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Doctorat De L'université De Toulouse En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INP Toulouse) Discipline ou spécialité : Agrosystèmes, Écosystèmes et Environnement Présentée et soutenue par : M. HUGO THIERRY le lundi 23 novembre 2015 Titre : ELABORATION D'UN MODELE SPATIALISE POUR FAVORISER LE CONTROLE BIOLOGIQUE DE RAVAGEURS DE CULTURES PAR GESTION DU PAYSAGE AGRICOLE Ecole doctorale : Sciences Ecologiques, Vétérinaires, Agronomiques et Bioingénieries (SEVAB) Unité de recherche : Laboratoire Dynamique Forestière dans l'Espace Rural (DYNAFOR) Directeur(s) de Thèse : M. CLAUDE MONTEIL MME AUDE VIALATTE Rapporteurs : M. PHILIPPE TIXIER, CIRAD CATIE M. XAVIER FAUVERGUE, INRA PACA Membre(s) du jury : 1 Mme DELPHINE LEENHARDT, INRA TOULOUSE, Président 2 M. CLAUDE MONTEIL, INP TOULOUSE, Membre 2 Mme AUDE VIALATTE, INP TOULOUSE, Membre 2 Mme PAULINE EZZANO, INRA NANTES, Membre Remerciements Je tiens en premier lieu à remercier mes directeurs de thèse, Claude Monteil et Aude Vialatte, pour la confiance qu’ils m’ont accordée et leur soutien tout au long de ces trois années. Merci pour vos retours constructifs et nos discussions qui ont alimenté et enrichi ma réflexion scientifique. Je suis fier de ce que nous avons réussi à accomplir ensemble. Je remercie également l’ensemble des membres du comité de thèse pour m’avoir aidé à baliser mon travail et centrer mes objectifs. Merci également aux membres de mon jury pour m’avoir fait l’honneur d’évaluer ce travail et pour tous vos retours enrichissants durant ma soutenance. Je remercie l’unité de recherche DYNAFOR et tous ses membres pour l’accueil et les moyens mis à disposition pour me permettre de vivre cette expérience dans les meilleures conditions. Un grand merci à l’ensemble des personnes que j’ai pu côtoyer au quotidien : David, Bruno, Mathieu, Annie ; et tout particulièrement aux doctorants et stagiaires avec qui j’ai passé des bons moments au bureau (et surtout en dehors !) : Pierrot, Romain, Anthony, Lucie, Mailys, Marco, Léa, Léo, Youen, Vincent, Adrien, Antoine, Théo et j’en oublie certainement ! Une grosse pensée surtout au plus cool des bretons, Pierrot. Merci pour ces deux années de partage de bureau : dans ces conditions le travail devient un véritable plaisir ! Un grand merci également à toute l’équipe du CSIRO de Brisbane en Australie, tout particulièrement Hazel Parry pour avoir accepté de m’accueillir pendant plus de trois mois au sein de leur équipe. This was truly a great experience for me and I will never be able to thank you guys enough ! Et enfin merci à mes amis, éparpillés un peu partout en France et ailleurs. Merci à mon compagnon de sorties Romain ! Et un grand grand merci à ma famille et tout particulièrement à ma Maman, merci de toujours croire en moi. Cette thèse est pour toi ! 1 2 « Most coders think debugging software is about fixing a mistake, but that’s bullshit. Debugging’s actually all about finding the bug, about understanding why the bug was there to begin with, about knowing that its existence was no accident. It came to you to deliver a message, like an unconscious bubble floating to the surface, popping with a revelation you’ve secretly known all along” Mr Robot 3 4 Sommaire Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 7 1. Contexte général ........................................................................................................................................ 7 2. Espèces modèles ...................................................................................................................................... 15 3. La modélisation comme outil d’étude des processus agroécologiques................................................... 18 4. Questions de recherche et démarche générale ....................................................................................... 24 Schéma Général .................................................................................................................................................... 26 Matériel et méthodes........................................................................................................................................... 27 1. Sites d’études ........................................................................................................................................... 27 2. La démarche de modélisation .................................................................................................................. 31 Chapitre 1 : Du modèle populationnel à la représentation individu-centré : choix des échelles spatio- temporelles pour explorer les effets de la spatialisation ...................................................................................... 34 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 35 2. From the Lotka-Volterra model to a spatialised population-driven individual-based model .................. 36 3. Conclusion de chapitre............................................................................................................................. 44 Chapitre 2 : Une représentation spatio-temporelle des paysages agricoles : développement du modèle « Agricultural Landscape Simulator ».................................................................................................................... 45 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 46 2. Simulating spatially-explicit crop dynamics of agricultural landscapes: the ATLAS simulator ................. 48 3. Conclusion du chapitre ............................................................................................................................ 91 Chapitre 3 : Modélisation des dynamiques de population de Rhopalosiphum padi : développement du modèle « Rhopalosiphum padi spatialised population dynamics » ................................................................................... 92 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 93 2. A spatially-explicit model of interannual cereal aphid population dynamics: exploring the interactions between the landscape and pest densities ...................................................................................................... 96 3. Conclusion du chapitre .......................................................................................................................... 130 Discussion générale : .......................................................................................................................................... 133 1. La méthodologie de modélisation abordée ........................................................................................... 133 2. Modéliser et comprendre le fonctionnement des agroécosytème, dans l’optique de favoriser les services écosystémiques ................................................................................................................................. 137 3. Perspectives de recherche ..................................................................................................................... 142 Références bibliographiques .............................................................................................................................. 148 Publications annexes .......................................................................................................................................... 162 1. Article 4 : ................................................................................................................................................ 162 2. Article 5 : ................................................................................................................................................ 173 5 6 Introduction 1. Contexte général L’agriculture moderne et les changements de paradigmes de production Au cours du 20ème siècle, l’agriculture s’est adaptée à la croissance constante de la population, notamment au travers de la mécanisation des pratiques et l’utilisation d’intrants chimiques afin d’augmenter le rendement de la production des ressources. Cependant, l’agriculture moderne doit non seulement répondre à une croissance constante des besoins de production face à l’augmentation de la population (Tilman et al., 2011) mais également limiter ses effets négatifs sur l’environnement, principalement liés aux produits phytosanitaires (Gill et al., 2012; Hernández et al., 2013). Ce changement de paradigme voit émerger une nouvelle démarche de réflexion scientifique : l’agroécologie. L’agroécologie vise à assurer une production pérenne des ressources en respectant les limites écologiques, économiques et sociales qui assurent la maintenance dans le temps de cette production (Gliessman, 1990; Schaller, 2013; Sorel, 2015). Elle est à la base d’un système global de gestion d’une agriculture multifonctionnelle et durable, qui valorise le fonctionnement des agroécosystèmes, optimise la production et minimise les intrants. Ainsi, un des objectifs majeurs de l’agroécologie est la réduction des niveaux d’intrants, sources de pollutions et de rejets de gaz à effet de serre. Pour cela, une nouvelle législation
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