DOCSLIB.ORG

Ceratitis Capitata, to a SPECTRUM of PLANT VOLATILES

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ceratitis Capitata, to a SPECTRUM of PLANT VOLATILES Journal of Chemical Ecology, Vol. 14, No. i, 1988 ELECTROANTENNOGRAM RESPONSES OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY, Ceratitis capitata, TO A SPECTRUM OF PLANT VOLATILES DOUGLAS M. LIGHT ~ ERIC B. JANG, 2 and JOSEPH C. DICKENS 3 USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center 800 Buchanan Street Albany, California 94710 2 USDA-ARS Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Laboratory P.O. Box 4459 Hilo, Hawaii 96720 3 USDA-ARS Boll Weevil Research Laboratory P.O. Box 5367 Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762 (Received September 30, 1986; accepted January 15, 1987) Abstract--Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from unmated, lab- oratory-reared, male and female Ceratitis capitata (medfly) in response to a range of Cl and C2 to C~z carbon chain-length aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, acetates, and acids, and lactones, some of which are known volatiles from leaves and fruits. A large degree of EAG response uniformity between the sexes was observed, with only eight of the 70 compounds tested eliciting significantly larger amplitude EAG responses from female than male anten- nae. In general, for the five functional-group series tested, aldehydes and alcohols elicited greater responses than acetates, lactones, and acids. The unsaturated alcohols, aldehydes, acetates, and acids elicited equal or larger amplitude EAG responses than their comparable saturated compounds. For four of the functional-group series tested, the EAG response amplitude was significantly greater for a particular carbon chain length, with responsiveness to primary alcohols and aldehydes peaking at C6, acids peaking at C 5 6, and acetates peaking at both C5 and Cs. The EAG responses to both the 2- and 3-position monoenic alcohols peaked at C6 and Cs, while the secondary al- cohols peaked at C7. The greatest EAG responses of all compounds tested were elicited by monoenic C6 alcohols and aldehydes that are constituents of the "general green-leaf odor" that emanates from most plants. The potential adaptive benefit of selective sensitivity to green-leaf volatiles is discussed in regard to foraging behavior of medflie8. 159 0098-0331/88/0100-0159506.00/0 1988 Plenum Publishing Corporation 160 LIGHT ET AL. Key Words--Diptera, Tephritidae, Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capi- rata, plant volatiles, fruit volatiles, green-leafvolatiles, olfaction, electro- physiology,electroantennogram. INTRODUCTION The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (medfly), is a polyphagous pest worldwide, attacking over 250 varieties of fruits, nuts, and vegetables (Hagen et al., 1981). It is widely assumed that medflies and other tephritid fruit flies use olfactory cues, in addition to visual cues (Cytrynowicz et al., 1984; Nakagawa et al., 1978; Prokopy and Roitberg, 1984; Prokopy and Economopoulos, 1976), to seek and assess habitat, food, and ovipositional re- sources (Prokopy and Roitberg, 1984). Such a phenomenon has been observed in studies of the behavior of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), in response to fruit model traps emanating apple volatiles (Prokopy et al., 1973; Reissig et al., 1982). However, there is little behavioral evidence (Bateman, 1972; Fdron, 1962; Keiser et al., 1975) to substantiate this assumption of ol- factory orientation to plant volatiles by C. capitata. The olfactory fragrance of a plant and, in particular, a ripening fruit, is a complex blend of usually over a hundred(s) detectable volatile compounds, pos- sessing various functional groups and ranging in structure from simple, short, straight carbon chains to complex multiring sesquiterpenes (e.g., Buttery, 1981; Van Straten and Maarse, 1983) (Table 1). Although the host-plant