DOCSLIB.ORG

A Study of Blood Groups and Leprosy in the Population of Colonia Tovar

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Study of Blood Groups and Leprosy in the Population of Colonia Tovar I NT ERNATIONAL JOU RN A L O F LEP ROSY Volume 3:). N u mber 4 Prin/n / hi U .S. A . ~, A Study of Blood Groups and Leprosy in the Population of Colonia Tovar, Venezuela 1. ~ Michel F. Lech at, Thomas Bile and Enrico Rasi 3 As a preli min ary trial fo r a larger study ers, ,vho li ve around the church, the popu­ of geneti c polymorphism and leprosy, a lation is scattered in small farms in th e sm vey of ABO blood groups was undertak­ vall ey or foo thills. The households are oft en en among leprosy patients and nonl eproti c constituted by three generati ons, grandpar­ controls in the isolate of Colonia Tovar in ents, parents and children. Venezuela. The German popu lation of the region, however, is not limited to Coloni a Tovar. STUDY AREA As the popul ati on increased over the las t Colonia Tovar is located in a valley cov­ hundred years, a few satellite haml ets de­ ering approxim ately 13 square miles, at an veloped in nearby vall eys beyon d th e altitude of 6,000 feet in th e State of Ar­ mountains. As the years passed, some peo­ agua, in the northern part of Venezuela. ple moved to the nearest Creole villages or The population constitutes a genetic iso­ even to the ci ty of La Victoria. Cultural, late, consistin g almost exclusively of per­ linguistic and breedi ng characteristics have sons of German ancestry, descendants of been diluted progress ively as the distance immigrants who settled in the valley be­ from the center of the settlement in ­ tween 1843 and 1856. It is said that these creased. Recently, with the opening of a settlers numbered 146, representing no road connecting Coloni a Tovar and patronyms. For the mos t part they ori gi­ Caracas, important changes have com­ nated from a few villages in the Black menced in the community, which is now Forest, Germany. Since then the population rapidly losin g its earli er characteristics. The has lived in a state of relative isolati on, no village has a health center, with a phys ician road having connected the valley to the in charge, helped by three auxiliary-nurses. rest of the country until the 1950's. Census data are extensive and apparent­ The s urro undin ~ mountainous area is al­ ly close to co mplete, the whole population most unpopulated, except for a few scat­ having been followed up for the last 12 tered families of Creole extraction, born of years by the Servicio de Dermatologia San­ Spanish and/ or Indian ancestry. The result itaria (leprosy service) of Aragua State. has been high inbreeding of the group. The data include distribution of the popu­ Apart from shopkeepers and skilled work- lation by household, with information on sex, age and family relationshio for each 1 Received for publica ti on 26 September 1966. member of the household. In 1962 census 2 T h is work was supported in pa rt by the Divi ­ estimates gave a total German population si6n de Dermatologia Sanitaria, Min isterio de San i­ dad y Asistencia Soc ial of VeneI'I ela. and the Leon­ of 1,028 in Colonia Tovar ( 1,107 have left ani Wood Memorial by Train ing Gran t 5 T I AI the isolate and live elsewhere). 220, National Institute of All ergy and In fectious The prevalence of leprosy in the commu­ Di seases, National Instillites of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 200 14. nity is high. It is not known how and when 3 M. F. Lechal. M.D .. P rofessor of Epidemiology, the disease was introduced. A survey made School of Public Health, Lou vai n Un ive rsity, Brus­ in 1942 revealed 32 confirmed cases of sels, Belgium; T. Bi le, M.D.. Medico J efe del Servicio de De rmatologia San itaria del Edo. Aragua. leprosy and 9 suspects among 808 persons Ca ll e Felix Maria Paredes No. 20, Oeste. La Vi c­ examined (H) . Cases were sent to the Cabo toria. Edo. Aragua: E. R as i, M.D., Med ico Adju n to de la Di vision de Derma tologia San ita ria, Luneta Blanco Leprosarium, near Caracas, where a Mercedes, Ed ift cio Catll che, Car a~ a s. Venezp ela. at one tim e 29 pati ents fr om Col onia Tovar 4$8 35, 4 Lechat et. al.: Blood Groups & Leprosy, Colonia Tovar, Venezuela 489 were isolated. In 1950 COllvit (3) foulld the Servicio de Dermatologia Sanitaria in 113 cases among 1,126 persons examined, La Victoria for conditions other than lep­ who constituted nearly all the population at rosy. that time. The prevalence, therefore was Characteristics of the sample. The age 100.4/ 1,000, a figure in sharp contrast to the distribution of cases and controls is given in prevalence in the rest of the State of Ar­ Table 1 by ethnic groups, disease status, agua, 1.35/ 1,000. and sex. Among the Germans, 58.0 per cent After 1950, several surveys were made of the individuals were under 40 years of again by Convit et al. (1 ,2.4) , in con­ age, in .contrast to 65.2 per cent among the nection with studies of lepromin-reactivity Creoles. The patients were on the av e r a~e in the population. Thirty- two more cases older than the controls, 48.1 per cent of the were found, some of which had escaped patients being under 40, in con tras t to 64.9 detection in earlier surveys. In 1962 an per cent of th e controls. examination of the German population of The sample consisted of 448 individuals, Colonia Tovar revealed only two