Recent Advances in Systems Science and Mathematical Modelling
Unification of the duality of the light in one form
CLAUDE ZIAD BAYEH1, 2 1Faculty of Engineering II, Lebanese University 2EGRDI transaction on Physics (2001) LEBANON Email: [email protected]
NIKOS E.MASTORAKIS WSEAS (Research and Development Department) http://www.worldses.org/research/index.html Agiou Ioannou Theologou 17-2315773, Zografou, Athens,GREECE [email protected]
Abstract: - The light has duality of properties or characteristics, it is considered as a wave and as a package of energy or photon. In experiments the scientists separated the both dualities, for example in the polarization, diffraction, refraction, reflection and interference experiments, they use the wave characteristics of the light. In other experiments for example in photoelectric effect they use the photon characteristics of the light. In some experiments we consider that the light behave as a wave form such as in reflection, refraction, diffraction... and we can’t use in these experiments the characteristics of the photon because it doesn’t apply. And in other experiments such as the variation of the energy of an electron due to a photons beam can be explained using the photons properties and not the wave properties because they don’t apply. In reality, the light has both dualities of properties and characteristics of Photon and Electromagnetic wave. So if we want to explain the real fact of experiments, then we should not separate the both forms of the light because they are combined and not separated. For this reason and many others, the author proposed in this paper many characteristics of the light that combine the both duality and proposed a unique form of the light as a Photon-electromagnetic form. And also the author explains each experiments in the classical physics using the proposed characteristics under the quantum theories.
Key-words:-Light characteristics, Photon, Wavelength, Properties of light, Energy, Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction, Interference, Polarization.
1 Introduction consists of an oscillating electric field and an Light is a form of energy, and exists in two oscillating magnetic field, hence the name conceptual frameworks: light exhibits properties that electromagnetic radiation. We should note that the have characteristics of discrete particles (eg. energy two fields are oscillating perpendicular to each other. is carried away in "chunks") and characteristics of Light is only one form of electromagnetic radiation. waves (e.g. diffraction) [1]. This split is known as The light has a large range of frequencies; in duality. It is important to understand that this is not particular case the frequency range for visible light is an "either/or" situation. Duality means that the only a small portion of the spectrum with violet and characteristics of both waves and particles are red being the highest and lowest frequencies present at the same time. The same beam of light will respectively. Since violet light has a higher frequency behave as a particle and/or as a wave depending on than red, we say that it has more energy. If you go all the experiment [2-10]. Furthermore, the particle the way out on the electromagnetic spectrum, you framework (chunks) can have interactions which can will see that gamma rays are the most energetic. This be described in terms of wave characteristics and the should come as no surprise since it is commonly wave framework can have interactions that can be known that gamma rays have enough energy to described in terms of particle characteristics. The penetrate many materials. particle form is known as a photon, and the waveform is known as electromagnetic radiation [11- Briefly one defines the following properties of light: 15]. Speed, Frequency, Wavelength, and Energy. The wave form of light is actually a form of energy that is created by an oscillating charge. This charge The problem is that till now, the light describes a dual nature according to the scientists, as a
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continuous wave and a discrete particle (photon). The • The speed of light, c = 299,792.458 km/s, is the scientists give examples of light exhibiting both same for all observers, independent of their motion natures. relative to the source of light. (This is the same as the In fact, till now the scientists separate the both second postulate of Einstein) [2-10]. duality of the light and treat everyone in a separate way but in reality the two characteristics are • The light has the following properties: Speed, presented into one form in the nature. Until now this Frequency, Wavelength, and Energy. form is not described as a single phenomenon and the scientist didn’t create a single form of the light that • The light behaves as a wave and it has six explains the duality of photon-electromagnetic properties of electromagnetic waves which are: radiation phenomenon. -Polarization -Superposition -Reflection In this paper, the author proposes a new form that -Refraction -Diffraction -Interference explains the duality of the Photon-Electromagnetic radiation. And also he proposed many new • The light can be polarized, by using the polarizing characteristics that combine and explain the duality material. of the light. In section 2, some existing characteristics of the light • The particle-like nature of light is modeled with are presented. In the section 3, the author proposes photons. A photon has no mass and no charge. It is a his own characteristics which are in fact the fruit of a carrier of electromagnetic energy and interacts with heavy work and many experiments and they are in other discrete particles (e.g., electrons, atoms, and coherence with the theories of quantum physics. In molecules). A beam of light is modeled as a stream section 4, Study of different case of the wave form is of photons, each carrying a well-defined energy that presented with different cases such as reflection, is dependent upon the wavelength of the light. The refraction, diffraction, interference… and finally a energy of a given photon can be calculated by: conclusion is presented in the final section. = ℎ ∙ / (1) Where E is in joules 2 Existing characteristics of the light h = Planck’s constant = 6.625 10 J.s In this section, a brief study about the existing c = Speed of light = 2.998 × 10 m/s characteristics of the light is given. The main goal is λ = Wavelength of the light in meters to understand exactly how the light behaves in the space and in a medium. • There is a minimum energy threshold for an • The light is forming by two important forms: electron to escape from the metal. Photons with -Electromagnetic radiation (light is a special kind of frequencies below a given threshold eject no electromagnetic energy.) electrons, no matter how intense the light. Photons -photon or package of energy. with frequencies above the threshold do eject electrons, no matter how low the intensity. The • Light travels in a vacuum at a constant speed, and energy of the released electrons can be calculated this speed is considered a universal constant. from Equation: It is important to note that speed changes for light = ℎ ∙ − (2) traveling through non vacuum media such as air Where (0.03% slower) or glass (30.0% slower). p = characteristic escape energy for the metal.
