $30. of the Country 313,K. L. and Chapters LifeBibliography, Commiss'ion. in Rural page Progress. 389. See pages 69 and See Bibliog- [6.15. Mann, A. R.desirable.phasisExcellent upon reference the social for bothside ofteacher country and life pupils. Beginnings in Agriculture. Price, 75 cents.D. C. Heath & is especially Its em- 4.3. Bailey, L.L. H. H. The Thepageraphy, Country Training388. page 388.Life of Movement.Farmers. See Bibliography, See Bibliography, IS.17. WorstSeegmiller,Weed, andClarence. Wilhelmina.Keith.greatCompany. Farmers' help to Friends inexperienced and Foes. teachers. $1.25. EspeciallyEducative good Seatworlc. on weeds and insects. Applied Arts Drawing Books. See page 355. Educational Pub- Of 6.5. Thorndike,Kern, 0. J. Edwardpage 388.Excellent389 L. and page presentation 296. of the common-sense essentials of Among Country Schools. Principles of Teaching. See Bibliography, Price, $1.25. 19. Mc Murry, Mrs.becauselishing SecurePrice,Lida Company, B.it40 the shows cents. teacher's theChicago. relation edition ofwith seat pedagogical work to other supplement. subjects. Good beginning for primary story telling. Classic Stories for Little Ones.85 cents. Especially valuable 7. Wray, Angelina.bookinsuregood pedagogy.in good the teaching.attractive guise of a story presents an ideal of Jean Mitchell'sThis oneSchool. book fully lived up to would Price, $1. This 21.20. McStevenson, Murry, Mrs. Robert tainingPrice,Lida Louis. B. 40 poems cents. A Child's to teach Garden in primary of Verses. grades. Price, Beautiful collection of child poetry, con- Songs of Treetop and Meadow. 8. Briggs and Coffman.$1.25.ct)untry Reading teaching in that the every Public country Schools. teacher should possess. 388Best book on the subject for country teachers. Price, 22. Hofer, Marl R.tofrom be 30without cents these up. charming child rhymes. Singing Games for Children. No teacher of little children can afford 399 A. Flanagan .'' APPENDIX 37623. accompaniments.Company, Chicago.COUNTRY Helpful LIFE for indoor AND THEgames. COUNTRY SCHOOL Price, 30 cents. Has easy musical and 7.6. OutsideApparatusstands, conditionswalks, book cases,cage, well, etc. tables,outbuildings, cupboards, yard aquarium, arrangement, animal 377 24. TheBancroft's Abridged Games $1.73.Gymnasium.AcademycollectionCompany, for An the excellentSong Playground, Chicago.Theof goodBook. Macmillan collection, songs Home, forCompany, including the School, upper New grades of country Price, 75 cents. Published by GinnContains & aall splendid kinds of games. York. Price, heating,and outbuildings ventilating, Workwith andConstruct adequate lighting.provisions.out and and construct room develop for plans aall landscape purposes, and models planflowers, and for for proper an a gardens, typicalideal district countrypaths, school etc. school 23. Riley and Gaynor.songs.Company,Bookschools. II. Chicago. Two of the best Price, $1 each. Songs of the Child World. Book I and Published by the John Church collections of primary yard,whetherdiscussed, embodying the the school allimpressions desired workVisit iselements, patrons. reachingyou received, both into utilitarian the the life conditions of and the msthetic. home, !earned; whether note IMPROVEMENT OF THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTRecord your visits, giving dates, the principal points SUGGESTED PROBLEMS OF COUNTRY SCHOOL FOR THE ATTACK OF INDIVIDUAL COUNTRY TEACHERS XIV TEACHING questions;equipment,opportunityhome needs consolidationare to being discuss metParents' new. by of theschools, linesmeetings. school. of etc. thought; as, attendance, home work, discipline, moral habits of the Meetings for the discussion of specific school Visits to patrons offer excellent as, agriculture, school listciationWith of thisproblems of Illinoisthought for in in country1907Nothing mind, put teachers.leaders willout aimprove bulletin of the any outliningCountry teacher Teachers'and so rapidlysuggesting as constructive a The solution of such problems thinking. Asso- children,musical,problemsetc. how debates, growing parents contests, out mayEvening of helpyour etc. theexperiencemeetings. school most,which reading may help forPlan others. children, and hold such meetings and develop a list of topics and For entertainment For getting moneybasket socials, pay and instructionliterary, teachersofis madeIllinois, eachof andthe year thestate, resultsat becomethe time of stillthis the of work,theabasis feature annual ofas thetaken of Country Country the up work by School of the Country Teachers' variousSchool country Exhibit AssociationConference generaladdresses,entertainments, and bycountry teachers, life subjects. ministers, professional men, and others, on sales, CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLSetc. Inspirational meetingstalks, lectures, beof theIllinoiscredited Association. State wholly, Normal to Dr. School FrederickAn account, at Macomb. G. Bonser, with photographs formerly or drawings, of improvements you IMPROVEMENT OF THE FHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT This list of problems was prepared by, and should of the Western tioninSecure,ment each of of theschool froma consolidatedchildren the district townshipIf in conditions concerned.the school, territory assessor, seem set proposed out theat allto amount securefavorable for consolidation. ofsuch taxable in ayour movement. property territory to the develop- Make a map showing the distribu- Show have3.2. i.made in: DecorationLightingYour heating plans, of plans. %%allsblackboards,shades, and curtains. wall paper, pictures, If a stove, make a clay model of it. bulletin costofthe forthe possible of oneschools a consolidated year. routes concerned. of transportation. school plant and of the cost of maintaining :s Show the benefits gained by consolidation. Secure an approximate statement of the Find the cost per capita in each Make a 4.5. Seatingdesks,Painting of building, chairs, window insideandboards, andchairs, seats, etc.outside, etc. settees, floors, kindergarten etc. tables planconsolidation,ingwhich and the willmodel community aid of inuse aenforcing goodevery to an consolidated available appreciationthe advantages opportunitypersonal school of of the consolidation. building meaning and callsand grounds values and of In educat- con- 378versations, the influence you can exert through the children, a wise COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL more farmers. Which pays better, APPENDIX selling steers at two years or three? 379 stepsgetthoroughlyeveningdistribution from after the meetingsyour Statethose of people the partsUniversity toliterature talk ofare the overprepared school aton theUrbana, the subjectlaw forsubject, relative these.lectures, with as to thereference consolidation.discussior.s, bulletins to youdefinite and ci n Consult and learn Find useHowetc.; a manyseparator? cows in thetootoo districtproblems problems really in dairying.in pay? fruit Does growing. does it pay the farmer to raise these fruits for Cost and return of individual milk cows. Tree fruitsapples, pears, peaches, it pay, financially, to market? Brush outCounty all you and can about about other the John such Swaney schools consolidatedin the United schoolStates. in Putnam COUNTRY SCIIOOL ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT fruitsberries,Elementarycrops,gains byetc. draining; currants, Agriculture,so studies grapes,problems by in Hatch etc. soil in drainage. moisture,and Haselwood, An excellent little book for much of this Cost and value of open ditches; of tiling; rainfall, needs of various published by farm work is Row, planvaluethat you will toadvocate, them. hold the interestOpeningA. country and exercises attention school program, in of country all grades daily schoolssuggested and weekly,be of real with and reasons tried material for the Petersoncornstalks,durability, & Company, and straw, efficiency and Chicago,so5u stubble, problems of various 50 cents. in kinds fertilizers of posts fencing on farms. for soils. Artificial fertilizerscosts and returns Studies in comparativeValues of barnyard costs, manure, and fencing. workcountry to best schools; advantage. workThePracticalSchoolroom worth noon while and hour sanitation andpsychological andwell recosadapted and cleanlinesshowperiodshow seatwork to the pupils. for tothe touse firstmanage this four time the grades janitorto the in ownery;fromeconomy doesusing,a corn it Makein paybinder, to experiments own5o a manureproblems a 'in inyour farm school machinery. a wide-cut mowing machine, two-row self-binder or to hire one? Does it pay to spreader, a hayRelative derrick? economy in cheap machin- garden. cultivator, gang Relative greatest advantage and enjoyment.Indoor and outdoor games for country schools. FROBLEMS IN THE SEVERAL SUBJECTS OF STUDY Arithmetic plow,penterthrough etc., work, inwant comparison etc. of care.so with problems smaller on onimplements. farmthe econc.nic buildings. values Dimensions, cost of materials, car- of birds and helpful insects; Losses 'n machinery harvesting,of age;used,planting, in cost as tending, binding, and intoo andreturns; shredding, problems harvesting; marketing, etc.;on the cornshelling, industry: and hauling; Acreage shrink-corn in your productsmeals, district; starch, glucose, cost of yields;various methods of distillery and brewery values of fertilizers cost economicfarmsontins request. from actutoly losses the Department throughpay?so harmful problems of Agriculture, insects, fungi, n farm