DOCSLIB.ORG

Conflict Dynamics in Communal Pastoral Lands: a Case Study in Milan in North-West Region of Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Conflict Dynamics in Communal Pastoral Lands: a Case Study in Milan in North-West Region of Iran CONFLICT DYNAMICS IN COMMUNAL PASTORAL LANDS: A CASE STUDY IN MILAN IN NORTH-WEST REGION OF IRAN A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY BAGHER HOSEINPOUR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIOLOGY FEBRUARY 2017 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Tülin Gençöz Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Tayfun Atay (OKAN, SOC) Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu (METU, SOC) Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör (METU, SOC) Prof. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu (METU, SOC) Prof. Dr. Hayriye Erbaş (AU.DTCF, SOC) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Bagher, Hoseinpour Signature : iii ABSTRACT CONFLICT DYNAMICS IN COMMUNAL PASTORAL LANDS: A CASE STUDY IN MILAN IN NORTH-WEST REGION OF IRAN HOSEINPOUR, BAGHER Ph.D., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycioğlu February 2017, 181 pages Sociologically, conflict is “struggle over values and claims to scarce status, power and resources”. Land, as a most valuable asset and a source of wealth and power, a basis for livelihood, a subject for geopolitical purposes, a matter of territorial importance, and a substance for cultural identity, is introduced as a subject of conflict in communal pastoral lands of Milan’s nomadic tribe in North-west part of Iran. Three actors are recognized in the field that have conflict over the lands; State, nomads, and peasants. The main objectives of research is to understand the historical transition of property rights on pastoral lands, the source and dynamics of social conflict among the actors, and social consequences of conflict in the society. In order to pursue this objective, theories of conflict including of Coser (1956), Dahrendorf (1959), and Glukman (1955) and for legitimation –in relation to State’s role, -theories of Beetham (1991) and Habermas (1976) are adopted. Applying Qualitative method, deep semi-structured interviews are conducted and followings are resulted; there is a chaos in pastoral lands property rights. State as the sole power in control and management of pastures has no legitimacy among the two other actors. Conflicts are around economic, historical, political incentives, but differentiated meaning systems also is the source of conflict and inconsistencies among the actors. Conflict with other actors have no cohesive consequence in the nomadic tribe of Milan but has led to a condition of severe irresponsibility against the nature (pasture) and community as well. Keywords: Milan Tribe, Land Property Rights, Sources of Conflict, Conflict Dynamics iv ÖZ TOPLUMSAL PASTORAL TOPRAKLARDA CATISMA DINAMIKLERI: IRAN’IN KUZEY BATI BOLGESINDE MILAN’DA BIR VAKA CALISMASI HOSEINPOUR, BAGHER Doktora, Sosyoloji Bolumu Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycioğlu Şubat 2017, 181 sayfa Sosyolojik açıdan, çatışma, kit durum, güç ve kaynaklar için yapılan iddialar ve değerler üzerine verilen mücadeledir. Dünya üzerinde bulunan en kıymetli varlık olarak; zenginlik ve servet göstergesi, geçim kaynağı, geçim yolu, jeopolitik amaçlar için önemli bir nesne ve kültürel kimlik için bir kaynak olan toprak, İran'ın Kuzeybatı kısmında bulunan Milano'daki göçebe kabilesine ait toplumsal pastoral topraklarda çatışma konusu haline getirilmektedir. Alanda, toprak konusunda ihtilafa düşmüş olan üç aktör muteber olmuştur; Devlet, göçebeler ve köylüler. Araştırmanın temel hedefleri, mülkiyet haklarının tarihsel geçişleri, aktörler arasında toplumsal çatışmanın kaynakları ve dinamikleri ve toplumdaki çatışmanın toplumsal sonuçları etrafında yoğunlaşmıştır. Çatışma analizi ile ilgili olarak Coser (1956), Dahrendorf (1959) ve Glükman (1955) ve Devlet meşrulaştırması ile ilgili olarak da Beetham (1991) ve Habermas’ın (1976) çatışma teorileri benimsenmiştir. Nitel yöntem uygulayarak, yarı yapılandırılmış detaylı görüşmeler sonucunda aşağıdaki sonuçlar elde edilmiştir; Pastoral\kırsal toprak hakları konusunda tam bir kaos hakim. Meraların kontrol ve yönetiminde tek güç olarak, devlet diğer iki aktör arasında meşruiyet taşımamaktadır. Çatışmalar ekonomik, tarihi ve siyasi teşviklerden kaynaklanmıştır, ancak farklılaşmış anlam sistemleri de aktörler arasındaki uyuşmazlık ve tutarsızlıkların kaynağıdır. Diğer aktörlerle olan çatışma, Milano'daki göçebe kabilede tutturgan bir sonuca sahip değildir, ancak aynı zamanda da tabiata (mera) ve de topluma karşı ciddi bir sorumsuzluk durumu doğurmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Milan Kabilesi, Toprak Mülkiyet Hakları, Çatışmanın Kaynakları, Çatışmanın Dinamikleri v This thesis work is dedicated to my wife, Maryam, and my honeis; Parya and Darya who have been a constant source of support and encouragement during the challenges of graduate. