Appendix Reviews and Books of Cross-Coupling Reactions
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
EI-ICHI NEGISHI Herbert C
MAGICAL POWER OF TRANSITION METALS: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2010 by EI-ICHI NEGISHI Herbert C. Brown Laboratories of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2084, U.S.A. Not long ago, the primary goal of the synthesis of complex natural products and related compounds of biological and medicinal interest was to be able to synthesize them, preferably before anyone else. While this still remains a very important goal, a number of today’s top-notch synthetic chemists must feel and even think that, given ample resources and time, they are capable of synthesizing virtually all natural products and many analogues thereof. Accepting this notion, what would then be the major goals of organic synthesis in the twenty-first century? One thing appears to be unmistakably certain. Namely, we will always need, perhaps increasingly so with time, the uniquely creative field of synthetic organic and organometallic chemistry to prepare both new and existing organic compounds for the benefit and well-being of mankind. It then seems reasonably clear that, in addition to the question of what compounds to synthesize, that of how best to synthesize them will become increasingly important. As some may have said, the primary goal would then shift from aiming to be the first to synthesize a given compound to seeking its ultimately satisfactory or “last synthesis”. If one carefully goes over various aspects of organic synthetic methodology, one would soon note how primitive and limited it had been until rather recently, or perhaps even today. For the sake of argument, we may propose here that the ultimate goal of organic synthesis is “to be able to synthesize any desired and fundamentally synthesizable organic compounds (a) in high yields, (b) efficiently (in as few steps as possible, for example), (c) selectively, preferably all in t98–99% selectivity, (d) economically, and (e) safely, abbreviated hereafter as the y(es)2 manner.” with or without catalyst R1M + R2X R1R2 + MX R1, R2: carbon groups. -
Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Chemistry Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Chemistry
Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Chemistry Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Chemistry Palladium catalysis has gained widespread use in industrial and academic synthetic chemistry laboratories as a powerful methodology for the formation of C-C and C-Heteroatom bonds. Several coupling reactions have been developed with different substrates: 1. SUZUKI-MIYAURA 2. STILLE 3. NEGISHI 4. KUMADA 5. HIYAMA 6. SONOGASHIRA 7. HECK 8. BUCHWALD-HARTWIG 9. CYANATION 10. CARBONYLATION 2 Understanding the catalytic cycle Most palladium catalysed reactions are believed to follow a similar catalytic cycle. The catalytic species can be formed in situ using a palladium source, such as Pd2(dba)3 or Pd(OAc)2 and the necessary ligand, or introduced as a preformed catalyst such as t Pd(PPh3)4 or Pd(P Bu3)2. Careful choice of ligand can facilitate two steps of the catalytic cycle. The use of strong σ-donating ligands, such as trialkylphosphines, increases electron density around the metal, accelerating the oxidative addition of the catalyst to the substrate. This is most commonly believed to be the rate determining step. Choice of ligand also determines the mechanism by which oxidative addition occurs.1 The elimination step is accelerated by the use of bulky ligands, in particular phosphine ligands exhibiting a large cone angle (also known as Tolman angle).2 Ligand Cone Angle (deg) Cat. No. dppm 121 29361 dppe 125 14791 dppp 127 31005 dcpe 142 36385 PPh3 145 14042 P(c-hex)3 170 42161 t P( Bu)3 182 36089 P(C6F5)3 184 31316 P(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)3 212 32113 3 Phosphine ligands have recently been replaced in a number of palladium cataly sed reactions with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs).3 These ligands offer similar electronic properties to phosphines, being strongly σ-donating and weakly π-acidic. -
The 2010 Chemistry Nobel Prize: Pd(0)-Catalyzed Organic Synthesis