incomes and expenditures. Washington, D. C., sent free weeds, etc. What interest do Get bulle- districtcuttingpaysproducts,University better, corn,as breakfast a basis of Illinois, fur these Urbana, problems. selling corn or feedingSend for bnlletins to the Agricultural College atfoods, the oils, etc.;Use actual conditions in your own it feeding corn toThese stockwhichto stock? will all suggest many Gain or loss in Figurefoodsfamilies grown cost forof and actual one eateo5o month, menus soproblems on problems the orfor farm.three country on in themonths, the cotmeals actual of or atfood one on sales and expenditures of one or more Use individualthe families farm. as a basis. market pricesyear. ofThe foods. market value of othersactualetc. which cases, will getting maketoo100 your facts problemsproblems arithmetic as they inin are oats,realstock in andwheat, your raisingcattle, vital. district andAre hay, farmersfrom hogs,as suggested one horses,actually or for sheep, making corn. poultry, any money on their stock? Use StoriesHistory andof onethe traditions schoolfamily districtofin the earlyschool for the llifhiry settlement of the district.district40;3last through fifty years. five generations, 380trictsoldiers of the CivilHistoryOriginal War, ofstories Spanish-American the school of American since its historyWar, foundingits and by others.persons buildings, living COUNTRYindirectors, the dis- LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL oflast crops five yearsfollowed. of one Make sectionProducts this of the mapthe basis school of the district,school district. A products map APPENDIX of some studies in crop rotation, showing the rotation for each of the 381 tionasteachers, a homesteadof deeds, pupils, abstracts orsignificant boughtHistory of fromtitle, evtnts, of mortgages,thelandone etc. government, farmsales inand etc. the values districtincluding since since an the examina-it district was originally was all public filed upon land. soilIncareful fertility, this connection,daily etc. observationsMeteorologySoil study maps andthe of weathershowingthe of thedistrict school maps based district on examination through of weather forecasting. results in charts and maps. several months, andmaking theof principles soils and onof crops. significant indiv:dualsThe of oldhistoryplacepartbiography, age your of inof your countytheyour with district.county township itsserved historical in the in since theCivil relationships, earlythe War. first history settlement of Illinois.any in prominent it. or meteorologyhills,Representdrainage, valleys, underlying lakesglacialthe results or effects,ChangesPhysiographic theponds, of methods such stones, swamps, in studiesthe etc. studiesschool by adistrict through in the school districtweathering, erosion, redemption of waste lands,the last 50 years asseries to forests, of maps, one for each etc. tour maps, all drawn toTheStudies scale. geographytopography in the drainage of of one the square schoolof the mile,schooldistrictcolor or district, of one maps, quarterand reliefof thesection, maps, township. in con- the Geography fiveAlsoStudy years, beneficial injurious two years, animalinsects,Plan or one andformsthe weeds, year, develop as etc., toad, a school garden, giving Nature Study need indicates.in relation to the earthworm,garden work. bees, birds, etc. special attention to design. expenses,andsoils,schoolrelative prices physical districttopography, valuesof products,formations, of differentlands,The yields, industrial physiographic transportation drainage, farm cost cropsgeography of labor,forests, history,and facilities, products,cost of kinds etc.thc of profits schoolpurchases, and etc. qualities anddistrict losses,living for of one year. Amounts Makeasthetic.in the charts district, showing writing Studyeach.Study tip thetheir trees habits qualities and of make birdstheir a collection migration, of all the different woods grownand values, both economic and nesting habits, foods, etc. onefor year. une year. GeographicalCommerce involved sourcesdistribution ofin the of imports needthe 1,roducts of toone the family exporteddistrict in for from one theyear. district the dish ict for important,vertebratethe following towild their animals fruits: economicWorkliow in outthe bearings. many studiesschool kinds, of theor varieties,homes, habits, are Apples, peaches, pears, plums, found in yourdistrict, district with of eachreferences, ofand %%here life stories of the various berries, grapes? of asfarms far asin the gr:mdparentsdistrict.GeographicalIndustrial oi the geography influencessourctsprcent population. of ufinthe the population makingnumerous of of roadsindustries the district and ininvolved thereaching boundaries in backequip- Workmentsdrawingreference out of discussions water theto theirprinciples from respective wells. Makeof the avaluesnumerous study of all the different involved in the common lifting pump and Make drawings of these pumps and state- in your locality.kinds of pumps and other ways of varieties in each case with other carpets,householdpinggrain the draperies, products,farmfencing, hardware, lightingmeat, cutlery, vehicles,Industrial and systems, otherkitchen machinery, geography liveetc. equipment, stock harness, products, nf thestoves pumps,exports etc. and furnaces,furniture, from the farmleather, wool. planters,varieties,iructureWhichrows. found,haycultivator:, is of therakes, each, best, etc.. wheatinMake and so using far why?similar as every What studies are in type pieces drills, seeders, ninw.rs, binders,children can appreciate these? kind in the districtof farm machineryplows, cornthe principles involved in the in each case. disc har- A study of the markets of the di:tri.itimmcdiate and remote. 404 AP, 405 ',77 Wad 382 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL pillows, etc. Try figures made of shelled corn, wheat, timothy, clover, APPENDIX 383 composition,thesubjects, weeds as:namely: mowed GettingDescriptionOf alongCompositions up early the roads; in buildings, the on etc.morning; country stock, and Why.it trees, farm pays fruits,lifeMake to machines, keep and try pumps, lists of andtheme English Develop special types of magazinesoriginalMakeacorns, cover nuts, design, the designsleaves, best using etc. drawings,fromDevelop motives local acompositions,from material,country scenery, school letting history,geography, magazineeach pupil etc. forhistory, work each out andpupil an through the year. Put in the andthreshing,windmills, free mail constructing fields, delivery; landscapes,ExpositionChangesNarrationFarm fences, present-day etc. repairs, activitiesplowing, etc. land in values farm life and through planting,their growth; the cultivating, use of the harvesting, telephone orinarithmetic whichother material, are work, placed etc. to piecesshowMakeHave themadeaof study work defects a ofmodel of the orespecial world's advantagesof your excellence. best school ofpictures your house, building.by infinding clay, wood,out which cardboard, appeal Mr,ke one or more class or school magazines ferentgrowing;Why farmers breeds etc. of horses,ArgumentationAdvantages cows, hogs, poultry, fruits, of etc.; country relative life; values relative values of dif- in Illinois devote so much of their land to corn gradedmostpicturesschools. strongly list are used,to country to find children appropriate of various ones for ages, schools. thus developing a Try, also, biographical storiesof picturesof the various especially artists appropriate whose for study Music in country countryThatcultivation,of different spraying life etc. methodsthrough fruit trees thePoetryOriginal of 'farming,year.is a waste as of poemssimple surfacetime; etc. cultivation scenes, of activities,corn, deep and impressions of Resolved, That it pays to burn cornstalks; Resolved, Surprising results may be gotten from ThanksgivingHavephrases them and alsopoems Day, write which HaveChristmas, short therefer poems children toArbor seasons, for makeDay, times nature, Birdoriginal and Day, occasions,country melodies life, as for for some of the simple etc., setting etc. butterflies,children.livingthe second interests grade of countryupwardReadingReading life;if you help thelessons spontaneous nature of the spiders, birds, farm activities, for the first grade basedas, uponlessons actual, on pets, on the toad, frog, the barnyard people, the simpleprisedsomefor country of verses.to these find children. howto original wellSelect, children melodies by trying will of theirfurnish them own. with suitable the children, melodies a good for list of the best songs Make a list of songs, music, and musicians, on You will be sur- aboutvariousmeadow corn, farm people, about activities, etc. fruits,LiteratureLists occasions, about planting, plants, of appropriateabout animals, the harvest,etc.; selections, etc. prose and poetry, StudiesDrawing, Modcling, and Designing as, selections for experience.alternationschool.the basis of with trials, the especiallyWork first year'sout aappealing goodwork. one-year to children course through in music country for a life one-room countryAdd to this if possible, a second year of work to be given in plants,withtheschool same blooms, house scenes, andwith trees, district greenDrawings fruits,through and with thepaintings ripedifferent of seasonstypical of the year; farm machinery, vehicles, etc., in summer and in winter; landscapes ; scenes and objects about the fruits ; bits pictures of stock,of streams and fruit trees pottery,work,borders etc. for of decorationstreams, roads,DesignsInModels of and in woodlands.clay of fruits, stock, figures from stories, common objects, 40u neil, and in pen and ink, of plans for manual training pieces of handwot k, book covers, cards, DIRECTORY OF RURAL PROGRESS ,,ar-mottwister 385 =Aar- 1 "The Amherst Move.meat." Movement SummerPurpose school and Ixplanationof Statethe Mass. College of Agriculture. SourcesDirector of InformationWilliam D. Ilind, NationalSouthwest InterstateLife.sociation Soil fur Fertilitycountry As- To Organisationadvance country of eininentlifeSouthwest. in(Pages the men 53 und 3044 SecretaryPres. borne,State132$Amherst,College Oklahoma of Mass. Agriculture, City. E. Supt. II. 1). 