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Sal Forest: a Source of Wild Edible Mushrooms for Livelihood Support to Tribal People of Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh, India

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Sal Forest: a Source of Wild Edible Mushrooms for Livelihood Support to Tribal People of Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh, India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 563-575 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 01 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.063 Sal Forest: A Source of Wild Edible Mushrooms for Livelihood Support to Tribal People of Dindori District, Madhya Pradesh, India R.K. Verma*, Vimal Pandro, S.N. Mishra, Diwyansh Raj and A.J.K. Asaiya Forest Pathology Discipline, Forest Protection Division, Tropical Forest Research Institute, Jabalpur - 482 021, Madhya Pradesh, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds Central India, Information on wild edible mushrooms was collected from sal forests of Edible mushrooms, Dindori district, Madhya Pradesh by visiting different sites in forest areas. Mushroom hunting, Rural folk/ tribal people were contacted and information was recorded by Termite mounds personal interviewing. Commonly collected mushrooms from sal were: Article Info Astraeus hygrometricus, Russula congoana, Termitimyces clypeatus, T. Accepted: eurhizus, T. microcarpus and Termitomyces sp. 07 December 2018 Available Online: 10 January 2019 Introduction Mexico, North America and South America (Pavithra et al., 2015). A. hygrometricus is Edible mushrooms belong to genera Astraeus, distributed in 11 Indian states of India Russula and Termitomyces are used in food by including, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Baiga and Gond tribes of Dindori district, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh. The gasteroid fungus Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal Astraeus hygrometricus was reported as early (Verma et al., 2017a). Eight species of gilled as in 18th century as Geastrum (Persoon, mushroom, Russula, namely R. congoana, R. 1801). Till date 10 species are known which crustosa, R. lepida, R. lutea, R. olivacea, R. include: Astraeus asiaticus, A. koreanus, A. parvovirescens, R. senecis and R. virescens morganii, A. odoratus, A. pteridis, A. were reported to be edible (Verma et al., sirindhorniae, A. smithii, A. telleriae and A. 2018). Edible mushrooms, A. hygrometricus, thailandicus. The genus has worldwide R. lepida, T, eurrhizus, T. heimii, T. distribution especially in the sandy soils microcarpus were reported to be collected forests of Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, from sal (Shorea robusta) forests by local 563 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 563-575 people and Tibetan residents in Dehradun, Materials and Methods Uttarakhand (Semwal et al., 2014). Twelve species of Russula including some edible Study sites species (R. congoana) were reported from Kerala (Mohanan, 2014). Genus Dindori is a district of Madhya Pradesh state Termitomyces was established in 1942 (Heim, of central India it is situated on the eastern 1942) and its various species are reported to part of the state. The district is surrounded by be edible for most people. These mushrooms Shahdol in the East, Mandla in the West, grow on 'combs' which are formed from the Umaria in the North and Bilaspur and termites' excreta, dominated by tough woody Kawardha (Chhattisgarh) in the South. It is fragments (Makonde et al., 2013). located at 22.95°N 81.08°E and an average elevation of 640 metres (2,099 feet). The total Edible species of Termitomyces include: area of the district is 7,470 sq. kms and is T. albuminosus, T. clypeatus, T. globules, T. surrounded by herbal rich Maikal mountain heimii, T. microcarpus, T. sagittiformis, T. ranges. It is divided into seven blocks namely striatus, etc. Termitomyces eurrhizus is a wild Dindori, Shahpura, Mehandwani, Amarpur, edible mushroom used by ethnic tribes Bajag, Karanjiya and Samnapur of Nagaland (Bhaben et al., 2011) and it was (http://www.dindori.mp.gov.in). About 64% also reported from a market of Midnapur, of the population belongs to tribal West Bengal (Purkayastha and Chandra, communities like Koel, Gond, Korwa, Baiga, 1975). Eighteen edible Termitomyces species and others. The timber trees of district are: sal, were reported from Western Ghats (Karun and saj, amla, teak, tendu and tinsa. In addition of Sridhar, 2017). Role of wild edible this, dhawda, bija, lencha, hardu and koha are mushrooms collected from Shorea robusta common trees found throughout the district. forest ecosystem by the Santal in lateritic Bamboo is also rarely available in the district. region of West Bengal was studied and The sal trees are grown most luxuriantly in inventoried (Pradhan et al., 2010; 2013a, b). sandy soil, especially in Dindori and its neighboring districts. Specimens of edible Information on collection and