Compsopogonophyceae, Rhodophyta): Pseudoerythrocladia and Madagascaria

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Algae 2010, 25(1): 11-15 DOI: 10.4490/algae.2010.25.1.011 pISSN: 1226-2617 eISSN: 2093-0860 Open Access

Ultrastructural observations of vegetative cells of two new genera in the Erythropeltidales (Compsopogonophyceae, Rhodophyta): Pseudoerythrocladia and Madagascaria

Joseph L. Scott1, Evguenia Orlova1 and John A. West2,* 1Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA 2School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia

Received 15 November 2009, Accepted 5 February 2010

Two new genera of red algae, Madagascaria erythrocladioides West et Zuccarello and Pseudoerythrocladia kornmannii West et Kikuchi (Erythropeltidales, Compsopogonophyceae, Rhodophyta), were previously described using molecular analysis and confocal microscopy of isolates in laboratory culture. We examined the ultrastructure of both genera to compare with ultrastructure of other members of the class Compsopogonophyceae. Both genera had Golgi bodies not associated with mitochondria and chloroplasts with a peripheral encircling thylakoid similar to all other members of the class studied thus far. Confocal autofluorescence images showed that Madagascaria has a single round central pyrenoid while Pseudoerythrocladia has no pyrenoid. Our electron microscopic work confirms these initial observations. Tables and keys are presented that assist in interpreting cellular details of genera in the class Compsopogonophyceae.

Key Words: chloroplasts; Compsopogononophyceae; Erythropeltidales; Golgi; pyrenoids; ultrastructure

INTRODUCTION

Detailed molecular and culture studies coupled investigated with transmission electron microscopy with ultrastructural observations enable us to discover (TEM) (Scott et al. 2008, Yokoyama et al. 2009), and significant new genera and species of microscopic and the presence of a peripheral encircling thylakoid in macroscopic red algae (e.g., West et al. 2007a, 2007b, the chloroplast. No other multicellular algae have the Yokoyama et al. 2009). Recently two new genera in combination of these two characters except genera in the Erythropeltidales (Compsopogonophyceae) were the Stylonematophyceae. However, the unicellular algae described from algae collected in France, Madagascar Rhodosorus (Stylonematophyceae; Scott et al. 2008) and Japan and maintained in unialgal culture before and Corynoplastis (Rhodellophyceae; Yokoyama et al. conducting molecular analyses (Zuccarello et al. in 2009) also share these characteristics. The phylogenetic press). Very few members of the Compsopogonophyceae interrelationships of these classes of red algae are have been examined by transmission electron becoming more fully understood (Yang et al. in press). microscopy (Scott and Broadwater 1989, West et Since we enthusiastically believe that all applicable al. 2007b, Yang et al. in press). It is readily apparent that each genus studied thus far has two distinctive ultrastructural characters: the association of Golgi *Corresponding author bodies with endoplasmic reticulum instead of E-mail: [email protected] mitochondria as is typical of almost all red algae Tel: +1-706-296-5228, Fax: +1-706-296-5286

Figs 1-3. Madagascaria erythrocladioides cell structure. Fig. 1. The large chloroplast occupies most of the cell and has a large embedded pyrenoid (P). A nucleus (N), portion of a vacuole (V) and several starch grains (*) are visible. Cell wall, CW. Fig. 2. Transverse section of a cell showing chloroplast and pyrenoid, starch grains (*) and a thin layer of peripheral cytoplasm (arrows). A peripheral encircling thylakoid is visible in the chloroplast lobes (arrowheads). Fig. 3. Golgi body at cell periphery. The Golgi cis-region (arrow) is just beneath the cell membrane. Cell wall, CW; Golgi vesicle, *. Figs 1 & 2, 1 μm; Fig. 3, 0.5 μm. Figs 4-5. Pseudoerythrocladia kornmannii cell structure. Fig. 4. A single nucleus (N) is located in the cell center along with abundant starch (*) and a small vacuole (V). Chloroplasts (arrows) are parietal and lack pyrenoids. Cell wall, CW. Fig. 5. A rarely encountered Golgi body (arrow) is in the cell center near a nucleus (N). Peripheral encircling thylakoids are visible in the chloroplast lobes (arrowheads). Fig. 4, 2 μm; Fig. 5, 0.5 μm.