11. ofCamerob, Gross. Okla- Ii LISTING SIXTY-FIVE MOVEMENTS DEVOTED DIRECTORY OF RURAL PROGRESS TO THE Illinois CountryLeague. Federation Life Progress. for State federation of ruralferences.devoted socialforces to holdingsoil Improvement. annual con (Page 318.) Seeretary Mabel Carney,BankNormal, Ill. First Chicago. National developmentslife work is the of difficulty recentOne ofprogress. of the procuring greatest handicapsaccurate information confronting concerning those engaged in country UPBUILDING OF AMERICAN FARM LIFE To facilitate this end, the following WashingtonRuralRhode Life Island Country Conference League Lifeginia. theRuralfur of University Progress. of Vir- SiediarATo state to above. ergonizationtu the rimilar(l'throughout ageIs ational 308.) the commission. South. Initiate rural (Page 315.) progress Chairman,Rhode Island Statespokane,Charlottesville,Univeraitylege, Kingston, Wash. Va. S. David Drown, of Va.,I.Col- wheremakedirectoryfound the the reliable. issources personnel of thisof officers directory may as change,permanent office as possible, addresses inserted here. Readers who need infurmation from sources not Special precaution has been exercised tu and even will be tabu- AmericanHesperia Movement. Ilonle Ecenom. II. HOME IMPROVEMENT MOVEMENTSA mature local movetnentcommunity.the for ilitholltling the of conditions a rural Mr, Fremont, Mich. Iravld I.. Brooks, Harvesterlated here Company should consult of America, the Service in the Harvester Bureau of Building, the at International Michi- Bureau ics Aosocia t Ion. of Information Conducts"To improve correspondencetInstitutionalof he work lking cienniunity." In thehousehold, home, andthe AmericanPres. Prof. School IsaliCI of :Sevier, HomeUrhatia.Cniversity uf 1106 Thethegan best Avenuepage clearing-houses references and Harrison given for Street, in rural column information two refer to pages Chicago, which is at present one of in the United States. of this book The Illinois AssociatiunHoes...holdonanti of Hume l'ireulating Questions. Science. Library Organization leformers'forslid lent those e. Instituteenrolled. will answer questions of the ft . homestate Pres. Mrs. H. M. Dunlap,Savoy,nUtbEt Street,onomics, III. Chicago. West found.where further information concerning particular movt'ments may Movement I. GENERAL COUNTRY LIFE MOVEMENTS Purpuee and Explanation SourcesDocument of InformatiOn No. 705 Govern. be The Mothers. Illinois Congress of III, COUNTRYState CHURCHorganization MOVEMENTS Sm.lute.Improvetnent home and child cul. Mrs. Alfred !Jaynes,coml., Ma III. IdttNational rnational CountryAgriculture. Life. Commission on Institute of To Ainvestigate world order present to promotelions.culturallife farm conditions. Agri- interests utand the 313.1 na (Page 312.) (Pages CS Mr.National David Lubin, Sacra-Washington,mentmeuto, Cal. IL C. Printing Master, (Alice,Oliver DepartmentFederal andChurches ('ountry Life. Ct micil of of Christ of Church Rural division of the Presitythe 10 "To forward teller,sretia(Pageidea I Beard among 50., of churches."Home Nils- Has rural the department. federative General Secy. Rrv. E. R. Dr. City.156Yorkclarentit.nSanford, 5th City. Ave., New York War reit D.D.,1.11,1g.,H. Wilson, Now1011 NationalNational (rntlitePatrons Corn Association.of Ilustminli y. To Nowadvance a general the general nationaltryfare wet- (Page(Chapterlife ofcoun farmers.aesociatiou. 31.t.) IV.) Mr.President, Gifford Pinchot. Wash-Funk,Wilson, Peoria. Illinois. Shirley, Eugene Illinois. n. County.County Association.Young Men's Christian Work of the ToMoral advall,P OW M1,1111110 and ructishuts.mural districts. end welfare(Page 03.) spiritual of Wage 570 hoye work In Secretary A lbert 600E. 25thdationono,nob- InternationalSt., lildg.. New 124York. Asso- East Lexington Jessie Fleld.Ave.. Farmers'InternationalNational ('onservation lugaudition.As Ceugress. National Dry Farm To disseminate knowledge of Core To Promulgationcentiliter national questions(Pagedryvatioa horning MU.) of resources. methods. of the conger- SecretaryPresident Dr.tieorge J. TT. M. Worst, WhitCollegeington,Fargo. D. C.N. I). of Agriculture,t New Cho,dithinYoung AAoSOCIntlou. asociallian Women's Curia England country To npLuilti Et.,eanti.countryOltamong ts. girls In eountry die. (Page tiO. I,therchesanti(Page r.o.) ft derate the of New Ite1!"Rt.'liarlesPresident, vCarver,New e r a'York. I t y, Harvard Prof. Cambridge.E. Flacon,'I'. Ut.l. V. Farmers'N a tiffind Union. A pple Sla,w.grass. Orehardist'sTo prutnote blusinessrelated (Pagethmcoopera- toamong 3(10,) agriculture. President farmers, Charles S. Liar conterenre held Ilesdquartersri,tt, unionofWashington,akor, the 1404City,Na HarvardGa. lb l'. St., Illinole tIon. TV, Church FARMF.RS' ClIGAN17.ATIONS--Ill'SINE5R AND PliriFESSTONALFPIlern State organization of churches. tionRootiln Bldg., Chicago, Ill. nr,;(1.22 Aaeocia- New K co la btl on Rural Progress. 406 Conference Tu further the weltereannually of(PageEngland New 3054atBEST Spokane, reral ) life. Wash.COPY AVAILABLE 384 Pres. tionalAmherst,Collegekane, Apple WW1, of Show,Mass. Sim. K . L. Agriculture.But terfield, Notional Farmers' Institutes. Department of Slatelal bureau nf thu. Depart.(Pagetu1111,1 forrintra 04.) f Aitileultere tleioted Institutes. 40J l'ormers' Washington,chtliot D. C. John Institute Hamilton, Syn. 386 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL DIRECTORY OF RURAL PROGRESS 387 American AssociationFarmers.'Workers. of Institute Movement AnPurpose organization and Esplanution of9-3.)Instructora instituteHon of their for work. the proino (Page SourcesAnnual of Proceedings,Information fromWashington,eialistFanners' institute D. C. See- Joitu I... Hamilton, TileBurs/ Fund. Anna School Movement T. industrial Jeanes StateOne movement miiiPurpose Ilion and riirsitileEzpianation improvemeutschools. dollars devoted to by the College (Page ;MU.) of negro DirectorSourcesLt. ofGeorge Information F. How-Audubonleans, La, St., New Or. J. II. Dillard, 571 Farmers'De NaIb Cooperative CouutyDeumastration Soilprovement Association. Work. Im- To Delialbteach scientific County. farming Ill.,culture.a307.)farmers couutyemploys to of secretary' the South. (Page of ord. WilliamDirector G.W. Eckhardt, De..Washington,Dept.halt,. Ill. D. C. of Agriculture. English,Everitt, Polish era'Exhibits. Day. American Farm Au ettempt to aid itmnigrantoftheItsfarmers.this kind Unitedwork. States. Agrieult are so far undertaken in '1 lie first effort to further of Prof, ard,Amherst,CollegeDirectorture, College St. of Paul,of Agrlculture, Agricul. Minn, William Mass. Extension,D. Hurd, 11 AmericanHood Inver Fruit Grow-era'Equity. Association. Society of NationalTo control organization the marketingtugther to apples. fur.of the crops. ofsystematic market- (Page 11011) Pres.Mr. James C. IL A. Sprout,Myer,ludiauspolia, Ilooe Oregon, Ind. The Farmers' Voice. VII. LIBRARY AND PRESS MOVEMENTS Agricultural Journal emphasis.(Pagelug 102.) rural the use social progress, Arthur Bloomingtou, 111, J. 13111, editor, Natio: al ttIeetn. Office uf Public SpecialV. bureau of tile 127.)toIneptDepart roads. of Agriculture devutedROADS ASSOCIATIONS (Pages 113 Mid Fireetoe Waellington, Ii, c, L. W. Page, WisconsinCenfereniv11/1/mis Library Extensienhibrariuna. aries, Travelingof Rural Li Id. To Tofurther intoas rural rural social districts, circulatesend traveling tree coolers, of libraries travelluglibraries MissMiss Anna Eugenia AGM,mission,WisconsinBrimfield, De- Meditate. Library Cour. Lutie Muse. E.M. Stearns,Tarbell, ThePermanent American AssociationCongresses.Associationmeat.fur Ilighsvey Internatloual of Improve- Read ToThe serye promotion as a clearingof road correlatefur(Pagescience house road 123.) Information, ail highway effort.mei to ne internatioual scale. OeiceAddress the coloradoWashiugton,Washingtou, LI, D. C. of Public Ii ulidiu g. itesoelation, C. Roads, CornellMinnesota endCouGniaelun.tor Library Farmers. Muyetnent. Reading rarmsrs' Course Cluh FurnishesTo wives.theirOWNYork use. and issue bulletinsestablish tor farmers Millettus loral and tofarmers' Sew their Farmers'Prof, C. Library, II, Tunic, Univer Cornelloilyea tur,Ithaca,CollegeMinn, of Agriculture, Farm, N. Y. St. Paul, GoodThe National Roads Department,(Jood Assoidation,RoadsNations) Letter Car- To Aneducate effect the of letterpublic carriersAuthornecessity(Page to the 124.1 the to ofPage road improved 124.) Movement. roads, C.Prea, Arther C. Jackson,Bldg.,ChicagoLampert, Chicago. lows.M. Adstus, Opera Director, House Ainerican Ruraltion. Improvement. Department Associs- VIII. of COUNTRY BEAUTIFULDevoted to MOVEMENTSthe civic upbuliding of the oountry. ()nice 1111g.,111314 Waehiugton, D.C. of Unionthe Secretary, Trust State Good elation.riers' Association. floods Also- All states have suchOwls organize.