DOCSLIB.ORG

Some Cool Considerations of External Lumbar Drainage During Its Widespread Application in Neurosurgical Practice

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Some Cool Considerations of External Lumbar Drainage During Its Widespread Application in Neurosurgical Practice Li et al. Chinese Neurosurgical Journal (2016) 2:14 DOI 10.1186/s41016-016-0033-8 ˖ӧӝߥ͗ᇷፂܰመߥѫ͗ CHINESE NEUROSURGICAL SOCIETY CHINESE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION REVIEW Open Access Some cool considerations of external lumbar drainage during its widespread application in neurosurgical practice: a long way to go Guichen Li1, Yang Zhang2, Jinchuan Zhao2, Zhiguo Han3, Xiaobo Zhu2* and Kun Hou2* Abstract External lumbar drainage (ELD) has gained wide popularity in neurosurgical practice since its’ first introduction by F. Vourc’h in 1963. It manifests encouraging prospects in control of refractory intracranial hypertension, prevention of complications secondary to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, prediction of shunt respondency in normal pressure hydrocephalus, management of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage, and application in bacterial meningitis and ventriculitis. But many questions on the efficacy and safety of ELD are remained to be answered by future studies. CSF overdrainage and ELD-related meningitis are the two most common and fatal complications due to inappropriate usage of ELD. Randomized controlled trials are badly in need to more safely and rationally guide the clinical application of ELD. Keywords: Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, Cerebrospinal fluid overdrainage, Complication, Meningitis, External lumbar drainage, Indication, Intracranial hypertension Background also reviewed. Furthermore, a search of ClinicalTrials.- External drainage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the gov was also conducted for ongoing studies. lumbar cistern via a plastic catheter was primarily ’ described by F. Vourc h in 1963 [1]. Since then, external Main indications lumbar drainage (ELD) of CSF has gained wide popular- Controlling of intracranial hypertension ity in a variety of neurosurgical activities and procedures Since the 1920s, when ELD had not been introduced, e.g. intraoperative cerebral relaxation, drainage of bloody there were some reports of cerebral herniation second- or infectious CSF, control of refractory intracranial ary to lumbar puncture (LP) [11–13]. But most of the hypertension, preoperative evaluation of normal pressure reports of cerebral herniation at that time were those pa- hydrocephalus (NPH), prevention of complications sec- tients harboring intracranial tumors. The forefather of ondary to aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) – modern neurosurgery Harvey Williams Cushing had [2 7]. However, just as each coin has its two sides, issues ever advocated that lumbar drainage of CSF should be concerning the complications and unduly usage of ELD – forbidden in patients with intracranial hypertension has also come [8 10]. In order to further explore the (ICH) for fear of cerebral herniation. And it has been indications, contraindications, complications, recent and even still is treated as a solid doctrine by many developments and future considerations of ELD, we per- neurosurgeons. Since the time when ELD was first intro- formed a comprehensive review of the related studies duced by F. Vourc’h [1], debates on its indications, com- written in English on ELD in PubMed. And related arti- plications, and contraindications have never ended. cles in the reference lists of the identified studies were Many neurosurgeons still considered ELD a contraindica- tion of ICH. Nevertheless, till in the 1990s, ELD was grad- * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] 2 ually and prudently used to control refractory ICH and Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 3302 Jilin – Road, Changchun 130031, China encouraging results were observed [5, 14 21] (Table 1). In Full list of author information is available at the end of the article 1996 Brain Trauma Foundation recommended a two-tier © 2016 Li et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Li et al. Chinese Neurosurgical Journal (2016) 2:14 Page 2 of 8 Table 1 Some of the studies that focusing on control of refractory ICH with ELD First author Year Type of study No. of patients Age group Outcome Complications during ELD CH Meningitis Baldwin HZ [14] 1991 5 Children Significant decrease in ICP (3) 0 0 Survived (3) GOS ≥4 (2) Levy DI [15] 1995 Retrospective 16 Children Significant decrease in ICP (14) 0 0 Survived (14) GOS ≥4 (11) Willemse RB [16] 1998 Retrospective 7 Adults Significant decrease in ICP (NA) 0 0 Survived (5) GOS ≥4 (3) Münch EC [17] 2001 Prospective 23 Adults Significant decrease in ICP (23) 2 0 Survived (15) GOS ≥4 (10) Murad A (18) 2008 