DOI: 10.4490/algae.2010.25.1.011 12 Scott et al. Pseudoerythrocladia and Madagascaria ultrastructure

techniques should be utilized to identify new taxa, we cell membrane. have conducted an ultrastructural study on two new Figure 4 is a glancing section through several cells algae, Madagascaria erythrocladioides West et Zuccarello of P. kornmannii. Cells are rectangular, approximately and Pseudoerythrocladia kornmannii West et Kikuchi 6-20 μm in length and 4-8 μm in width. Over 200 (Zuccarello et al. in press). cells were examined by TEM. The cell wall consists of several moderately electron dense fibrous layers along with an inner electron transparent layer that most MATERIALS AND METHODS likely represents an artifact of fixation (Figs 4 & 5). Our results confirm the absence of pyrenoids (Figs 4 & 5) reported by Zuccarello et al. (in press) based on confocal Methods for collection, isolation and maintenance microscopic images. One or more parietal chloroplasts of cultures are presented in Zuccarello et al. (in press). are located at the cell periphery and peripheral In addition, several cultures were grown in 30 psu von encircling thylakoids are apparent (Fig. 5). A single Stosch enriched seawater (von Stosch 1964) in Pyrex No. nucleus is found in the cell center along with abundant o 3250 dishes in front of north-facing windows (37 27′N, starch, an occasional mitochondrion (not shown), and o 76 71W). Filaments from cultures grown in window Golgi bodies not associated with mitochondria (Fig. 5). o light at 20 C were prepared for TEM as described in Scott Very few Golgi bodies were found, even after intensive et al. (2008). searches, and more than one Golgi body was never detected in the same cell, although several hundred cells from several preparations were examined. Each cell RESULTS AND DISCUSSION appeared to have one or more small vacuoles (Fig. 4). Our results have shown that, as expected, both Mature thalli of both Madagascarensis erythroclad- M. erythrocladioides and P. kornmannii conform ioides and Pseudoerythrocladia kornmannii are mono- to previous TEM work that shows that cells of all stromatic to distromatic crusts approximately 0.1-2 mm members of the Compsopogonophyceae possess in diameter, depending upon age. In M. erythrocladioides Golgi not associated with mitochondrion as well as cells are rectangular, approximately 6-12 μm in length a peripheral encircling thylakoid in the chloroplasts and 5-6 μm in width. Figure 1 shows a transverse section (Tables 1 & 3 ). What was not well established prior to through a peripheral crust cell of M. erythrocladioides. A this work was an awareness of pyrenoid distribution thick fibrillar cell wall surrounds each cell and pit plugs among the genera in this class. Table 2 lists pyrenoid were never seen. The parietal chloroplast occupies most presence and absence in genera of the three orders of the cell and contains a large embedded pyrenoid, comprising class Compsopogonophyceae. Pyrenoids 1.5-2.0 μm in diameter. Using confocal microscopy are absent in all genera of the Compsopogonales and Zuccarello et al. (in press) clearly showed large, circular the Rhodochaetales but present in eight of the ten non-fluorescent regions which they interpreted as being genera of the Erythropeltidales. Pseudoerythrocladia and pyrenoids in M. erythrocladioides from both Madagascar Porphyropsis are the only algae lacking pyrenoids. and Japan. Our TEM images confirm their confocal Ultrastructural studies are remarkably consistent with work. The pyrenoid matrix is moderately electron the most recent red algal supraordinal classification dense, containing numerous thylakoids derived from schemes based largely on molecular technology thylakoids that delimit the pyrenoid periphery (Figs 1 & (Saunders and Hommersand 2004, Yoon et al. 2006). 2). Phycobilisomes are present on chloroplast thylakoids Appendix is a dichotomous key based mainly on but appear absent from those in the pyrenoid matrix. A ultrastructural characters along with algal morphology peripheral encircling thylakoid is present (Fig. 2). The type (i.e., unicellular vs. multicellular) and life history cell contains a small peripheral nucleus, several starch stage. It is apparent from this table that an unknown grains lining the chloroplast, a small vacuole containing macro-stage of a multicellular red alga could readily membranous debris (Fig. 1), and a thin layer of be assigned to one of three “groups” of classes by cytoplasm at the cell periphery (Figs 1 & 2). Surprisingly, examining ultrastructural character states of its Golgi conspicuous mitochondria were not seen in any of bodies and chloroplasts. 1) If the Golgi is associated our preparations. Figure 3 shows one of several Golgi with a mitochondrion and a peripheral encircling bodies detected. Mitochondria were never seen in close thylakoid is present, the alga is in class Florideophyceae. association with Golgi bodies, which are usually located 2) If the Golgi is associated with a mitochondrion and at the cell periphery with the cis-region adjacent to the a peripheral encircling thylakoid is absent, the alga is in

