reconstruction of Lawang Sanga atthe of Lawang reconstruction the sourceoflifeandfertility,concerns. the notionofecological and hasraised hasbeenrevisited The infrastructure. InrelationtotherevitalizationofheritagestructuresinCirebon,roleriver, symbolizing ABSTRACT InstitutTeknologiBandung, ** SchoolofArchitecture,Planning,andPolicyDevelopment, * FacultyofEngineering,PancasilaUniversity, Indonesia Dini Rosmalia*/WidjajaMartokusumo Elements inCirebonCity, WestJava,Indonesia Some NotionsontheRoleofCulturalLandscape The KasuneanRiverRevisited: Keywords: culturallandscapeelement, efforts andtheexpandingroleofriver. landscape elementsinregardstoresilientlandscapes. This paperarguesther kind ofuniqueness isCirebon Starke, 2006).OnecityinIndonesia whichhasthis city, makingitdifferent fromothercities(Simonds& a riverbecomesuniqueiconic characterofthe commonly foundincitiesare rivers. Insomecities, image ofthecity. Oneform ofwaterbodymost to ecologicalfunctions,theyalsoimprovethe natural systemofanurbanlandscape.Inaddition Water bodiesareimportantelementsservingthe INTRODUCTION W [email protected] [email protected] the 15 aterbodies arethemostimportantlandscapeelementsinhistoryofsettlementformation.Since th century, rivershaveplayedacriticalroleindistributinglogisticsandservedassigni (Figure 1). Some NotionsontheRoleofCulturalLandscapeElementsinCirebonCity, West ,Indonesia River Kasunean has unveiled the challenge of maintaining cultural of maintaining the challenge has unveiled River Kasunean c ity, resilientlandscape,rivers ** Kingdom (4 with theinlandregionsince eraof Tarumanegara the infrastructureconnectingseacoastalareas irrigation anddrainage,theserivershavebecome Province, Indonesia.Inadditiontofunctioningas Suma Oriental, Tomi Piresstatesthat attacks (Adeng,Kuswiah, a royalfortressandbarricade infendingoff enemy to thetransportinfrastructure, theriversservedas and parcelofthehistoryCireboninW The riversinCirebonCityareanimportantpart th century-to-7 elation betweenrevitalization th et.al. 1998).Inhisbook century AD). Inaddition The KasuneanRiverRevisited: , whenhe est Java fi cant

Nakhara 77 Nakhara 78 period inthemid-20 1 in Cireboncitycontinuedtochange. Although in Cirebon inthe15 Furthermore, sincethetimeofKingdom 1986) navigable by visited Cirebonin1513thereweremajorrivers Dini Rosmalia/ Bacin RiverbeforeitwasturnedintoMerdekaStreet(left¢er) andexcavationworkpriortoMerdekaStreet(right) Figure 2: The PositionofCirebonCityinIndonesia Figure 1: his haircouldbe cutbysomeonewhowasmorepowerful thanhim. by SyekhSyarifHidayatullah(the KingofCirebon). The term his hair. BythetimehearrivedaroundSukalilariver(Karanggetasstreet), hewasunawarethathishairhadbeencut ItistoldthatSyekhMagelung wasaverypowerfulpersonwhocametoCirebonlookforsomeone whocancut (Figure 2). Widjaja Martokusumo jung s, a type of small sailing ship (Atja, s, atypeofsmallsailingship(Atja, th centurytotheDutchColonial th century, thefunctionofrivers sukalila Sheikh Magelung of theriverSukalilaisassociatedwithstory different philosophy. As anexample,thehistory rivers haveadditionalfunctionsandalsoimplya not changed,i.e.asdrainageandirrigation,these general theecologicalfunctionofriverhas in order to support the improvement of the ecological in ordertosupporttheimprovementofecological Sukalila RiverandBacinchangedtheirshape meansthatSyekhMagelungwas pleasedbecause 1 . Inthesameperiod(19 th century) 3 2 (18 from rivertolandintheDutchColonialperiod with thechangeinorientationoftransportation commodities toenterthecityofCirebon.However, to havingtheguardhouse,itservedasaplacefor symbol ofeconomicprogress,becauseinaddition the sacredritualbath(ngirab) Larang (cityofCirebon). This riveralsoservesas from theCirebonGirang(Cireboninland)to serves asatransportpathway, andtheentrancegate plantations alongtheriver, theKasuneanRiveralso addition tofunctioningasirrigationforrice Sukalila River, wasclosedandusedasahighway. In built. The BacinRiver, whichwasnotfarfromthe Parallel totheriver, anewcanal,theKalibaru,was