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Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport Properties, Polk County, Florida

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Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport Properties, Polk County, Florida CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF THE LAKELAND-LINDER REGIONAL AIRPORT PROPERTIES, POLK COUNTY, FLORIDA Prepared for: Environmental Science Associates 4200 West Cypress Avenue Suite 450 Tampa, Florida 33607 Prepared by: Florida’s First Choice in Cultural Resource Management Archaeological Consultants, Inc. 8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A Sarasota, Florida 34240 (941) 379-6206 January 2018 CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF THE LAKELAND-LINDER REGIONAL AIRPORT PROPERTIES, POLK COUNTY, FLORIDA Prepared for: Environmental Science Associates 4200 West Cypress Avenue Suite 450 Tampa, Florida 33607 Prepared by: Archaeological Consultants, Inc. 8110 Blaikie Court, Suite A Sarasota, Florida 34240 Marion Almy – Project Manager Elizabeth A. Horvath – Project Archaeologist Justin Winkler – Archaeologist January 2018 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Archaeological Consultants, Inc. (ACI) conducted a Cultural Resource Assessment Survey (CRAS) of six parcels within the Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport (LAL) property in Polk County, Florida for Environmental Science Associates. The proposed project includes the phased development of a large aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) hangar, a smaller aircraft maintenance hangar, and an air cargo building. The three facilities would share a common aircraft parking apron and connector taxiways that provide access to a runway. The project includes improving a section of existing roadway and constructing a new access road and parking lots. Modifications to existing ditches and an existing airport detention pond is also included as part of the undertaking. The purpose of this investigation was to locate and identify any cultural resources within the project Area of Potential Effects (APE) and to assess their significance in terms of eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). As defined in 36 CFR Part § 800.16(d), the APE is the “geographic area or areas within which an undertaking may directly or indirectly cause alterations in the character or use of historic properties, if any such properties exist.” Based on the scale and nature of the activities, the project has a limited potential for any indirect (visual or audible) or cumulative effects outside the immediate footprint of construction. Therefore, because of the project type and location of the proposed work, the archaeological and historical APE are limited to the footprint of proposed activities within the existing boundaries of the project. The archaeological and historical field surveys were completed in January 2018. This work was conducted as due diligence in anticipation of state and federal actions. All work was carried out in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, and its implementing regulations in 36 CFR Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties, and in conformity with the standards contained in the FDHR’s Cultural Resource Management Standards and Operational Manual (FDHR 2003). The resulting survey and report meets specifications in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code, and complies with Chapters 267 and 373, FS, as well as Florida’s Coastal Management Program and local regulations. Background research and a review of the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) indicated that no archaeological sites have been recorded within six parcels, but three have been recorded within one mile of the project APE. Based on previous investigations in similar environmental settings, the Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport properties was considered to have a low archaeological potential based on the environmental setting. No archaeological sites were discovered during these investigations. Background research including a review of the FMSF, indicated that no previously recorded historic structures are located within or adjacent to the project APE. The Polk County Property Appraiser lists no historic structures within the APE (Faux 2018). Based on a review of the aerial photos and property appraiser’s data, there was no potential for historic structures. The field investigations confirmed the absence of historic structures. Based on the background research and results of the field investigations, the proposed undertaking will have no effect on any cultural resources that are listed, eligible for listing, or that appear eligible for listing in the NRHP. ACI i January 2018 CRAS Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport P17137 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1-1 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING ......................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Project Location and Physical Setting ....................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Geology Geomorphology .......................................................................................... 2-1 2.3 Soils and Vegetation .................................................................................................. 2-3 2.4 Paleo-environmental Considerations ......................................................................... 2-6 3.0 CULTURE HISTORY ......................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Paleoindian ................................................................................................................ 3-2 3.2 Archaic ...................................................................................................................... 3-3 3.3 Formative .................................................................................................................. 3-4 3.4 Mississippian ............................................................................................................. 3-6 3.5 Colonialism ............................................................................................................... 3-7 3.6 Territorial and Statehood ........................................................................................... 3-8 3.7 Civil War and Aftermath ......................................................................................... 3-11 3.8 Twentieth Century ................................................................................................... 3-12 3.9 Project Area Specifics ............................................................................................. 3-14 4.0 BACKGROUND RESEARCH AND METHODS ............................................................ 4-1 4.1 Background Research and Literature Review ........................................................... 4-1 4.2 Archaeological Considerations .................................................................................. 4-1 4.3 Historical Considerations .......................................................................................... 4-7 4.4 Field Methodology .................................................................................................... 4-7 4.5 Unexpected Discoveries ............................................................................................ 4-8 4.6 Laboratory Methods and Curation ............................................................................ 4-8 5.0 SURVEY RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 5-1 5.1 Archaeological Results .............................................................................................. 5-1 5.2 Historical/Architectural Results ................................................................................ 5-4 5.3 Conclusions and Recommendations .......................................................................... 5-4 6.0 REFERENCES CITED ....................................................................................................... 6-1 APPENDIX Survey Log ACI ii January 2018 CRAS Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport P17137 LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES, AND PHOTOGRAPHS Figure Page Figure 1.1. Location of the Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport properties, Polk County................. 1-2 Figure 2.1. Environmental setting of the Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport properties. ................ 2-2 Figure 2.2. Soil type distribution. ..................................................................................................... 2-5 Figure 3.1. Florida archaeological regions. ...................................................................................... 3-1 Figure 3.2. 1853 Plat showing the project APE. ............................................................................. 3-10 Figure 3.3. 1968 aerial photos showing the Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport properties. .......... 3-15 Figure 4.1. Location of the previously recorded archaeological sites proximate to the Lakeland- Linder Regional Airport properties. ............................................................................... 4-2 Figure 4.2. Distribution of sites by elevation (ft amsl). .................................................................... 4-4 Figure 5.1. Location of the shovel tests within the Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport properties. 5-2 Figure 5.2. Location of the shovel tests within the Lakeland-Linder Regional Airport properties. 5-3 Table Table 2.1. Soil types within the project APE. ................................................................................. 2-4 Table 4.1. CRAS projects conducted proximate to the project APE. .............................................. 4-3 Table
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