Prospective 8 Adults Significant decrease in ICP (8) 0 0 Survived (NA) GOS ≥4 (NA) Tuettenberg J [5] 2009 Prospective 100 Children and adults Significant decrease in ICP (NA) 12 7 Survived (55) GOS ≥4 (36) Llompart-Pou JA [19] 2011 Retrospective 30 Adults Significant decrease in ICP (NA) 0 1 Survived (23) GOS ≥4 (18) Murad A [20] 2011 Prospective 6 Adults Significant decrease in ICP (NA) 0 0 Survived (4) GOS ≥4 (NA) Murad A [21] 2012 Prospective 15 Adults Significant decrease in ICP (NA) 1 0 Survived (12) GOS ≥4 (NA) NA not applicable, GOS Glasgow Outcome Scale, ICP intracranial pressure, CH cerebral herniation strategy for the management of patients with ICH, which neurosurgeons, cerebral herniation did happen in patients was treated as a standard protocol for control of intracra- with ICH after the application of ELD. The reported nial pressure (ICP) in many centers [20–22]. This strategy incidence of cerebral herniation ranged from 0 to is not only used in patients with traumatic brain injuries 12 % (Table 1). But just as Tuettenberg J and col- (TBI) but also in patients with other intracranial diseases. leagues stated temporary clinical signs of cerebral her- The first-tier measures include osmotic solutions, ven- niation do not lead to lower rates of neurological tricular drainage of CSF, moderate hyperventilation and recovery or a higher mortality rate [5]. the second-tier include decompressive craniectomy, bar- However, the published studies on control of ICH with biturate coma or therapeutic hypothermia. But there were ELD merely include a relative small number of patients usually some cases in which the two-tier strategy was inef- and no prospective randomized controlled trial (RCT) fective or inappropriate. Emerging evidences have demon- has ever been published till now. As was pointed by strated that application of ELD leads to a significant Tuettenberg J et al. that ELD of CSF in patients with decrease in ICP and an increase in cerebral perfusion intracranial hypertension leads to a significant and clin- pressure (CPP) [5, 21]. CPP and ICP have been demon- ically relevant reduction in ICP, however, it remains un- strated to independently affect outcome in patients with clear whether drainage of CSF improves clinical severe brain injury [5, 23–26]. As was worried by some outcome by reducing ICP [5]. This calls for future RCTs. Li et al. Chinese Neurosurgical Journal (2016) 2:14 Page 3 of 8 Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Osmotic solution as mannitol or diuretic as furosemide Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage manifests a chal- would decrease intravascular fluid volume. Sedation and lenge to the public health not only for the risk of fatal barbiturate coma carry the risk of hypotension. Consider- aneurysmal rebleeding but also for the high morbidity ing the side effects of hypovolemia and hypotension, of cerebral vasospasm (CVS), ICH and shunt-dependent which are inconsistent with the 3-H therapy of aSAH, the hydrocephalus. CVS and ICH are two of the most two-tier guideline is not always suitable for ICP control in common complications of aSAH. They might occur in- aSAH patients [20, 21]. Even the two-tier therapy is initi- dependently or reciprocally. Although treatments tar- ated consecutively there still would be some refractory geting at the prevention of CVS as 3-H therapy, cases in whom ICP could not be satisfactorily controlled calcium-channel blocker, arterial papaverine infusion, [5]. However, some reports have demonstrated encour- and angioplasty have been applied in the past decades, aging results of ICP control with the utility of ELD in symptomatic CVS, of which the incidence could be as aSAH patients [5, 20, 21]. The one that should be pointed high as 40 %, is still the main indicator of unfavorable out was conducted by Tuettenberg and colleagues [5]. outcomes [27, 28]. The occurrence of CVS involves This prospective study included 100 patients (45 with TBI, many pathophysiological processes, but there is no 55 with aSAH) and followed a stepwise design according doubt that subarachnoid blood and its degradation to the two-tier therapy before ELD. When the two-tier products contribute mostly. Some Japanese authors therapy was ineffective, ELD was initiated. It demon- have been using CSF drainage in aSAH patients since strated a significant and long-lasting reduction in ICP and the early 1980s, but with conflicting results [29, 30]. an increase in CPP after application of ELD but failed to Klimo P Jr and colleagues showed a marked
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid in Critical Illness
