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Eumeneia Antik Kenti Üzerine*

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Eumeneia Antik Kenti Üzerine* View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE EUMENEİA ANTİK KENTİ ÜZERİNE* CELAL ŞİMŞEK** ON THE ANCIENT CITY OF EUMENEIA Abstract Ancient Eumeneia was located within Phrygia and was part of the Apameia Conventus in terms of administration. Today, it is located in a large area on Sarıbaba Hill, including a water spring below, where the Işıklı town leans to on the north, in Çivril township of Denizli province. The city was named after Eumenes II by his brother the Pergamene King Attalos II Philadelphos (159-138 BC) in the Hellenistic period. The city must have stayed in the Seleucid hands until the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC and the ensuing Peace of Apameia signed in 188 BC. In this regard, the fortifications on the Sarıbaba Hill where the Hellenistic city is located have a masonry indicating a date earlier than the 2nd century BC; the water spring and rock niches above it and the ceremonial grounds point to the sanctuaries of the Phrygian period. The city was settled on terraces on the slopes of Sarıbaba Hill reflecting the Pergamene tradition. The Hellenistic city is found at a strategic point meant for defense on a crossroads. The city spread down to the plains around the Işıklı spring during the Roman and Byzantine peri- ods. In the early 13th century AD, the region passed into the Turkish hands entirely. Eumeneia retained it wealth through the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods due to its location at a crossroads and in a fertile plain. The Eumeneia-type tomb stones influenced the other sites in the region. Burial types include rock tombs, chamosoria, built basins, vaulted tombs, monumental tombs half cut into the rock, and sarcophagi with reliefs (columns, frieze and garland). Key words: Eumeneia, Sarıbaba Hill, Phrygia, Işıklı, Cybele. Özet Antik Çağ’da Eumeneia, Frigya Bölgesi içinde yer alır ve yönetim olarak Apameia Conventus’una dâhildir. Günü- müzde ise Denizli İli, Çivril İlçesi Işıklı Kasabası’nın kuzey yönde yaslandığı Sarıbaba Tepesi üzerinde ve aşağıda su kaynağının da yer aldığı geniş alanda yayılmıştır. Kente Hellenistik Devir’de, Bergama Kralı II. Attalos Philadelp- hos (M.Ö. 159-138) tarafından, kardeşi II. Eumenes’in adı verilmiştir. M.Ö. 190 yılında yapılan Magnesia Savaşı ve M.Ö. 188 yılındaki Apameia Barışı’na kadar kent, Seleukoslar yöne- timinde kalmış olmalıdır. Hellenistik kentte yer alan sur duvarlarının gösterdiği stil, M.Ö. 2. yüzyıldan daha erkene tarihlenir. Diğer taraftan su kaynağı ve üstünde yer alan kaya mihrapları ile tören alanları, Frig Dönemi’ndeki kut- sal alanlara işaret etmektedir. Sarıbaba Tepesi’ndeki yerleşim, Bergama kent geleneğini yansıtır şekilde, teraslar üze- rinde planlanmıştır. Hellenistik kent tamamen geçiş noktası üzerinde savunmaya yönelik stratejik bir konumdadır. Roma ve Bizans devirleri kenti, Işıklı Su Kaynağı etrafında ovaya doğru yayılmıştır. 