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Table 1. Ultrastructural characters of genera in the Compsopogonophyceae thylakoid is present, the alga could be a member of either Chloroplast Golgi class Compsopogonophyceae or Stylonematophyceae. Genus peripheral thylakoid association We are not suggesting use of this key as a diagnostic Boldia Present ER guide to solving red algal phylogenetic questions and (West et al. 2007a, b) instead, present it as continued evidence that when Compsopogon Present ER molecules speak, cells listen! (Scott & Broadwater 1989) Erythrocladia Present ER (Scott, unpublished observation) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Madagascaria Present ER (current work) We thank Chris O’Brien for assistance with the Pseudoerythrocladia Present ER (current work) Photoshop program. Laboratory investigations have Pulvinaster been partially supported by grants to JAW from the Present ER (West et al. 2007a, b) Australian Research Council, Australian Biological Rhodochaete Resources Study and Hermon Slade Foundation. Present ER (Pueschel & Magne 1987) Smithora Present ER (McBride & Cole 1969, 1971, 1972) REFERENCES ER, Endoplasmic reticulum. McBride, D. L. & Cole, K. 1969. Ultrastructural characteristics of the vegetative cell of Smithora naiadum a Table 2. Pyrenoid presence or absence in the Compsopogonophyceae (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 8:177-186. Pyrenoid McBride, D. L. & Cole, K. 1971. Electron microscopic

Compsopogonales observations on the differentiation and release of monospores in the marine red alga Smithora Compsopogon - naiadum. Phycologia 10:49-61. Compsopogonopsis - McBride, D. L. & Cole, K. 1972. Ultrastructural observa-

Boldia - tions on germinating monospores in Smithora naiadum (Rhodophyceae, Bangiophycidae). Pulvinaster - Phycologia 11:181-191. Erythropeldidales Pueschel, C. M. & Magne, F. 1987. Pit plugs and other ultrastructural features of systematic value in Rho- Chlidophyllonb + dochaete parvula (Rhodophyta, Rhodochaetales). Erythrocladia + Crypt. Algol. 8:201-209. Erythrotrichia + Saunders, G. W. & Hommersand, M. H. 2004. Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the Madagascaria + context of contemporary systematic data. Am. J. Bot. Porphyropsis - 91:1494-1507. Porphyrostromium + Scott, J. & Broadwater, S. 1989. Ultrastructure of vegetative organization and cell division in the Pseudoerythrocladia - freshwater red alga Compsopogon. Protoplasma Pyrophyllonb + 152:112-122.