= the kinetic energy of an escaping electron. • Scientists have observed that light energy can hc/λ = the energy of the photon of wavelength λ. behave like a wave as it moves through space, or it can behave like a discrete particle with a discrete • The photon has a momentum that is mean it is in amount of energy (quantum) that can be absorbed rotation always. And the equation of the momentum and emitted. is = + with = 0 ⇒ = = ℎ. = ℎ. (3) •Valid laws of physics are the same for all inertial observers (people, who move at constant velocity, maybe zero, relative to the “fixed stars”). (This is the • An electromagnetic wave is made of an electric same as the first postulate of Einstein) [2-10]. field and a magnetic field that alternately get weaker and stronger. The directions of the fields are at right angles to the direction the wave is moving.
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= = ∙ (4) complete the existing ones in the previous sections which are agreed by all scientists. Where
is the length of the wave for one period. For example, in some experiments we consider that is the period of the wave. the light behaves as a wave form such as in is the velocity of the wave. reflection, refraction, diffraction, etc... and we can’t is the frequency of the wave. use in these experiments the characteristics of the photon because it doesn’t apply. And in other experiments such as the variation of the energy of an electron due to a photons beam can be explained using the photons properties and not the wave properties. In reality, the light has both dualities of properties of Photon and Electromagnetic wave. So if we want to explain the real facts of experiments, then we should not separate the both forms of the light Fig. 1: One-dimensional representation of the because they are combined and not separated. For electromagnetic wave [1]. this reason and many others, the author proposed the following characteristics of the light:
• The light moves independently of its source and the speed of the light is independent of the speed of the matter.
• In the instant when the light is separating from the matter, the speed of light will be independent of the velocity of the matter.
• The package of energy (photon) has different volumes according to the frequency of the light which is related directly to the electromagnetic
Fig. 1.1: three-dimensional representation of the radiation. So, every package of energy has an electromagnetic wave [1]. electromagnetic radiation attached directly to it and this form a duality of the light which has at the same • A particle can absorb and emit photons. time a package of energy which has a very small mass and a related electromagnetic radiation attached • The photon has angular momentum and a spin with the photon (refer to figure 2). equal to ±ℎ/2 round an axis parallel to the direction of its motion [11]. • If the volume of the package of energy is big, then the frequency is very high. For this reason, the light with very high frequency (such as gamma ray) can penetrate into matters such as lead with a great deep. 3 New characteristics of the light If the volume of the package of energy is small then In this section, many characteristics are proposed by the frequency is low. For this reason the package of the author in order to unify the model of dual forms energy can’t penetrate into a block of matter such as of the light Photon-Electromagnetic radiation into lead but it will be reflected. only one form which is the combination of the Photon and Electromagnetic radiation. These • The package of energy (photon) has a spin and characteristics are the fruits of a long period of work turns with a velocity lower than its speed. The (12 years of experiments) and deep observation and electromagnetic radiation is always in rotation in analysis of the behavior of the light. The advantage normal case. When this photon enter into a very of these characteristics is that they maintain the small opening comparing to its length of wave the original characteristics of both dualities and explains photon will stop the normal rotation for a while and in a very interesting way how the light behaves in all returns to the normal rotation after passing a great kinds of tests and experiments. These characteristics distance. This act will resolve the polarization of the light.
