Trahir Pour Adapter : L'adaptation Cinématographique Des Récits Africains De Karen Blixen Par Sydney Pollack

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Trahir Pour Adapter : L'adaptation Cinématographique Des Récits Africains De Karen Blixen Par Sydney Pollack Trahir pour adapter : L’adaptation cinématographique des récits africains de Karen Blixen par Sydney Pollack Sylvain PFEFFER Sylvain Pfeffer (CIELAM) est en quatrième année de doctorat à l’Université d’Aix-Marseille et enseignant vacataire en Littérature et Cinéma à l’Université Catholique de l’Ouest. Ses recherches, sous la co-direction de Claude Perez (Aix-Marseille) et Dimitri Vezyroglou (Paris), portent sur l’œuvre de Marcel Pagnol et sur les facteurs à l’origine de son succès. Passionné par la musique de film, il s’intéresse de près à cette dernière dans ses travaux et collabore régulièrement à la rédaction de livrets pour le label Music Box Records. [email protected] Résumé : Au début des années 80, le cinéaste américain Sydney Pollack décide d’adapter les récits africains de l’auteur danois Karen Blixen : Out of Africa (1937) et Shadows on the grass (1960). Récits non chronologiques donnant à percevoir une vision imagée, onirique et poétique du continent africain, les textes de Karen Blixen sont un objet délicat à manipuler. Les porter à l’écran va obliger les adaptateurs à faire des choix éloignant parfois considérablement le film de ses modèles littéraires. Cet article se propose d’étudier un cas particulier d’adaptation, proposant une œuvre autre et personnelle forgée sur un matériau préexistant. Même si la « trahison » est ici parfois dommageable, le film réactiva l’engouement pour les textes de Karen Blixen et fut l’une des clefs de sa redécouverte. Introduction : Cet article est tiré d’un travail plus large sur l’œuvre de Karen Blixen et l’adaptation qu’en a livré Sydney Pollack. Nous n’allons aborder ici que quelques aspects significatifs de cette adaptation, qui tendent à montrer que le film « trahit » le livre pour livrer un objet filmique en adéquation avec les attentes des studios hollywoodiens mais aussi du public des années 80. Le film de Pollack adapte les deux récits africains de Karen Blixen, Out of Africa et Shadows on the Grass publiés respectivement en 1937 et 1960 aux Etats-Unis et au Danemark1. 1 La ferme africaine est publiée en France en 1942, Ombres sur la prairie en 1962, avec une première traduction par Yvonne Manceron à partir des textes américains. En 2005, une nouvelle traduction est publiée par Alain Gnaedig, fondée cette fois sur le texte danois. Pour cet article, les citations de références sur lesquelles se fondent notre analyse sont issues des éditions anglaises des textes de Karen Blixen. Les traductions françaises qui suivent ces occurrences ne sont pas nos propres traductions. Nous avons privilégié les traductions d’Yvonne Manceron du fait qu’elles sont établies à partir de la version anglaise. Malgré tout, ces dernières s’éloignent parfois considérablement du texte 1 Succès littéraires importants aux Etats-Unis, les récits africains de Karen Blixen ont fait l’objet de plusieurs scénarii dès leur publication. Orson Welles, ayant déjà adapté Blixen au travers de son film The Immortal Story (Une histoire immortelle, 1968) est le premier à s’intéresser au sujet. Puis des cinéastes tels que David Lean ou Nicolas Roeg tentent l’aventure avant de rapidement jeter l’éponge. L’adaptation d’Out of Africa reste à l’état d’ébauche et le livre acquiert petit à petit la réputation d’œuvre inadaptable. En 1973, Sydney Pollack, alors âgé de 34 ans et auréolé des succès récents de Jeremiah Johnson (1972) et The way we were (Nos plus belles années, 1973) tombe sur la version du scénario de Judith Rascoe2 et la lit. Pollack connaît bien les récits de Karen Blixen, qu’il a lus dans sa jeunesse. Pour lui, le livre est difficilement adaptable du fait que le récit n’est pas structuré par des éléments narratifs classiques et aussi du fait de la prose si particulière de l’écrivain : J’avais le sentiment qu’une fois la prose d’Isak Dinesen passée au filtre d’un traitement cinématographique, la matière romanesque s’évaporerait ; qu’il ne resterait plus rien, ou que ce qui en resterait serait dépourvu de magie. Comment traduire visuellement les cadences de sa prose ? Comment capter la tonalité si particulière de ses réminiscences ? Comment évoquer le chagrin et la nostalgie qui vous étreignent à la lecture ?3 Pollack n’est pas convaincu par la version de Rascoe et ne cherche pas à se lancer dans ce projet. En 1980, il réalise le film Absence of Malice (Absence de malice), avec Paul Newman sur un scénario de Kurt Luedtke. Au terme du tournage, ce dernier révèle à Pollack qu’il ambitionne d’écrire un scénario à partir du livre de Karen Blixen Out of Africa. Kurt Luedtke se rend bien vite compte que la tâche dans laquelle il s’est lancé est