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News from ICTP Special Edition, SUSY 2013 S P R in G / Summer 2013 Special Edition, SUSY2013 Special Edition, News fromICTP News 1 135 SPRING / SUMMER 2013 2 SUSY 2013: The Tradition Continues ICTP is pleased to host the 2013 International Confer- ence on Supersymmetry and Unification of Funda- mental Interactions. Now in its 21st year, the annual SUSY conference is the world’s largest international meeting devoted to high energy physics, where the community of physi- cists working in physics beyond the Standard Model comes together to explore and analyze new ideas. This year’s meeting comes at a particularly exciting time, in light of the recent discoveries at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Indeed, members of the LHC experiments ATLAS, CMS and LHC will discuss the latest experimental results. However, the conference’s main focus remains on theoretical and phenomenological aspects of super- symmetric theories, and this year’s SUSY conference upholds that tradition, featuring a number of plenary lectures and parallel sessions lead by some of the world’s top theoretical physicists, including Nima Ar- kani-Hamed, John Ellis and Lawrence J. Hall. Parallel sessions will cover topics ranging from Higgs physics, dark matter and cosmology, string theory, flavour, and non-SUSY models. In addition, the organizers of SUSY 2013 hope to broaden the appeal of physics with its planned public lectures (to be held in Trieste) by Luciano Maiani, former director general of CERN and current chair of ICTP’s Scientific Council, and Sergio Bertolucci, CERN’s research director. The lectures will be moder- ated by Trieste science journalist Fabio Pagan. In light of the SUSY conference, ICTP takes the oppor- tunity to present its own SUSY-related research. This newsletter highlights the work of the Centre’s High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics section. Along with a guest editorial by Gordon Kane, a mem- ber of the SUSY International Advisory Board, we hope this issue of News from ICTP gives you a deeper understanding of the ICTP-SUSY connection. 3 From left: B. Richter, L. Lederman, P.W. Higgs, H. Schopper, H.S. Virk and Abdus Salam during a pause of the Summer Workshop in High Energy Physics and Cosmology, ICTP, Trieste, July 1987 Editorial Supersymmetry, Abdus Salam, and ICTP by Gordon Kane he Abdus Salam International Centre for have their observed masses. The Standard Model pre- Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, will host dicted the existence of the Higgs boson, the quantum T the 2013 annual International Conference on of the Higgs field, in the early 1970s. Supersymmetry. The timing is auspicious, and having the conference at ICTP is appropriate, as we will The Higgs boson discovery at the CERN Large Hadron see in the following. Everyone is aware that particle Collider (LHC) was reported a year ago, completing physics has entered a new era with data from the the Standard Model. Although the Standard Model is Large Hadron Collider at CERN, and dark matter ex- amazingly successful in describing the world we see, periments. In addition, it is an exciting time because it leaves a number of questions unanswered. Some there is increasingly a theoretical framework based are ‘why’ questions, such as: why does the Standard on supersymmetry and progress in M/string theories Model Lagrangian take the form it does? Some ques- compactified to four dimensions that address many tions are about why quark and lepton masses have important questions in a unified way. ICTP and the values they do (the Higgs mechanism allows them Abdus Salam have a distinguished history in super- to have mass but does not explain their values), and symmetry. some are about cosmological issues such as the dark matter of the universe. The properties of the Higgs Let us turn to supersymmetry and related physics. boson point to directions to focus on in order to an- The so-called Standard Model of particle physics swer these ‘why’ and cosmological questions. is an extraordinary theory. It is a full quantum field theory of the constituents of matter and of the forces The actual properties of the observed Higgs bos- that shape the matter into our world. Abdus Salam, on were somewhat surprising, although they were Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg got the Nobel among those predicted by some workers. Over the Prize for being the first to use the Higgs mechanism years from the proposal a Higgs boson should exist to to break the electroweak symmetry of the Standard its discovery, a number of approaches to the under- Model in order to allow quarks and electrons and the lying theory for Higgs physics were developed. The W and Z bosons that mediate the weak interactions observed Higgs boson favoured two of those. The 4 most likely one was in the framework of supersym- ning begins again in about a year and a half. At this metry. Data on the mass and the Higgs boson decay writing a significant