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who supported me throughout the course of this dissertation. Above all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation and sincere gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Sibel Kalaycıoğlu for the continuous support of my Ph.D study, for her patience, motivation, and immense knowledge. Her guidance helped me in all the time. Besides my supervisor, I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör and Prof. Dr. Tayfun Atay who were involved in my thesis jury and provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research. I also want to thank the rest of my thesis committee members: Prof. Dr. Ceylan Tokluoğlu and Prof. Dr. Hayriye Erbaş for the hard question which incented me to widen my research from various perspectives. And at the end, I would like to thank Mr. Bahador Sheikh-kanlou who was himself a Milanian man and assisted me through the entire field work. Without his assistance it would be so hard for me to provide a reliable data. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM.................................................................................................. ..............iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ..................................................................................................................................... v DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................ vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... viiii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................ xi CHAPTER 1.INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 2.GEO-HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ................................................................................ 7 2.1. Geography: Vital Importance of Pastoral Lands in Iran ................................................ 7 2.2. Development of Tribal Nomadism .............................................................................. 10 2.3. Modernization and State-Tribe Disputes ..................................................................... 14 3.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ...................................................................................... 23 3.1. Natural Resources from Sociological Perspective and the Issue of Land Rights ........ 23 3.2. Theoretical and Conceptual Approaches about Conflict ............................................. 28 3.2.1. Conflict: Origins, Developments, and Some Theories .............................................. 28 3.2.2. Social Conflict: Concept and Sources ....................................................................... 32 3.2.2.1. The Notion and Nature of Social Conflict ............................................................. 32 3.2.2.2. Conflict: Inherent or Not? ...................................................................................... 34 3.2.2.3. Sources of Social Conflict ...................................................................................... 35 3.3. Debate on the Concept of Legitimacy of State ............................................................ 37 4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 43 4.1. The Research Question and its Significance ................................................................ 43 4.2. Describing the Field ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Migration, Memory and Mythification: Relocation of Suleymani Tribes on the Northern Ottoman–Iranian Frontier
    Middle Eastern Studies ISSN: 0026-3206 (Print) 1743-7881 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fmes20 Migration, memory and mythification: relocation of Suleymani tribes on the northern Ottoman–Iranian frontier Erdal Çiftçi To cite this article: Erdal Çiftçi (2018) Migration, memory and mythification: relocation of Suleymani tribes on the northern Ottoman–Iranian frontier, Middle Eastern Studies, 54:2, 270-288, DOI: 10.1080/00263206.2017.1393623 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2017.1393623 Published online: 06 Nov 2017. