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HOW DO RACIST CRIMES AGAINST IMMIGRANTS HAVE REPERCUSSIONS in SOCIETY? “THE ANALYSIS of the NSU CASE in GERMANY" Arife DE

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HOW DO RACIST CRIMES AGAINST IMMIGRANTS HAVE REPERCUSSIONS in SOCIETY? “THE ANALYSIS of the NSU CASE in GERMANY HOW DO RACIST CRIMES AGAINST IMMIGRANTS HAVE REPERCUSSIONS IN SOCIETY? “THE ANALYSIS OF THE NSU CASE IN GERMANY" Arife DEMİR The Degree of Master of Science Universitat Pompeu Fabra Migration Studies Thesis Bursiyer ve Programa Ait Bilgi Formu Adı-Soyadı Arife DEMİR Sözleşme No. TR2016/DG/04/A1-01/0907 Başvuru Yaptığı Sektör Kamu (Kamu-Üniversite-Özel Sektör) Başvuru Esnasında Bağlı Bulunulan Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Kurum Başkanlığı Başvuru Esnasında Bağlı Bulunulan Uzman Kurumdaki Unvan Çalışma Alanı (AB Müktesebat Başlığı) Adalet, Özgürlük ve Güvenlik Öğrenim Görülen Ülke İspanya Öğrenim Görülen Şehir Barcelona Programın Öğretim Dili İngilizce Üniversite Universitat Pompau Fabra Fakülte Siyaset Bilimi Bölüm Göç Çalışmaları Program Adı Yüksek Lisans Programın Başlangıç/Bitiş Tarihleri (PDS 25.09.2018/15.09.2019 belgesindeki tarihler) Öğrenim Süresi (ay) 12 How do racist crimes against immigrants have repercussions in society? Tez/Araştırma Çalışmasının Başlığı “The Analysis of the NSU Case in Germany" Danışmanının Adı/Soyadı Dr. Martin Lundsteen Danışmanının E-posta Adres/leri [email protected] Scholar and Programme Information Form Name/Surname Arife DEMİR Contract No. TR2016/DG/04/A1-01/0907 Sector as of the Application Date (Public Sector-University-Private Public Sector Sector) Institution as of the Application Presidency for Turks Abroad and Related Date Communities Title as of the Application Date Expert Field of Study (i.e. EU Acquis Justice, Freedom and Security Chapter) Country of Host Institution Spain City of Host Institution Barcelona Language of the Programme English Host Institution Universitat Pompeu Fabra Faculty Political Science Department Migration Studies Name of the Programme Master Start/End Dates of the Programme 25.09.2018/15.09.2019 (as in the PDS) Duration of the Programme 12 (months) How do racist crimes against immigrants Title of the Dissertation/ Research have repercussions in society? Study “The Analysis of the NSU Case in Germany" Name of the Advisor Dr. Martin Lundsteen E-mail of the Advisor [email protected] İÇİNDEKİLER ÖZET ................................................................................................................................. i ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... ii 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 2. CONTEXTUALISATION ........................................................................................ 4 2.1. Racist Violence and the NSU Attacks ............................................................... 4 2.2. Institutional Racism and Failures in the NSU Case ........................................... 5 2.3. Racist Violence and the Media Frame ............................................................... 7 3. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................... 10 4. RESEARCH QUESTION ....................................................................................... 12 5. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES .................................................................................... 13 6. METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 14 7. POTENTIAL CONTRIBUTION ............................................................................ 16 8. PILOT STUDY ....................................................................................................... 18 8.1. Preliminary Results of the Pilot Study ............................................................. 19 9. LIMITATIONS ....................................................................................................... 30 10. POTENTIAL CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 32 11. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................ 34 12. APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 39 12.1. NSU Offences ............................................................................................... 