part of the data from the first run branching ratios might help distinguish, and will be had not yet been analyzed for the best motivated sig- a major topic at the upcoming conference. Salam, in natures, so there is still a chance of a hint of a signal his 1979 Nobel Prize Lecture, presciently remarked, emerging by the ICTP meeting at the end of August. “To reduce the arbitrariness of the Higgs couplings … one suggestion is to use supersymmetry”. For a num- The word “supersymmetry” first appeared in a paper ber of theoretical and phenomenological reasons, a by Salam and John Strathdee in 1974. Salam and supersymmetric Standard Model is considered the Strathdee also introduced the concept of superspace most promising way to extend and strengthen the that year (as did Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino, and Ser- Standard Model. gio Ferrara independently), and Salam and Strathdee wrote the theory for the non-abelian case also in 1974 If supersymmetry is indeed part of the laws of nature, (as did Ferrara and Zumino independently). In that each of the basic Standard Model particles must have era, ICTP was one of a few worldwide top centres for a partner (differing by half a unit of the property research in supersymmetry. called spin, and perhaps by mass). The initial run of the LHC has apparently not found a signal for super- Salam died after a long illness in 1996 at the age of 70. partners, though most reports of limits are exagger- In his Nobel Prize Lecture he suggested, “There may, ated; for example, the actual limits for the gluinos however, be indications of a next level of structure (the superpartners of the gluons that mediate the around 10 TeV”. strong force) are significantly less than a TeV in the string theory that correctly predicted the Higgs mass, though the most publicized limits from oversim- Gordon Kane is Victor Weisskopf Distinguished Uni- plified models are well over a TeV. The LHC is being versity Professor of Physics at the University of Michi- upgraded in energy and intensity and the searches for gan, and Director Emeritus of the Michigan Center for superpartners will be the highest priority when run- Theoretical Physics 5 SUSY Research at ICTP CTP’s High Energy, Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (HECAP) section has played a major role I in organizing SUSY 2013, which ICTP is hosting this year from 26 to 31 August 2013. This conference on Supersymmetry and Unification of Fundamental Interactions, considered one of the most important in the field of high energy and particle physics, comes at a time when particle physics is on the cusp of enter- ing unexplored territory that lies beyond the experi- mentally verified Standard Model predictions. Particle physics at ICTP has always been represented by leaders in the field right from the time of ICTP’s founder and first director Abdus Salam, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1979 for his work on elec- troweak unification theory. ICTP continues to have a strong particle physics research focus; the group includes Alexei Smirnov, whose contributions to the field include uncovering the matter effect (now called the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein effect) in neutri- nos; Bobby Acharya, who heads ICTP’s contribution to the ATLAS experiment at CERN; Goran Senjano- vicć, who proposed the seesaw mechanism that can possibly explain the tiny masses of neutrinos; and the newest HECAP staff scientist, Giovanni Villadoro, whose research focus is Large Hadron Collider (LHC) physics, phenomenology, and physics beyond the Standard Model, in particular, supersymmetry. Acharya and Villadoro are part of the SUSY 2013 organizing committee, along with HECAP scientist Paolo Creminelli, whose research focus is cosmol- ogy; Kumar Narain, string theorist and head of the HECAP section; and ICTP Director Fernando Queve- do. Explaining why the concept of supersymmetry (or SUSY) is important, Villadoro says, “Supersymmetry is one of the main candidate theories that has been proposed to explain physics beyond the Standard Model, that is, beyond the physics we know at the moment.” With the recent LHC discovery of a Higgs boson-like particle, the last ‘missing piece’ of physics as predict- ed by the Standard Model may have been discovered. 6 Kumar Narain Giovanni Villadoro HECAP section head “The timing of this conference [SUSY 2013] is perfect particles have been detected by any experiments, in light of the recent LHC results,” says Narain. including the ones carried out at the LHC. But, some questions have remained. For example, “During the current run, the LHC reached 8 TeV colli- why does the discovered Higgs boson-like particle sion energy,” says Villadoro, adding, “Part of the data have a mass much lighter than expected? What is the obtained at this energy level has been analyzed and nature of dark matter? Is the unification of the forces we have not found any signatures for superparticles.
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