the riverbankofSukalilaRiverwasstraightened. at thattime. To facilitatethe conditions ofthecityCirebon,whichwasverybad part ofmydissertation,whosetopicis“TheIn Sanga canenhanceCirebon’s image. This paperis how elementsoftheKesuneanRiverandLawang exist tothisday. Furthermorethepaperwillsuggest factors thatmaketheseriversandelementsstill especially theKasuneanRiver, alongwithdescribing and functionoftheriversKingdomCirebon, This paperaimstodescribechangesintheshape and isthelargestpalaceincityofCirebon. the administrativecenterofKingdomCirebon, program ofKratonKasepuhan. This palacewasonce Lawang Sanga. The building ispartofarevitalization One ofthebuildingsincludedinprogramis Kingdom ofCirebon’s heyday(Mjoharudin, 2013). glorious memoryofmomentsinthehistory Cirebon -inaneffort toimproveandgeneratea of Cirebon-whichisafractiontheKingdom aims toimprovethephysicalconditionofKratons cultural heritageinthecityofCirebon. The program held aneighborhoodrevitalizationprogramof In 2013,theGovernmentofRepublicIndonesia damaged building. the guardhousewasabandonedanditbecamea service. Becauseitwasnolongerfunctioning, guarded properly andaccordingtothecustom(Cirebon localcommunity),inorder to gainanobleposition. clean thebodyinordertobecome holyagain. This ritualwasoriginatedintheHinduculture. The term century) LawangSanga At thetimeofKingdomCirebon(15 philosophical meaningthanotherrivers. after thearrivalofIslaminCirebon regionaroundthe15

th Lawang sanga Ngirab, centuryto1945),LawangSangaendedits inthe era wascalled meansninedoors.Philosophically itisasymbolofnineholesinhumanbody, whichhavetobe 3 wasanimportanticon,a fl ow ofurbandrainage, 2 , soithasadifferent Some NotionsontheRoleofCulturalLandscapeElementsinCirebonCity, ,Indonesia fi elds and fl th maha kumba uence uence - 17 th

th C. activities alsoneedstohavegoodqualities. To marker willberequired. A riverasaplaceofcultural maximizing theexpressionofculture,agood cultural expression(Calcatinge,2010).Inorderto the culturallandscape,whichiscity’s real An urbanculturallandscapeisatruepictureof character ofthetownandevoke‘thespiritplace’. a riverinanurbanculturallandscapecanshapethe can containa‘spiritofplace’.Soitbesaidthat tangible elementsinaculturallandscapethecity same isconveyedbyO’Donnell(2008),thatthe landscape (Rosmalia&Martokusumo,2012). The cultural activities,especiallyintheurban character, arivercanalsoserveasforumfor identity ofahistoricalcity. Inadditiontoitsunique A riverisatangibleelementthatcanformthe (Robinson, 2012). buffer andadministrative boundariesofanarea rituals. Politically, arivercanfunctionasdefense can becomeaplaceofsocialactivitiesandcultural support thedevelopmentofaregion.Socially, ariver a sourceoflivelihoodandtransportationlinesto an aestheticfunction.Economically, riverscanbe the goodecologicalconditions,ariveralsofeatures banks oftheriveraresourcelife.Because political functions.Ecologically, thebodyand has economic,social,aesthetic,andsometimes 1996). Inadditiontotheecologicalfunction,ariver of culturallandscape. Cirebon”, wheretheriversandartifactsareelements of KratonontheCulturalLandscape hydrological waterfromlandtosea(Dramstad. elements thatshapedthecorridortransporting Structurally ariverisincludedinthelandscape is calleda eroding theearthtoformabasin. This formation formed naturally, duetothemovementofwater A riverisoneofthelandscapeelementsthat ELEMENTS RESILIENT LANDSCAPE THEORIES OFRIVERS AS , whichmeansholybath. The purposeofthisbath isto fl ow orwaterbodies(Waryono, 2014). The KasuneanRiverRevisited: ngirab wasused Et.al. ,