    Cerebrospinal Fluid in Critical Illness B. VENKATESH, P. SCOTT, M. ZIEGENFUSS Intensive Care Facility, Division of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, QUEENSLAND ABSTRACT Objective: To detail the physiology, pathophysiology and recent advances in diagnostic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in critical illness, and briefly review the pharmacokinetics and pharmaco- dynamics of drugs in the CSF when administered by the intravenous and intrathecal route. Data Sources: A review of articles published in peer reviewed journals from 1966 to 1999 and identified through a MEDLINE search on the cerebrospinal fluid. Summary of review: The examination of the CSF has become an integral part of the assessment of the critically ill neurological or neurosurgical patient. Its greatest value lies in the evaluation of meningitis. Recent publications describe the availability of new laboratory tests on the CSF in addition to the conventional cell count, protein sugar and microbiology studies. Whilst these additional tests have improved our understanding of the pathophysiology of the critically ill neurological/neurosurgical patient, they have a limited role in providing diagnostic or prognostic information. The literature pertaining to the use of these tests is reviewed together with a description of the alterations in CSF in critical illness. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in the CSF, when administered by the intravenous and the intrathecal route, are also reviewed. Conclusions: The diagnostic utility of CSF investigation in critical illness is currently limited to the diagnosis of an infectious process. Studies that have demonstrated some usefulness of CSF analysis in predicting outcome in critical illness have not been able to show their superiority to conventional clinical examination.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction Neuroimaging of the Brain
    Introduction Neuroimaging of the Brain John J. McCormick MD Normal appearance depends on age Trauma • One million ER visits/yr • 80,000/yr develop long term disability • 50,000/yr die • 46% from transportation; 26% falls; 17% assaults. Other causes, such as sports injuries, account for rest. • 2/3 < 30yrs old • Men 2X as likely to be injured • Cost of TBI is $48.3 billion annually • A patient in mid-twenties with severe head injury is estimated to have a lifetime cost of 4 million dollars including lost work hours, medical and daily care Skull Fracture • Linear or depressed • Skull base, middle meningeal artery • Differentiate from suture and venous channels Sutures Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Acute Subdural Hemorrhage Subacute Subdural Hematoma Chronic Subdural Hemorrhage Epidural Hematoma Diffuse Axonal Injury Coup-Contracoup Intraventricular Hemorrhage Stroke National Stroke Ass’n Stats • Third leading cause of death in US • Someone suffers stroke every 53 seconds and every 3.3 minutes someone dies of a stroke • 28% of those who suffer from stroke are under 65 • 15-30% are permanently disabled and require institutional care • Estimated direct and indirect annual cost of stroke un US is 43.4 billion dollars Stroke Subtypes • Two major types: hemorrhagic and ischemic • Hemmorrhagic strokes caused by blood vessel rupture and account for 16% of strokes • Ischemic strokes include thrombotic, embolic, lacunar and hypoperfusion infarctions Intracebral Hemorrhage • Most common cause: hypertensive hemorrhage • Other causes: AVM, coagulopathy,
    [Show full text]
  • Successful Management of Nosocomial Ventriculitis and Meningitis Caused by Extensively Drug-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii in Austria
    CASE REPORT Successful management of nosocomial ventriculitis and meningitis caused by extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Austria M Hoenigl MD1,2*, M Drescher1*, G Feierl MD3, T Valentin MD1, G Zarfel PhD3, K Seeber MSc1, R Krause MD1, AJ Grisold MD3 M Hoenigl, M Drescher, G Feierl, et al. Successful management La prise en charge réussie d’une ventriculite et of nosocomial ventriculitis and meningitis caused by extensively d’une méningite d’origine nosocomiale causées par drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Austria. Can J Infect un Acinetobacter baumannii d’une extrême Dis Med Microbiol 2013;24(3):e88-e90. résistance aux médicaments en Autriche Nosocomial infections caused by the Gram-negative coccobacillus Les infections d’origine nosocomiale causées par le coccobacille Acinetobacter baumannii have substantially increased over recent years. Acinetobacter baumannii Gram négatif ont considérablement augmenté Because Acinetobacter is a genus with a tendency to quickly develop ces dernières années. Puisque l’Acinetobacter est un genre qui a ten- resistance to multiple antimicrobial agents, therapy is often compli- dance à devenir rapidement résistant à de multiples agents antimicro- cated, requiring the return to previously used drugs. The authors report biens, le traitement est souvent compliqué et exige de revenir à des a case of meningitis due to extensively drug-resistant A baumannii in an médicaments déjà utilisés. Les auteurs signalent un cas de méningite Austrian patient who had undergone neurosurgery in northern Italy. attribuable à un A baumannii d’une extrême résistance aux médica- The case illustrates the limits of therapeutic options in central nervous ments chez un patient autrichien qui a subi une neurochirurgie dans le system infections caused by extensively drug-resistant pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Of CMV Ventriculitis CMV Ventriculoencephalitis Is Characterized by Sub- Acute Delirium, Cranial Neuropathies, and Nystagmus