GENERAL ARTICLE The 2010 Chemistry Nobel Prize: Pd(0)-Catalyzed Organic Synthesis Gopalpur Nagendrappa and Y C Sunil Kumar The 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to three scientists, R F Heck, E-I Negishi and A Suzuki, for their work on “Palladium – Catalyzed Cross Couplings in Organic Syn- (left) G Nagendrappa thesis”. It pertains to research done over a period of four was a Professor of decades. The synthetic procedures embodied in their work Organic Chemistry at enable construction of C–C bond selectively between complex Bangalore University, molecules as in simple ones at desired positions without and Head of the Department of Medici- disturbing any functional groups at other parts of the reacting nal Chemistry, Sri molecules. The work finds wide applications in the synthesis Ramachandra (Medical) of pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, and molecules for University, Chennai. electronics and other applications. It would not have been He is currently in Jain University, Bangalore. possible to synthesize some of the complex natural products or He continues to teach synthetic compounds without using these coupling reactions and do research. His in one or more steps. work is in the area of organosilicon chemis- Introduction try, synthetic and mechanistic organic In mythical stories and folk tales we come across characters that, chemistry, and clay- catalysed organic while uttering some manthras (words of charm), throw a pinch or reactions (Green fistful of a magic powder, and suddenly there appears the object Chemistry). or person they wished for or an event happens the way they want. (right) Sunil Kumar is A large number of movies have been made with such themes and a PhD from Mysore characters that would be depicted as ‘scientists’. -
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings in Organic Synthesis
Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Couplings in Organic Synthesis 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Professor Sambasivarao Kotha Department of Chemistry IIT-Bombay 400 076 http/www.chem.iitb.ac.in/~srk 12/28/10 1 "palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis” Richard F. Heck Ei-ichi Negishi Akira Suzuki University of Delaware Purdue University Hokkaido University USA West Lafayette Sapporo, Japan IN, USA B 1931 B 1935 B 1930 12/28/10 2 Heck, Negishi and Suzuki coupling in synthesis of fine chemicals Heck reaction O Si Si DVS-bis-BCM (electronic resin monomer) N O N Negishi Cl coupling N Cl HN O HN Suzuki coupling Serotonin agonist Boscalid 12/28/10 (fungiside) 3 Facts on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry On 27 November 1895, Alfred Nobel signed his last will and testament, giving the largest share of his fortune to a series of prizes, the Nobel Prizes. As described in Nobel's will one part was dedicated to “ the person who shall have made the most important chemical discovery or improvement”. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/ 4 Number of Nobel Prizes in Chemistry 102 Nobel Prizes in Chemistry have been awarded since 1901. It was not awarded on eight occasions: in 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941 and 1942. Why were the Chemistry Prizes not awarded in those years? In the statutes of the Nobel Foundation it says: "If none of the works under consideration is found to be of the importance indicated in the first paragraph, the prize money shall be reserved until the following year. If, even then, the prize cannot be awarded, the amount shall be added to the Foundation's restricted funds." During World War I and II, fewer Nobel Prizes were awarded. -
1 CHEM 344 Organometallic Chemistry Practice Problems
CHEM 344 Organometallic Chemistry Practice Problems (not for credit) Name (print): TA name (print): _____________ 1) Careful choice of solvent is essential for the successful generation and reaction of a Grignard reagent. a) Explain why anhydrous diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran (THF) are common solvents for the generation of Grignard reagents. b) Show the major product(s) of the reaction of 4-methylphenylmagnesium bromide (prepared in anhydrous diethyl ether) with benzophenone (dissolved in either ethanol, acetone, or diethyl ether). Assume acidic workup in each case. 1 2) The reaction of PhMgBr with cyclohexanone (C6H10O) followed by addition of sulfuric acid produces 1-phenylcyclohexene (C12H14) as shown below. The crude reaction mixture was analyzed by GC-mass spectrometry. Use the GC-MS data on the next page to identify the components of the crude product mixture and assess its purity. Draw a plausible electron-pushing mechanism for the formation of the major and minor products starting from bromobenzene. 2 3 3) 3) Show the product and justify the chemoselectivity of each of the following oxidative addition reactions. Show the oxidation state of the metal in the product. The table of C-X bond dissociation enthalpies of halobenzenes may be useful. a) b) c) C–X Bond Dissociation Enthalpies ° Ph–X H C–X (kcal/mol) 127 97 84 67 113 4 4) Transmetallation follows oxidative addition in a typical Pd-catalyzed coupling cycle. The process of transmetallation can be described by the following equilibrium: The process is thermodynamically favorable for the production of M-R if XM > XM' (X = Pauling electronegativity, M/M' = metal, R = organic group, X= halide). -