Nakhara 79 Nakhara 80 Form Transformation ofCirebon Rivers Figure 3: the sourceoflifethatbroughtfertilityandprosperity The river, asthewatercontainer, wasbelievedtobe (Cirebon Girang)(Sulistiyono,1997;Wahju, 2005). the coastalregion(CirebonLarang)withinterior river alsoservedasatransportationrouteconnecting addition tobeingtheborderofcitycenter, the this time,theriverhadaveryimportantrole.In ‘The SilkRoad’ (Lapian&Sedyawati,1997).During port becamepartoftheinternationaltraderoute, establishment oftheKingdomCirebon.Cirebon been famousasaportcity. This wasbeforethe Since beforethe15 CIREBON DEVELOPMENT INTHECITY OF DESCRIPTION: RIVER from theseconditionscancrossspaceandtime. comprehensive framework.Conceptsthatemerge in theculturallandscapehasasystematicand to PlieningerandBieling(2012),resiliencesystems come fromhumansornatureitself. According a naturalresponsetofacingthedistractionsthatcan also hasaparticularendurancelimit. This systemis cultural landscapes,thelandscapeofhumanculture absorbed toformanewresilientsystem.Incityof tolerance limit,theinterferencewillgraduallybe it toitsoriginalstate.Iftheinterferenceexceeds intentional orunintentionaldisturbancesandrestores (Imran, 2007),resilienceisasystemthatrespondsto become soitneedsaresiliencesystem. According to Dini Rosmalia/ Widjaja Martokusumo th century, Cirebonhas other natural windingshapesandconnectingwitheach Kasunean/Krian/Sipadu/Gangganadi rivershad In thisperiod,theSukalila,Bacin,Sipadu,and Kasunean Riverinthe15 Pakungwati betweentheSipaduRiverand (King oftheKingdomCirebonI)builtKraton (Ambary, 1998). Therefore, PrinceCakrabuwana river wasconsideredasaplacefavoredbytheGods at thattime(Falah,1997).Ontheotherhand, 1911 (Adeng, Cirebon withothercitiesontheislandofJava,in Stoomtram-Maatschappij the openingofSCS( land line. The highlightofthisdiversion occurredwith which originallyusedtheriver, begantochangea development ofthecity. Transport infrastructure, and landtransportationdevelopment,aswellthe on January7,1681(Masduqi,2011) triggeredport Sultan ofCirebon(SultanSepuhand Anom) cooperation agreementbetweentheVOCand of rulersinthecityCirebon. The existenceofa river hasgraduallydeclinedalongwiththechanges Since thebeginningof17 around thisriver(Asteja,2013). by SheikhSharifHidayatullah(KingofCirebons) man withmagicalpowerwhosehaircanbecutonly River, isrelatedtothelegendofSheikhMagelung,a the ‘replica’ ofGangesriverinIndia,andtheSukalila special meaning. The KesuneanRiverisregardedas transport infrastructures,thoseriverscontaina (Figure 2). et.al. In additiontofunctioningaskey , 1998). Semarang-Cheribonsche- th ) railwaylineconnecting century. th century, theroleof the riversinCirebonhavenotchangedsigni Over time,intheperiodofIndonesianindependence, performed theritualholybaththere(Asteja,2013). that uptothetimeofindependence,peoplestill depicting theGangesRiverinIndia.Itcanbeseen still believethattheKasuneanRiverisaholyriver, These riversareKasuneanandSipadu.People still serveasirrigationforrice Although thereweremanychanges,somerivers runoff waterfrominlandtothecity ofCirebon. rivers. A and theriveremptiedintoKalibaruSukalila this timethenorthandsouthsewerswerealsobuilt, a road(currentlytheMerdekastreet) of malaria,theriverwasclosedandconvertedinto To reducethepoolofwaterwhichwassource was adjacenttotheSukalilaRiverthenbuilt. the seamoresmoothly, theKalibaruwhoseposition Furthermore, inordertodischargethewaterinto form. The Sukalilaestuary wasmadestraight. that someriverschangedinfunctionandcorridors Map interpretationsfrom1690and1719show performed variousrepairs,particularlyontherivers. (Sulistiyono, 1997). The colonialgovernmentthen The conditionof Kesunean Riveratthepresent(left) andLawangSanga(right) Figure 4: a fewcolonialof the citydidnothaveasewer. Becauseofthisonly was everywherecausingavarietyofdiseasesas condition ofthecitywasverybad,wastewater Cheribon Godee Molsbergen to improvetheenvironmentalquality. A report by port andthecityofCirebongrew, pavingtheway With thedevelopmentoflandtransportation, fl , 1906-1931,statedthattheecological ood channelwasconstructedtoreduce fi cials daredtostayinCirebon