    Alzhemier’s disease in women: randomized, double-blind, 23. Crystal H, Dickson D, Fuld P, et al. Clinico-pathologic studies placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2000;54:295–301. in dementia-nondemented subjects with pathologically con- 22. Mulnard RA, Cotman CW, Kawas C, et al. Estrogen replace- firmed Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology 1988;38:1682–1687. ment therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer’s 24. Price JL, Morris JC. Tangles and plaques in nondemented disease: a randomized control trial. Alzheimer’s Disease aging and “preclinical” Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 1999; Coopertive Study. JAMA 2000;283:1007–1015. 45:358–368. NeuroImages Figure. (A) Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MRI sequence demonstrates prominent abnormal signal outlining the ventricles. (B) Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected macrophages in a patient with CMV ventriculoencephalitis. “Owl’s eyes” of CMV ventriculitis CMV ventriculoencephalitis is characterized by sub- acute delirium, cranial neuropathies, and nystagmus. The Devon I. Rubin, MD, Rochester, MN pathologic hallmark is the cytomegalic cell, a macrophage A 35-year-old HIV-positive man with a history of cyto- containing intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions of megalovirus (CMV) retinitis presented with fever, diplopia, cytomegalic virus particles, resembling and referred to as and progressive obtundation over 1 week. Neurologic ex- “owl’s eyes” (figure, B). MRI findings in CMV ventriculoen- amination revealed a fluctuating level of alertness, bilat- cephalitis include diffuse cerebral atrophy, progressive eral gaze-evoked horizontal nystagmus, a left facial palsy, ventriculomegaly, and a variable degree of periventricular and diffuse areflexia. MRI demonstrated generalized atro- or subependymal contrast enhancement.1 Newer imaging phy and ventriculomegaly with increased signal in the left sequences, such as FLAIR, may be more sensitive in de- caudate head on T1-weighted, gadolinium-enhanced im- tecting ventricular abnormalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Sharifah Al Muthen Salma Albahrani* Hanan Baradwan Dr. Amal Shilash ABSTRACT KEYWORDS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL of SCIENTIFIC RESEAR
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Volume-8 | Issue-7 | July - 2019 | PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8179 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS ASSOCIATED PYOGENIC VENTRICULITIS: A CASE REPORT. Medicine Sharifah Al MBBs, Department Of Internal Medicine- Infectious Disease Section Muthen MBBs, SB-Med, ArBIM, SF-ID, Department of Internal Medicine-Infectious Disease Salma AlBahrani* Section *Corresponding Author MBBS, Department of Neurology, King Fahd Military Medical Complex-Dhahran- Hanan Baradwan Eastern Province-Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MBBS, MSc, Infection Control Department, King Fahd Military Medical Complex- Dr. Amal Shilash Dhahran-Eastern Province-Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia. ABSTRACT Background: Pyogenic ventriculitis is uncommon yet fatal complication of the inflammation of the ventricular ependymal lining associated with a purulent ventricular system. The commonest organism can be gram negative organism especially if happened after neurological procedure . Case report: 63 years old male known case of Diabetes mellitus ( DM), hypertension (HTN), Parkinson diseases (PD), treated lymphoma on chemotherapy four years ago. Presented with high grade fever, delirium and seizure. Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) as a case of septic shock. Patient intubated and started on norepinephrine, intravenous fluids, anti-epileptic ( levetiracetam ) as well as anti-meningitis antibiotic (ceftriaxone , vancomycin , ampicillin and acyclovir) plus dexamethasone. His Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) analysis showed: glucose 4.6 (high). CSF protein 3.3 (high), CSF WBC 4000. Blood culture showed streptococcus pneumoniae. Brain MRI was done and showed evidence of ventriculitis in form of fluid level at occipital horn of lateral ventricles, no edema no mass effect no hydrocephalus, left hypocampus hyperintensity. Diagnosis of pyogenic ventriculitis was made.
