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Planning for Tourism and Outdoor Recreation in the Blekinge Archipelago, Sweden

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Planning for Tourism and Outdoor Recreation in the Blekinge Archipelago, Sweden WP 2009:1 Zoning in a future coastal biosphere reserve - Planning for tourism and outdoor recreation in the Blekinge archipelago, Sweden Rosemarie Ankre WORKING PAPER www.etour.se Zoning in a future coastal biosphere reserve Planning for tourism and outdoor recreation in the Blekinge archipelago, Sweden Rosemarie Ankre TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE………………………………………………..…………….………………...…..…..5 1. BACKGROUND………………………………………………………………………………6 1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….…6 1.2 Geographical and historical description of the Blekinge archipelago……………...……6 2. THE DATA COLLECTION IN THE BLEKINGE ARCHIPELAGO 2007……….……12 2.1 The collection of visitor data and the variety of methods ………………………….……12 2.2 The method of registration card data……………………………………………………..13 2.3 The applicability of registration cards in coastal areas……………………………….…17 2.4 The questionnaire survey ………………………………………………………….....……21 2.5 Non-response analysis …………………………………………………………………..…25 3. RESULTS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY IN THE BLEKINGE ARCHIPELAGO 2007………………………………………………………………..…..…26 3.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………...……26 3.2 Basic information of the respondents………………………………………………..……26 3.3 Accessibility and means of transport…………………………………………………...…27 3.4 Conflicts………………………………………………………………………………..……28 3.5 Activities……………………………………………………………………………....…… 30 3.6 Experiences of existing and future developments of the area………………...…………32 3.7 Geographical dispersion…………………………………………………………...………34 3.8 Access to a second home…………………………………………………………..……….35 3.9 Noise and silence…………………………………………………………………..….….…36 3.10 Attitudes to the shoreline protection, restrictions against moving freely and nature reserves………………………………………………………………………………….…38 3.11 Attitudes to scenarios of establishments of wind power stations………………………39 4. THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF ECO-STRATEGIES…………..……………41 5. GOAL INTERFERENCE IN SWEDISH COASTAL AREAS……………..……………45 5.1 The relationship between nature conservation and tourism development……..………45 5.2 Examples of conflicts in the Blekinge archipelago reported in local media……………47 5.3 Goal interference because of noise………………………………………………….…….49 5.4 Visitors’ sensitivity to conflict………………………………...…………………...………51 6. THE RECREATION OPPORTUNITY SPECTRUM……………………………………53 7. THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE CONCEPT AND ZONING……………………...………56 7.1 The Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme…………………………………...……56 7.2 A model area for sustainable development……………………………………….………57 7.3 The zoning elements…………………………………………………………………..……61 7.4 The challenge of planning and implementing zoning in reality…………………………63 7.5 Two examples of archipelagos as biosphere reserves in Northern Europe………….…67 2 8. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A BIOSPHERE RESERVE IN A SWEDISH ARCHIPELAGO……………………………………………………………………………71 8.1 Strengths and weaknesses………………………………………….…………………...….71 8.2 Existing and non-existing cooperation over the municipal borders………………….…73 8.3 The ingredient of local support in the making of a biosphere reserve……….……....…74 8.4 Tourism as a development factor……………………………………………………….…75 9. DISCUSSION………………………………………………………………………....…..…79 10. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………….……….81 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………………...….82 FIGURES Figure 1. Map of the Blekinge archipelago..………………………………..………………..…7 Figure 2. The reasons for not answering the questionnaire survey among male and female non-respondents.…………………………………………………………………………..……25 Figure 3. Age groups in the non-response analysis. ………………………………..…………25 Figure 4. The percentage of males and females within the respondents’ age groups in the Blekinge archipelago 2007. .………………………………………………..……..…26 Figure 5. Opinions regarding a possible future accessibility in the Blekinge archipelago……28 Figure 6. The experiences of different conflicts in the Blekinge archipelago 2007. …………..29 Figure 7. The opinions on possible future measures to prevent conflicts in the Blekinge archipelago.…………………………………………………………………..………30 Figure 8. The respondents’ main activity during their stay in the Blekinge archipelago 2007………………………………………………………………….…..31 Figure 9. Opinions of possible future developments in the Blekinge archipelago…………..….33 Figure 10. Why is this place the most important to you?………………………………..…..…35 Figure 11. Attitudes to noise free zones (with restrictions against all motor traffic) in Sweden in general and in the Blekinge archipelago. …………………………………..……37 Figure 12. Attitudes to noise free zones with restrictions for motorboat traffic in Sweden in general and in the Blekinge archipelago.