cases not including 174 males (38.8%), of whom 52 yet registered (r;). (29.9%) were cases of leprosy, and 274 females (61.2%), of whom 29 ( 10.6%) were SAMPLING AND TECHNICS affected by the disease. Among the 81 Sampling methods. Although random cases, 54 (66.7%) were of German extrac­ sampling from lists prepared beforehand tion, 16 (19.8%) of Crevle extraction, and from the registers of leprosy in the Division 11 ( 13.6%) of mixed extraction. Among de Dermatologia Sanitaria of th e Ministerio the 367 controls, 179 (48.8%) were of Ger· de Sanidad y Asistencia Social ill Caracas, man extraction, 165 (45.0%) of Creole ex was intended, the procedure soon ap­ traction, and 23 (6,3%) of mixed extraction. peared to be unworkable for practical and As far as possible, multiple sibs were psychologic reasons. Although the cooper­ excluded from the sample, through precise ation given by the personnel of the local instructions given to the health inspectors health center, as well as by the sanitary screening the individuals for blood tes ting. inspectors of the Servicio de Dermatologia Although it is believed that this purpose Sanitaria (leprosy service) was excell ent has been fulfilled to a major extent for and dedicated, summons of the selected those sibs sharing the same household, individuals yielded few attendances. It mostl y children, this goal probably was not should be remembered in this conn ection, achieved for old sibs living in different that this population had been subjected to households. Moreover, in the German pop­ numerous surveys, especially skin testing, ulation, the high degree of inbreeding im­ over the past few years. plies some degree of family relationship Cases and controls in the German isolate among all members of the population. were therefore included in the sample as The diagnosis of leprosy was ascertained volunteers. The population was invited to from the records of the Servicio de Derma­ cooperate in the survey. In addition, blood tologia Sanitaria (leprosy service) of Ar­ specimens were taken from individuals at­ agua State, which for the last few years was tending the local health center. Advantage in charge of leprosy surveillance in this was taken also of a local survey of the area. No attempt was made to classify handicapped for rehabilitation, conducted patients with respect to the type of leprosy, concurrently among the leprosy patients. since most of them were residual cases. Specimens from the Creole population Technics. The typing was performed im­ were obtained as opportunity arose in mediately after blood withdrawal, with use Colonia Tovar and the nearby city of La of grouping cards developed by Becton and Victoria. The sample consisted of mothers Dickinson Co., Baltimore, Maryland. Be­ attending the well-baby clinics at the local cause of djffi culties encountered in health center, persons submitted to serolog­ drawing blood from leprosy patients with ic test for syphilis on the occasion of re­ anesthetic hands, and from rural individu­ ques t for travel authorization, and persons als used to hard work, with call ous hands, attending the dispensary of E1 Consejo an<l blood WaS withdrawn from th ~ v<;l ins. Tbis 490 l nte'l'national Journal of Leprosy 1967 ..,;<O-l<ooNoo-l< 0 procedure did not raise any objections. In M I -~ •.C';l """" M I-- 0 contrast, first attempts to collect blood from 3 ~C'lC"l-.~ 0 o the fin gertips were strongly opposed by thc population. The collecti on of blood and technica l ____ ~~--~-y.-. ~I --g--·~--~--~--g--~-~----cl --~-- handling were carried out by local auxil ­ O ooM NO><DN 0 C'i oo C'i~ciC'ici 0 iaries under the direct supervision of one of ~ I ~NN~ - 0 the authors for the first 381 specim ens. -----!----------- --- -- Later on, these procedures were conducted .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Proceedings of the United States National Museum
    PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION U. S. NATIONAL MUSEUM Vol. 87 Washington : 1939 No, 3073 OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIRDS OF NORTPIERN VENEZUELA By Alexander Wetmore An extended journey in the southern republics of South America several years ago aroused a wish to know something in life of the birds of the northern section of that great continent, a desire that was finally gratified in the latter part of 1937 when arrangement was made for field work in Venezuela. In brief, in this second journey work began at the seacoast 50 miles west of La Guaira, was extended inland to the higher levels of the CordiUera de la Costa at Rancho Grande, and, with brief observations at Maracay in the valley of Aragua, was concluded with a stay at El Sombrero in the northern Orinoco Valley 80 miles due south of the capital city of Caracas. The studies thus included a transit through the arid tropical zone of the north coast, the subtropical rain forests of the coast range, the open valley of Aragua, and the northern section of the llanos down to that point where the blanket of thorny scrub that extends south- ward from the hills on the northern boundary of that great level plain begins to open out in the vast savannas that reach toward the Rio Orinoco. The collections from the region included in the Parque Naciondl serve as a link to join work done by earlier investigators in the region of the Cumbre de Valencia and Puerto Cabello in Estado Carabobo, and in the vicinity of Caracas.