    [Show full text]
  • Intracranial Mass Lesions and Elevated Intracranial Pressure
    Intracranial Mass Lesions and Elevated Intracranial Pressure Lissa C. Baird, MD Assistant Professor Directory, Pediatric Surgical Neuro-Oncology Department of Neurological Surgery Oregon Health & Science University Conflict of Interest Disclosure Disclosure I do not have any financial relationships to disclose. Intracranial Mass Lesions Overview • I. General Principles of Intracranial Mass Lesions • II. Differential Diagnosis • III. Signs and Symptoms • IV. Clinical Management of Mass Lesions and Elevated Intracranial Pressure I. General Principles of Intracranial Mass Lesions 1 What is an Intracranial Mass Lesion? • Space-occupying lesion • Recognizable volume • Abnormal • May cause mass effect Mass Effect = compression of surrounding structures causes shift (displacement) • May cause elevation of intracranial pressure Description of Intracranial Mass Lesions • Intra-axial • Extra-axial • +/- mass effect • Discrete Lesion • Expansion of Intrinsic anatomy Intra-axial vs Extra-axial • Intrinsic to the brain • Extrinsic to the brain Metastatic tumor meningioma 2 Is there Mass Effect on surrounding brain structures? Pineal cyst Epidural hematoma Expansion of Discrete Lesion or Intrinsic Anatomy? Intraparenchymal Trapped hemorrhage Temporal horn Diffuse intrinsic tumor pontine glioma II. Differential Diagnosis • Neoplasm • Trauma • Infection • Stroke • Cyst • Vascular • Hydrocephalus • Congenital Anomaly 3 Neoplastic Mass Lesions • Intra-axial – Benign • Slow rate of growth • Unlikely to metastasize • Less surrounding edema – Can still cause significant symptoms depending on location Neoplastic Mass Lesions • Intra-axial – Malignant – Metastatic – May be multifocal – Spread within central nervous system – Infiltrate normal brain – Severe Edema Neoplastic Mass Lesions • Extra-axial – Most are benign – Symptoms focally rel at 4 Traumatic Mass Lesions • Hematoma • Depressed Skull Fractures • Foreign Body – Penetrating injuries Layers of the Cranial Vault Subgaleal hematoma • Between galea aponeurotica and periosteum.
    [Show full text]
  • Icp, Intracranial Hypertension S50 (1)
    ICP, INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION S50 (1) ICP, Intracranial Hypertension Last updated: December 19, 2020 INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (ICP) ............................................................................................................ 1 Normal ICP ............................................................................................................................ 2 ICP↑ ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 ETIOLOGY .............................................................................................................................................. 2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ............................................................................................................................... 2 Compliance ............................................................................................................................ 2 Cerebral Blood Flow Impairment .......................................................................................... 3 Compartmentalization (ICP gradients) .................................................................................. 4 CLINICAL FEATURES .............................................................................................................................. 4 Mass in posterior fossa .......................................................................................................... 5 MONITORING ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Septic Venous Thrombosis As an Unexpected Complication of Acute Suppurative Otitis Media
    MOJ Clinical & Medical Case Reports Case Report Open Access Septic venous thrombosis as an unexpected complication of acute suppurative otitis media. case report Abstract Volume 10 Issue 1 - 2020 Cerebral venous thrombosis is a rare condition that primarily affects women. It has been described in association with local factors (meningitis, sinusitis, cellulite and tumors) Ivan Cadena Vélez, Manuela Grego, Luis Siopa and systemic factors such as thrombophilia and other blood disorders. The most common Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Distrital de Santarém, site is the lateral sinus, followed by the sagittal sinus. In 30-40% of cases it affects more Portugal than a venous sinus. The most common clinical manifestation is headache. We present the Ivan Cadena Vélez, Internal Medicine case of a 65-year-old male patient with a history of ethanolism and smoking, admitted Correspondence: Department, Hospital Distrital de Santarém, Portugal, Tel to the Emergency Department for a four-day follow-up, fever, dyspnea and temporary +57914040788, Email disorientation that worsened in the last 24 hours with an altered state of consciousness. Evidenced by diagnostic computed tomography (CT) a ventriculitis and a defect in the Received: January 18, 2020 | Published: January 29, 2020 filling of the transverse sinus and left sigmoid in apparent relationship with thrombosis; and opacification of the middle ear by inflammatory process / otitis media. Thrombosis of cerebral venous sines (CVT) is considered difficult to diagnose due to the wide variety of signs and symptoms that can simulate a large number of other entities, it is important to have this diagnosis always present, and it is essential that after the diagnostic suspicion we can carry out a timely study through non-invasive imaging studies, in order to initiate medical and surgical treatment according to the case and to identify, avoid or minimize the secondary complications or morbidity that it generates.