Preparation of Z-Substituted Styrenes Using Hiyama and Suzuki Cross Couplings: a Synthesis of Glandulone B
Western Washington University Western CEDAR WWU Graduate School Collection WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship 2011 Preparation of Z-substituted styrenes using hiyama and suzuki cross couplings: a synthesis of glandulone B Courtney A. Engles Western Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Engles, Courtney A., "Preparation of Z-substituted styrenes using hiyama and suzuki cross couplings: a synthesis of glandulone B" (2011). WWU Graduate School Collection. 110. https://cedar.wwu.edu/wwuet/110 This Masters Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the WWU Graduate and Undergraduate Scholarship at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in WWU Graduate School Collection by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Preparation of Z-substituted styrenes using Hiyama and Suzuki Cross Couplings: A synthesis of glandulone B By Courtney A. Engles Accepted in Partial Completion Of the Requirements of the Degree Master of Science Moheb A. Ghali, Dean of the Graduate School ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chair, Dr. James R. Vyvyan Dr. Gregory W. O'Neil Dr. Elizabeth A. Raymond MASTER'S THESIS In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master's degree at Western Washington University, I grant to Western Washington University the non- exclusive royalty-free right to archive, reproduce, distribute, and display the thesis in any and all forms, including electronic format, via any digital library mechanisms maintained by WWU. I represent and warrant this is my original work, and does not infringe or violate any rights of others. -
Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Chemistry Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Chemistry
Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Chemistry Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Chemistry Palladium catalysis has gained widespread use in industrial and academic synthetic chemistry laboratories as a powerful methodology for the formation of C-C and C-Heteroatom bonds. Several coupling reactions have been developed with different substrates: 1. SUZUKI-MIYAURA 2. STILLE 3. NEGISHI 4. KUMADA 5. HIYAMA 6. SONOGASHIRA 7. HECK 8. BUCHWALD-HARTWIG 9. CYANATION 10. CARBONYLATION 2 Understanding the catalytic cycle Most palladium catalysed reactions are believed to follow a similar catalytic cycle. The catalytic species can be formed in situ using a palladium source, such as Pd2(dba)3 or Pd(OAc)2 and the necessary ligand, or introduced as a preformed catalyst such as t Pd(PPh3)4 or Pd(P Bu3)2. Careful choice of ligand can facilitate two steps of the catalytic cycle. The use of strong σ-donating ligands, such as trialkylphosphines, increases electron density around the metal, accelerating the oxidative addition of the catalyst to the substrate. This is most commonly believed to be the rate determining step. Choice of ligand also determines the mechanism by which oxidative addition occurs.1 The elimination step is accelerated by the use of bulky ligands, in particular phosphine ligands exhibiting a large cone angle (also known as Tolman angle).2 Ligand Cone Angle (deg) Cat. No. dppm 121 29361 dppe 125 14791 dppp 127 31005 dcpe 142 36385 PPh3 145 14042 P(c-hex)3 170 42161 t P( Bu)3 182 36089 P(C6F5)3 184 31316 P(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)3 212 32113 3 Phosphine ligands have recently been replaced in a number of palladium cataly sed reactions with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs).3 These ligands offer similar electronic properties to phosphines, being strongly σ-donating and weakly π-acidic. -
M.Sc. DEGREE COURSE (AUTONOMOUS) in CHEMISTRY (SEMESTER PATTERN)