    [Show full text]
  • Geomorphic Effects of Large Debris Flows and Flash Floods, Northern Venezuela, 1999
    Z. Geomorph. N.F. Suppl.-Vol. 145 147-175 Berlin Stuttgart October 2006 Geomorphic effects of large debris flows and flash floods, northern Venezuela, 1999 MATTHEW C. LARSEN and GERALD F. WIECZOREK with 10 figures and 2 tables Summary. A rare, high-magnitude storm in northern Venezuela in December 1999 triggered debris flows and flash floods, and caused one of the worst natural disasters in the recorded history of the Americas. Some 15,000 people were killed. The debris flows and floods inundated coastal communities on alluvial fans at the mouths of a coastal mountain drainage network and destroyed property estimated at more than $2 billion. Landslides were abundant and widespread on steep slopes within areas underlain by schist and gneiss from near the coast to slightly over the crest of the mountain range. Some hillsides were entirely denuded by single or coalescing failures, which formed massive debris flows in river channels flowing out onto densely populated alluvial fans at the coast. The massive amount of sediment derived from 24 watersheds along 50 km of the coast during the storm and deposited on alluvial fans and beaches has been estimated at 15 to 20 million m3. Sediment yield for the 1999 storm from the approximately 200 km2 drainage area of watersheds upstream of the alluvial fans was as much as 100,000 m3/km2. Rapid economic development in this dynamic geomorphic environment close to the capital city of Caracas, in combination with a severe rain storm, resulted in the death of approximately 5% of the population (300,000 total prior to the storm) in the northern Venezuelan state of Vargas.
    [Show full text]
  • Integrated Assessment of Soil Structural Quality
    Integrated Assessment of Soil Structural Quality Mansonia Alejandra Pulido Moncada Promoters Examination Board and Reading Committee Prof. Dr. ir. Wim Cornelis Prof. Dr. ir. Ann Verdoodt Em. Prof. Dr. ir. Donald Gabriels Department of Soil Management Department of Soil Management Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University Ghent University Prof. Dr. ir. Geert Baert Prof. Dr. Deyanira Lobo Department of Applied Biosciences Departamento de Edafología Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Facultad de Agronomıía Ghent University Universidad Central de Venezuela Dr. Lars Munkholm Dean Department of Agroecology Prof. Dr. Ir. Guido Van Huylenbroeck Aarhus University Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Dr. Bruce Ball Ghent University Crop and Soil Systems Research Group Rector Scotland’s Rural College Prof. Dr. Anne De Paepe Prof. Dr. ir. Eric Van Ranst Ghent University Department of Geology and Soil Science Faculty of Sciences Ghent University Prof. Dr. ir. Monica Höfte Chairman Department of Crop Protection Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University MSc. Mansonia Alejandra Pulido Moncada Integrated assessment of soil structural quality Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Applied Biological Sciences: Land and Water Management Dutch translation of the title: Geïntegreerde evaluatie van de kwaliteit van de bodemstructuur Please refer to this work as: Pulido Moncada, M., 2014. Integrated assessment of soil structural quality. PhD Thesis. Ghent University, Belgium. ISBN-number: 978-90-5989-750-2 The author and the promoter give authorisation to consult and to copy parts of this work for personal use only. Every other use is subject to the copyright laws. Permission to reproduce any material contained in this work should be obtained from the author.