utilization of mushrooms were collected from different this mushroom were also available from Nepal places sal forests of Dindori district for and Japan (Christensen et al., 2008, Fangfuk microscopic study. Information on sale of et al., 2010). mushrooms were collected from Bajag, Bhilania, Chada, Chandnalalpur, Chada road Studies were conducted in dry deciduous (near forest range office), Tarach, Chakrar, forests of lateritic eastern parts of India on Gadasarai, Gorakhpur, Jhigri, Labeda, economic contribution of wild edible Karanjia, Nevsa (Amarkantak road) and Rusa mushrooms of a forest fringe ethnic of Dindori district in Madhya Pradesh (Fig. 1). community (Manna and Roy, 2014) and its tribal relation to spatio-temporal variation Collection of mushroom were reported (Manna et al., 2014). Edible mushrooms were collected by local In the present study an estimate of edible people during rainy seasons mainly from sal mushrooms (Astraeus, Russula and forests and its associate tree species during Termitomyces) collected by local and tribal rainy season (July-Sep). The immature fruit people from sal forest of Dindori district, bodies of Astraeus hygrometricus were Madhya Pradesh and their role in economy of collected from sal forests during early (June) rural folk is given. 564 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 563-575 to late monsoon (August) (Fig. 2). Mature chemicals. Slides were observed under open fruit bodies with wings are not edible advanced research microscope (Leica, (Fig. 3). Under sal trees careful observation Germany) using 5x, 10x, 20x, 40x objectives were made to locate cracks on soil surface and and 10x and 15x eyepieces. Observations with white matrix. The scratching of soil under phase contrast and dark field were also surface was done below the crack surface to made whenever required. Photomicrography locate the immature fruit bodies with the help was done with the help of a digital camera of iron or wooden tools. The immature (make, Leica) attached to the advanced basidiomata were solitary or in cluster of 4-10, microscope. fully or partially buried (0.5-1cm deep) in soil and/ or sometimes visible along with pebbles Identification of mushrooms of laterite soil as bone-white mycelial mass (Verma et al., 2017a). Termitomyces species Identification of fungi has been done with the are deeply rooted and arises from termite help of published literature, monographs, mounds. For collection of these mushrooms books, keys, etc. (Ahmad, 1950; Christensen soil is deeply dug with the help of pointed et al., 2008; Dring, 1964; Fangfuk et al., 2010; wooden (preferably bamboo) or iron ram (Fig. Hembrom et al., 2014; Karun and Sridhar, 4, 5). The dug out mushroom along with long 2014; Mohanan, 2011; Pavithra et al., 2015; stipes were collected, wrap in mahul patta Phillips, 2006; Pradhan et al., 2013a, b; Pyasi (Bauhinia vahlii) or bound in bundles for sale. et al., 2011; Semwal et al., 2014; Surcek, Fruit bodies of Russula species are easy to 1998). collect, the fruit bodies are plucked from the soil surface by hand. Results and Discussion Collection of information on mushrooms Information on wild edible mushrooms occurring in sal forests of Dindori district, Local markets were visited for collection of Madhya Pradesh were conducted and information on sale of mushrooms. Local mushroom collected by local people for their village markets and road sides were also self use and for sale in local markets were observed for sale of mushrooms. Information collected. Mushroom is being frequently was collected from mushrooms sellers/ collected from sal forest belongs to 3 genera collectors. 10 local mushroom collectors/ namely; Astraeus (Fig. 2), Russula (6) and sellers were contacted and information on Termitomyces (Figs. 7-10), these mushrooms collection of wild mushroom was collected were collected on large scale (Table 1). (Table 4). Besides these few species of Amanita and Pleurotus were also collected on small scale. Processing of specimens and microscopic Information on sale of these mushrooms in study local markets and road side were also collected from different areas including, Some parts of collected samples were Bajag, Chada, Chakrar, Chandnalalpur, Jhigri, preserved in 70% alcohol just after collection Karanjia, Labeda, Nevsasal and Rusa villages for microscopic study. The fruit bodies of (Table 2, 3). These places were personally fungi were dried under the sun or in the visited and information was collected. 10 wooden box lighted with 100W electric bulb. persons were interviewed and data on Microscopic slides were prepared by using collection and marketing of mushroom was stain, mountant, clearing and softening collected. 565 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(1): 563-575 The local people collect immature fruit bodies collection of wild edible mushrooms by tribal of A. hygrometricus (also known as ‘Sehula’ people/ local inhabitants from sal forest of
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