    [Show full text]
  • HYDROCEPHALUS and SHUNTS: WHAT the NEUROLOGIST SHOULD KNOW *I17 Ian K Pople
    HYDROCEPHALUS AND SHUNTS: WHAT THE NEUROLOGIST SHOULD KNOW *i17 Ian K Pople J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73(Suppl I):i17–i22 he second most common reason for being sued for negligence in neurosurgery is a problem related to hydrocephalus management (the first being spinal surgery!). However, the good Tnews is that the overall standard of care for patients with hydrocephalus appears to have greatly improved over the last 10 years with the advent of better facilities for investigation, new approaches to treatment, and a greater awareness of the need for adequate follow up. In the possi- ble absence of a local neurosurgeon with an interest in hydrocephalus, a neurologist who is faced with the ongoing care of a patient with hydrocephalus should ideally have a clear idea of what exactly constitutes appropriate follow up and which clinical and radiological warning signals of shunt problems to look out for. c DEFINITIONS Hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the head caused by a disturbance of formation, flow or absorption. “Hydrocephalus ex vaccuo” is a misnomer. It refers to asymptomatic ventricular enlargement caused by generalised loss of cerebral tissue, from severe head injury, infarction or cerebral hypoxia. “Normal pressure hydrocephalus” is also a misnomer. It describes a condition in older adults of low grade hydrocephalus with intermittently raised intracranial pressure (ICP) (usually at night) causing the classic Adam’s triad of symptoms—gait apraxia, incontinence, dementia. BASIC HYDROCEPHALUS PATHOPHYSIOLOGY IN ADULTS The normal CSF production rate in an adult is 0.35 ml/min (20 ml/hour or 500 ml/24 hours).
    [Show full text]
  • Management Ofcerebral Infection 1245
    7oumnal ofNeurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1993;56:1243-1258 1 243 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.56.12.1243 on 1 December 1993. Downloaded from NEUROLOGICAL EMERGENCY Management of cerebral infection Milne Anderson Acute meningitis is the most common of the echo, and less commonly by herpes simplex cerebral infection syndromes. Epidemiology, type 1, varicella zoster, mumps, lymphocytic pathogenesis, and evolution are complex, and choriomeningitis, and HIV. vary with geography and with age. The clinical onset is usually rapid over Presentation occurs within hours, or at most hours, with pyrexia, malaise, headache, neck a few days, of the onset of symptoms which, stiffness, photophobia, lethargy, myalgia and with the signs, are characteristic: headache, irritability. Most cases do not progress fur- fever, photophobia, irritability, neck stiffness, ther, and the subject can be roused easily and and changed mental state. The causal agent is remains coherent. If the conscious level either a virus or a bacterium. Fungi and para- reduces, or focal signs or seizures occur, sites cause acute meningitis only in excep- encephalitis is implied. Resolution begins tional circumstances. Viral meningitis is a within a few days and is complete within two much more benign illness than the bacterial weeks in most. A few will have persistent form. malaise and myalgia for some weeks. The pathogen is seldom identified clinically- parotitis and orchitis may point to mumps, Viral meningitis arthralgia and lymphadenopathy to HIV, The term "acute aseptic meningitis" was myalgia and myocarditis to coxsackie, and coined by Wallgren in 19251 to describe acute rashes to enteroviruses.