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the nearest ones. In another meaning, the obtained • When the light has a high frequency that is means wavelength of a light source that has the wave its photon and electromagnetic radiation are rotating properties rather than photon properties is the with a high velocity. If the light has a small combination of all electromagnetic radiations of all frequency, then its photon and electromagnetic photons which are running parallel in the same radiation are rotating with a small velocity. direction. This is similar to the earth magnetic field, when the global particles that form the earth have • The light has a temperature; the temperature of the combined magnetic field from the current that cover light is measured according to its energy or the earth which form the global magnetic field of the frequency. Normally a high temperature indicates a earth and it is equal to 0.3 to 0.6 gauss (refer to figure high frequency and a low temperature indicates a low 3). The same thing happen for a magnetic bar which frequency. produces a magnetic field around it and this magnetic field is the combination of the magnetic fields of all • When the electromagnetic radiation is deformed its atoms and particles (refer to figure 4). then the frequency changes, which conclude there is a variation in the mass of the photon but this will not affect the speed of the light because the variation is very small.
• The Electromagnetic radiation of the photon has only one direction, which is the direction of the path of the light. (Refer to figure 2)
Fig. 3: presents the magnetic field of the earth.
Fig.2: presents the photon and its electromagnetic radiation. The direction of the path is in the “x” axis. The electromagnetic radiation has the same direction as the photon. Fig. 4: presents the magnetic field of a magnetic bar. • The general electromagnetic radiation wavelength of the light is the combination of a huge number of • The photon has mass, in general it is considered as photons running in the same direction from a single a massless because of its very small mass; the mass source of light. Not all photons are polarized in the of the photon is related directly to its wave length same way because of the interaction between the and frequency. We can calculate the mass of the electromagnetic radiations of a single photon with photon and it is equal to = [2.21022 ∙
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10 ; 2.21022 ∙ 10 ] with a range of 4.1 Polarization of the light wavelength = [10 ; 10 ]. Although of its Polarization arises from the direction of the Electric mass, the speed is not affected because of its very field vector with respect to the direction of the light’s small volume which can be also calculated and it is propagation. Since a light wave’s electric field equal to = [6.69567 ∙ 10 ; 6.69567 ∙ vibrates in a direction perpendicular to its 10 ]. We conclude that when the frequency is propagation motion, it is called a transverse wave high (ultra gamma radiation), the mass of the photon and is polarizable. Light is unpolarized if it is is high so it can penetrate deeply into matter, and composed of vibrations in many different directions, when the frequency is low then the mass of the with no preferred orientation (refer to figure 6) [1]. photon is very small and it is always reflected by the Many light sources (e.g., incandescent bulbs, arc matter. lamps, sun light) produce unpolarized light. The light is polarized when we have one direction of • The photon has constant density whatever is the the electric field vector (refer to figure 6.1) [1]. The mass of the photon and whatever is the wavelength. tilted Electric vector can be described by its components, Ex and Ey. Over time, light exhibits • The photon with low frequency is curved when differing polarization orientations. It is in rotating passing near a black hole with a certain degree, but if form by with low speed. Certain materials will the frequency is very high the curved degree will be transmit only selected polarizations. They are called very small. polarizers [1]. The intensity of light passing through a linear polarizer can be calculated: ( ) = cos ( ) (5) With ( ) is the light intensity passed by the polarizer is the incident light intensity. is the angle of the E-field with respect to the transmission axis.
Fig. 5: presents the curved photons in their pathway Fig. 6: Random vibrations of unpolarized light [1]. near a black hole. We remark that the curved form of a low frequency photon is larger than the high frequency photon.
4. Study of different case of the wave form In this section, 6 possible cases that form the properties of the light in form of a wave are studied and commented according to the proposed characteristics that combine the duality of the light under one shape according to the quantum physics.