Sahlingia + Scott, J., Yokoyama, A., Billard, C., Fresnel, J., Hara, Y., West, K. A. & West J. A. 2008. Neorhodella cyanea, a Smithora + new genus in the Rhodellophyceae (Rhodophyta). Rhodochaetales Phycologia 47:560-572. von Stosch, H. A. 1964. Wirkungen von Jod und Arsenit Rhodochaete - auf Meeresalgen in Kultur. In de Virville, D. & aInformation gathered from numerous references. bAssumed to have pyrenoids since this genus was previously placed Feldman, J. (Eds.) Proc. 4th Int. Seaweed Symp., in Porphyra. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 142-150. West, J. A., Zuccarello, G. C., Scott, J. L., West, K. A. & de class Bangiophyceae. 3) But if the Golgi is not associated Goër, S. L. 2007a. Corrigendum. Phycologia 46:478. with a mitochondrion and a peripheral encircling West, J. A., Zuccarello, G. C., Scott, J. L., West, K. A. & de

DOI: 10.4490/algae.2010.25.1.011 14 Scott et al. Pseudoerythrocladia and Madagascaria ultrastructure

Goër, S. L. 2007b. Pulvinus veneticus gen. et sp. nov. Appendix (Compsopogonales, Rhodophyta) from Vanuatu. Key to red algal classes utilizing ultrastructural and specific Phycologia 46:237-246. morphological characters West, J. A., Zuccarello, G. C., Scott, J. L., West, K. A. & 1. Golgi bodies associated with mitochondrion ...... 2 Karsten, U. 2007c. Rhodaphanes brevistipitata gen. et 1. Golgi bodies not associated with mitochondrion...... 4 sp. nov., a new member of the Stylonematophyceae (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 46:440-449. 2. All genera are unicellular, chloroplasts lack a peripheral West, J. A., Scott, J. L., West, K. A., Karsten, U., Clayden, S. L. encircling thylakoid ……………… Porphyridiophyceae & Saunders, G. W. 2008. Rhodachlya madagascarensis 2. All genera are multicellular ...... 3 gen. et sp. nov.: a distinct acrochaetioid repesents a new order and family (Rhodachlyales ord. nov., 3. Chloroplasts of all life history stages have a peripheral Rhodachlyaceae fam. nov.) of the Florideophyceae encircling thylakoida …………………….. Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta). Phycologia 47:203-212. 3. Chloroplasts of gametophyte stages lack a peripheral Yang, E. C., Scott, J., West, J. A., Orlova, E., Gauthier, encircling thylakoid ………………………. Bangiophyceae D., Kupper, F. C. & Karsten, U. New taxa of the Porphyridiophyceae (Rhodophyta): Timspurckia 4. All genera are unicellular, Golgi bodies either associated oligopyrenoides gen. et sp. nov. and Erythrolobus with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the nuclear envelope, madagascarensis sp. nov. Phycologia (in press) . chloroplasts of some genera have a peripheral encircling Yokoyama, A., Scott, J. L., Zuccarello, G. C., Kajikawa, M., thylakoid ………………………………… Rhodellophyceae Hara, Y. & West, J. A. 2009. Corynoplastis japonica gen. 4. Genera are either unicellular or multicellular, Golgi- et sp. nov. and Dixonialles ord. nov. (Rhodellophyceae, bodies associated with ER and all life history stages have b Rhodophyta) based on morphological and molecular chloroplasts with a peripheral encircling thylakoid ...... 5 evidence. Phycol. Res. 57:278-289. Yoon, H. S., Muller, K. M., Sheath, R. G., Ott, F. D. & 5. Genera are either unicellular or multicellular...Stylone- Bhattacharya, D. 2006. Defining the major lineages of matophyceae red algae (Rhodophyta). J. Phycol. 42:482-492. 5. Genera are multicellular ………..Compsopogonophyceae Zuccarello, G. C., Kikuchi, N. & West J. A. Molecular a One exception, Rhodachlya, West et al. 2008 phylogeny of the crustose members of the b One exception, Rhodaphanes, West et al. 2007c Erythropeltidales (Compsopogonophyceae, Rhodophyta): new genera Pseudoerythrocladia and Madagascaria and the evolution of the upright habit. J. Phycol. (in press).

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