in GedenkboekderGemeente fi elds andplantations. Some NotionsontheRoleofCulturalLandscapeElementsinCirebonCity, West Java,Indonesia (Figure 3). fi cantly. At each periodcanbeseenin (inland). The functionandformoftransformation another river, whichismoretowardsCirebon in thepastcertainriversbegantobemoved roads. The riversaredeclininginquality. Ritualsheld services, inwhichtransportisbasicallydoneby Cirebon cityisgrowingintoaoftradeand limit, inthenortherncornerofcitythatbecame Kasunean time,inthewestuptohighseasasa east alongthecoast,tosouthKalisapu/ that “...thelimitsofCarbonattimewas:in manuscript Mertasinga,CantoXXIX:06-XXIX:19, centers withtheruraldistricts. As notedinthe between theKingdomofCirebongovernment Hidayatullah, itwasdesignatedasaboundary the reignofSunanGunungjatiorSheikhSharif started duringtheKingdomofCirebon.Under The roleoftheKesuneanRiverasboundaries holy river, depictingtheGangesRiverinIndia. irrigation, andalsoentrustedbythecommunityasa borders, economictransportationlines,agricultural This riverhasimportant,diverseroles,namelyas known asKalisapu,Krian,Suba,andGangganadi. in thecityofCirebonisKesuneanRiver, oralso As mentionedabove,oneofthemostimportantrivers CIREBON CULTURAL LANDSCAPE TO THECHANGESOF KESUNEAN RIVER AS WITNESS CLOSING: DISCUSSION AND below. The KasuneanRiverRevisited: Figure 4and Table 1 Girang

Nakhara 81 Nakhara 82 5 4 Table 1: Dini Rosmalia/ was KiGedengKiringlimit,thenorthdoor, which south andtothenorth-westcornerofseaasit west thenitisthewesterncornerGateto corner oftheKasunean. Then drawnstraighttothe Pulled straightsouthtowardsthesoutheastern Jagabayan. To theeastCustoms-seaboundary. the monthofSuro intheKrian/Gangganadi/Kesunean Riverwhichismentionedas PrinceWangsakerta manuscript. century (Sulistiono,ST. 1994,pp114-162) the effort, landroadinfrastructurewasconstructed andwascontinuedwiththeconstructionofrailwaytrackin20th had theauthoritytodeveloptransportation infrastructuretotransportproductsfromtheinland(Cirebon Girang). To support Source: (Sulistiyono,1997;Wahju, 2005; Atlas Maior, 2007;Hasyim,2013;Observation,2012&2013) TheholybathritualispartofMahakumba ceremonywhichis held everyReboWekasan (thelastWednesday) in Withtheenactment ofthetreatyonexporttaxabolitionbetweenNetherlands andtheSultans,Netherlands Change Variable Land use Riverbanks hlspyFavoriteplaceforthe Philosophy River Condition Main function Function andForm Transformation ofCirebonRivers Widjaja Martokusumo (5 Period 1 plantation settlement, rice Hindu gods.       th Merdeka). Bacin River(Now, Jl. Sukalila, Cipadu, and deeper. reinforced, madewider The Kesuneanwas bath. Ritual placeforholy Irrigation forfarming. into theinland. Means oftransportation Kingdom ofCirebon. of governmentthe as ownborder, center Kasunean/Krian river -16 th Century) fi eld and eld   17 Period 2 eteet(rtn,fnrlpae Settlement Settlement (Kraton),funeralplace Gods. the mostfavoredelementsofHindu Good placearoundtheriver, wateris        th Place forholybath Irrigation. emptied inSukalilariver. North andSouthsewerswerebuilt, Flood canalwasbuilt turned intoMerdekastreet. The BacinRiverwasclosedtobe Sukalila vided intoKalibaruandKaliSungai Sukalila wasstraightenedanddi- and Cipaduriverwasstillnatural. The conditionoftheKesuneanriver tation, riveraswater No longerhaveameansoftranspor- border oftheGemeenteCheribon Kesunean riverasadministrative Century-1945 This islistedintheStateGazetteNo.211 of1897,as continued totheeraofGemeenteCirebonin1897. The useoftheKasuneanRiverasaboundary Kasunean.” (Wahju, 2005). was namedJagabayanLaranglocatedinthesouth ritual. drainage. 5 4   Hindu Gods. favored elementsofthe river, wateristhemost Good placearoundthe (1945 s/dpresent) Period 3 and agriculturalwaste. and pollutionofdomestic due tosedimentation, change inwaterquality unchanged, buta of theriversremain The physicalcondition bath (upto1970). Sacred placeforholy stream upstream todown- Water channelfrom ritual wasrenamedto Hindu tradition.SinceIslamarrivedinCirebon,the is called‘ as Gangganadi. At certaintimes,a the GangesRiverinIndia,forriverisalsoknown Kasunean Riverisalsobelievedtobeareplicaof In additiontotheboundarysupportport, foreign countries(Natadiningrat,2012). for themerchantswhoexportedcommoditiesto acted asacustomsbuildingandalsothegateway height