13. yüzyıl başlarında ise bölge tamamen Türkler’in eline geçmiştir. Eumeneia Hellenistik, Roma ve Bizans devirlerinde geçiş noktasında ve verimli ovada yer alması sayesinde, zengin- liğini hep korumuştur. Bölgede karakteristik Eumeneia tipli mezar taşları diğer kentlere de etki yapmıştır. Mezar tip- leri ise kaya mezarları, kaya oygu tekneler, örgü tekneler, tonozlu mezarlar, yarısı kayaya oyulmuş anıt mezarlar ve kabartmalı lahitler (sütunlu, frizli ve girlandlı) olarak sıralanabilir. Anahtar kelimeler: Eumeneia, Sarıbaba Tepesi, Frigya, Işıklı, Kybele. * Eumeneia Antik Kenti için 2001 yılında Çivril Sempozyumu’nda hazırlanan bildiri iki isimli olarak sunulmuştur (B. SÖĞÜT – C. ŞİMŞEK, “Eumeneia”, Dünden Bugüne Çivril Sempozyumu, Bildiriler, Eylül 2001 Çivril, Ankara, 2002, 301-331). Bu bildiri kitabında metin ve resimler dar kapsamda yayımlanmıştır. Diğer taraftan bildirinin yerel nitelikte olması ve kitabın sadece Denizli içinde dağıtılması nedeniyle kentin daha geniş olarak bilim dünyasına tanıtılması amaç- lanmıştır. Makalede mevcut bölümler detaylandırılarak, bunun yanında yeni bölümler eklenmiş; kaynaklar, çizimler ve resimler hem arttırılmış, hem de güncellenmiştir. ** Prof. Dr., Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Arkeoloji Bölümü, Kınıklı Kampüsü, DENİZLİ. 1 Resim 1: Batı Anadolu Roma yollarını gösteren harita (Galder – Bean). Resim 1: Batı Anadolu Roma yollarını gösteren 2 Resim 2: Peutinger tablosundaki yol güzergâhı. Coğrafi Konum ve Tarihçe: zamanda Pergamon Krallığı etkisini daha geniş bir alana yaymaktır.4 Eumeneia Kenti, antik coğrafyada Batı Frig- ya Bölgesi içinde, Lampe Ovası’nın sonunda Eumeneia üzerinden doğuya ulaşım Eukar- yer alır. Kalıntılar günümüzde Denizli İli, pia ve Brouzos yolu ile sağlanır. Batıya ise Çivril İlçesi, Işıklı Kasabası sınırları içinde- Peltai bağlantılı olarak Motella, Sala güzer- dir. Hellenistik kent, kasabanın kuzey yön- gâhı üzerinden Sardeis-Ephesos’a ya da Lo- de yaslandığı Sarıbaba Tepesi üzerinde unda üzerinden Laodikeia’ya ulaşır (Resim olup, Roma ve Bizans Devri yerleşimleri ise 2). Bu açıdan antik kentin bulunduğu sivri su kaynağının etrafı ile kasaba ve ovada ya- konik şeklindeki Sarıbaba Tepesi tüm Işıklı yılmıştır1 (Resim 1). Ovası’na hakim olup (Resim 3-4), günü- müzde de Dinar’a (Apameia) ulaşım dağ ya- Hellenistik Devri’ned (M.Ö. 2. yy), Perga- maçlarındaki dar noktadan sağlanmaktadır. mon Kralı II. Attalos Philadelphos (M.Ö. Işıklı Su Kaynağı’nın çıktığı noktadan itiba- 159-138) tarafından kentin adı “Eumeneia” ren günümüzdeki göl alanı Antik Çağ’da göl olarak değiştirilerek, kardeşi II. Eumenes ve bataklıktı.5 onurlandırılmıştır.2 Pergamon politikası ge- reği M.Ö. 2. yy kentleri (M.Ö. 188 yılında Vadinin üstünde yer alan Sarıbaba Tepe- yapılan Apameia Barışı sonrası) daha çok si’nin konik zirvesi, kuzey yönde yükselerek Seleukos kentlerine karşı kurulmuştur. Bu antik kentin bulunduğu alanı kapatmakta- yönüyle 15 km güneybatıda yer alan Peltai dır (Resim 5-8). Tipik bir Frigya Bölgesi (Çivril) bir Seleukos kolonisidir. Kentin bu kenti olan Eumeneia’yı, Plinius (N.H., V dönemdeki kuruluş amacı, üst Büyük Men- 108) Karya içindeki kentler listesine yerleş- deres Vadisi içinde geçiş noktasında strate- tirmiştir. jik bir konumda olmasından kaynaklan- Sarıbaba Tepesi zirvesindeki yamaçta kuru- makta olup, Eumeneia3 üzerinden, Apame- lan erken dönem Eumeneia’sı, Pergamon ia’ya (Dinar) ve daha iç kesimlere uzanan kent geleneğine uygun olarak planlanmış- yol geçişlerinde kontrolü elde tutmak, aynı tır.6 M.