(Page tor road127.) ituprovemeut. of AddreasSecretary stateDols,Engineer capitals. Mr. A. Springfield. State Mr. at N.Highway John- H.Invarious H. MassachusettsIllinois Outdoor Improve-tuentLeague, Astiocistion. Civic To Aencourage state IfindsoapeLions.civicprevenient. im improvement assoela.federation of local Mr.Pres. E. Edward T. Ifsrtman, J. Parker,quince, 3 JoyStreet, In, Boston, Farmers'Iowa ItivertoltiverLeague RoadAasetoutlun, of Illinois. Good Roads To Formedadvance to the drag building andstate.ahard ma1ntain :eel-mile roads. mad across the (Page 123.) Secretary .1. Grote',DesA Mettles, ve Chicago. 6001 W. Mellinger, la. !radians The Itureau,viOer t'ompany Internetional Her Service A artloles,Lanternof agricultural slides,IX. MISCELLANEOUS photographs,Information.general Steil:4th elenrieg house International Bldg.,relneane, Chicago, Ill. IlsreesterIlarreater Country elatIou of lilluols. Teachers' VI. SCHOOL AND EDUCATIONALArism- Organization of fareers for of advancing the wel- couutry country teach- schools. MOVEMENTS Mabel Carney, mai School, Normal, Ili, State Nor. Fiold flay end Mae lie.ifien,me New Peitz, N. Y. for Country cidi To farther the growthf roe. inlatingof tileplay reUntry. to Dino life furuished a, etc., re. Myron T. Jere,NewKers cPreparatory School, Iiruuswick, Seudder, NewRut. Women's 8ohool South.ment Association uf the Better. TheseAn orgaulzation are established ofofwonient SouthernPage Inschools, many 273.t fer the improvetneut StateMra. CharlesSuperintendents D. Macher,Greeusburo, of N. C. named. Bostonk'ortners' Town Legislativeof Club Illinois. Room. ToA Nilisvachlisetlitlegalilhige welfnre 307.tcenter of agriculture.ploilld of information and fidefinee on rural ti1 WW1, tile Librsrlan,Pres. Room,Ceril.r, No. Sheffield, 3 Joy Street. Ill. ion. Boston Clayton Towa S. GrailitsteBuys' Corn Sehoul and Agricul. of Agri. oral Clubs, To prenette atat,,,,search.Iowa, especially Nebraska, Ohio (Page 304.) agricultural and Texas. re President 14 any statelegestates col. of 311.ug ric ulture. (Ghee of Cornell Agricultural Sur- Intensive stiffly resoureesdate,Yurnlsh,a legends, and tool/ rellre,comfitof ere. Ions of thehiatorleal rural Secy. .k, Agricultural It, Mann, C o I I eg e, Cornell Aseeelatien Agriculturalculture.deem. Experiment af AmericanCorn & ollegos stu An Naorganization t Mimi of Institutimistinunwed al scieui e. to promote agrIculthe work (Page ;PA, conducted CireularDirector 0.5, Mnliviiorlrueit rtin,(lashington, Stations, L), C. Cr of ('111111) (;Irls, TO ad van,. a countyof of New York. adolescent t he welfare 118 girls, York. Ithacn. E. 28th N. Y. St., New Soetimrii !hoc Clubs, 410 (rug.temartmeetthrough 2.):: Wel :10,/ ifsouth by Agrieulture. tn.. Neusillugtou,Dept. D. E, Agrieulture, 411 BIBLIOGRAPHY 389 BIBLIOGRAPHY *Carver, T. N.PrinciplesCoulter, John of Lee.Cooperation Rural Economics.Newpublished.1911. Among York, 1911.Farmers. $1.30. Most scholarly discussion of rural economics75 cents, Ginn & Co., Boston, Sturgis & Walton, so far procurefindreading all references listmany of severalfor easilytheNoTE.The hundredasking. available, annotations.following and working bibliography country has teachers been carelully can selected from a All books listed may be bought of Students in school will *Dodd, Mrs.Davenport, Helen.The Eugene.Education Healthful Farmhouse. rows,theBoston,for publicEfficiency. New 1910. school York, curriculum. 19°6 $1. Valuable analysis of the place of agriculture 6o cents. A practical account of the D. C. Heath & Co.,Whitcomb & Bar- in bestzinesA. Minneapolis,C. for referredMcClurg teachers. to Minnesota.& may Company, be purchased Chicago, of or the the H. Baker W. Wilson and Taylor Company,New Com- York, at the prices quoted, and single copies of all maga- References marked with the asterisk are concrete.Theremodeling letters of aa farmhouse. country teacherJessie.The to her father. Corn Lady. A. Flanagan Co., Chicago., School. Suggestive and 1911. I. Country Life in GeneralBooks PART LCOUNTRY LIFE Macmillan Co., New *Grayson,*Foght, Harold David.Adventures W.The American in Contentment. RuralschoolCo.,New chieflyGarden York, 1909.from City, the L. I.,administrative N. Y., 1910. point $1.25. Deals with problems of the $1.20. of view. Doubleday, Page & Macmillan Co., country *Bailey,* Bailey, L. L. H.Cyclopedia H.The Country of AmericanLife Movement, Agriculture.MovementYork,Macmillan 1911. made Co., by New its chief York, guide. 1909. $:.25. Clear analysis of the present Country Life $20. In four volumes. Haggard, H. R.Rural DenmarkagriculturalGreenlife in &the and Co., open transformation London, country. 1911. of Denmark, $2.25. An account of the marvelousIts Lessons.Charming sketches of Longmans, * Bailey, L. H.The Farmer and the State.and$1.25.the Soils; Community. II, Farm Crops; III, Farm Animals; IV, The Farm and Valuable contribution; should be read by all farmers. Extremely valuable. Macmillan Co.,Vol. New I, Farms,York. Climates, *Kern, Ogden,0. J.Among H. R.Rural Country Hygiene. Schools.ProfuselyDeals with illustrated. country school problems from the Macmillan Co. Ginn & Co., Boston. $t.5o. teacher's viewpoint, $1.25. *Buell,*Bailey, Jennie.One L. H.The Woman'sTraining ofWork Farmers. forcommonYork, FarmBarrows, two. Women. school Boston. and Whitcomb the college & in relation to farm training. $1. Discusses the means50 ofcents. tra !ling farmers, and the Story of the life of Mary A. Mayo, The Century Co., New *Page, Logan Waller.Roads, Paths andmakingoffarmersCo., Bridges. Public New and yet RoadsYork, care.written. 1912. and contains essential information Explains the service of75 the cents. national The best book on roads for Sturgis & Walton upon road- Office * Butterfield,*Butterfield, K. K. L.Chapters L.The Country in Rural Church Progress.sociologicalChicagoof andMichigan, the Press. Rural comlitions a pioneerChicago, Problem, yetcountry published.The life leader, 1908. $t. 'The best analysis of rural The Univeesity of * Plunkett,Report of Sir the I Commissionlorace.The Rural on Country Life ProblermsneedofThe Life. Macmillan of American in the Co., United farmers. New York, 1910.Irish agriculture. Declares busiuess cooperation $1.25. Government PrintingWritten by a leader the States. chief 412 theofUniversity the whole country ruralof Chicago church problem. Press, situation. Chicago, 1911. 368 Shows relation uf the church to $1. Excellent analysis postpaid.inOffice, book Washington, form Summary from the D.of SturgisC.country & life Walton conditions Co., Newin the to cents (not in stamps). Or complete 413 York. United States, 84 cents, COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL BIBLIOGRAPHY no*Wilson, Warren H.The Church of thewithEducationimportar.t 'Open constructive Country. singleMovement document suggestions of the ever United published States and on AmericanCanada, New farm York, life. for :emedy. Probably the most Missionary System of Tenant Farming andspecialtendent Its Results, study of Documents,of tenant farming Washington, in the South. D. C. J. W. Froley, Superin- Paper, 5 cents. Quarterly 391 A *Wray, An ;clina.Jean Mitchell's School.Co.,difficul1911. Blc ies miington. of the country church. so cents. Constructive$1. and stimulating treatment of the Charmi narrative of a country teacher's Public School Publishing *What*Tenancy We in Must the North Do to Central Be Fed. States.JournalAnprice excellent ofof Economics. land fundamentaland the onc-crup study. system as chief factors in tenancy. 25 :710-29. James J. August, 1911. B. H. Hibbard. Hill; World's Work, Names the high dActual Rural independence. experienot.Portrays modernized farm life; attractive pieture of comfort. L. Country LifeSociological PhasesSuggestive and helpful for young teachers. World's Work, 2 :719-21, May, 1901. Dodd, Mrs. HelenThe Healthfultific19:12226-54. farming. Farmhouse. /V. Farm Home and Women on the Farm November, 19o9. Emphasizes the necessity of scien- See book list above. *Drift toLife the of City the Farmerin Relation ; Symposium. to the Ruralview.AmericanSeveral Problem. short Journal articles of Sociology,presenting 16:645-67.farm life from different points of Outlook, 91 :823-35, April to, 1909. March, 1911. J. M. Gillette, Says *Davenport,Ogden,Buell, Mrs. Jennie.One H. R.RuralE.Possibilities Woman's Hygiene. of Work theabove.Published Country for Farm Homeby Women. University (bulletin). See of book Illinois, list Urbana. Treats lighting, water See book list above. Rural Slums. munity.becausethatSays the slumscity rural drift leadersexist is notin arecountry so thusbaneful asextracted in because city and from of discusses general the country decrease same. com- as H. White. Independent, 65:819-21. Oct. 8,, 1908. *King, F. H.Ventilation for Dwellings,Verysupply, RuralpracticalPublished practical. beautifying, Schools, discussion by the and author,and Stables.of other the Madison, necessity phases ofWis. and farmhouse method ofimprovements. proper ventila- 75 cents. An excellent, 0 -1*\'hy Boys Leave*Why the Some Farm. Boys L. H. Take Bailey. to Farming. 