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 361 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fmes20 MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES, 2018 VOL. 54, NO. 2, 270–288 https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2017.1393623 Migration, memory and mythification: relocation of Suleymani tribes on the northern Ottoman–Iranian frontier Erdal Cift¸ ci¸ a,b aHistory Department, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey; bHistory Department, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey Although some researchers have studied the relationship between hereditary Kurdish emirs and the Ottoman central government, there has been little discussion of the role played by Kurdish tribes, and Kurdish tribes in general have been omitted from scholars’ narratives. Researchers have mostly discussed how Idris-i Bidlisi became an intermediary between the Ottoman central government and the disinherited Kurdish emirs, some of whom had been removed from power by the Safavids. In this article, we will not focus on the condominium between the Ottoman central government and the Kurdish emirs, but rather, we will draw attention to the roles played by the Kurdish tribes – specifically, the role played by the Suleymani tribes during the period dominated by local political upheaval in the sixteenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kurdish Nationalist Movement and External Influences
    Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1980-12 The Kurdish nationalist movement and external influences Disney, Donald Bruce, Jr. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/17624 '";. Vi , *V ^y NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS THE KURDISH NATIONALIST MOVEMENT AND EXTERNAL INFLUENCES by Donald Bruce Disney, Jr. December 1980 The sis Advisor: J. W. Amos, II Approved for Public Release; Distribution Unlimited T19 «—,rob J Unclassified "wi.fy * N°* StCUHlTY CLASSIFICATION r>* THIS »>GI '•*>•« D«t Knlmrmd) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM •f*OAT NUMlf* 2. OOVT ACCCUION MO. J MKCl»lCNT'S CATALOG NUMBER. 4 TiTlE ,«.*Ju »mH) s. TY*e of neponT * rewoo covcncd The Kurdish Nationalist Movement Master's Thesis; and External Influences December 1980 * »I»ro»l»INQ owe. «I»OKT NUMIIR 7. AuTmO*><*> • contract o« chant HumUtnf) Donald Bruce Disney, Jr., LCDR, USN * RfBFORMINO OWOANI2ATION NAME AND >QD*tii tO. *«OG*AM CLEMENT. RBOjECT. T as* AREA * «OMK UNIT NUDUM Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 M CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO ADDRESS 12. MFOUT DATE Naval Postgraduate School December, 1980 Monterey, California 93940 II. MUMBER O' WAGES 238 TT MONITORING AGENCY NAME A AOORESSfll if>'M*ml Ifmm Controlling Ottlc*) It- SICURITY CLASS. <al Iftlm report) Naval Postgraduate School Unclassified Monterey, California 93940 Im DECLASSIFICATION/ DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE l«. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of Ihlt *•»•»!) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 17 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT at (»• •*•„•«( rnrnfm** In #I»c* 20, // dittfmt rrmm Mf rt) IE. SUFFLCMCNTARY NOTES '» KEY *O*0l (Continue em remem »!<*• It r\eceeeiy em* itemttty m, ilect IHMHMMP Kurds, Kurdish Nationalism, Kurdish Revolts, Kurdish Political Parties, Mullah Mustafa Barzani, Sheikh Ezzedin, Abdul Rahman Qassemlu, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, UK, U.S., U.S.S.R., Israel, PLO, Armenians 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Kirmanjki (Zazaki) Speaking Kurds and Their Ethnic Identity*
    KIRMANJKI (ZAZAKI) SPEAKING KURDS AND THEIR ETHNIC IDENTITY* Munzur Çem (Chem), Writer 1. Introduction: Kirmanjki (Zazaki) speaking Kurds are living in the areas along Turkish State Boundaries namely, in northern Kurdistan. As like the population of all Kurds, because of suppressions and prohibitions there are no exact figures for the population of the Kirmanjki (Zazaki) speaking people. According to my opinion this group is ranging between 3 – 3.5 million. The majority of Kirmanjki speaking Kurds live mainly in the provinces Çewlig(Bingöl) and Dersim(Tunceli) with smaller populations residing in the provinces Erzirum(Erzurum), Erzingan(Erzincan), Qers (Kars), Muş (Mush), Xarpet (Elaziğ), Diyarbekir, Ruha (Urfa), Semsur (Adiyaman), Bedlis (Bitlis), Sert (Siirt), Nigde, Kayseri, Gümüşhane and Sivas as well as in the central parts of Turkey. (1). Only in Tunceli and Bingöl provinces the Kirmanjs (Zazas) are majority, in the other provinces they are minority. 2. Ethnic Origins of Naming Traditionally, Kirmanj (Zaza) Kurds do not call themselves by one common name. For example, the people living in the vicinity of Dersim, Erzingan (Erzincan) and Erzurum call themselves “Kirmanj”(as ethnic identity), “Kird” in the vicinity of Çewlig and “Zaza” in some areas around Elaziğ and „Dimili”, in Sewrege and Sêrt (Siirt). However, the majority are called Kirmanj and Kird. There is no explanation for why the two factions of the populations speaking the same dialect use different names for their common language, neither is it possible to give a reason why people living in different areas, who use the same dialect, name this same dialect differently. Kirmanj Kurds, give different names to their own dialect such as Kirmanjki, Kirdki, Zazaki and Dimlki.
