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VIDYA DARŚAN Jurnal Mahasiswa Filsafat Hindu Volume 2 No 1 Mei 2020 ISSN 2715-5447

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VIDYA DARŚAN Jurnal Mahasiswa Filsafat Hindu Volume 2 No 1 Mei 2020 ISSN 2715-5447 VIDYA DARŚAN Jurnal Mahasiswa Filsafat Hindu Volume 2 No 1 Mei 2020 ISSN 2715-5447 KONSEP KETUHANAN MENURUT PRESPEKTIF SAMKYA DARSANA Oleh: Astu Arya Putra Prodi Filsafat Hindu STAHN Mpu Kuturan Email: [email protected] Kadek Yuli Wahyu Astini Prodi Filsafat Hindu STAHN Mpu Kuturan Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Philosophy is a rational aspect of religion and is an integral part of religion. Hinduism has a view called Darsana. Darśana is a part of Hindu writing which requires sharpness of intelligence, reasoning, and feeling, because the main problem discussed is the essence of the whole Vedic understanding in philosophy. The Hindu philosophy has a very noble, noble, unique and systematic value. Where Hindu philosophy has six views called Sad Darsana. In general, every Sad Darsana discusses the main teachings of Hinduism starting from the concept of God, cosmology, soul / spirit and so forth. In this article we will discuss the concept of God from the perspective of Samkhya Darsana. Samkhya Darsana is one part of the Sad Darsana. Seeking knowledge through true Samkhya Darsana, in the Samkhya philosophy outlines three methods, namely: Pratyaksa pramana or direct observation; Anumana pramana (inference); Apta Vakya. Therefore, in the concept of God, Samkhya believes in two elements namely Purusa and Prakerti, both elements are believed to be the origin of the creation of the universe and its contents. Keywords: Samkhya, the concept of God, Purusa-Prakerti I. PENDAHULUAN didalamnya (Somawati, 2020). Konsep Hindu merupakan agama tertua ketuhanan dalam hindu adalah Eka Sat didunia, didalam agama hindu juga terdapat Viprah Bahudha Vadhantiartinya Tuhan kitab suci yang disebut sebagai Veda. Veda hanya satu, orang bijak menyebut dengan merupakan kitab suci agama Hindu yang banyak nama. Jadi disini Konsep ketuhanan isinya mencakup segalanya, 4 bagian veda dalam meyakini hanya ada satu Tuhan yang sangat terkenal disebut Catur Veda. namun orang bijaksana menyebut dengan Catur Veda dalam hindu, yaitu Rg veda, banyak nama. Tuhan disebut dengan Sama veda, Yayur veda dan Atharva veda. banyak nama menyesuaikan dengan Hindu adalah agama yang kompleks tugasnya, semisal tuhan disebut sebagai segalanya tertulis didalam veda, bahkan Dewa Brahma bertugas sebagai pencipta, pembahasan tentang ketuhanan juga tertulis VIDYA DARŚAN | 93 Tuhan disebut sebagai Dewa Visnu bahwa terjadinya alam semesta beserta bertugas sebagai pemelihara, Tuhan disebut perkembangan dan perubahan obyek-obyek sebagai Dewa Siwa tugasnya sebagai yang ada di dalamnya didasarkan atas 25 pelebur dan masih banyak lagi sebutan asas atau kategori keberadaan (Suadnyana tuhan yang disesuaikan dengan tugasnya. & Darmawan, 2020). Bagian-bagian Veda sangatlah Ada anggapan bahwa Samkhya banyak yang disebut kodifikasi veda, merupakan sistem filsafat Hindu yang seperti misal tentang Darsana atau sering paling tua. Ajaran ini didirikan oleh Rsi disebut dengan Sad Darsana. Terdapat Kapila Muni, hidup sekitar tahun 700-600 beberapa