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Fig. 6.1: Polarization of the electric field vector with magnetic fields of an electromagnetic wave satisfy an angle equal to with respect to the vertical axis the superposition principle. Thus, given multiple [1]. waves, the field at any given point can be calculated by summing each of the individual wave vectors. With respect to the proposed properties by the author, we can say that the unpolarized light is due to the different wave frequencies and to the different electromagnetic radiation angles from a source of light, not all photons have the same rotation of their electromagnetic radiation for this reason we see that the light has unpolarized electromagnetic field. In order to get a polarized light we should put a small slit (called polarizer) perpendicular to the light direction and let the photons enter into this slit in Fig. 7: superposition of two wavelengths [1]. order to let the photons pass with their attached electromagnetic radiation. When the photons pass they will directly change their angle of electric field With respect to the proposed properties by the parallel to the rectangular hole and in consequence it author, the photons combine their electromagnetic is polarized in one direction. Only the photons with a field in order to form what is called a wavelength. In parallel electric field to the slit pass and so the general, the electromagnetic radiation of a single photons with a small deviation of angles but the photon will affect the nearest photons and the nearest photons with large deviation more than 45 will not photons will be polarized at the same phase. For this pass and they will be reflected. reason, we can see the behavior of an ensemble of photons running parallel as a wave. The photons have spins, these spins can be rotated at clockwise or counterclockwise, so when all the group of photons are at the same rotation of their electromagnetic fields then we can see that this is the maximum of amplitude (positive or negative) and vice versa, when all groups of photons are in opposite phases then we see a sum of zero phase.
4.3 Reflection of the light We should all be familiar with reflection since we see bright reflections when a light hits a smooth shiny surface like a mirror. This is an example of light interacting with matter in a certain way. The reflection of the light through a mirror or a surface is the variation of the direction of the light into the initial ether or medium.
Fig. 6.2: the photon passes through a rectangular hole The photon and its electromagnetic radiation will in which the electric field must be parallel to the turn according to the angle between the beam of laser rectangular hole. and the surface.
4.2 Superposition of the light For many kinds of waves, including electromagnetic, two or more waves can traverse the same space at the same time independently of one another. This means that the electric field at any point in space is simply the vector sum of the electric fields that the individual waves alone produce at the point. This is the superposition principle. Both the electric and
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( ) = (6) ( ) With and are the indices of refraction for the two media θ is the angle of incidence. φ is the angle of refraction.
Fig.8: presents the reflection of the light
With respect to the proposed properties by the author, the reflection of photons are basically due to their electromagnetic fields which can’t pass through a matter like a smooth shiny surface such as mirror. This is due to the photon’s frequency that can’t penetrate between the atoms of the mirror, they will Fig. 9: presents the refraction of the light [1]. be reflected. But if the photon has a high frequency enough to penetrate between atoms, then the photon With respect to the proposed properties by the will not be reflected. So the reflection of photons author, the refraction of light is the refraction of the depends on the frequency of the photons. photons, the electromagnetic radiation of the photon play a big role in the refraction. If the electromagnetic radiation’s frequency is high, then 4.4 Refraction of the light the angle of deviation will be low because the When light travels from one medium to another, the photons will enter between the molecules without light bends. This is called refraction. If the medium, any difficulties. And if the frequency is low, then the in the path of the light, bends the light or blocks angle of deviation will be high because the photons certain frequencies of it, we can see separate colors. will find difficulties to pass through the matter this is A rainbow, for example, occurs when the sun's light why the light will slow down its speed in a medium becomes separated by moisture in the air. The like glass. moisture bends the light, thus separating the frequencies and allowing us to see the unique colors of the light spectrum. Prisms also provide this effect. 4.5 Diffraction of the light When light hits a prism at certain angles, the light Conclusive evidence of the correctness of a wave will refract (bend), causing it to be separated into its model came with the explanation of observed individual frequencies. This effect occurs because of diffraction and interference. When light passes an the shape of the prism and the angle of the light. obstacle, the shadow is not precise and sharp as In fact, a beam of light as the sun light contains geometrical ray theory would predict, but rather different frequencies, and each frequency has its own diffracted a little into the dark region behind the electromagnetic radiation and has its own mass of obstacle, thus giving the shadow a fuzzy edge. This package of energy, the highest energy was, the property of light that causes it to spread out as it lowest is the deviation which is demonstrated by travels by sharp edges or through tiny holes can be experiments. explained by light having wavelike properties. The ratio of this speed difference is called the index Diffraction is predicted from Huygens’ principle. In of refraction (n). The ratio of the indices of refraction Figure 10, a wave is incident on a barrier from the and the direction of the two rays of light for the two left. The barrier has a slit. Every point on the incident media are expressed in Snell’s law as shown in wave front that arrives at the slit can be viewed as the Figure 9 and Equation 6. site of an expanding spherical wavelet. For apertures
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that are small compared to the wavelength, the maximum intensity. Between adjacent maxima is a aperture becomes like a source and spherical waves region of minimum intensity. See Figure 11. The result. As the slit width d increases, the diffracted resulting pattern on the screen shows where wave becomes more and more like the incident plane constructive interference occurs (maxima, labeled B) wave except for the edges at the shadow [1]. and where destructive interference occurs (minima, labeled D). The experimental layout shown in Figure 11 can be used in practice to measure the wavelength of light [1].