    [Show full text]
  • Cumboto,La Colonia Tovar,Ocumare De La Costa,La Victoria,San Casimiro,Chuao,Magdaleno,San Sebastián De Los Reyes,Pueblo De Chor
    Cumboto Unos pocos kilómetros antes de llegar a Ocumare de la Costa, la vía presenta una intersección. Por la derecha se llega a Ocumare y a las playas de Cata y Cuyagua, y por la izquierda hacia la Base Naval de Turiamo y a un recóndito pueblo llamado Cumboto. La vía que conduce a Cumboto es muy bella. Va bordeando un río en donde vale la pena hacer una parada para bañarse y para disfrutar del agua fresca que viene de la montaña. Cumboto es la unión de dos palabras: Cum y botó que significaban refugio de esclavos. La historia de Cumboto se remonta a la época de la colonia, y era el lugar donde se escondían los esclavos que se escapaban de las haciendas de cafe. También se tiene conocimiento que Simón Bolívar estuvo en este lugar. Hoy en día es un pueblo muy pequeño y con una sola calle principal, pero que vale la pena el desvío. Fuente: http://www.venezuelatuya.com/centro/cumboto.htm Fotos: https://www.facebook.com/CumbotounParaiso/timeline La Colonia Tovar La Colonia Tovar fue fundada en 1.843, por el Coronel Agustín Codazzi y Alexander Benitz, este pueblo fue fundado para un desarrollo agrícola e industrial. Hoy en día la Colonia Tovar depende básicamente de la agricultura y del turismo. Con una atención única y especial estamos ubicados en el estado Aragua a 35 kilómetros de la Victoria y a 42 kilómetros de Caracas. Ven a disfrutar de nuestro acogedor pueblo típico alemán. Rodeada de montañas y bosques, la Colonia Tovar es un pequeño enclave ubicado en el estado Aragua, las altas montañas que la rodean, y la cantidad de naturaleza disponible hace de éste sitio el lugar ideal para aquellos que buscan tranquilidad.
    [Show full text]
  • Geología Del Área De La Autopista Y Carretera Vieja Caracas - La Guaira, Distrito Capital Y Estado Vargas
    Geos, 35 (2002). UCV, Caracas. GEOLOGÍA DEL ÁREA DE LA AUTOPISTA Y CARRETERA VIEJA CARACAS - LA GUAIRA, DISTRITO CAPITAL Y ESTADO VARGAS. GUÍA DE EXCURSIÓN Franco URBANI UCV, Fac. Ingeniería, Dept. Geología. FUNVISIS. INFRASUR. [email protected] RESUMEN La Autopista y la Carretera Vieja que comunican La Guaira con Caracas, constituyen una buena sección a través de las principales unidades geológicas de la parte central de la Cordillera de la Costa. Allí afloran rocas de tres asociaciones, que de norte a sur son las siguientes: Asociación Metamórfica La Costa (Mesozoico) una unidad con muchos elementos ofiolíticos, la Asociación Metamórfica Ávila (Paleozoico-Precámbrico), con rocas de un margen continental pasivo posteriormente exhumado formando el núcleo de la Serranía y la Asociación Metasedimentaria Caracas (Mesozoico), en las colinas del sur de Caracas, igualmente de una configuración de margen continental pasivo. En la excursión se verán varias unidades de las dos primeras asociaciones, incluyendo dos localidades tipo (Esquisto de Tacagua y Augengneis de Peña de Mora), así como algunas estructuras mayores como la Falla de Macuto. ABSTRACT Geology of the Highway and Old Road from Caracas to La Guaira, Capital District and Miranda State. Field Trip Guide. The Old Road and the Highway between La Guaira and Caracas show a good geological transect trough the main geological units of the central part of the Venezuelan Coast Range. Three metamorphic suites crop out and from north to south are as follows: La Costa Metamorphic Suite (Mesozoic) which contain many ophiolitic elements some with MORB affinity, follows the Ávila Metamorphic Suite (Paleozoic - Precambrian) with rocks of a passive continental margin later exhumed to form the core of the Range.