bagian didalam Sad Darsana, SM. Nama Kapila dikaitkan dengan nama meliputiNyaya, Vaishesika, Samkhya, kota Kapilavastu, pusat pemerintahan Yoga, Mimamsaka dan Vedanta. Madzab Dinasti Maurya dan kota tempat lahirnya yang akan kita bicarakan sekarang ialah Siddharta Gautama, yang lahir sekitar satu Samkhya, tentuya sudah tidak asing lagi setengah abad setelah Kapila Muni. dengan filsafat ini yang merupakan Pengaitan ini bukanlah tanpa alasan. penjabarannya dalam bentuk disiplin Filsafat Buddha banyak mengambil dasar kerohanian, yaitu yoga (Ardiyasa, 2020). dari ajaran filsafat Samkhya yang non- Samkya merup akan salah satu sistem theistik (Suadnyana, 2020). Konsep filsafat yang mengakui Veda sebagai ketuhanan dalam Samkya Darsana ini otoritas tertinggi selain itu ada juga yang menjelaskan bahwa semua ini berasal dari tidak mengakui veda sebagai otorotas Purusa sebagai pusat utamanya, kemudian tertinggi yang disebut Nastika. Samkya dari Purusa tidak serta merta bisa langsung dikelompokkan ke dalam Astika. Jika menciptakan alam beserta isinya melainkan dipandang dari dari akar katanya Sakmya, membutuhkan pelengkap yang disebut berasal dari dua urat katayaitu “Sam” dan Prakrti. Prurusa dan Prakrti iniah yang “Khya”. Sam diartikan sebagai bersama- merupakan cikala bakal proses penciptaan sama dan Khya diartikan sebagai bilangan, dalam Samkya Darsana diawali. Konsep jadi secara harfiah Samkhya berarti ketuhnan dalam Samkya Darsana ini bilangan bersama-sama, jumlah, hitungan, menjelaskan Purusa dan Prakrti sebagai sintesa atau perpaduan. Istilah samkhya sumber segala hal, Purusa yang menghidupi dijumpai dalam Upanishad dan setiap ciptaan dan Prakrti sebagai Mahabharata. Nama ini diberikan kepada pembungkus Purusa, Prakrti artinya yang sistem filsafat ini karena filsof-filosof bersifat kasar/ terlihat dan Prakrti yang Samkhya secara umum mengemukakan VIDYA DARŚAN | 94 bersifat halus/ Tidak terlihat (Darmawan, ketiganya bersama-sama melakukan 2020). aktivitas tanpa henti. Tiga guna itu ialah Mencari pengetahuan yang benar, Sattva, Rajas dan Tamas. Satwam adalah dalam filosofi Samkhya menggariskan tiga sifat kebaikan, keseimbangan, Rajas adalah metode, yaitu: sifat nafsu, kegairahan, keinginan untuk (1) Pratyaksa pramana atau pengamatan langsung; bergerak yang berlebihan, dan Tamas (2) Anumana pramana adalah keodohan, kemalasan. Apabila sifat (penyimpulan); Satwam yang lebih dominan manusia akan (3) Apta Vakya atau penegasan yang pantas, berlandaskan apa berprilaku lemah lembut dan yang diajarkan kitab Veda atau mengendalikan dirinya, ia mempunyai rasa ucapan para maharesi. simpati dan empati, sabar dan tidak terburu- Penekanan pada dualitas dapat buru (Tenang). Jika sifat Tamas yang dilihat pada ajarannya yang menyatakan dominan manusia akan cenderung untuk bahwa awal terjadinya dunia atau alam bermalas-malasan, diliputi oleh kegelapan, semesta ialah Purusa dan prakrti. „Purusa‟ kebodohan, ketidak pedulian, dan ialah asas rohani, dan „prakrti‟ ialah asas perpaduan dari sifat Satwam dan Tamas kebendaan atau jasmani. Keduanya tanpa adalah sifat Rajas (Untara & Somawati, awal (anadi) dan tanpa akhir 2020). (ananta).Tentang Purusa dan prakrti dapat Alasan saya disini mengambil topik diuraikan seperti berikut. Purusa itu „nyata‟ tentang konsep ketuhanan menurut