M.Sc. DEGREE COURSE (AUTONOMOUS) IN CHEMISTRY (SEMESTER PATTERN) CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) REGULATIONS - 5 (Effective from the academic year 2017 – 2018 onwards) SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 024 SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY BHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSITY, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 024 M.Sc. DEGREE COURSE (AUTONOMOUS) IN CHEMISTRY (SEMESTER PATTERN) CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS) REGULATIONS - 5 (Effective from the academic year 2017 – 2018 onwards) 1. Name of the Course Bharathidasan University under choice based credit system (CBCS) is offering a two year M.Sc. Degree Course (Semester Pattern) in Chemistry to be conducted in the School of Chemistry with provision for a research project in the second year. The term „credit‟ is used to describe the quantum of syllabus for various programmes in terms of hours of study. Core courses are a set of compulsory courses required for each programme. Elective courses are suggested by the departmental committee to their students. The minimum credit requirement for two year masters programme in chemistry is 90. 2. Eligibility for Admission A person who has passed the B.Sc. degree examination with Chemistry as major subject and Mathematics or Physics or Botany or Zoology or any science subject as one of the allied subjects of this University or an examination of any other University accepted by the syndicate of Bharathidasan University as equivalent thereto shall be permitted to appear in the examination of this University, two semesters corresponding to each year of study, and qualify for the M.Sc. Degree in Chemistry. A candidate seeking admission to the course shall not be more than 25 years of age on 1st July of the year of admission. -
M.Sc. Chemistry (CBCS) Curriculum & Syllabus (2018-19 Onwards)
M.Sc. Chemistry CBCS Curriculum & Syllabus - 2018 M.Sc. Chemistry (CBCS) Curriculum & Syllabus (2018-19 Onwards) DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY School of Advanced Sciences Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education (Deemed to be University) Anand Nagar, Krishnankoil - 626 126. (January 2018) 1 M.Sc. Chemistry CBCS Curriculum & Syllabus - 2018 UNIVERSITY VISION To be a Center of Excellence of International Repute in Education and Research. UNIVERSITY MISSION To Produce Technically Competent, Socially Committed Technocrats and Administrators through Quality Education and Research. VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT To be a centre of excellence of international repute in education and research in the field of chemistry and other related interdisciplinary sciences. MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT To promote the advancement of science and technology in the broadest in chemistry in all of its branches and other related interdisciplinary areas through quality education, research and service missions that produce technically competent, socially committed technocrats and scientists. 2 M.Sc. Chemistry CBCS Curriculum & Syllabus - 2018 Programme Educational Objectives (PEO’s): PEO: 1 The graduates would have attained an expertise in major areas of chemistry such as organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry. PEO: 2 The graduates would have acquired skills so as to exploit the opportunities in research and development. PEO: 3 The graduates would have gained an in-depth knowledge and hands-on training in diverse areas of Chemistry to specialize in one of the areas of their interest. PEO: 4 The graduates would be ready to take up responsible positions in different sectors such as industry, teaching and research. Programme Outcomes (POs) Have an advanced level of understanding of the theories and fundamental concepts in PO: 1 major as well as allied areas of chemistry. -
Organic Chemistry Fro N Tiers
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FRO N TIERS Accepted Manuscript This is an Accepted Manuscript, which has been through the Royal Society of Chemistry peer review process and has been accepted for publication. Accepted Manuscripts are published online shortly after acceptance, before technical editing, formatting and proof reading. Using this free service, authors can make their results available to the community, in citable form, before we publish the edited article. We will replace this Accepted Manuscript with the edited and formatted Advance Article as soon as it is available. You can find more information about Accepted Manuscripts in the Information for Authors. Please note that technical editing may introduce minor changes to the text and/or graphics, which may alter content. The journal’s standard