range of medflies is extremely broad and diverse, most of the host-plant and fruit odors will share some constituents from various classes of volatiles, e.g., aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, acetates and acids, and monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and lactones (Buttery, 1981; Van Straten and Maarse, 1983; Visser et al., 1979) (Table 1). Little is known about the neurophysiological reception of plant volatiles by Diptera in general, let alone C. capitata and other tephritid species. To date, only four electrophysiological studies have been reported on tephritid fruit flies. Recently, Van Der Pets et al. (1984) utilized the electroantennogram (EAG) technique to study the responsiveness and sensitivity of male and female Dacus oleae (Gmelin) (olive fruit fly) to six components of its putative pheromones and five chemical analogs, some of which are commonly occurring plant vol- atiles. An EAG study on tephritids that tested "generally occurring fruit vola- tiles" was briefly reported by Guerin et al. (1983a). They recorded EAGs from female antennae of three species, D. oleae, Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (cherry fruit fly), and C. capitata. Although 30 volatiles were tested (series of aliphatic C5 to C12 terminal position alcohols, aldehydes, and esters), only heptanal, oc- tanal, nonanal, and (E)-2-nonenal were reported to elicit the highest amplitude TABLE 1. SOURCE AND PURITY OF CHEMICALS USED IN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES AND THEIR PRESENCE IN A VARIETY OF HOST FRUITS OF Ceratitis capitata Presence in fruit of Chemical Compound purity (%)a Source~, Citrus,.,~ Papaya e Passion fruitd Peach a Atiphatic alcohols Ethanol 100.0 A + § § § Propan-l-ol 95.0 B + § § 2-Propen- 1-ol 99.0 C Butan-l-ol 100.0 D + § § § (E)-2-Buten-l-ol 92.3 B 3-Buten-l-ol 99.1 D Pentan-l-ol 99.5 D + § § + (E)-3-Penten-l-ol 97.0 C Hexan-l-ol 100.0 D + § § q- (E)-2-Hexen-l-ol 95.9 D + § § (Z)-2-Hexen-l-ol 99.5 D (E)-3-Hexen-l-ol 100.0 D + (Z)-3-Hexen- 1-ol 99.9 D + + § Heptan-l-ol 98.0 D + + + (+)-Heptan-2-ol 99.2 D § Octan-l-ol 100.0 D + § § + (E)-2-Octen-l-ol 92.0 C (E)-3-Octen-l-ol 84.7 C (+)-l-Octen-3-ol 99.5 D + Nonan-l-ol 100.0 D + (• 98.8 D + + Decan-l-ol 99.0 D + Undecan-l-ol 96.5 B + (• 98.0 E Dodecan-l-ol 96.9 F + + TABLE 1. (Continued) Presence in fruit of Chemical Compound purity (%)" Source b Citrus c, d Papaya e Passion fruit a Peach d Aliphatic aldehydes Propanal 54.0 B Butanal 67.0 B + + (E)-2-Butenal 93.9 F Pentanal 99.0 D + Hexanal 98.3 D + + (E)-2-Hexenal 98.6 D + + Heptanal 98.1 D + + Octanal 95.5 D + Nonal 91.1 G + + Decanal 97.9 D + Undecanal 91.0 D + Dodecanal 89.5 O + Aliphatic acids Formic 88.0 H § Acetic 99.9 I + + + Propanoic 99.8 J + 2-Propenoic 95.0 B Butanoic 99.0 J + + + Pentanoic 99 + K + + + Hexanoic 98.2 D + § § (E)-2-Hexenoic 99.0 D § + Heptanoic 98.2 D + § Octanoic 100.0 D + + + Nonanoic 94.1 D + § Decanoic 99 + D + + + Dodecanoic 99 + F + + Aliphatic esters Ethyl acetate 99 + H + + + + Propyl acetate 98.0 F + Butyl acetate 98,0 B + + + + Pentyl acetate 37.0 O + + + Hexyl acetate 92.0 O + + + (E)-2-Hexenyl acetate 99.7 L + Heptyl acetate 97.0 B Octyl acetate 98.4 O Nonyl acetate 97.0 C Decyl acetate 95.0 C Lactones gamma-Butyrolactone 99 + M gamma-Pentalactone 96.6 D + gamma-Hexalactone 98.0 C + + + gamma-Heptalactone 88.2 M + + + gamma-Octalactone 95.0 D + q- + gamma-Nonatactone 88.6 N + + + gamma-Decalactone 97.0 D + + + gamma-Undecalactone 97.1 N -k + mixture of C8-C12 delta-lactones 90 + P + + + aCapillary GLC analysis (12.5-m x 0.2-mm methyl silicone cross-linked column) at USDA-ARS-WRRC, Albany, California. h A, U.S. Industrial Chemicals; B, Eastman Kodak Co. ; C, synthesized at USDA-ARS-WRRC, Albany, California; D, Aldrich Chemical Co. ; E, Fluka Chemical Co.; F, Chem Service, Inc.; G, Fritzsche, Dodge and Olcott, Inc.; H, Fisher Scientific Co.; I, J.T. Baker Chemical Co.; J, Mallinckrodt Chemical Co.; K, Sigma Chemical Co.; L, CTS Organics; M, K&K Laboratories; N, Norda Chemical Co.; O, source presently unknown, tu file at USDA-ARS-WRRC, Albany, California; P, Oril Chemical Co. ~Keflbrd and Chandler (1970). dVan Straten and Maarse (1983). eFlath and Forrey (1977). 