……………………………………………37 Figure 13. Evaluation of scenarios of wind power stations in the Blekinge archipelago………40 Figure 14. The conceptual framework of eco-strategies………………………………………..42 Figure 15. Different images of tourism development and planning…………….....……………45 Figure 16. The conflict model of sensitivity to conflict…………………………………………51 Figure 17. The relationship between the ROS-factors……………………………………….…53 Figure 18. The three main functions of a biosphere reserve……………………………………58 Figure 19. Swedish nature conservation in relation to a biosphere reserve............................…59 Figure 20. The biosphere reserve concept in the conceptual framework of eco-strategies…. ...61 Figure 21. Schematic zoning pattern of a generalized biosphere reserve………………………62 Figure 22. The zoning of the West Estonian Archipelago Biosphere Reserve, Estonia……..….68 Figure 23. The zoning of the Archipelago Sea Biosphere Reserve, Finland……………...…….69 3 TABLES Table 1. Number of registration cards to Swedish respondents in the Blekinge archipelago 2007……………………………………………………………………………………15 Table 2. Distribution of foreigners who filled in registration cards in the Blekinge archipelago 2007………………………………………………………………...……16 Table 3. Questions in the registration cards - in relation to different distribution places……...16 Table 4. Data of the questionnaire survey in the Blekinge archipelago 2007………………..…23 Table 5. Response rate of the second home owners in the three municipalities of the Blekinge archipelago, 2007…………………………………………………………………..…23 Table 6. The number of respondents in the non-response analysis and the reasons for not participating in the questionnaire survey. ……………………………………………24 Table 7. The respondents’ experiences of conflicts in any of the following situations in the Blekinge archipelago in May-August, 2007.……..……………………………………………....…29 Table 8. Factors that influenced a visit to the Blekinge archipelago 2007…………………..…32 Table 9. Factors of importance as measures for reducing noise from motorboats in the Blekinge archipelago. ………………………………………………………...……….38 Table 10. Actions for biosphere reserve zonation................................................................……65 PHOTOGRAPHS Photograph front page. Kastellet, Karlskrona. Photo by Maria Rundquist, 2007. ………….…1 Photograph 1. The tourboat MS Tjärö which takes passengers to Tjärö in May-September. Photo by Maria Rundquist, 2007……………………..…………………...….…8 Photograph 2. The stone bank Bönsäcken (‘the Bean bag’ on Hanö) which constantly moves as the waves shift it around. Photo by Maria Rundquist, 2007………..…………………10 Photograph 3. A visitor on Tjärö fills in a registration card handed out by a field worker. Photo by Maria Rundquist, 2007. …………………………………………………….…………20 Photograph 4. View on Karlshamn from the Tjärö boat. Photo by Maria Rundquist, 2007…...41 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1. The questionnaire survey in the Blekinge archipelago. English version…………………………………………………………………………..……...89 APPENDIX 2. The questionnaire survey in the Blekinge archipelago. Swedish version…………………………………………………………………………….….116 APPENDIX 3. Registration card youth hostel and camping grounds. ……………………129 APPENDIX 4. Tour boat.………………………………………………………………….…129 APPENDIX 5. Eriksberg. ……………………………………………………………...….…130 APPENDIX 6. Guest harbours. …………………………………………………………..…130 APPENDIX 7. The field workers’ sampling……………………………………………..….131 APPENDIX 8. Interview questions……………………………………………………….….132 4 PREFACE I would to like to thank the various establishments and Skärgårdstrafiken who participated in the Blekinge archipelago study. The field workers made a tremendous work and Maria Rundquist took skilful pictures, which I have had the pleasure to use in this study. Furthermore, it as been rewarding and interesting to take part of the information which has been given to be me by the various interviews with the municipalities’ representatives – thank you for your time. I also want to express my appreciation to my colleague Lena Pettersson Forsberg who has opened her home to me during my visits in Blekinge. This project has been financed by the AGORA Interreg III-project Network Sustainable Tourism Development in the Baltic Sea Region. In the Agora project “Integrating sustainable tourism development with spatial planning at local and regional level” a toolbox to assist in spatial planning has been developed by the Swedish partner the European Tourism Research Institute, Mid Sweden University co-operating with the School of Planning, Blekinge Institute of Technology. This project has also been financed by the Promotion of Expertise Relating to Tourism (Stiftelsen för kunskapsfrämjande inom turism, for more information see www.nutek.se/stiftelsen) together with the Blekinge County Administration Board, the Mid Sweden University in Östersund, and the European Tourism Research Institute (ETOUR). Östersund, April 2009 Rosemarie Ankre This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The content of this publication is the sole responsibility
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