Samkya (sat) dan dapat dikatakan sebagai suatu karena ada banyak konsep ketuhanan yang kesadaran yang meresapi segala sesuatu dan sudah sibahas sebelumnya menurut abadi. Prakrti adalah pelaku kehidupan berbagai bagain dari pada veda, dan yang mengandung unsur ruhani dan benda. menurut saya jika di gali lagi konsep Arti prakrti ialah yang mula-mula dan yang ketuhanan menurut pandangan Samkya mendahului semua kejadian. Pra= sebelum; akan sangat menarik sebab masih jarang kri= membuat sesuatu yang mirip, yaitu saya temui yang membahas konsep dengan alam maya yang digambarkan oleh ketuhanan menurut Samkya Darsana. Vedanta. Prakrti disebut pradhana, pokok asal segala sesuatu. Bergerak dan II. PEMBAHASAN berkembangnya prakrti menjadi obyek- obyek hidup yang banyak di alam semesta, A. Pemahaman Tentang Samkya Darsana Sistem ajaran Samkhya ini disebabkan adanya tiga guna atau sifat dicetuskan oleh Maha Rsi Kapila. Ibu (triguna) yang melekat dalam dirinya dan Kapila bernama Dewahuti, dari VIDYA DARŚAN | 95 Dewahutilah Kapila mendapatkan ajaran- belajar menulis Sāṁkhya Sūtra dan Sūtra ajaran filsafat, dan apa yang menjadi Sānkhyasamās dalam nama ṛṣi Kapila. Hal konsep pada sistem ini ditulis dalam sebuah ini karena tidak ada menyebutkan bahwa buku Samkhya Sutra. Rsi Kapila sering dua teks tersebut ditulis 1500 SM. Oleh dipanggil dengan sebutan Rsi Kapila Muni, karena itu, apa pun pengetahuan yang kita dikatakan sebagai Putra Brahma dan dapat dari Ajaran Sāṁkhya sekarang Avatara Visnu. Menurut legenda, Mahaṛṣi didasarkan pada Sāṁkhya Karikas. Ajaran Kapila Muni ini adalah Filsafat yang paling Sāṁkhya merupakan filsafat yang kuno. Filsafat ini di bangun oleh ṛṣi Kapila menerima 24 Kebenaran dari Prakṛti (Alam (Windya, 2020). Sebuah teks yang ditulis benda) dan 25 kebenaran Puruṣa oleh Ishwar Krishna disebut (Jiwa).Samkhya merupakan suatu 'Sānkhyakārika' adalah sumber terpercaya kelompok filsafat yang tergolong Astika prinsip pengetahuan dalam Filsafat ini. Hal dalam ajarannya secara metafisis ini ditulis dalam Aryan Chand (sejenis puisi mengemukakan pokok-pokok ajaran Sanskṛta kuno) dan berisi 72 Karikas prakerti, purusa, tri guna, penciptaan alam (koleksi memorial ayat tentang topik semesta dan atheistic (Wulandari & Untara, filosofis) yang menerjemahkan Sāṁkhya 2020). Siddhant (Doktrin Sāṁkhya) yang jelas Ajaran Samkhya ini kadangkala dan eksplisit. Rsi Kapla Muni merupakan dikatakan sebagai ajaran yang bersifat orang pertama yang menyangkal faham atheistik karena Samkhya tidak mengakui monisme (advaita) yang terbaca dalam adanya satu jiwa universal yang menjadi Upanishad dan meng Istilah Samkhya juga penyebab segalanya, sehingga sering diartikan sebagai “vicara” atau disebut dengan “Nir Isvara” yaitu tidak “perenungan filsafat”. Selain mempercayai adanya Isvara atau Tuhan. berkecenderungan non-theistik dan Samkhya darsana bersifat dualistik dan berpandangan bahwa materi (prakrti) kekal pluralitas karena mengajarkan bahwasannya sebagaimana roh (purusha), Samkhya juga Purusa sebagai asas roh yang jumlahnya memiliki ciri yang membedakannya secara banyak sekali. Prakrti dan Purusa menyolok dari sistem filsafat Hindu yang merupakan asas yang sifatnya tanpa awal lain. Yaitu penekanannya pada persoalan (anadi), tanpa
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