164 LIGHT ET AL. EAGs. In addition, Fein et al. (1982) recorded the EAGs ofR. pomenella to a group of seven esters they identified from apple odor. The purpose of this initial study was to investigate, by means of EAGs, peripheral olfactory selectivity of adult C. capitata to commonly occurring classes of host-plant and fruit volatiles, including the ubiquitous "general green- leaf volatiles" (Visser et al., 1979). The volatiles tested ranged from C1 or C2 to C12 saturated and unsaturated aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, acids, acetates, and a series of lactones (Table 1). This research was further intended to provide a basis for studies of single-cell responses by surveying and assessing the degree that the antennal olfactory system of medflies is receptive to classes and/or particular plant/fruit volatiles. METHODS AND MATERIALS Insects. Pupae of C. capitata were obtained from a laboratory colony, periodically infused with feral flies, maintained at the USDA, Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Research Laboratory, Honolulu, Hawaii. Upon their arrival, pu- pae were segregated by sex and placed in separate cages. After eclosion, adult flies were provided sucrose cubes, hydrolyzed protein, and water until they were tested two to five days after emergence. Olfactory Stimuli. Table 1 lists the compounds tested, their supply sources, and purities. The compounds were dissolved in spectrometric grade hexane (that was additionally distilled and treated with an antioxidant) at a rate of one part test compound and nine parts hexane solvent, forming 10% volume per volume solutions. From these solutions, test cartridges were produced for each com- pound by pipetting 1-/zl aliquots onto separate 1 • 2-cm pieces of fluted, glass- fiber filter paper, which were then inserted into individual Pasteur pipets.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Attraction of Apple Maggot Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Synthetic Fruit Volatile Compounds and Food Attractants in Michigan Apple Orchards
    The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 35 Number 1 - Spring/Summer 2002 Number 1 - Article 8 Spring/Summer 2002 April 2002 Attraction of Apple Maggot Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Synthetic Fruit Volatile Compounds and Food Attractants in Michigan Apple Orchards Lukasz L. Stenliski Michigan State University Ocar E. Liburd University of Florida Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Stenliski, Lukasz L. and Liburd, Ocar E. 2002. "Attraction of Apple Maggot Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Synthetic Fruit Volatile Compounds and Food Attractants in Michigan Apple Orchards," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 35 (1) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol35/iss1/8 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at [email protected]. Stenliski and Liburd: Attraction of Apple Maggot Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) to Synthe 2002 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 37 ATTRACTION OF APPLE MAGGOT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) TO SYNTHETIC FRUIT VOLATILE COMPOUNDS AND FOOD ATTRACTANTS IN MICHIGAN APPLE ORCHARDS Lukasz L. Stenliski1 and Ocar E. Liburd2 ABSTRACT The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), is a serious pest of apples in the United States, requiring reliable monitoring and control programs. Various synthetic apple volatile lures with and without protein hydrolysate, ammonium acetate, or ammonium carbonate were evaluated from 1998-2000 for their attractiveness to R. pomonella adults with red sticky-sphere (9 cm diam.) monitoring traps.