difficile. Il cherche désespérément à trouver une voie d’entrée cinématographique dans ce récit déstructuré. Deux évènements vont venir faciliter son entreprise. Tout d’abord, en faisant des recherches, il tombe sur une biographie de Denys Finch-Hatton, Silence Will Speak, rédigée par Errol Trzebinski4. Cette biographie éclaire quelque peu la figure de cet homme mystérieux avec qui Blixen partagea une partie de sa vie. Luedtke pense alors centrer le film sur cette personnalité hors norme. Dans ce but, il achète les droits du texte. Puis il fait la connaissance de Judith Thurman. Cette dernière vient de publier une biographie très détaillée sur Karen Blixen5. Thurman a passé sept ans de sa vie à rédiger ce texte. Son livre reçoit le American Books original, se permettent d’occulter des passages, où de mélanger l’ordre d’apparition des chapitres. Cette traduction témoigne d’une époque et a été jusqu’en 2005 la seule traduction française disponible. Lorsqu’elle s’avérait trop éloignée de l’original, et ne restituait pas la poésie contenue dans la prose de Blixen, nous nous sommes permis de mettre en référence la version d’Alain Gnaedig. Dans ces cas précis, le choix de traduction sera indiqué en note par les adjonctions des lettres capitales « A. G. », pour Alain Gnaedig. 2 Romancière et scénariste américaine. 3 HENRY, Michael, « Entretien avec Sydney Pollack », Positif, revue de cinéma, numéro 302, Avril 1986, p.6, [propos recueillis aux Studios Universal, le 24 janvier 1986 et traduits de l’anglais]. 4 TRZEBINSKI, Errol, Silence will speak, London, Grafton Books,1985. 5 THURMAN, Judith, Isak Dinesen, The life of Karen Blixen, London, Penguin Books, 1984. 2 Award for Biography en 1983. Ce texte devient l’ouvrage de référence pour le scénariste. Le reste de son inspiration, il le trouve dans les lettres écrites par Karen Blixen à sa famille. Ce sont certainement ces lettres qui ont servi de substrat initial à Blixen pour composer ses récits. Le contenu de certaines lettres incite fortement à penser en ce sens : […] and all around on every side the most magnificent and wonderful scenery you can imagine, huge distant blue mountains and the vast grassy plains before them covered with zebra and gazelle, and at night I can hear lions roaring […]6 […] entourée de tous côtés par la nature la plus magnifique, la plus merveilleuse que l’on puisse imaginer: de grandes montagnes bleues dans le lointain et, devant, la grande savane pleine de zèbres et de gazelles, et, la nuit, j’entends les lions pousser des rugissements […]7 Cette phrase est tirée de la seconde lettre écrite par Karen Blixen à sa mère. Elle est datée du 20 janvier 1914 et est l’écrin de la toute première description du paysage africain des alentours de sa plantation faite par la jeune danoise. Ce passage contient déjà en germe les thématiques que l’écrivain développera dans ses récits. Elle loue la beauté supérieure du paysage d’Afrique et évoque la couleur bleue pour parler du Ngong, « blue mountains ». Or, la première description du Ngong dans Out of Africa est la suivante : The Mountain of Ngong stretches in a long ridge from north to south, and is crowned with four noble peaks like immovable darker blue waves […]8 Le Ngong est une longue chaîne de montagnes qui s’étend du Nord au Sud, couronnée de quatre sommets majestueux qui se détachent en grandes vagues d’un bleu profond […]9 Blixen reprend la couleur bleue pour évoquer les montagnes de Ngong. Elle revient à sa première impression telle qu’elle l’avait couchée sur le papier à lettres dans les premiers jours de son arrivée. Il est intéressant de relever le caractère antithétique de la description en anglais. Les vagues sont « immovable ». Des vagues immobiles, voilà qui n’est pas un phénomène courant. Subtilement, dans sa description, Karen Blixen injecte un soupçon d’irréalité, de poésie. Il est dommage que la première traduction française ne conserve pas ce phénomène. Celui-ci est restitué dans la traduction d’Alain Gnaedig : « quatre sommets éminents semblables à des vagues immobiles […]10 ». Petit à petit, le scénario se construit. La 6 DINESEN, Isak, Letters from Africa, 1914-1931, London, Picador, 1983, p. 2. 7 BLIXEN, Karen, Lettres d’Afrique, in Karen Blixen, Afrique, Paris, Gallimard, Quarto, 2009, p. 359. 8 BLIXEN, Karen, Out of Africa, London, Penguin Books, 2001, p. 14. 9 BLIXEN, Karen, La ferme africaine, Paris, Gallimard, 1942, p. 8. 10 BLIXEN, Karen, La ferme africaine, A. G., Paris, Gallimard, Quarto, p. 40. 3 première version est terminée en décembre 1982. En janvier 1983, Pollack la lit. Le réalisateur sort du tournage de son dernier film, Tootsie. La lecture du scénario ne le convainc pas totalement. Il propose à Luedtke de le retravailler ensemble. Ils y consacrent l’année 1983 et une partie de l’année 1984. A ce stade, Pollack décide de faire le film.
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