1906. Report of questiMinaire addressed to Cornell students. Century, 72:612-17. Century, 72:410-416. Aug., 1906. July, Farmers' Institute Lecture No.ontion Farm 8. for bothArchitecture. man and animals. Office of Experiment Stations, Washington, Syllabus of Illustrated Lecture *Agrarian Revolution in the Middle West.Reportican Review,of questionnaire 190:376-91. as above. III. Conntry LifeEconomic Phases September, 1909. J. B. Ross. Valuable analysis of North Amer- The following numbers of Farmers' Bulletins,use.D. Trees;ofC. Agriculture, free 126, from Practical theWashington, Secretary Suggestions D. C.: for Farm Buildings; *155, HowLecture and slides furnished free for those who desire their 99, Insect Enemies of Shade *Bottom EcunotnicCooperative Fact, Farmer. tobottomthe own cause loiseconomic and own effect land. fact of forfarm a prosperousmigration in agriculture section named. is fur each man J. C. Coulter. Irorld's Work, 20:13115-6. World's If 'urk, 23:59-63. July, 1910. Says No- theHomes;Grounds;Insects Home Affect *345, ;248, SomeHealthThe Lawn Common in Rural ; Disinfectants;Districts; *185, 375, Beautifying Care of Food Home in *389, Bread and Bread Making. *270, Modern Conveniences for Farm *Passing of the Man With the vember,dueAugust,cooperatiun to 1911. enginc-plowing 1910. Goodin the treatmentUnited and States. the of theuse status of other of agriculturalmachinery. business 414 Inspirational account of the agricultural revolution line. World's Work, 2o:13246-58. * Butterfield,* BiennialWilson, Reports W.K. I..Theli.The of CountryChurchthe Federal ofChurch the Council bookOpen and list. of theCountry. the Rural Churches Problem. of Christ in U. Country Church 415 Sec book list. See BIBLIOGRAPHY 393 392 informationAmerica. regarding church COUNTRY LIFE AND 16r1 Clarendon Bldg., New magazine devoted to the work THE COUNTRYfederation. SCHOOL York. Free. Best source ofof the Young andcultural*No. Institute199, 85, 213, EducationFarmers' Lecturers and Proceedings Institutes Extension in the United for of(r9ro). Women; the States BulletinsNos. No.for Last98, 154, fourteenth and fifteenth annual Progress in Agri- Current Year ; 165, 182, *Rural*Proceedings Manhood. of Monthly the New England InternationalMen'sdressNew Christian York. the President, Committee Association Prof. of the T. $1 a year. in rural N.districts, Carver,Y. M.16 C.KirklandCountry A., at 124 Church East 28thAssociation. Published by the Road, Cam- Street, Ad- From the Superintendent of DocumentstiontionsWorkers.meetings Relating and othersthe to following Farmers' may be payobtained:Institutes in the United States. of the American Association BulletinsNo. 135, Legisla- of Farmers' Institute5publica- cents; ModernA Methods Proper Villagein the Country Church.bridge,tecture.Deals Mass. most commendably Free. World's Work, 16:10364-70.with country and village Church. M. B. McNutt. church archi- June, Missionary1908. Farmers' Debt to Science.Hamilton,No. 174, History 1906. of Farmers' Institutes in the United States. VII. Agricultural Education15 cents. Review of Reviews, 36 :186-94, August, John *Ten Years in a Country years'EducationbestWork, experience country Movement,21:13761-66. church in a incountryNew the York. December, 1910. Church. United States as told by its pastor. church. Matthew B. McNutt.Free. An account of perhaps the Detailed story of ten World's *MakingLeadership Good Farmer-, of the Out Agricultural of Poorof Reviews, Ones.pendent,1907. College. 42: 65:368-70, November, August 1910, 13.pp. 563-8. 1908. K. L. Rosa P. Childs, Interesting account of Butterfield. Review Inde- Religious Overlapping. A. J.churchedApril 9 and village. May 7, 1908. VI. Farmers' Organizations Kennedy. Independent,Pictures 64:795 conditions in a typical over- and 1028. Agri- UnitedRailroading States Knowledge Department toDr.of Agriculture. S.illustrated.November, A. Knapp's 1911. work among southern farmers. Account of agricultural Farmers: World's Work, 23:100-106.B. M. Davis. exhibit trains. Elementary Well 14t, *Farmers' Social Organizations. K. culture,organizations 4 :28,,-91. briefly. Best reference article on subject ; Published annually.L. Butterfield. Cyclopedia of Address Oliver treats various The Land Grant Colleges.Schoolthe work Teacher, and 10:101-9.organization of this department, Cyclopedia of Agriculture, 4:415-17.November, r9o9. Good explanation of *National GrangeState GrangeA Proceedings. Social Force. Survey,Wilson,Account 23 Peoria, : of703-4. Grange Ill. influence in New Free. New EnglandYork state. Magacine, 42: February 12, 191a **Page, Ravenel's Logan Road Waller.Roads, Printer for School Paths, Children. andChicago, Bridges. 1912. rm. Roads and Transportation$1. An elementary discussion of roads. A. C. McClurg & Co., See hook list. Used as a teachers. *IllinoisThe State GrangeIts Farmers' WorkInstitute and Ideals.McKeene,184-91.state officers. Springfield. April, 191o. For addresses see circular 51 listed Free. Report.In other states address Address Secretary H. A. below. respective the *A*Dragging Good Roads a Road Agent. Across Iowa, textgood-roadsApril in the 9, schools enthusiat, of Mksouri. in "Nameless Very helpfulCountry," to countryMissouri. 11110. A story recounting flu, humorous experiences of a Charles Dillon. Harper's Weekly, 54:11-12, July 23, Harper's Weekly, 54:11-12. *The best references on farmers' OfficeCirculars"Nc,Washington,tuteculture. Specialistof Experiment D. John 51, C., ListIStationsthe familton. followingof State of the Directors numbers may Current list may always be obtained 4 16 institutes are the publicationsFrom the ofSecretary of Agriculture. U. S. Department of Agri- of Farmers' Institutesfrom Farmers Insti- be obtained free: * Good Roads the Way to Progress theWork,two. valne 1811807-19, of good roads. July, 14)9. Tells of the dragging of a road 380 !mks lnng across Iowa. Well illustrated. Excellent, popular article showingLogan Waller Page. 4 17 It'arld's 394 COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL BIBLIOGRAPHY 395 *Price*Roadbuilding We Pay for and Bad Maintenance, popularcellentMethods. article. comparison Ernest Flagg. of Well illustrated. Roads. Collier's, 42 :14-15, July 17,American and EuropeanCentury, 79:139-49, with Examples of French November, 1909. Ex- efficiency in road andtwo. English Good, *Indiana*Model Report Rural Schoolof the Superintendent of the Missouri ofStatetrated.enceF. PublicA. treating NormalCotton, Instruction. all SchoolChapter phases at VIII. ofKirks- country school architecture; well illus- Postage 44 cents. Excellent refer- rgo8. *What the MotorFrom Vehicle the Secretary of Agriculture,ican,mobiles 102:50, by January farmers 15, and 1910. Is Doing for thespeaks Farmer. of makes Tells of the extensiveWashington, use D. C., the well adapted to farm use. Scientific Amer- followingof auto- *The*New One-room Type of Rural and Schoolhouse.Village Schools in Illinois.Goodgrams,ville. Adescription photographs, bulletin published of theand Cornell full by description the rural Normal schoolhouse. of School.plans. Well illustrated. Craftsman, 20 :212-15, May, 1911. By U. J. Hoffman Contains dia- maypublicationsMacada:n he listedRoads; in *23, Money obtained free: CircularsNo. 21, Farm ProductsPublic to Market Roads Circular Value of Good Roads to Methods of Constructing No. 88, 3rd revision,in European Coun- Farmers; ruralEducation,and W. school S. Booth.Springfield, building A bulletin recommended Ill. issued by the IllinoisState Department State Depart- of Contains plans and cost of the model . tries;27,of13ulletins*No. Cost Yearbook91,the ofSand-clay Split-log Hauling Articles-332, 311, and Drag Sand-clay (D. Building Earth RoadsRoad in Building the Middle in Madisun W. King); *338, Macadamand Burnt-clay Roads; *321, Sand-clay Roads in West. Farmers' County, Ten- Southern Roads. Use TreeAnnual Planting Flowering on Rural Plants. Schoolretaryment Grounds.free. of of Education. Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Farmers' Bulletin No. 195; free. Farmers' Bulletin No. 134; Sec- nessee;States;LecturetratedDifferent *35o,*407, Lectures No. States; PracticalProgress 7. on 412, Roads Object of Road Legislation and Improvementand Road BuildingFarmers' Lesson Roads; *Syllabus D. C., the fol- of Illus-Institute in *Boys' and Girls' Agricultural Clubs.Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. II. Social Aspects Farmers' Luiletin No. Tells of various clubs 385. From the Superintendent viion,lowingin EconomicGovernor's may publications be obtained: Phases Mosages. listed of the 5 of Documents, Washington,in PublicRoad Roads Subject,Circulars*Nu. Circular 5 cents; 33, 36,cents; Road *34,Improvement Social, Commercial, No. 88, 3rd re- List of Na- and Boys' Demonstration Work:clubs.reporttendentand the of Corn ofthe of the Documents,movement Clubs. work of Dr. inWashington, general. Seaman A. D. Knapp's C. southern boys' corn Illustrated Paper, 5 cents. Bulletin. Superin- Official tional, State, and Local PART 11. THEI. COUNTRY School Buildings and Road Associations, 5 cents. GroundsSCHOOL Cornell College of *Socializing*Field Day and the PlayCountry Picnic School. for Country School .Vcws,Children.accountNewT. Scudder. York.October Pamphletof a Charities nlay and November,picnicby PublicationMyron and valuable Committee, helps for 105 conducting East 22nd othersStreet, to cents. See also Outlook, 92 :1031-8. Contains an *Crenlar descriptive (..if the andAgriculture. specifications of AO:II-cis the College, Ithaca, excellent building costingrural $1,Roo. school building of N. Y. Photograph, Send for ; 15. direction.1908. Concrete narrative of what one country teacher did in this III. Curriculum Heating and Ventilation free.heatingMinn.Issued byand the ventilating. State Department 44" tains especially a fotin of Small Schoolhouses. of Public Instruction, St. for reports on rural Bulletin No. school P;ml. er *Common Schools and Fanning. propheticteachingpp. 