    [Show full text]
  • Apple Maggot [Rhagoletis Pomonella (Walsh)]
    Published by Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory ENT-06-87 November 2013 Apple Maggot [Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)] Diane Alston, Entomologist, and Marion Murray, IPM Project Leader Do You Know? • The fruit fly, apple maggot, primarily infests native hawthorn in Utah, but recently has been found in home garden plums. • Apple maggot is a quarantine pest; its presence can restrict export markets for commercial fruit. • Damage occurs from egg-laying punctures and the larva (maggot) developing inside the fruit. • The larva drops to the ground to spend the winter as a pupa in the soil. • Insecticides are currently the most effective con- trol method. • Sanitation, ground barriers under trees (fabric, Fig. 1. Apple maggot adult on plum fruit. Note the F-shaped mulch), and predation by chickens and other banding pattern on the wings.1 fowl can reduce infestations. pple maggot (Order Diptera, Family Tephritidae; Fig. A1) is not currently a pest of commercial orchards in Utah, but it is regulated as a quarantine insect in the state. If it becomes established in commercial fruit production areas, its presence can inflict substantial economic harm through loss of export markets. Infesta- tions cause fruit damage, may increase insecticide use, and can result in subsequent disruption of integrated pest management programs. Fig. 2. Apple maggot larva in a plum fruit. Note the tapered head and dark mouth hooks. This fruit fly is primarily a pest of apples in northeastern home gardens in Salt Lake County. Cultivated fruit is and north central North America, where it historically more likely to be infested if native hawthorn stands are fed on fruit of wild hawthorn.
    [Show full text]
  • Sympatric Ecological Speciation Meets Pyrosequencing: Sampling
    Western Washington University Western CEDAR Biology Faculty and Staff ubP lications Biology 12-27-2009 Sympatric Ecological Speciation Meets Pyrosequencing: Sampling the Transcriptome of the Apple Maggot Rhagoletis Pomonella Dietmar Schwarz Western Washington University, [email protected] Hugh M. Robertson Jeffrey L. Feder Kranthi Varala Matthew E. Hudson See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://cedar.wwu.edu/biology_facpubs Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Schwarz, Dietmar; Robertson, Hugh M.; Feder, Jeffrey L.; Varala, Kranthi; Hudson, Matthew E.; Ragland, Gregory J.; Hahn, Daniel A.; and Berlocher, Stewart H., "Sympatric Ecological Speciation Meets Pyrosequencing: Sampling the Transcriptome of the Apple Maggot Rhagoletis Pomonella" (2009). Biology Faculty and Staff Publications. 25. https://cedar.wwu.edu/biology_facpubs/25 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at Western CEDAR. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty and Staff ubP lications by an authorized administrator of Western CEDAR. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Dietmar Schwarz, Hugh M. Robertson, Jeffrey L. Feder, Kranthi Varala, Matthew E. Hudson, Gregory J. Ragland, Daniel A. Hahn, and Stewart H. Berlocher This article is available at Western CEDAR: https://cedar.wwu.edu/biology_facpubs/25 BMC Genomics BioMed Central Research article Open Access Sympatric ecological speciation meets pyrosequencing: sampling the transcriptome of the apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella Dietmar Schwarz*1,5, Hugh M Robertson1, Jeffrey L Feder2, Kranthi Varala3, Matthew E Hudson3, Gregory J Ragland4, Daniel A Hahn4 and Stewart H Berlocher1 Address: 1Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, 320 Morrill Hall, 505 S.