39 ÖZET NSU olayları, faili meçhul cinayetlerin aydınlanmasından bu yana yüzlerce duruşma, on bir parlamento soruşturma komitesi ve önemli sayıda yayın ve kamuoyu tartışması ile Alman tarihinin en önemli örneklerinden biri olduğu gösterilmiştir. Konunun kamuoyu nazarındaki görünürlüğüne rağmen NSU davasıyla ilgili yazınsal çalışmalar gazete haberleri ve az sayıda Almanca yayınla sınırlıdır. NSU davasıyla ilgili akademik çalışmalar ise, 2000-2012 dönemindeki gazete haberlerinin cinayetlere ilişkin söylem analizi ve medya tarafından oluşturulan cinsiyet stereotipleri konularına odaklanmıştır. Bu araştırma önerisi, Türkiye kökenli ikinci ve üçüncü jenerasyon Alman vatandaşlarının ve göçmenlik geçmişi olmayan Almanların ırkçı şiddet, NSU cinayetleri, soruşturma süreci ve cinayetlerin medyadaki tasviri de dahil olmak üzere NSU davasının nasıl algılandığını araştırmayı ve günlük yaşamdaki ırkçı tutumları şekillendiren dilsel eylemler yoluyla anlamın inşa edilmesine bir bakış açısı sunmayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışma kapsamında, Türk ve Alman kökenli insanların toplumsal belleklerinde ırkçılığı nasıl anlamlandırdıkları, etnik kökenin ırkçılık algısını nasıl ve ne ölçüde etkilediği ve medya ve politik söylemin ırkçılık algısını şekillendirmedeki etkisini incelenmiştir. Sosyal gerçekliğin inşası ve eleştirel söylem analizine dayanarak analiz edilen pilot çalışma bulguları NSU davası ve yargılama sürecinin anlamlandırılmasına ilişkin kavramsal ve bağlamsal süreçleri ortaya koymada önemli veriler sunmuştur. Pilot çalışma sonuçları, NSU olaylarının yorumlanmasında meslek, eğitim düzeyi ya da demografik kriterler yerine göçmenlik geçmişinin etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Veri analizi, bireylerin algılarının her etnik grubun ortak deneyimlerinden oluşan öznel sosyal gerçeklikten büyük ölçüde etkilendiğini göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: NSU davası, ırkçılık, ırkçı şiddet, kurumsal ırkçılık, sosyal gerçekliğin inşası, eleştirel söylem analizi, toplumsal bellek, göçmenlik, i ABSTRACT Since its identification, the NSU case has been shown to be one of the most prominent cases in German history with hundreds of trials, eleven parliamentary investigation committees, and a considerable number of publications and public discussions. However, despite its importance, the academic studies on the NSU case are highly limited, with the journalistic efforts and academic publications only being in the German language. The academic studies on the NSU case have focused on the news media’s narrative on the murders for the period of 2000–2012, and on gender stereotypes constructed by the media. This proposed research aims to explore how Turkish immigrants and German natives interpreted the NSU case including the racist violence, undercover operations, investigation process, and the media portrayal. By analysing the stances that were taken by ordinary people, this thesis thus offers a perspective on the construction of meaning through the linguistic acts that shape the understanding of racist violence in the course of daily life. This text will examine how people of Turkish and German origin locate racism within the social stock of knowledge, how and to what extent their interpretations are attributable to their ethnic background, and how perceptions are shaped and constrained by media and politics. The data gathered from the preliminary fieldwork has put forward significant results that enable us to have some insights on how Turkish immigrants and German natives interpreted the NSU case. By relying on the social construction theory of reality and critical discourse analysis, the findings have revealed significant conceptual and contextual processes by which the Turkish community and native Germans constructed the reality of the NSU case including the racist violence, investigations and the prosecution of perpetrators. The preliminary results suggest that for this sample, not occupation nor education level, immigration background, is the crucial factor for the perception of the NSU case. Through initial coding and semantic analysis, each group’s particular historical, social and political contexts appeared as the main factors that affect interpretation. The data analysis indicated that the individuals’ perceptions were highly influenced by the subjective social reality that is constructed by the shared experiences of each ethnic group. Although the data was gathered from individuals, shared rather than individual interpretations of the NSU case significantly affected the conceptualisation process. Key Words: NSU case, racism, racist violence, institutional racism, the social construction of reality, critical discourse analysis, stock of knowledge, immigration ii 1. INTRODUCTION Germany, known as a country of immigration, has witnessed the murders of nine ethnic migrants and three bombings between 2000 and 2007. Although it seems that the targets were chosen randomly, having a Turkish background (except for the Greek victim who was thought to be of Turkish origin) and running small enterprises were the common criteria for the victims (Behrens, 2017). Over the course of eight years, the police investigations have mainly focused on the immigrants’ families, their alleged connections with Turkish mafia groups and drug traffickers. More than a decade
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