137-66. ideal in terms of ,ountry of the teaching. daily experience of children and projects See book list above. In Bailey's The Training ot Farmers, Excellent; shows419 necessity of *Davenport,396 E.The COUNTRY LIFE AND Next Step in Agricultural THE COUNTRY Education. SCHOOL argument for Bulletin *Country Schools for Country Children. V. Supervision and Legislation BIBLIOGRAPHY World's Work, 24:102-8. 397 Geography in Rural Schools, publishedchildren.a balancedphy, 8:202-6,by the University May, 1910. education of liberal and Shows wellRichard howof Illinois, to E. teach Dodge, Urbana. Journal An vocational training for geography in of Geogra- farni *County*Illinois Supervision. Educational Commission Reports.JessieAn1908: account Field 252-71. of of the Page good County, supervisory Iowa. work of County Superintendent Discussions by state superintendents. National Education Association State Department of Edu- Proceedings *Industrial and Social Work relationampleIllinoisBonser to of Stateand farm how others. Normallife. to relate A School,series school workin the to Elementary daily life. School. of four bulletins Macotnb.issued by An excellent concrete ex- Report of Special Com- Illustrated. Fredei ickthe G. Western *ToddlingRural into SchUol Farming. Board Conventions.Associationhaustivecation, Springfield, studies Proceedings, of school 1907. legislation. Ill. F. G. Moorhead. z9o9. SeveralC. P.bulletins Cary, Nationalcontaining Education ex- World Today, 19:1032-7, Industrial Education for mitteetionsvariousings offor on the consolidated1908. rural National industrial and Gives detailed accounts Rural Communities.Educational Association.rural schoolswork. and contains of industrial work done Annual proceed-general sugges- in Catalog of the John Swaney School.Benson,September, Clarion, 1910. Wright County, Iowa. Describes work of CountyVI. Superintendent 0. Ii. Consolidation Address the principal, McNabb, *Country School Department A bulletin. II'. Country TcachersTra.ning Address the institution at of the Illinois State Normal Normal, Illinois. and Leadership School. University. A bul- *CentralizatedConsolidation Schools in of Ohio. Schools. Illustrated.Illinois.Published by the University of Ohio, Columbus. Contains history of the school and its course of study. R. J. Aley. Extension bulletin. National Educational Associa- February,Free. 1909. *Rural*Educational SchoolCounty Department Engineers. Training Schools. letin.of \Visconsin. Address the institution at 1906-08; 58-85. Booker T. of.theWashington.Biennial Kirksville report Normal of the State Kirksville, Mo. Outlook, 95 :266-7, Superintendent * Consolidated Rural Schools and OrganizationGeo.tionUnited Proceedings, W. Knorr.of a County 191o: System. 276-7. States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. Bulletin 232. Office of Experiment Stations, C. *Michigan's*State Normal Preparation Schools of and opportunityJuneham. 4, for leadership. Elementary School Teacher,1910. Excellent article revealing Teachersthe Rural far Rural School Schools. Problem. 9:138-45, November. 1908, the country teacher's H. N. Loomis.Ernest Burn- * Consolidation of Country Schools. toofsystemsFree. investigateIllinois, for Urbana. consolidating. consolidated schools in Ohio. Best study of consolidation so far made. Advocates county Free. The report of a special committee sent Full of valuable data on cost, etc. Bulletin issued by the University Contains good slim- Training of Teachers forEducationalshowingAddressTeachers' effort Review, writer ofAssociation normal 39at Fayette,:484-V), advocating Rural Schools.schools in this field. Iowa. May, country teacherAddress training before the Iowa State 1910.A. E. Bennett. Exhaustive article Bulletin. in high IndianaCommunity Report of the Work Superintendent iv the Ruralbook.maries High ofF. PublicA. School. of Cotton. the Imtruction, gnestion. I9o8. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Chapter V. Valuable reference; well illustrated. toto : 177-88.J. D. Crosby. Year- Teachers for the Country School;schools.L.N.1910:280-2. E. A., 1910; 575-88. J. Alleman. 420 Special National Educational preparation kind wanted; how to secureof teachers Association for rural Proceedings. schools. them. *Hays, Willa M.Education for Country SpeaksLife.theExperiment consolidated of several Stations, schools school Washington, inas detail,a community D. C. center. 421 Shows po.:;ibilitiesCircular R4, of Office of 398*How Denmark Has Taught Itself ProsperityT. Washington. and Happiness. 'World's COUNTRY LIFE AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Work, 22:14486-94. June, 1911. Booker Tells New Kind of Country :'chool. of 10720-22,Denmarkthe rural over. high schools, or folk September, r9o8. Good brief account of the John Swaney 0. J. Kern. schools, World's Work, that have made State Bulletins on Consolidation. The followingConsolidatedstatecially superintendents good states Schoolbulletins publish of onatPutnam espe- variousconsolidation County, state capitals: (1910.Illinois. Minnesota,To obtain, addressKansas, and BULLETINS AND REFERENCES OF CORN AND CANNINGList of Poems, Myths and Stories FOR THECLUBS USE Study of Fifteen ConsolidatedOklahoma.Louisiana,Cost, Rural Efficiency, Schools,Washington, and Affiliated North Carolina, Interests. Iowa, Massachusetts, C. George W. Knorr, South- their Organization, Shadow. WhenTheA Corn Corn the SongPaul StalkCo'n Pone's Laurence DunbarIn FiddleDunbarLyrics HotDunbarLyrics of Sunshine and Shadow.Lyrics of Sunshine andof Lowly Life. ConsolidationThe Township and High TransportationSupreme Schoolern inaccountHollister. EducationIllinois. of theBoard, Court work Washington, of township D. high Published by the University of Illinois, Urbana. Good A bulletinschools. by Horace A. Decisions. Illustrated. E. C. Columbia'sTheAtCornfieldsMaryFields Husking Story of CornJ. of EmblemEdna TimeC.ifondaminLongfellow's H.HowittIn P. D. Proctor HartzelPoetry JohnsonIn Burrough's Songs of Nature. of thcHiawatha. Seasons.VictorianPoetry Anthology, o; the Seasons. Elliott. Bulletin. U. S. Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C. Seasons,Neighborly Poems. CornSelectedNatureMaizeWhen thefor Frostthe Nation's in EmblemCelia is on the PunkinJames Wlitcomb Verse, by Lovejoy. ThaxterPoctry RileyIn of the BULLETINS ON DEMONSTRATIONTheSoil.; Corn of SongWhittier's the HarvestWashburnPoetry AND CORN Poems. WORK, CORNof CLUBS the Seasons. culture,Bulktin unless otherwise SomeDemonstration(NoteAll Results bulletins of the Work Farmers' named on Southern 422, ( 1910. ) specified.) are free, from the Department of Agri- Farms, by S. A. Knapp, Farmers' anBook Bradfordaccount Separate Knapp.of Dr. Knapp's life.TheFarmers' Seaman Co-operative A. Knapp School Demonstration 501. Year Book Separate(1909.) 508, Co-operativeof Coontry IssuedDemonstration Life. by the PeAodyWork, by College fur Work, by S. A, Knapp. (tytt.) Bulletin containhIg Year r) 1 Teachers, Nashville, Term. 399 4'23 401 400 COUNTRY 'LIFE Work: The Corn AND THE COUNTRY SCHOOL Clubs. Bulletin No. A-74. NO.No.:.o. 203Canned220Tomatoes.254CUcumbers. Fruits, BULLETINS AND REFERENCES Preserves and Jellies. letinBureau No. of "A"-75. Plant Boys'Results DemonstrationResults of Boys' of Boys' Industry. Bureau Demonstrationof PlantDemonstration Work Work in in Industry. Industry.Corn CornClubs Clubs in 1910. in 1911. Bul-Bul- No.No,No. 255The289Beans,256Preparation 359Canning Home Vegetable Vegetables of Vegetables Garden, in the for the Home. Table- letin No.OrganizeAuburn, "A"-75 a Alabama. Club. The Relation of revised. the TeacherBulletin to from the Southern States, Bureau of Plant the Boys' Corn Alabama PolytechnicNo. A-80. Club Work: How to Bureau of Plant Institute, No. 426Canning375Care of FoodPeaches in the on Home.the Farm. IndustEducation, ry. Springfield. TheCorn CornTeachers Day Crop Annual. should in also procure the Bulletin from the bulletins on corn Illinois State Department from the agricul- states and, in of ie addition,turalAgriculture, college the and Washington, following Farmers' experiment station D. C. Bulletins from the in their respective Department of Farmers'Farmers'Farmers' Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin No. No.No. 32Silos 81Corn77The 44Commercial Limingand Silage. of Soils.Culture in thePeas South. and Other Fertilizers. Legumes as Food. Farmers'Farmers'Farmers' Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin No. 121Beans,192BarnyardNo.No. 249Cereal199Corn 253The GerminationGrowing, of BreakfastSeed Foods, Manure. Crops for Green Corn. Manuring. Farmers'Farmers'Farmers' Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin No,No. 278LeguminousNu, 298Food292Cost 303Corn of ValueHarvesting of Corn and Machinery. Filling Silos. Corn Products. GARDEN BULLETINS ON Girls' Demonstration No. A-79 revised, CANNING CLUBS, Work : PRODUCTS (1913.) the Canning Clubs. CANNING AND Bureau of Plant Bulletin 521. Indusay.Lansing. CanningNo,The Tomato.followingivThe Tomatoes Propagation at 424 Farmers'By G. W. Bulletins:Hood, Ilome and in Club of Platits. Michigan Agrieultural Work, Farmers' College, E. 425 INDEX AmericanAlabama,Aked,AgricultureAgriculturalAgencies, Charles Associationcountryboll in college,wheel, schools. F.,weevil quoted, community. 82.Influence in,of purpose 92,Farmers'70. 90; of,12; of, corn303. overlappingInstitute 179; clubs. course Workers, 99 of, .in, 14. 243. 87. prize winners, 104. Bailey,Automobile,AmherstAmerican Liberty Movement, HighwaySociety Hyde, of League. 