    [Show full text]
  • Worms in Fruit
    11 Apple IPM for Beginners Authors: Worms in Fruit Deborah Breth, Cornell Cooperative Extension, Lake Ontario Fruit Program Molly Shaw, Tioga County Cornell Cooperative Extension Time of Pest Cycle Concern This is a complex of insect pests that attack apples, pears, and stone fruit. Not all Pink bud through harvest of these pests attack all fruit types. The specific pests included are codling moth (CM), most common in apples and pears; oriental fruit moth (OFM), in all tree fruit; and apple maggot (AM), in apples. Codling moth, oriental fruit moth, and apple maggot are fruit flesh eaters. Newly hatched CM and OFM larvae bite though the skin (Figure 1) and quickly burrow into the flesh of the apple toward the core (Figure 2). CM will also feed on the seeds inside the apple core. Oriental fruit moth will also feed on young shoot tips in peaches and apples (Figure 3). Lesser appleworm (LAW) is also part of this complex in some areas. The LAW larvae will feed on the flesh just under the surface of the skin (Figure 4). We seldom pink target this pest since CM and OFM controls will control LAW. Apple maggot adults puncture the skin (Figure 5a) and place an egg just under the Damage skin. The larvae are “maggots” that tunnel through the flesh (Figure 5b). Larvae of the obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR) moth feed on the skin of apples (Figure 6). The larvae also web themselves in the leaves and blossom clusters, and feed there before the fruit is accessible. All these “worms” (except for AM) overwinter in the orchard as larvae in cracks in bark; apple maggot overwinter as pupae in the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • What Does Drosophila Genetics Tell Us About Speciation?
    Review TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol.21 No.7 July 2006 What does Drosophila genetics tell us about speciation? James Mallet Galton Laboratory, Department of Biology, University College London, 4 Stephenson Way, London, UK, NW1 2HE Studies of hybrid inviability, sterility and ‘speciation of speciation. Most hybrid unfitness probably arose long genes’ in Drosophila have given insight into the genetic after speciation, by which time hybrid production in changes that result in reproductive isolation. Here, I nature had already ceased. Understanding speciation is survey some extraordinary and important advances in not simply a matter of studying reproductive isolation or Drosophila speciation research. However, ‘reproductive enumerating ‘speciation genes.’ Instead, we must investi- isolation’ is not the same as ‘speciation’, and this gate the relative strengths of different modes of reproduc- Drosophila work has resulted in a lopsided view of tive isolation, and their order of establishment [1]. speciation. In particular, Drosophila are not always well- ‘Reproductive isolation’ is the product of all barriers to suited to investigating ecological and other selection- hybridization or gene flow between populations. The term driven primary causes of speciation in nature. Recent advances have made use of far less tractable, but more Glossary charismatic organisms, such as flowering plants, Allopatric: two populations that are completely geographically isolated are vertebrates and larger insects. Work with these organ- said to be allopatric (in terms of gene flow, mz0). This situation is not very isms has complemented Drosophila studies of hybrid different from distant populations in parapatric contact, and therefore leads to unfitness to provide a more complete understanding of the same population genetic consequences with respect to speciation.
    [Show full text]
  • Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives
    insects Review Tephritid Fruit Fly Semiochemicals: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives Francesca Scolari 1,* , Federica Valerio 2 , Giovanni Benelli 3 , Nikos T. Papadopoulos 4 and Lucie Vaníˇcková 5,* 1 Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, I-27100 Pavia, Italy 2 Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, I-27100 Pavia, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] 4 Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou st., N. Ionia, 38446 Volos, Greece; [email protected] 5 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic * Correspondence: [email protected] (F.S.); [email protected] (L.V.); Tel.: +39-0382-986421 (F.S.); +420-732-852-528 (L.V.) Simple Summary: Tephritid fruit flies comprise pests of high agricultural relevance and species that have emerged as global invaders. Chemical signals play key roles in multiple steps of a fruit fly’s life. The production and detection of chemical cues are critical in many behavioural interactions of tephritids, such as finding mating partners and hosts for oviposition. The characterisation of the molecules involved in these behaviours sheds light on understanding the biology and ecology of fruit flies and in addition provides a solid base for developing novel species-specific pest control tools by exploiting and/or interfering with chemical perception. Here we provide a comprehensive Citation: Scolari, F.; Valerio, F.; overview of the extensive literature on different types of chemical cues emitted by tephritids, with Benelli, G.; Papadopoulos, N.T.; a focus on the most relevant fruit fly pest species.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide for Establishing and Maintaining Pest Free Areas
