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Ownership of the Media Ownership of the Media Module Title: Media Analysis Assignment B Keith Allen Word Count: 2496 Table of Content Table of Content.............................................................................1 Introduction....................................................................................2 Body.................................................................................................2-7 Method............................................................................................2 Ownership and Corporate Takeovers in the Media...................3 Rupert Murdoch - Media Mogul..................................................3 Rupert Murdoch – Business and Politics.....................................3-4 Fox News.........................................................................................4 Outfoxed Exposé - Fox News Corruption....................................4-6 Damning Reports and Statistics....................................................6 Discussion........................................................................................7 Conclusion.......................................................................................8 Recommendations...........................................................................8-9 Bibliography/References.................................................................9 Introduction This report aims to reveal how the majority of the main stream media is owned by just a few corporations in total, with particular awareness being made of the media structure in the U.S. Rupert Murdoch will be revealed as the major kingpin of this media empire. Questions will be raised with regards to this enormously responsible role and the dangers of this centralization shall be put forward to contemplate. Topics which shall be addressed will range from the vast domain in which Murdoch is in control of, its powers and therefore his powers, and the actual outcome of the path in which this structure has defined. Special attention will be made to the documentary “Outfoxed - Rupert Murdoch’s War Against Journalism, Robert Greenwald, 2004, 77 min” in which the corruption of Fox News (The United States most viewed news channel according to Nielsen television ratings) is revealed by former workers. Various websites will be used in the construction of this report. Those said website will be mentioned in the bibliography. Body Method With the help of the internet and references given in the classroom, I have searched through relevant information to compile this report, which can be used as a focused delivery of factual data with regards to the American media dangerously being in the hands of capitalist corporations. Importance should be recognised in this as the media acts as a backbone in a democratic system and also because the United States has a leading role in world affairs and not just in a media/broadcasting sense. Corporate control and concentration of the media is a major issue! Findings Ownership and Corporate Takeovers in the Media The book “Understanding Television (2005), Karen Lury, Great Britain, Hodder Education” teaches us that since the 1970’s there has been a gradual process of deregulation in the televised aspect of the media and therefore an increase in the amount of commercially viable channels owned by capitalist corporations. These corporations are motivated by profit which is in stark contrast to public service broadcasting which is publicly funded by a television licence scheme and aims to operate as a beneficiary to the public as an educational tool etc. The said book tells us that in the U.S, commercial television has always been the dominant model, thus the American television model is controlled by capitalist corporations. Since 1995, the number of companies owning commercial TV stations has declined by 40 percent (See www. commoncause.org ...). Today the U.S media is dominated by six major corporations. Viacom, Walt Disney, General Electric, News Corp, Time Warner and CBS all have a major stake in American media, producing content not just contained to the televised domain, but also film and publishing. These companies are vertically integrated, meaning they have taken over all the smaller companies previously hired by them to run everything from the initial production phases through to the end result and final distribution. They are the definition of corporate power! All the while, the public has known little to nothing about these corporate take over’s. Rupert Murdoch Media Mogul Rupert Murdoch is the founder, chair man and managing director of News Corp. Beginning with just one Australian newspaper, he has built up a media empire which spans the entire globe, dominating all markets but Britain, Italy and large areas of Asia and the Middle East. He has interests in all media formats including television, film, pay TV, the Internet, newspapers, and publishing. This said empire is a mass of media companies that reach audiences of 4.7 billion people, which is three quarters of the entire population. At any given time, one in five American homes will be tuned into a program that was either produced or delivered to them directly by News Corp. Business & Politics Having strong opinions and mixing business with politics seems to be a natural manner for Murdoch. Having supported both British conservative party leaders, Margaret Thatcher and John Major with his Sun newspaper (which even crediting itself with helping Major to win his election), the Sun followed Murdoch’s lead in dropping its affiliation with the conservative party to support the new labour candidate, Tony Bair. News Corp’s other British newspapers all followed suit and concurred. This in turn led to a Blair backing a “communications bill” which loosened restrictions on foreign media ownership, after he became prime minister. Murdoch supported the bush administration and the war in Iraq. He openly admitted that the fundamental reason for him supporting the war was oil. The Guardian of London newspaper quotes him as saying “Murdoch wasn't so reticent. He believes that deposing the Iraqi leader would lead to cheaper oil" (See www.guardian.co.uk...). Fox News The Fox News Channel is owned by the Fox Entertainment group, one of the subsidiary companies of News Corp. It is available to view internationally, but in the U.S alone, it is on hand to 102 million households and according to Nielson T.V ratings it is the most viewed news channel in the U.S (See www.en-us.nielson.com...). In the film “Outfoxed – Rupert Murdoch’s War Against Journalism, Robert Greenwald, 2004, 77 min”, huge concerns have been raised about Fox’s capability to convey fair and just news reporting and political commentary. With its findings it is safe to say that Fox News promotes conservative republican political positions at the expense of neutrality. Although this seems to be prevalent, Fox news has been voted as being the most trusted news channel in the U.S (See www.politifact.com...). Fox maintains that its news reporting and political commentary are unbiased and work independently of each other. Outfoxed Exposé - Fox News Corruption Lies and Misleading “Outfoxed” reveals a vast amount of corruption in the Fox News operation. So much so, that the network seems to be a complete propaganda system. Former workers tell of its failure in its central obligation, which is to tell the truth. During their time at Fox, managing editors had made it clear to them what they wanted broadcast, by controlling what is said and how it is said. The news reporters’ job was to execute their plan. They assert that Fox News asked them to lie, and when they refused, they were fired (When the reporters sued Fox in court, providing proof of their claim, the court ruled that there is no current law against lying on a news program). Leaked internal Fox News memos from Vice President John Moody reveal how the news of the day is guided and therefore biased. Here are some examples of the said memos in relation to cementation to presidency candidates and the war in Iraq; 06/04/2004 From: Moody “Kerry’s speech on the economy at Georgetown is likely to move onto the topic of Iraq. We should take the beginning of Kerry’s speech, see if it contains new information (aside from a promise to create 10 million jobs) and see if other news at the time is more compelling. It is not required to take it start to finish.” -This memo is from the campaign phase of when Bush and Kerry were competing against each other for the American Presidency. It is clearly pro Bush since public remark and possible criticism of his conduct of “the war on terrorism” and the 2003 invasion of Iraq was being avoided. After all, Murdoch is openly a Bush supporter and a supporter of the war in Iraq... 28/04/2004 From: Moody “Let’s refer to the U.S Marines we see in the foreground as “sharpshooters”, not snipers, which carries a negative connotation.” -This memo clearly is an attempt in aiming of winning extra public cooperation and avoiding making the audience think negatively of the Marines or the Iraqi war. The war which Murdoch supports! Other Tactics Subtle techniques seem to be another way of Fox’s implementation of its “news”. “Some people say” has been pointed out as being used quite a lot to evade giving actual sources of quotation. This is a clever way of inserting anonymous information, rather than the normal journalistic approach. “Some people say Kerry is loved by North Koreans”, this sentence has been aired on Fox. It is a blatant attempt to attack his character
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