Terms & Conditions and the Ethical guidelines still apply. In no event shall the Royal Society of Chemistry be held responsible for any errors or omissions in this Accepted Manuscript or any consequences arising from the use of any information it contains. http://rsc.li/frontiers-organic Page 1 of 71 Organic Chemistry Frontiers 1 2 3 Negishi coupling in the synthesis of advanced electronic, optical, electrochemical, and magnetic 4 5 6 materials† 7 8 Shouquan Huo*, Robert Mroz and Jeffrey Carroll 9 10 11 Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA 12 13 14 15 *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]; Tel: (252) 328-9784; 16 17 Manuscript 18 Fax: (252) 328-2610. 19 20 †Dedicated to Professor Ei-ichi Negishi on the occasion of his 80th birthday. -
L-G-0003840151-0002367386.Pdf
Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis Catalyst Components for Coupling Reactions OTHER TITLES IN THIS COLLECTION Fluorine-Containing Reagents Edited by Leo A. Paquette ISBN 978 0 470 02177 4 Reagents for Direct Functionalization for C–H Bonds Edited by Philip L. Fuchs ISBN 0 470 01022 3 Reagents for Glycoside, Nucleotide, and Peptide Synthesis Edited by David Crich ISBN 0 470 02304 X Reagents for High-Throughput Solid-Phase and Solution-Phase Organic Synthesis Edited by Peter Wipf ISBN 0 470 86298 X Chiral Reagents for Asymmetric Synthesis Edited by Leo A. Paquette ISBN 0 470 85625 4 Activating Agents and Protecting Groups Edited by Anthony J. Pearson and William R. Roush ISBN 0 471 97927 9 Acidic and Basic Reagents Edited by Hans J. Reich and James H. Rigby ISBN 0 471 97925 2 Oxidizing and Reducing Agents Edited by Steven D. Burke and Rick L. Danheiser ISBN 0 471 97926 0 Reagents, Auxiliaries and Catalysts for C–C Bond Formation Edited by Robert M. Coates and Scott E. Denmark ISBN 0 471 97924 4 e-EROS For access to information on all the reagents covered in the Handbooks of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, and many more, subscribe to e-EROS on the Wiley Interscience website. A database is available with over 200 new entries and updates every year. It is fully searchable by structure, substructure and reaction type and allows sophisticated full text searches. http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/eros/ Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis Catalyst Components for Coupling Reactions Edited by Gary A. Molander University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Copyright # 2008 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, S outhern Gate, Chicheste r, West Sussex PO19 8SQ , Englan d Telephone (þ 44) 1243 779777 E-mail (for orders and customer servic e enquiries): cs-books @wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. -
From Noble Metal to Nobel Prize.Pdf
Angewandte Chemie DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006374 Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010 From Noble Metal to Nobel Prize: Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions as Key Methods in Organic Synthesis Xiao-Feng Wu, Pazhamalai Anbarasan, Helfried Neumann, and Matthias Beller* cross-coupling · Heck reaction · Negishi coupling · palladium · Suzuki coupling Palladium is known to a broad audience as a beautiful, but afforded styrene in 80% yield and 10% trans-stilbene,[2a] he expensive jewellery metal. In addition, it is nowadays found in described in 1972 a protocol for the coupling of iodobenzene nearly every car as part of the automotive catalysts, where with styrene, which today is known as the “Heck reaction”.[3] palladium is used to eliminate harmful emissions produced by A very similar reaction had already been published by internal combustion engines. On the other hand, and not Tsutomo Mizoroki in 1971.[4] However, Mizoroki didnt known to the general public, is the essential role of palladium follow up on the reaction and died too young from cancer. catalysts in contemporary organic chemistry, a topic which has The coupling protocol for aryl halides with olefins can be now been recognized with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry considered as a milestone for the development and applica- 2010. tion of organometallic catalysis in organic synthesis and set Have a look at any recent issue of a chemical journal the stage for numerous further applications. Hence, palla- devoted to organic synthesis and you will discover the broad dium-catalyzed coupling reactions were disclosed continu- utility of palladium-based catalysts. Among these different ously during the 1970s (Scheme 1).