    JUNE 2019 ENG Capacity Development Guide for Establishing and Maintaining Pest Free Areas Understanding the principal requirements for pest free areas, pest free places of production, pest free production sites and areas of low pest prevalence JUNE 2019 Capacity Development Guide for Establishing and Maintaining Pest Free Areas Understanding the principal requirements for pest free areas, pest free places of production, pest free production sites and areas of low pest prevalence Required citation: FAO. 2019. Guide for establishing and maintaining pest free areas. Rome. Published by FAO on behalf of the Secretariat of the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designations employed and the presentation of material in the map(s) do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal or constitutional status of any country, territory or sea area, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruit Fly News 2009
    September Fruit Fly News 2009 n.14 Fruit Fly News (September 2009) 14: 1-14 8th International Symposium on Fruit Flies of Economic Importance th st September 26 to 1 October, 2010 Valencia, Spain http://www.fruitflyvalencia2010.org The Organizing Committee of the 8th ISFFEI cordially invites you to attend this meeting, which is scheduled to take place in Valencia's Polytechnic University (UPV) located in Valencia, Spain from 26th September to 1st October 2010. SYMPOSIUM FORMAT AND TOPICS The format of the 8th ISFFEI will differ from previous, as it will be INTERNATIONAL developed in parallel sessions to allow the presentation of most of the CONGRESS ON works in oral format. Topics are wide ranging as before, divided in seven BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS main groups: 1) Biology, Ecology and Behaviour; 2) Genetics, Taxonomy, Morphology and Evolution; 3) Risk Assessment, Quarantine and Post-harvest Treatments; 4) SIT Principles and Application; 2-6 November 2009, Fuzhou, China 5) Area-Wide and Action Programs; 6) Natural Enemies and Biocontrol; and IOBC International Organisation for Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique et Integrée contre les Animaux et les Plantes Nuisibles OILB WPRS / SROP West Palaearctic Regional Section / Section Régionale Ouest Paléarctique 7) Other Control Methods. PRE-PROGRAMME IOBC/WPRS Working Group Will be available on the web page early on 2010. “Integrated Control in Citrus Fruit Crops” TRAVEL ARRANGEMENTS Check our web page about 'how to arrival', there you can find a link to the Agadir (Morocco) 'Grupo Pacifico' enterprise, who is the technical secretariat of the Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • Exotic Fruit Fly Pests and California Agriculture
    The genus Ceratitis is one of the best known because of the notoriety of one of its Exotic fruit fly pests and members-the Mediterranean fruit fly. Over 100 Ceratitis species have been de- California agriculture scribed, of which six are known pests. The genus is thought to have evolved in Africa, and most species are distributed in regions James R. Carey u Robert V. Dowell with Mediterranean climates. Anastrepha includes 150 to 200 species Because of their worldwide distri- balance of commodity trade would shift native to the Caribbean, Mexico, and Cen- bution and numbers, future intro- temporarily to other states. But a pest estab- tral and South America. Two species are lished in California is likely to spread rap- now present in the southern United States, ductions of fruit flies into California idly toother states with similar climates and through either natural spread or introduc- are inevitable. Infestations of eco- potential hosts. Because of the adverse ef- tion by humans-the Mexican fruit fly in nomically important pests, includ- fects such establishment would have on the southern Texas and the Caribbean fruit fly ing but not limited to the medfly, U.S. agricultural economy, eradication in Florida. Mexican fruit fly, and oriental fruit programs are mandated by the federal Of the approximately 500 Dacus species, government. 30 to 40 are known or potential pests, in- fly, are expensive to treat, and their This article reviews thestatus of pest fruit cluding the oriental fruit fly, the melon fly, elimination is seldom certain. Re- flies in California agriculture. It includes and the Malaysian fruit fly.