oftheKingdomCirebon,LawangSanga PRA. Arief Natadiningrat(SultanSepuhXII),atthe Cirebon indicate thattheriverwasentrancegateof Lawang Sanga,andmapoftheyear1719 AD. Both Cirebon. This issupported byevidenceofartifacts revitalize government ofCirebonand localcommunityto government oftheRepublic ofIndonesia,local Right now, therearesomeefforts fromthe conditions ofRiverKesuneangotworse. ritual hasnotbeenheldbecausethewaterquality Islamic conceptsintothisritual.Sincethe1980s follows: “... Negara KretabhumiIParwa calendar) (Hashim,2013). According tothescript on the lastWednesday ofthemonthSapar, based organized an80-year Girang 2014). According toHashim,thesocietyofCirebon by bathingintheriver(Adeng, holy bathtookplaceatthisriver, apurifyingritual (Cirebon route connectingtheportwithhinterlandCirebon that KesuneanRiverhasactedasatransportation since the16thcentury. Sulistiyono(1994)revealed also servedasapathwaytoKesuneantransportation In additiontobecomingtheboundary, theriverhas Gemeente Cheribon zee.. rechteroever dezerkalitothareuitmondingin kali Krijan,GeritenSoeba),verderde kali Kasoenean(inharenbovenloopookgenaamd beide dessa’s, vangemeldontmoetingspunttotde Cheribon: ...tenZuiden:degrenstusschendeze te stellendevolgendegrenzenvoorhoofdplaats 28 Augustus 1887no.2/c(staatsbladno.159),vast revitalization of culturalheritageinorderto restore as partofCirebonheritage. The programisthe (1058 AD). The ritualisheldevery Aboge .”.Based on the state sheet, the southern part of .”.Based onthestatesheet,southernpartof , whowasincludedintheIndraprahasta,has Girang matirta medha Girang calendar(ablendofJavaneseandHijri Lawang Sanga Met wijziging in zoover van het besluit van Met wijziginginzoovervanhetbesluit totheCityofCirebon. According to ) sincebefore Tomi Pirescameto isnorthoftheKesuneanRiver. ngirab ngirab ’ (self-purifying),originallya attheKasuneanRiver, sincetheyear80Saka , alongwithprobingthe , at et.al. fi Some NotionsontheRoleofCulturalLandscapeElementsinCirebonCity, West Java,Indonesia rst the Rebo Wekasan ngirab 1998; Hasyim, ngirab ritualor ritual ritual ,

dan Kebudayaan RI.pp.35-54. Diskusi Ilmiah:(2ed).,:Departemen Pendidikan Cirebon SebagaiBandarJalurSutra: KumpulanMakalah Pengembangan danPenyebaran Islam.inS.Zuhdi(ed.), Ambary, H.M.(1998). PerananCirebonsebagaiPusat Departemen PendidikandanKebudayaan. Kota DagangCirebonSebagaiBandarJalurSutra.Jakarta: Adeng, Kuswiah,W., Wiryono,H.,&Erwantoro, H.(1998). REFERENCES “The In This paperisapartofDoctoralthesis,entitled ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS landscape, As animportantelementofculturalandhistorical appear toimprovetheimageofCirebon revitalization, thecharacterasanhistoricregionmay activities associatedwiththearea. Through the for physicalrevitalizationbutalsotorevivethe to SultanSepuhXII(2012),theprogramisnotonly that oncetriumphedKingdomofCirebon. According the physicalconditionofareaandbuildingsto Pendidikan danKebudayaanRepublikIndonesia. (Direktorat JenderalPerguruan Tinggi), Kementerian Pascasarjana DalamNegeri)programmefromDIKTI supported byBPP-DN(BeasiswaPendidikan Cirebon CulturalLandscape”,whichis commerce. the characterofCirebonasacitycultureand These efforts areautomatically strengthening of efforts tosustainthecultural heritage ofCirebon. the KasuneanRiverand kingdom ofCirebon.Culturaltourismactivitieson in theregioncaninterpretheydayofpast as touristattractions.Furthermore,tourismactivities that needtobepreservedbecauseoftheirpotential Gunn (1994),culturalsitesareimportantelements be partofCirebontourismactivities. According to a uniquetourismresourcesandattraction,theycan activities. Sincetheseelementscouldpotentiallybe the physicalaspects,nextstepisgenerating do istoimprovethewaterquality. Then afterbuilding need aspecialtreatmentprogram. The fl uence ofKraton Traditions toSpatialof Lawang Sanga Lawang Sanga andtheKesuneanRiver The KasuneanRiverRevisited: is the result istheresult fi rst thingto fi nancially

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