    [Show full text]
  • Ahmad, Chnor Jaafar (2019) the Dilemma of Kurdish Nationalism As a Result of International Treaties and Foreign Occupations Between the Years 1850 to 1930
    Ahmad, Chnor Jaafar (2019) The dilemma of Kurdish nationalism as a result of international treaties and foreign occupations between the years 1850 to 1930. MPhil(R) thesis. https://theses.gla.ac.uk/41171/ Copyright and moral rights for this work are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This work cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Enlighten: Theses https://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] University of Glasgow College of Arts Graduate School THE DILEMMA OF KURDISH NATIONALISM AS A RESULT OF INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND FOREIGN OCCUPATIONS BETWEEN THE YEARS 1850 TO 1930 By Chnor Jaafar Ahmad Supervisor: Dr Michael Rapport A thesis submitted to the University of Glasgow in fulfillment of the requirement of the Degree of Master of Philosophy, April 2019. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................ iv THESIS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... v ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Kurdish Tribes of the Ottoman Empire Author(S): Mark Sykes Source: the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol
    The Kurdish Tribes of the Ottoman Empire Author(s): Mark Sykes Source: The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 38 (Jul. - Dec., 1908), pp. 451-486 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2843309 Accessed: 07-11-2015 08:29 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Wiley and Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 141.233.160.21 on Sat, 07 Nov 2015 08:29:41 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 451 THE KURDISH TRIBES OF THE OTTOMANEMPIRE. BY MARK SYKES. PREFACE. THEmaterials collected in the ensuing pages are the results of about 7,500 miles of riding and innumerable conversations with policemen, nluleteers, mullahs, chieftains,sheep drovers,horse dealers,carriers and other people capable of giving one first hand information. The results I fear are extreinely meagre, but I hope they may prove of use to future travellers.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey's Kurdish Question
    TURKEY’S KURDISH QUESTION TURKEY’S KURDISH QUESTION Henri J. Barkey and Graham E. Fuller ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Oxford ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 4720 Boston Way, Lanham, Maryland 20706 12 Hid’s Copse Road Cumnor Hill, Oxford OX2 9JJ, England Copyright ᭧ 1998 by Carnegie Corporation of New York All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Barkey, Henri J. Turkey’s Kurdish question / Henri J. Barkey and Graham E. Fuller. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-8476-8552-7 (cloth).—ISBN 0-8476-8553-5 (pbk.) 1. Kurds—Turkey. 2. Turkey—Ethnic relations. 3. Turkey— Politics and government—1980– 4. Kurds—Turkey—Ethnic identity. I. Fuller, Graham H. II. Title. DR435.K87B37 1998 956.1Ј00491597—dc21 97-30696 CIP ISBN 0-8476-8552-7 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 0-8476-8553-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) Printed in the United States of America ⅜ϱ ீThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48–1984. ABOUT THE Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict Series Carnegie Corporation of New York established the Carnegie Commission on Pre- venting Deadly Conflict in May 1994 to address the threats to world peace of intergroup violence and to advance new ideas for the prevention and resolution of deadly conflict.
    [Show full text]
  • Sectarianism in the Syrian Jazira: Community, Land and Violence in the Memories of World War I and the French Mandate (1915- 1939)
    Sectarianism in the Syrian Jazira: Community, land and violence in the memories of World War I and the French mandate (1915- 1939) Cummunitarisme in de Syrische Jazira: Herinneringen aan Gemeenschap, land en geweld tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog en de Franse Mandaat (1915-1939) (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 21 juni 2011 des ochtends te 10.30 uur Seda Altuğ geboren op 3 November 1975 te Istanbul Promotor : Prof.dr. M.M. van Bruinessen TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... 4 MAPS ......................................................................................................................................... 6 TABLES .................................................................................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 17 Sectarianism ............................................................................................................................ 24 Memory ................................................................................................................................... 33 Memory-History ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Kurds in Canada: a Question of Ethnic Identity
    The Kurds in Canada: A Question of Ethnic Identity Judith B. Peralta A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Department of Sociology and Anthropology Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario Copyright 1997, @Judith B. Perdta National Library Bibliothèque nationale 191 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, nie WeilingtMi Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Ottawa ON K1AON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distnhte or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la fome de microfiche/fiim, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or othemise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permis sion. autorisation. AB STRACT Kurdish ethnic identity in Canada has been shaped by a complex process. Some of the factors included in this process are the history of Kurds in Kurdistan, subsequent immigration experiences in Canada, and Kurdish politics and demographics, which ail play a signifiant role.