    [Show full text]
  • Apple Maggot Fly (Rhagoletis Pomonella)
    Integrating research and outreach education from UMass Amherst IPM Fact Sheet Series UMass Extension Fruit Team Fact Sheet #AI-001 Apple – Apple Maggot Fly (Rhagoletis pomonella) Overview Female AM deposit single eggs under the skin of apples and, once hatched, larvae tunnel through apple flesh leaving brown trails. Egg-laying punctures are difficult to find unless the fruit is heavily attacked, as are most apples in an abandoned orchard. ID/Life Cycle: The adult fly is slightly smaller than a common housefly. The AMF body is black with a white dot on the back of the thorax. The two clear wings have four black bands in the shape of an ‘F’ that mimic the appearance of a spider's legs. Mature larvae are 3/8 inch long, legless, white, peg- shaped, legless, and resemble typical housefly maggots. Apple maggot fly (AMF) overwinters as pupae in the soil. Adults emerge in mid to late June. Adults mate after a period of sexual maturation. Shortly afterwards, the females begin laying eggs under the skin of the Adult apple maggot fly. Photo credit: Joseph apple. Larvae then tunnel through the apple Berger, Bugwood.org. flesh, causing apples to drop prematurely. After fruits drop, larvae leave the fruit and enter the soil to pupate. Activity usually ceases in late August or early September but can extend into October on late cultivars. There is only one generation of AMF per year. Damage: Damage occurs from the tunneling of larvae in the flesh of the apple fruit. Infested fruit can be riddled with tiny brown trails throughout the flesh of the fruit.
    [Show full text]
  • Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis Capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Eggs and Larvae Responses to a Low-Oxygen/High-Nitrogen Atmosphere
    insects Article Mediterranean Fruit Fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) Eggs and Larvae Responses to a Low-Oxygen/High-Nitrogen Atmosphere Farhan J.M. Al-Behadili 1,2 , Manjree Agarwal 1 , Wei Xu 1,* and Yonglin Ren 1,* 1 College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; [email protected] (F.J.M.A.-B.); [email protected] (M.A.) 2 College of Agriculture, Misan University, Misan 62001, Iraq * Correspondence: [email protected] (W.X.); [email protected] (Y.R.) Received: 14 October 2020; Accepted: 11 November 2020; Published: 13 November 2020 Simple Summary: Many chemicals have been removed from registration for the postharvest treatment of insect pests due to consumer/environmental safety and phytotoxicity. There is very limited operation for international trade purposes, particularly for management of Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) on harvested fruit. Therefore, the non-chemical method is being considered for postharvest treatment of fruit. This study explored and evaluated Medfly response to low-oxygen and high-nitrogen treatment. The results will guide the development of a novel postharvest strategy and the approach to controlling this destructive fruit fly and other pests. Abstract: The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most damaging horticultural insect pests. This study used a low-oxygen/high-nitrogen bioassay to control C. capitata. Two low-oxygen treatments were applied (0.5% O2 + 99.5 N2 and 5% O2 + 95% N2) to C. capitata eggs and 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar larvae from 0 to nine days on a carrot diet at 25 ◦C; 70—75% RH.
    [Show full text]
  • The Apple Maggot'
    TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 66 KßTr^XvßiS&JAsrWiJ MAY, 1928 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. THE APPLE MAGGOT' By B. A. PORTER Entomologist, Division of Deciduous-Fruit Insects, Bureau of Entomology '' THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN COOPERATION WITH THE CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION CONTENTS Pase Pago Introduction -- 1 Varietal susceptibility - _ 8 Historical _-- 2 Distribution - 10 Common name 3 I Dissemination... 12 Svnonymy 3 | Seasonal history and habits _ 12 Description 4 I Natural enemies 29 Related species-.- - - 5 I Control measures - - - 31 Injury 5 i Summary 4.5 Economic importance 6 [ Literature cited --- 47 Host fruits -- 6 INTRODUCTION Everyone living in the country, in New England and near-by States, is familiar with the disappointment experienced on biting into a "rail- roaded" or maggoty apple. Many such apples give no external warning that anything is wrong, although their interior may be a broken-down mass of rotten pulp. Such a condition is caused by the apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh), which in the region referred to is one of the major insect pests attacking the flesh of the apple. Under the direction of Dr. A. L. Quaintance, a study of this impor- tant insect was undertaken in 1917 at the field station then established at Wallingford, Conn., by the Bureau of Entomology, in cooperation with fhe Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.' The results of studies of this insect and experiments with its control, which con- tinued through 1922, are included in this bulletin. 1 üAoooífíis pomowWo Walsh; order Díptera, family Trypetidne. ., „. ,. .„„ok ow ' The writer was assisted in 1919 and 1920 by C.
    [Show full text]