    [Show full text]
  • Pillan a 5 Mercenarios En La Colonia Tovar Le Regalan Bono a Las
    Ultimas Le regalan bono a las mamás. P2 Noticias Consultan Lunes Caracas PMV ultimasnoticiasve Año 79 Bs 20.000 N° 31.081 @UNoticias 11 @UNoticias Mayo www.ultimasnoticias.com.ve medidas para 2020 OPERACIÓN TIBURÓN acompañar Pillan a 5 mercenarios en la Colonia Tovar la cuarentena Tres fueron hallados ayer e identificados como l Delcy Rodríguez afirmó que el objetivo Jairo Betelmy, Jonathan Franco y Evan Rincón, Desde hoy en la web es permitir “una flexibilización de la vida todos desertores de la Fanb. Otros dos terroristas social de la población” l Por otra parte Patria se difundirá una informó que ayer se reportaron 12 nuevos resultaron aprehendidos el sábado. P6 encuesta, informó la contagios en el país para un total de 414 l Precisó que aparecieron los primeros HISTORIA Vicepresidenta casos en Carabobo y Amazonas P3 En José Félix Ribas también suena la organización 55 consejos comunales en seis comunas gestionan la vida en este barrio de Petare. P2 LOS VALLES PULSO REGIONAL Más de 300 Fomentan uso repatriados de medicina están aislados ancestral en el Tuy P8 en Barinas P9 SOLIDARIDAD Protestan contra Operación Gedeón en Corea del Sur Ciudadanos se apostaron frente a la embajada de Estados Unidos en Seúl para rechazar la agresión contra Venezuela ORLANDO ALVIÁREZ propiciada por Donald Trump. P5 EN DISTANCIAMIENTO CON AMOR Las medidas de aislamiento no fueron impedimento para que ayer Día de las Madres, la población saliera a comprar un presente para regalar a ese ser especial. La celebración se produjo y fue en familia. En la gráfica un hombre muestra orgulloso el ramo de flores que adquirió en el mercado de Guaicaipuro para obsequiarle a su mamá.
    [Show full text]
  • Uso Sostenible Del Agua Dulce Comunidad La Loma Municipio Tovar Estado Aragua
    USO SOSTENIBLE DEL AGUA DULCE COMUNIDAD LA LOMA MUNICIPIO TOVAR ESTADO ARAGUA AUTORES: Carlos Alberto Cabrera1, e-mail: [email protected]; Alaina Sánchez2; Armando del Busto Concepción2; Carlos Manuel Cabrera Aguilar3 1 - Ministerio de Educación de Venezuela. Zona Educativa Estado Aragua. 2 - Universidad de Pinar del Río "Hermanos Saiz Montes de Oca", Cuba. 3 –Productos Químicos Zoaroma C.A. Paracotos Estado Aragua, Venezuela. Introducción. El presente trabajo aborda, un problema muy sentido en las comunidades rurales del municipio Tovar del estado Aragua. En este caso merece importante atención la comunidad de La Loma, sin descuidar los sectores adyacentes. La situación de desabastecimiento hídrico por la ausencia de lluvias debido a una prolongada sequía. A tal efecto Peña (2009) considera importante destacar: En el área agrícola, las fuentes de agua comienzan una relación competitiva entre el consumo humano y el uso para riego y cría. Todo esto unido a los procesos degradativos de los suelos, la reducción de la cubierta vegetal y la pérdida de la diversidad biológica, lo que trae consigo una gran afectación para nuestro medio ambiente, aspecto preocupante si tenemos en cuenta que aspiramos a llegar a un desarrollo sostenible en nuestro país a través de la protección y uso eficiente de nuestros recursos naturales. El problema del agua en la comunidad La Loma, en este caso, abarca situaciones hidrológicas que apuntan a soluciones planteadas, por las mismas vecinas y vecinos del sector: Organización en Comités o Juntas de Agua con la participación del Consejo Comunal, y el resto de los productores con el propósito de administrar, de manera equitativa, el recurso hídrico.