    [Show full text]
  • “Twenty-Five Percent Armenian”: Oral History Accounts of the Descendants of Islamized Armenians in Turkey
    “Twenty-five Percent Armenian”: Oral History Accounts of the Descendants of Islamized Armenians in Turkey by Ayşenur Korkmaz Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program Primary Supervisor András Kovács Second Reader Tijana Krstić In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts Budapest, 2015 CEU eTD Collection TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER ONE: THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO COLLECTIVE MEMORY, POSTMEMORY AND IDENTITY ......................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Collective Memory ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Postmemory: Transmitted Memories ............................................................................................... 14 2.3 Identity .............................................................................................................................................. 15 CHAPTER TWO: HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE GENOCIDE OF ARMENIANS IN THE
    [Show full text]
  • Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: a Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation
    Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 3 Issue 1 Article 5 April 2008 Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation Tove Skutnabb-Kangas Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove (2008) "Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 3: Iss. 1: Article 5. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol3/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Kurds in Turkey and in (Iraqi) Kurdistan: A Comparison of Kurdish Educational Language Policy in Two Situations of Occupation Tove Skutnabb-Kangas1 and Desmond Fernandes2 1Professor Emerita, Universite of Roskilde, Denmark, and A˚bo Akademi University, Finland 2The Campaign Against Criminalising Communities (CAMPACC) This article describes, compares, and analyzes two educational situations for Kurds from the point of view of linguistic human rights, using prodigious exemplification. In Turkey, Kurdish-medium schools are not allowed, and Kurdish children do not even have the right to study their mother tongue as a subject in school. In addition to physical genocide through low-intensity warfare, including unacceptable living conditions, Turkey continues to commit linguistic and cultural genocide (according to definitions of genocide in articles 2(b) and 2(e) in the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide) in relation to the Kurdish nation/minority.
    [Show full text]
  • The Origins of the Peculiarity of Agrarian Structures in Southeastern...KAYMAK, TEOMAN
    DOI: 10.17065/huniibf.259131 THE ORIGINS OF THE Hacettepe University PECULIARITY OF AGRARIAN Journal of Economics and Administrative STRUCTURES IN SOUTHEASTERN Sciences Vol. 34, Issue 2, 2016 pp. 1-23 ANATOLIA: AN ASSESSMENT ON OTTOMAN HERITAGE Muammer KAYMAK bstract: In spite of the prevailing Assoc.Prof.Dr., Hacettepe University hegemony of petty commodity Faculty of Economics and Administrative production over the structure of A Turkish agriculture, Southeastern Sciences Anatolia Region of the country had been Department of Economics characterized by relatively high share of large [email protected] scale agricultural estates usually cultivated by small tenants on a sharecropping basis until late Özgür TEOMAN 20th century. The peculiarity of the region was at Assoc.Prof.Dr., Hacettepe University the heart of the debates around agrarian question Faculty of Economics and Administrative of Turkey and it was interpreted in the context of Sciences feudalism or semi-feudalism from 1960s onwards. Department of Economics This study aims to evaluate the theoretical [email protected] premises of this debate through a critical approach by focusing on the economic, social and political aspects of Ottoman rule in the region from 16th century onwards to the early 20th century. Keywords: Ottoman Empire, Southeastern Anatolia, agriculture, feudalism. DOI: 10.17065/huniibf.259131 GÜNEYDOĞU ANADOLU’DA Hacettepe Üniversitesi TARIMSAL YAPILARIN İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 34, Sayı 2, 2016 ÖZGÜNLÜĞÜNÜN KÖKENLERİ: s. 1-23 OSMANLI MİRASI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Muammer KAYMAK z: Türkiye tarımında süregelen küçük Doç.Dr., Hacettepe Üniversitesi meta üretiminin egemenliğine karşın İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Too Big for Its Boots Turkish Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East from 2002 to 2018
    Too big for its boots Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East from 2002 to 2018 CRU Report Erwin van Veen Engin Yüksel Too big for its boots Turkish foreign policy towards the Middle East from 2002 to 2018 Erwin van Veen Engin Yüksel CRU Report July 2018 July 2018 © Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’. Cover photo: New Presidential Compound in Ankara, AOÇ (Beştepe) © Wikimedia Unauthorized use of any materials violates copyright, trademark and / or other laws. Should a user download material from the website or any other source related to the Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’, or the Clingendael Institute, for personal or non-commercial use, the user must retain all copyright, trademark or other similar notices contained in the original material or on any copies of this material. Material on the website of the Clingendael Institute may be reproduced or publicly displayed, distributed or used for any public and non-commercial purposes, but only by mentioning the Clingendael Institute as its source. Permission is required to use the logo of the Clingendael Institute. This can be obtained by contacting the Communication desk of the Clingendael Institute ([email protected]). The following web link activities are prohibited by the Clingendael Institute and may present trademark and copyright infringement issues: links that involve unauthorized use of our logo, framing, inline links, or metatags, as well as hyperlinks or a form of link disguising the URL. About the authors Erwin van Veen is a senior research fellow with Clingendael’s Conflict Research Unit. A political scientist by training, Erwin applies this lens to the analysis of relations between political order, security and justice in conflict-prone environments.
    [Show full text]