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The Bolivarian Republic Of THE BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF BY Clifford J. Mugnier, CP, CMS, FASPRS The Grids & Datums column has completed an exploration of every country on the Earth. For those who did not get to enjoy this world tour the first time,PE&RS is reprinting prior articles from the column. This month’s article on The Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela was originally printed in 2000 but contains updates to their coordinate system since then. riginal inhabitants of modern Venezuela consisted of the Arawak, Caraïbe, and OChibcha peoples. Discovered by Columbus on 1 August, 1498, the coast of Venezuela was traced by the Spanish navigators Ojeda and de la Cosa in 1499, and Las Casas established the first European settlement at Cumaná in 1520. The present capitol of Caracas was founded in 1567. Venezuela was included in the viceroyalty of New Granada in 1718, and was made a captaincy- general in 1731. Led by “El Libertador” (The Liberator), Simón Bolívar, Venezuela declared its independence from Spain in 1811, but it was not assured until the battle of Campo Carabobo in 1821 near Valencia. Venezuela was part of Greater Colombia from 1819-1829 and formally separated in 1830. Bolívar’s villa in the mountains Comisión del Plano Militar (Military Map Commission) was is spectacular. The German town of Colonia Tovar founded in 1904. The first geodetic surveys were initiated was founded in 1834, and I recommend its cuisine. by the Army in 1911 in support of the railroad construction Venezuela is more than twice the size of California; its project between Caracas and La Guaira, where the interna- terrain consists of the Andes Mountains and Lake Maraca- tional airport for Caracas is now located. The origin point for ibo Lowlands in the northwest; central plains (Llanos); and this first system was established on the plateau of the city the Guiana Highlands in the southeast. The highest point is of Caracas below the Army’s Cajigal Observatory, probably snowcapped Pico Bolivar (La Columna) at 5007 m (16,427 ft), to facilitate measurement of the initial baseline. Initial ob- and the Orinoco River is the third longest in South America. servations at Cajigal started in 1905, followed the next year Longitude observations were first made in the Caribbean in January through March by Dr. Luis Ugueto and Dr. Fe- port city of La Guaira by Humboldt in 1800 and later by the lipe Aguerrevere who determined the latitude by the Talcott Spaniard Chief of Squadron, Don José Espinoza in 1809. The Method (invented by Captain Talcott of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers). The Loma Quintana Datum of 1911 origin (lo- cated in the El Mirador subdivision, 23 de Enero District of Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing Caracas), is: Φo = 10° 30´ 24.680˝ North, Λo = –66° 56´ 02.512˝ Vol. 84, No. 12, December 2018, pp. 756–759. West of Greenwich, the defining azimuth to station Volcán 0099-1112/18/756–759 (αo) = 316° 01´ 50.33˝, Ho = 1,077.54 m above mean sea lev- © 2018 American Society for Photogrammetry el at La Guaira. (My son André still remembers “hangover and Remote Sensing soup,” the local name for bouillabaisse served in a La Guaira doi: 10.14358/PERS.84.12.756 beachfront restaurant). The ellipsoid of reference is the Hay- 756 December 2018 PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING & REMOTE SENSING.
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