    [Show full text]
  • Colombia and Venezuela 1992 Wild Potato (Solanum Sect. Petota) Germplasm Collecting Expedition: Taxonomy and New Germplasm Resources
    Euphytica 81: 45-56, 1995. 45 © 1995 KluwerAcademicPublishers. Printedin the Netherlands. Colombia and Venezuela 1992 wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota) germplasm collecting expedition: taxonomy and new germplasm resources David M. Spooner 1, Ra61 Castillo 1 T., Luis L6pez 2 J., Ram6n Pineda 3, Rafil Le6n 4 P., Alvaro Vargas 5, Maria L. Garcfa6 & John B. Bamberg 7 1 Vegetable Crops Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Department of Horticulture, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706-1590, USA; 2 Apartado A~reo 2497, Armenia, Dept. Quindio, Colombia; 3 lnstituto Colombiano Agropecuario (ICA), Tibaitatd Experimental Station, km. 14 via Mosquera, Apartado Adreo 151123, El Dorado, Bogot6, Colombia; 4 Fondo Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (FONAIAP), Centro de lnvestigaciones Agropecuarias del Estado M~rida ( CIAE-M~rida), Ave. Urdaneta, Edificio MAC, M~rida, 5101, Venezuela; 5 FONAIAP, CIAE-T6chira, Bramdn, Estado T6chira 5029, Venezuela; 6 Centro Nacional de Recursos Fitogen~ticos, Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables, El Limdn, Estado de Aragua, Venezuela; 7 National Research Support Program-6 (NRSP-6), Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 4312 Hwy. 42, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235-9620, USA Received26 July 1994; accepted 10 October 1994 Key words: Colombia, genebank, germplasm, Solanum sect. Petota, taxonomy, Venezuela Summary We conducted a joint Colombia/United States/Venezuela wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota Dumort.) germplasm collecting expedition in Colombia from June 27-August 24, and in Venezuela from August 17-September 15, 1992. The goals of the expedition were to collect germplasm and study the species boundaries of all of the 23 Colombian and Venezuelan taxa accepted by current taxonomists.
    [Show full text]
  • THE CENTRAL NORTH of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador,Panama, Peru Andbolivia
    84 The Central North Though Venezuela’s Central North dangles no iconic traveler’s mecca (like Angel Falls) and no transcendent nomadic rites of passage (like Roraima), this dense area – all within an earshot of Caracas – is rife with both aquatic and earthly delights and boasts one of the continent’s most stunning and unforgettable landscapes: the magical Archipiélago Los Roques. Located about 175km off the coast, this otherworldly collection of islands and cays, a na- tional marine park, offers some of the most glorious beaches and underwater wildlife you’ll ever see anywhere, a dazzling don’t-miss for anyone in the country. Though honeymoon- ers, sport fishers, divers and sun-and-sand addicts flock to its shores year-round, it remains THE CENTRAL NORTH THE CENTRAL NORTH advantageously off the radar, helping to maintain its rustic appeal. Back on land, six national parks carpet the landscape in all directions from Caracas. Most notably is Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, where the endearing towns of Choroní and Puerto Colombia still retain their colonial feel, while the enticing beaches and coves along the park’s coast (some accessible only by boat) attract heaps of venezolanos and backpackers. Here too are some of the country’s best festivals, heavily influenced by Afro-Venezuelan culture – the occasional spontaneous party and drum session might pop up when you least expect it. Amid the mainland’s comely hills and valleys are several hidden gems, easily reached on day trips from Caracas. The pretty 19th-century German town of Colonia Tovar, which lies scattered along the upper reaches of a mountainside, is an Alpine oasis, seemingly straight out of the Black Forest.
    [Show full text]
  • The Bolivarian Republic Of
    THE BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF BY Clifford J. Mugnier, CP, CMS, FASPRS The Grids & Datums column has completed an exploration of every country on the Earth. For those who did not get to enjoy this world tour the first time,PE&RS is reprinting prior articles from the column. This month’s article on The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was originally printed in 2000 but contains updates to their coordinate system since then. riginal inhabitants of modern Venezuela consisted of the Arawak, Caraïbe, and OChibcha peoples. Discovered by Columbus on 1 August, 1498, the coast of Venezuela was traced by the Spanish navigators Ojeda and de la Cosa in 1499, and Las Casas established the first European settlement at Cumaná in 1520. The present capitol of Caracas was founded in 1567. Venezuela was included in the viceroyalty of New Granada in 1718, and was made a captaincy- general in 1731. Led by “El Libertador” (The Liberator), Simón Bolívar, Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in 1811, but it was not assured until the battle of Campo Carabobo in 1821 near Valencia. Venezuela was part of Greater Colombia from 1819-1829 and formally separated in 1830. Bolívar’s villa in the mountains Comisión del Plano Militar (Military Map Commission) was is spectacular. The German town of Colonia Tovar founded in 1904. The first geodetic surveys were initiated was founded in 1834, and I recommend its cuisine. by the Army in 1911 in support of the railroad construction Venezuela is more than twice the size of California; its project between Caracas and La Guaira, where the interna- terrain consists of the Andes Mountains and Lake Maraca- tional airport for Caracas is now located.