    [Show full text]
  • Cerebrovascular Manifestations of Neurosarcoidosis: an Underrecognized Aspect of the Imaging Spectrum
    Published December 28, 2017 as 10.3174/ajnr.A5492 REVIEW ARTICLE Cerebrovascular Manifestations of Neurosarcoidosis: An Underrecognized Aspect of the Imaging Spectrum X G. Bathla, X P. Watal, X S. Gupta, X P. Nagpal, X S. Mohan, and X T. Moritani ABSTRACT SUMMARY: Involvement of the central nervous system by sarcoidosis, also referred to as neurosarcoidosis, is seen clinically in about 5% of patients with systemic disease. CNS involvement most frequently affects the leptomeninges and cranial nerves, though the ventricular system, brain parenchyma, and pachymeninges may also be involved. Even though the involvement of the intracranial vascular structures is well-known on postmortem studies, there is scant literature on imaging manifestations secondary to the vessel wall involvement, being confined mostly to isolated case reports and small series. The authors present a review of various cerebrovascular manifestations of neurosarcoidosis, along with a brief synopsis of the existing literature. ABBREVIATIONS: ICH ϭ intracerebral hemorrhage; NS ϭ neurosarcoidosis arcoidosis is a noninfectious, idiopathic, inflammatory disor- the pathophysiology, pathology, and imaging findings of cerebro- Sder that most frequently involves the lungs, skin, and lymph vascular manifestations of NS. nodes.1 It is more common in African Americans and patients with Scandinavian ancestry and is characterized pathologically by Evolution and Pathogenesis formation of noncaseating granulomas.1 CNS imaging findings in The pathogenesis of sarcoidosis remains elusive,
    [Show full text]
  • External Ventricular Drainage Or Lumbar Drainage
    Care of the Patient Undergoing Intracranial Pressure Monitoring/ External Ventricular Drainage or Lumbar Drainage AANN Clinical Practice Guideline Series This publication was made possible by an American Association of Neuroscience Nurses educational grant from Codman and 4700 W. Lake Avenue Shurtleff, a Johnson & Johnson Company. Glenview, IL 60025-1485 888.557.2266 International phone 847.375.4733 Fax 847.375.6430 [email protected] • www.AANN.org AANN Clinical Practice Guideline Series Editor AANN Clinical Practice Guideline Editorial Board Hilaire J. Thompson, PhD RN CNRN FAAN Sheila Alexander, PhD RN Patricia Blissitt, PhD RN APRN-BC CCRN CNRN CCNS Content Authors CCM Tess Slazinski, MN RN CNRN CCRN, Chair Tess Slazinski, MSN RN CCRN CNRN Tracey A. Anderson, MSN RN CNRN FNP-BC ACNP Patricia Zrelak, PhD CNAA-BC CNRN Elizabeth Cattell, MN CNRN ACNP-BC Janice E. Eigsti, MSN RN CNRN CCRN AANN National Office Susan Heimsoth, BSN RN Joan Kram Judie Holleman, MSN RN Executive Director Amanda Johnson, MSN RN CPNP June M. Pinyo, MA Mary L. King, MSN/Ed RN CNRN Managing Editor Twyila Lay, MS RN ACNP ANP Mary Presciutti, BSN RN CNRN CCRN Sonya L. Jones Senior Graphic Designer Robert S. Prior, RN CNRN Brian A. Richlik, BSN RN CNRN CCRN Shawn Schmelzer, BSN RN CCRN Anna Ver Hage, BSN RN CNRN CCRN Carol L. Wamboldt, MSN CRNP CNRN Kelly White, BSN RN CNRN CCRN Paula Zakrzewski, MSN RN CPNP-AC Content Reviewers Angela K. Aran, BSN RN CNRN CCRN Julia Galletly, MS ACNP-BC CCRN Norma McNair, PhD(c) RN Kristina Nolte, RN CCRN CNRN ATCN Publisher’s Note The authors, editors, and publisher of this document neither represent nor guarantee that the practices described herein will, if followed, ensure safe and effective patient care.
    [Show full text]