304.Equity, quoted,children. 124.82. 3. 132,26, 31, 174. 273, 303poem ; on country school, 323. effect upon road building, 119 ; for referred to, 274, 312, 320; conveyance of school 7 Butterfield,Books,Blake,Blair,Bayliss. F. Edgar, selected G.,Alfred, Kenyon quoted. quoted, 260. list L.,of,150. 42. indebtednessfor country teachers. to, 3 note 374.influencequoted and 42 on ; for the rural church, federation, 13; on 317; the reference, Grange, 75:320, referred 336, referred to, 12 note; to, 274, 309 ; Campbell,Church,Carpenter, Angus, country, Mary, 306, 286. 39.71, abandoned, 8; functionCommission,agency,Church50; Federal of,39; and 13;present 43: asCountryCouncil federation rural progressLife, of, 53-57; 47 ; federated Methodist, church note at 57;Proctor, possibilities Vermont, and status, 40; olgestof of replies from Country LifeChurches. 50; Presbyterian Department of CommunityClubs,Clear Creek household building,Community, science, significance description 38; farmers', of, of, 9-10; 0-10, 80; women's In234:countryneeds,boys' rural country nnd share migration,teacher's girls', life,In, 30;230;237. relation314 as parents', ;a factor to, 67; coming unity, 69. general, 60; . local (See also cornprinciples and canning of, 315. clubs.) possibilities, 02; DuPage Church, 62.07; Omservatism,Consolidation,ConferenceCommunity rural.center.of 1411487 Agricultural 0. country, ; Educators description and ofdescribed, RuralClear53,country 304, SocialCreek. 314. school Workers, 9: as,diagram in Mass.,of, 15; 134, 232 ; consolidated sehool as, 184 ; ideal center otherinvolved.1611Minnesota,Swantlrschools, ; rural School, 171 high 164; ; 150schools, in Iowa,; 176165 ;; advantages as agency forIn reconstruction Louisiana and ofthe South, 1118; advantages,148; definition 170, 180 and ; types. transportation, 171.74; cost the future systPto, 145;history fundamental and status, need 159.170; of country to Indiana, 160.64; in in Kansas, 165: in Idaho and Washington, 149 ; of, 174-76; compared with 150.158; John diffieultlea CornCoorwration, and canning rural, clubs, Importance 011-107 of, ; In: forces Involvedmetloal187;184.87;country how in, offutureml; to 12;Instruction, howconduct IIPP type to nrgarizaorganise of,campaigns 97 186; : and duty for,conduct of 246.51 teachers clubs, ; In 101 advancing ; influence movement, of, 104. life, 180; county system f or, growth and resnits. 99; girls'origin canning and purpose. (Attila. 90: organization and 181444 ; legislation for, 300. as a community center, 42E; BEST COPY AVAILABLE Countrycotton boil weevil, ravages of, 92; Photograph,203;consolidated 93. greatest single school Deed for, 2.52; prose and poetry of, 321,op, 323. significance BR of agoney for its 403prosperity, reconstruction 4: women's of, 180; creed part427 In, for,30; '404Country Life Commission, suggestions on household labor, INDEX 29 on the church, 77; wsocrko of o 8w0.omen, 77 ; Magnolia grange, account INDEX of, 78-80 ; cooperation 405 Country Life Movement, 302-327; women's on,Y.40;part movementofagriculturalM. 108;digest in, business C. 81; character A. from. work, collegesinorganization 43-47the of,57, South, 302; reportto, 303; some to, 307;of, 306;influence in legislation the East,of machinery 309;contributing in upon,the quoted on church federation, '48: quoted on tif),developments 889; its work, of, 312, 303-813; 321. relation of Influence of roads West, 309305 , relationto, 306; the in HighHitchcock,Hinds,Hill,Highways, schools, Junius, Dr. seeDr.,W.rural, 99; roads. H.,of typesAmherst.104. 96. Hass., Frank, quoted, 86; 104. of, 176-179. 91. CountyCountry boards Teachers'Training of School education,Association of the 288. of Macomb, Illinois, 273,Ill.,321;313-27:Countrythe normal Middle idealism, concreteness,Life West, Commission 323. 810; 313; and federation its work, a 312 rural ; forces, International Institute weds of the movement, school,of Agriculture, 266-73. 312; 316; leadership, Home,Hoffman,House, farm, U.farm, J., 18-38; Quoted, planning, functions 213. 19; on,85,spiritualizingconditions, 234.26. 19 of,; average, 31 ; as 19center ; sanitation and ventilation, and needs ideal,of. 12; 22; as inferior, progress 23 ; of interests, 33; cooperation 21; L. II. Bailey, ideas29;Improvement course in, of, 244; 24 agency,with school, 18; Cubberly,Creed,CoursesCountyDeKalbCummings, for system,superintendents,normal for Elwoodcountry County, the C. schools,fortraining S., P.,llfe, roads,Illinois, 49. quoted, 203. 256.normalof 118; countryagricultural 299. for school consolidated teachers, help secretary for. outlines schools, 270; in, 314.see of, 329-340. 181-84. also supervision. Ifovater,HouseholdIllinois,Idealism, Arie, science,country rural, 104. in 37;churches Clear Creek seerevenuepart alsolegislation in domestic stimulating, in, 140 for science. ; consolidation consolidation in. necessity100: township323-325. of, for farm women, in, Community,41, 63; 10; college significance ofin, 251, 301 ; country-teacher training in, agriculture, high schools in, 176; of, 323; school's 88; school DomesticDigestEducation,Eaton,IMPageMyEducational Farmingof Williamcountryscience, Church, vocational, Congress, L.,churchhelpsminimum Plainfield, 159. and 310.forinformation, sourcesequipmentfarm Illinois, women, for account 43. forcountry 29teaching ;of, agricultural, See teachers,63-67. householdin country science. 35058, 170. 373. IllinoisInternationalInstitutions,Indiana,International consolidation rural,Association Congress functions ofof 262-75.318-20.rectors' conventions In, 301. Federation for Country in Farm Women,160; country-teacher 310. Road Congresses, 125.and needs, 12. Life Progress, training in, 238; schooltaigin, 275; account of,di- EnumclawEntertainments,ExtensionExhibitExhibits, consolidatedtrains, educailonal, work, school, agricultural, for school,homes, 220; as social references,1117. 3$80; ; force,for roads, 236;354. 12g. countryteachers,for geography 204 ; In state normal schools, 278. 351. through farmers' institutes, 9r1; for country life exhibit. 320; list of, Johnson,Iowa,InternationalKansas,Joyner,Isolation, rural A, consolidationJ. population, N., 4;HarvesterY., effects 114. 168. of,Co., consolidation in, 165 in, 165; country-teacher0-7; of teachers,8 ; 194. Page384. Countyfarmers' schools, institute 296. in, 06; training in, 200. dragged road, 123; Farmers'Fairs,Fairchild,Farmers' Grange, Alliance.Cooperative E. institutes, T., 70, 165; 82. 80, Demonstrationquoted, 85-02; 256.work for Work, farm 92-96; 93;homes, method of instruction, 94; results, 95; influence of, 103. 34origin, ; 92 as a rural progress orgatization, Kelley, Oliver II., 72; agriculture,_95. DWjr. r28c10. ,61A.18. biography and influence,photograph, 105-7 ; 73. 159, 175, 181. ten commandments of Farmers'Farms,Farm problem.Union, average 82-84. 1-17size of; statement American, of, 4 2:; significance01.agency,and progress, 85 ; origin 88-89; and history.cooperation 83 ; with school, compared with European, 4. organization, 80-88320. . of, 3 ; cause, 4; solution.89-91 7. ; ultimate purpose, present status Leadership,Landlordism,Labor,Knorr, Georgeagricultural, increase W., quoted. 24 of,; 8. as192;teacher social examples for, force, 189; of requirements country-teacher, 229. country-teacher leadership,household, 25. for home improvement, for, 190; explanation of 197-203; teacher's leadership kinds,87 , 322; function true Jeadership,advantages of Feuds,FederationFederalField, rural, BureauCouncil Pule, of cause community 206.of of Countryof, the 7. Churches agencies, 1.Ife, needof Christ of, forces, 316; of farm organizations, 84. 16; schools, of churches, 47-50,in America, C 50. 346-350. ; of rural Lectures,Leadership,Legislation, illustrated, rural, need extraction of90. rural, of eachClubneeded kind,in forIllinois, 322.country 307. schools, 13; advocatedof, 2and ; scarcity attained of, 7, 188; 300; agricultural, 30E: ; Farmers'by the Grange, Legislative 75: Gleaners,Girls'GeographyFrance,FurnishingsGood Canning highway1?ouds, 82. exhibits, nod Clubs, equipmentsystem list100-104. of, 351. 110.for country 123. 13. LiteratureLighting,Libraries,LewistonLubin,Louisiana, Consolidated David.of idealizingin homes, theconsolidation 312.home, 32;country 33; school, 164.of schoolhouses,in, 168. 214-16.* schoollife, libraries, list of, where305. to get Usti for, 356. Orange,GovernmentGovernment, 72-82 ; publications, function of, explanation of, Influence,/datum,origin and 74 75; purpose, ; 72; declaration of purposes, 6, 14 organization,; work for farm 74; homes, Pomona 34; grange, RS 75business : 426 undertakings, 70; educational and BEST COPY AVAILABLE357. 73; history, 73:socializing lit-sent agentofficers, v, 72 75; : work and social work, Macadam,MagazineMachinery.MacadamManagement,Magnolia 122. articles,road, household. Orange, construction,household, where account 28: 29,to hur. 388. of, 1r8. farm, 305. 122 ; In future, 132. 406Manual Training, inlying Whateom and list County, of tools, Washington, 872. 286 ; INDEX principlesconsolidation under- in. 1. RuralRuralRock problem, CreekLife Conference seeChurch, farm 41.problem. in Virginia, 308. Manhood, 59. INDEX 40Z Michigan,McNutt,MassachusettsMassachusetts, Matthew farmers' College farmers' B., institute quoted, of institutes Agriculture, in, 63. 86; in, exhibit 86; countrysocial152 roads trains,teachersschools ; workchurch in, 89 119in, of,in, ; conferences 304.260; ; at, 53; agricultural schools in, 179. 