    [Show full text]
  • Actividades Económicas En Cagua Y En Colonia Tovar
    ARAGUA ELBIBLIOTECOM ECONOMÍA ACTIVIDADES ECONÓMICAS EN CAGUA Siendo la capital del municipio de Antonio José de Sucre, la ciudad de Cagua reúne al 10.5% del total de industrias que aloja el estado de Aragua. Entre las principales, se pueden destacar a las que se dedican a la metalmecánica. ACTIVIDADES ECONÓMICAS EN COLONIA TOVAR Una vez asentados en estas tierras, los colonos vieron en la agricultura, el principal medio de vida. Fue así que la practicaron en todos los terrenos cercanos al valle. Cuando se inició el auge de la explotación del café, los habitantes de Colonia Tovar se trasladaron, aunque también cultivaron en sus propios terrenos, a tierras aledañas propicias para este cultivo. Así también, cultivaron legumbres, verduras y frutas, consiguiendo de este modo un buen mercado en las ciudades de La Victoria y Caracas. En la actualidad, los días feriados y los fines de semana, los agricultores y artesanos instalan, cerca de la Iglesia, un mercado que reúne pequeños puestos de venta. La estética de estos puestos resulta similar a la de las tradicionales casas que habitan, siendo de típicos techos rojos. En esos puestos se pueden conseguir hortalizas, frutas, vegetales, flores, dulces y distintas artesanías. Además, en la Colonia Tovar también se producen toneles de madera de excelente calidad. Los mismos resultan ser famosos dentro y fuera de la zona de la Colonia. Mercados y productos de Colonia Tovar. En Colonia Tovar los días feriados y los fines de semana, los agricultores y artesanos instalan, cerca de la Iglesia, un mercado que reúne pequeños puestos de venta.
    [Show full text]
  • Flexibilización De La Cuarentena
    Red de oficinas disponibles - Flexibilización de la cuarentena Nombre de la Cód. Regional Estado Municipio Dirección Oficina Calle Cedeño con Bolívar Parroquia Irapa Municipio 100 Irapa Oriente Centro Sucre Mariño Mariño Estado Sucre Av. Paéz Con Calle República Qta. La Castellana Urb. 101 El Paraiso Capital 3 Dtto. Capital Libertador El Pinar. Zona Postal 1020 Av. Circunvalación C.C. Propatria Nivel 1 Locales 5 Y 6. 102 Propatria Capital 3 Dtto. Capital Libertador Zona Postal 1030 Av. Intercomunal del Valle, Centro Comercial El Valle, 103 El Valle Capital 4 Dtto. Capital Libertador Nivel Banco B-29. Zona Postal 1090 Av. Cajigal, Quinta Banco De Venezuela, San 104 San Bernardino Capital 4 Dtto. Capital Libertador Bernardino. Zona Postal 1010 Av. Ppal. De las Mercedes entre Av. Orinoco y Calle 105 Las Mercedes Capital 1 Miranda Baruta New York, Edif. Bco. de Venezuela, Caracas. Zona Postal 1060. Av. Rómulo Gallegos con Calle Montecristo Conjunto 106 Los Ruíces Capital 2 Miranda Sucre Resd. Los Almendros Local 4. Zona Postal 1071 Av. San Juan Bosco con 2da. Transversal Edf. Terekay. 107 Altamira Capital 1 Miranda Chacao Locales 1 y 2, P.B. Y Mezz. Zona Postal 1060 Calle 9 de Diciembre con Pedro León Torres, Edf. 109 Guatire Capital 2 Miranda Zamora Banco de Venezuela Estado Miranda. Zona Postal 1221 Centro Av. 6 entre calles 8 y 9 , Quibor. Parroquia Juan 111 Quibor Lara Jiménez Occidente Bautista Rodriguez, Estado Lara. Zona Postal 3061 Centro Av. Rómulo Gallegos, Esq. Calle 32A-13.Estado Lara. 112 Barquisimeto Lara Iribarren Occidente Zona Postal 3001 Edf BDV. Calle Comercio, cruce con Ayacucho, 113 Zaraza Aragua Guárico Pedro Zarara Zaraza.
    [Show full text]