Ö. 130/129 yıllarında Anadolu’nun 3 Resim 3: 25.000 Ölçekli Işıklı ve Sarıbaba Tepesi haritası. 4 Resim 4: Eumeneia ve yakın çevresini gösteren uydu fotoğrafı. bir Roma eyaleti hâline gelişiyle birlikte İm- yük bataklıklar meydana getirir ve Büyük paratorluk Devri kenti Işıklı Su Kaynağı et- Menderes Nehri ile birleşme yerinde akarsu rafındaki ovada yayılmıştır.7 Bu açıdan da olma özelliğini kaybederler. Roma İmpara- kent, Pergamon ile büyük benzerlik göster- torluk Devri’nde ise bu bataklıklardaki su mektedir.8 Hellenistik Devir Pergamon kent kaynaklarının Büyük Menderes Nehri’ne geleneği; Grek şehircilik anlayışını yansıtan ulaştırılması için kanal ve kanalizasyon sis- Atina Akropolü’nün dinsel ve kutsal karak- temleri yapılmıştır.11 Su kaynağının bulun- terlerine karşın, daha çok halk toplantıları- duğu ırmak Antik Çağ’da “Kloudros” olarak nın ve gezintilerinin yapıldığı, günlük ya- adlandırılmıştır. Glaukos ise bugünkü Kufi şantının geçtiği, devlet ve ticaret işlerinin Çayı’dır. Ramsay’inde belirttiği gibi, “su kay- görüldüğü, spor hareketlerinin düzenlendi- naklarının ve zengin ovanın bulunduğu alanda ği alan ve yapılardan oluşur.9 Bu uygulama daha eskiye gidecek Anadolu’ya özgü yerleşim- 12 daha çok Anadolu’ya özgü bir karakter taşır. lerin olmasında şüphe yoktur”. Bunun kanı- Çünkü Pergamon Akropolü’nün mimari tı, kutsal su kaynağının 30 m kuzey kısmın- düzenlemesi tipik bir Anadolu geleneğini da yer alan Kybele Açık Hava Kült Alanı’ 13 yansıtmakta olup, bu açıdan Hattuşaş’daki dır. Su kaynakları, antik dönemde tanrı- Büyük Kale ve Troia VI ile benzerlikler gös- nın en büyük hediyesi olarak kabul edilmiş terir.10 ve bu kaynakların etrafında, Anadolu’ya öz- gü tapım alanları (Kybele için) yapılmıştır. Eumeneia’da, Roma İmparatorluk Devri Bu alanda merkezi bir Hieron ve buna bağlı kentinin bulunduğu alanda, kenti doğuya büyük tapınak arazilerinin varlığı, belki de doğru sınırlayan zengin su kaynakları vardır Kloudros (Işıklı) Kaynağı’na kadar uzan- (Resim 4, 9). Bu kaynakla, Hellenistik Dö- maktaydı.14 Dionysopolis Antik Kenti ya- nem’de, ovanın güneyine doğru akarak, bü- kınlarında yer alan Leto, Artemis (?) ve 5 Apollon Lairbenos Hieronu gibi, Eumeneia yakınlarında da Attanasos’da Men Askaenos için yapılmış Hieron yer almaktaydı ve bu- rada çalışan rahipler izinlerini Dionysopo- lis’den alıyorlardı.15 Bu durum göz önüne alındığında Dionysopolis Antik Kenti’nin bölgedeki dinsel önemi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ancak günümüzde bu kente ilişkin çok az Resim 5: Işıklı Ovası’ndan Sarıbaba Tepesi. kalıntı mevcut olup, kentin Çal-Ortaköy sı- nırları içinde olduğu tahmin edilmektedir.16 Diğer taraftan Apollon Lairbenos Tapına- ğı’nın kalıntıları günümüze kadar ulaşmış- tır.17 Eumeneia Sikkeleri ve Bunlarda Betimle- nen Kutsal Alanlar: M.Ö. 2. yy ortalarında II. Eumenes’in adını alan antik kentte, diğer Pergamon kuruluşu olan kentlerde olduğu gibi, Pergamon poli- Resim 6: Hellenistik Eumeneia Kenti’ni kuzey yönde kapa- tikasının gereği olarak Anadolu düşüncesi- tan Sarıbaba Tepesi Zirvesi. ne dayanan uygunluk ön plandadır. Bölgede Hellenistik (M.Ö. 2. yy’ın 2. yarısı) ve Roma İmparatorluk devirlerinde Eumeneia zen-
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