179; county normal schools in, 256 ; Kalamazoo normal school, 261 ; trainingHesperia countyof counerymovement, agricultural RuralSchool,sanitation, school country, inspectors, of farm functions homes, 297. 21of, ; 14,of schools,133; ascommunitysolutionfarmers'relation means221. oftoof institutes, improving center,church,farm problem, 134 67; 89; homes, cooperation relation 133-148 35 ,to ; roadwith Grange,problem, 80 129 ' ; first duty, 136 ; advantages for leadership, 136.38; consolidated schools, 149-87 ; cooperation with as agency In as a 11: Minnesota.Minister,Migration, country, rural, 1. salaries, 42 ; training of, 51.53consolidation885. : leadership in, of, 164 51. ; agricultural high schools In, 178; Olmsted county Y. M. C. A. in, 59 : special aid for country schools, directors' 301 ; School administration, Improvement of, 246;need,leadership, redirecting140-145model 148; countryimproving temporary,;_ revenue,course, school physical 239-246 131);'138 program, ; decayneeds environment, ; improving of, of, 142 139 ; administration;206-229future defects system ;of socialbeing, one.teacher of, of, 145 246.251. : 229-238fundamental system, ; 1'11. Missouri,Mississippi, road corn system clubs in, of, 90; 118; agricultural road instruction schools,meetingsmap,training 183; 178. in, cOuntry-teacherin, 301. 259 ; rural supervision training in in, high 296. schools of, 250; ln, 130; country-teacher School buildings, defects of, 206 ; furnishingsfinish,Mo.,358; seatand 216 and work in; Illinois,equip:ant discussed, 209 for, ; 360.346-50. seating, 217 ; sanitationventilation and care, of,221 210 ; ; models at Cornell College, at Kirksville, lighting, 214 ; plans for, 340-46 ; interior 11`1"1. NationalMusicMoore,NewNational and Jerry,England CornOrange farm-lifeGood 09. Association, Conference Roads songs, Association, 104. for 310. Ruralcountry 124. Progress, schools, 309. list Monthly, 80. of, 368-71. 7 School, course of study, household science in,for, 37,constructivepicturesin.129 365; 1711,244; furm.life ; 243; problems rural songs sociology infor, school 368 in, subjects, 245; helps 378-83. on coursein of John study, Swaney 350-58 School, ; 156 ; for. 363; industrial exhibits, domestic sclenceredirection equipment of, for, 230-246; 373 ; agriculture 351 country road education in, life literature Organizations,Organization,Ohio,OfficeNormal farmers' of schools, Public rural, institutesfarm, Roads state lack function farmers'explained, in.of, 867. of, ; institutesconsolidation 13; 113: needs service in, of, 91 In,in, in,14of, ; 275.253; 159;127 for ; business,note. country-teachertransportation training in, 258; outline for rural departments country school departments 306; need for in, 172. School,School socialgrounds, aspects, improvement 220-238; teacher's of, 223; personal whatagencies,excursions232girls'fences, to ;leadership, plantclubs.parents' 227 238. on,;'230 clubs, 225; 229; corn 234 ;walks and ; function canning and of clubs newspaped.4, in, 96-107: exhibits schoolhouse and educational meetings. in, outbuildindfs, 228. '235; country life clubs, 237 ; cooperation with other boys' and PlansPictures,PatronsPage,Outbuildings,Platform Loganfor of fora Husbandry, country for farmWaller, school, country home, school quoted,228. see life 83 Orange.building, improvement, note 111 ; forbuok 340-46. school, by, 16-17.federation 127 303. note. of, 84. RoutlicrtsSociology,SmithSeatState,Soil work Agricultural renovation chiefUood in country functionRoads, work. School, schools, 128. of,Dr. 179. Knapp's, 360.63. 02-103 ; 307.330.40. rural, needed by country teachers, 254 ; 13. outline of course in. Play,PresbyterianPopulation,Politics,Plunkett, references in Sir highway rural, on,Horace,Department 858. proportion work, 320. of114 Church of, ; 4 : decreaseand Countrysurveys in, 8. Life, of, 55; 53; conferences platform and exhibits, in rural supervision, 284, 202. 56 ; summer schools. 56 newspaper as agency for of, 54; SupervisionSummaryState aid, offor ofbook, roads. country 326. no; schools, for consolidation, importance of, 301 asrequlred286'281; ; difficulties, of, '288 ; 281 a methodsprofession, of selecting county superintendents. 287; qualifications '200;increasing efficiency of system, 289 ; salaries of county superintendents, for one-room schools, 301. rural supervision 290, 296 ; systems, Press,Radicalism,Provincialism,ProgramProblem,Principles rural, forinfluence countryof countryrural,country rural, teacher's,6. for 7.schools,community home stated. improvement,358-60. building, 206 ; 315.school 34 ; improvement, 235. method of attack, 206. Surveys,System, rural. country 55. school, defects of, 140 ;286.Frenchchief294political ;_ need, highway, Influence, 298; duty110 292, ; of American 298 teachers ; proper highway to methodsuperintendents, system, of selecting 113; 300. rural rural leadershipsupervision, supervisors, of county superintendents. 295; assistance for, 297 ; fundamental need of, 148, 280 ; Ravenel'sRoads,Richards,Revanue,Renting,Religion,Recreation, Road 108-132; increaseforMrs.rural, rural,Primer,roads, Ellen 7, asof,39,through 119 130,11.,a 8. 70.rural ; 19,for393. the progresscountry32. church, schools, agency, 44; through 140,French 5, 108; the road a system described, 110 ; organization of American system, suggestions for an improved175. school,national 232, issue,233. 108; Teachers,Swaney, John,Mr. country, John, school, 159. referred to, 9 ; account of,ship188.204,Swaneyinstitute,church 150-6. of, question. School, 196; Sit229: ; teacher'sdifficulties 156;67; asduty Grangeproblem of. concerning 193 organizers, stated,; consolidation. 206 SO; ; eooperation 187 ; with farmers' relation to roadresponsibility question, 131 : overwork of, 143; in John for home improvement, 36; relation tribute to, 195 trafning of, for country examples of leader- leadership of, to Roberts, 119;ments,system,113.129-131Inc defectskinds 125; 118;117; of ;road ofcourses stateroadroads American education, movementsand defined, in federalroad system, 126-28 120-22instruction, and aid, 114.16 reforms, ;;119 organizations 130;: ; roadsAlbert E., 07. 430 country school and the road problem, developments In road118-128 science, ; of the future, 132. for, 122-25 ; legislative improve- beautify. Teachers, country, training of, 252.80 ; statenecessityschools,outlinetraining normal 252-80 for of, schools, special ;in high 258training schools, ; 255; In younty normal schools. for rural departments in helps and sources for, 350-58. course of st tidy for, 203 ; new spirit of, of.273 252 ; ; state normalneed schools,for proper 275; preparation, tralued 252 ; kind of training needled. 431 256 , '254; in 408 school, 280 ;INDEX outlines of speciallist of books courses for, 374 ; list of for A Pioneer Book on an Important Subject TownshipTenantry,Trees,Transportation, for Highunitgrowth school of School, school Inand grounds,John Swane5y te8cher8theconstructive training not of only problemscountry need offor percentage of in8; Illinois, effectsadministration, 176. 300. 22 teachers, 329.40country ; teachers,; planting 376-383. alongschool 155 ; for consolidated highways,of, 8. 125. schools, 171-174. English in the Country School By WALTER BARNES, Assistant Principal Tuition,Washington,Ventilation,Unity,Waste in among country in one.teacherconsolidationof churches, farm districts, houses, in, conventions210.214. in, 301. school system,60. 140, 145, 166175. ; country21 ; teacher of school wagons, 173 ; 175 ; training In, 261 ; directors' in consolidated schools, of schoolhouses, . The book is written for the country teacher as a guide State Normal School, Glenville, W. Va. Wells,Wilson,Wells,Wisconsin, schoolhouse, George Oliver,Dr. Warren 813.Frederick,county 223. FI., agricultural lin.256 ; rural school inspector 53. quoted, 62.conventions, 301. schools in, 179 ;in, 297 : state ald to country county normal schools schools in, In, Grammar,Englishin planning Branches, Composition. the work Reading, and Literature,giving instruction Spelling, Language,in all the YoungTooker,Women,Young Men's H.'farm, Women'il S., Christian quoted,education Christian Grange301 schoolfunction. for, directors'77 :58 : extent institutes for, 89 257.;Association, County Workof. of,58of, : kinds 29Lszociatien, ; of activity, 1.10. in community affairs, conference of, 810. 59 ; oMelal magazine,57.60 ; ormization, 57' 30 ; work of the 58'. ' countrySchool Library,pupils and giving teachers. a valuable list of booksIt also suitable contains for an excellent chapter286 Pages. on the Rural Fine cloth binding, Price $1.25 Ii of advertising. We are trying to estimate the value of different kinds If you will refer to this advertisementSpecial Offer in 11 I $1.00."English"Country in Life," the Country we will School" send you post-paid a copy forof Money Back r' , a paid for it, you mayweek, return and itwe in will good refund condition yourIf the money.within book doesa not seem to you worth more than you 43 4 Row, Peterson & Company CHICAGO 433 Essential Studies in English, Robbins and Row PracticalManual English, ofPrice the A.Principles C. Scott,List of 208 English of pp PublicationsBook 11,I, Language, Grammar end 294 Composition, pp 356 pp $0.45 .40.60'.10 ExercisesThe National Speller, C. R. Frazier FormStudy and and Diction, Practice, Fans Funs ler ler and Fan.: ler in English Form and Diction, for .60.50.20 PhonologyTheElementary Educational and AgricultureOrthoepy, Meaning Salisbury with of PracticalManual Industries,Arithmetic, R. Hatch K. 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