Fig. 11: presents the interference of the light through two slits separated with a distance much larger than Fig.10: presents the diffraction of a light in three there width. cases, the first one is when the slit is smaller than the wavelength, the second is when the slit is equal to the With respect to the proposed properties by the wavelength and the third is when the slit is larger author, this phenomenon is similar to the diffraction than the wave length [1]. but the only difference is that two sources of light are interfering with each other. In reality this form a With respect to the proposed properties by the mystery to the scientists willing to explain this author, we can say that the photons can pass easily phenomenon in quantum physics, many scientists say without deviation through a slit with width > length that it is just a probability of distribution of the light of the electromagnetic wave of the photon. If the on a screen. width of the slit is smaller than the length of the In fact, the author of this paper has made the same electromagnetic wavelength, therefore there will be experiment by using the light of a laser with red diffraction. In this case the photons will deviate there frequency and obtained an interference phenomenon pathway and form what is called a uniform on a screen separated from the head of laser by a diffraction. distance equal to 3.5 meters. This experiment shows the probability of distribution of the photons on the screen by forming the same interference 4.6 Interference of the light phenomenon. This experiment will demonstrate the The first definitive demonstration of the wavelike explained theory by some physicists and scientists nature of light was the classical two-slit experiment that said it is just a probability of distribution of the performed by Thomas Young in 1801. The two slits light on a screen. So as a conclusion the interference are very small compared to their separation distance. phenomenon is the probability of distribution of the Thus, each slit produces diffracted spherical waves photons on a screen due to the diffraction of each slit. that overlap as they expand into the space to the right We can say also that the light will be polarized by of the barrier. When they overlap, they interfere with passing through the two slits so it is evident that each other, producing regions of mutually reinforcing some of photons will combine their electromagnetic waves. These appear on the screen as regions of field in the brightness area on the screen but in the darkness area the probability of finding combined
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photons is very small because they are neutralizing [13] Jenkins and White. “Fundamentals of Optics”, their presence due to the opposite polarization. New York: McGraw-Hill, (1976). [14] National Photonics Skills Standard for Technicians, Pittsfield, Massachusetts: Laurin 5 Conclusion Publishing Company, Inc., (1995). As conclusion, the author developed new [15] Seyrafi Khalil, “Electro-Optical Systems characteristics of the light in order to combine the Analysis”, Los Angeles: Electro-Optical duality of the light which are wavelike and photon, Research Company, (1985). and he proposed a unified form which is a photon attached to an electromagnetic field. The proposed characteristics can resolve and explain the behavior of the Photon-Electromagnetic form in all experiments under the quantum physics theories. So as conclusion, we can explain the duality of the light using the quantum theory even if the light is behaving as a waveform. In the presented paper, 6 different cases of the waveform characteristics are explained under the quantum physics using the new characteristics of the light proposed by the author. Briefly, the two different forms of the light are resolved into a single form that contains the both duality. Many studies will follow this paper in order to explain much more phenomena in the nature under the unification of the duality nature of the light.
References: [1] Linda J. Vandergriff, “Nature and Properties of Light”, FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTONICS. [2] J. D. Jackson, “Classical electrodynamics”, Wiley, New York, (third edition), (1999). [3] I. R. Kenyon, “General relativity”, Oxford University Press, New York, (1990) [4] M. V. Berry, “Principle of cosmology and gravitation”, institute of Physics publishing, Bristol, (1989). [5] P. M. Schwarz, J. H. Schwarz, “Special relativity, from Einstein to strings”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2004). [6] M. Longair, “Theoretical concept in physics”, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, (2003). [7] W. Pauli, “Theory of relativity”, Dover, New York, (1958). [8] F. Rohrlich, “Classical charged particles”, Addison-Wesley, Redwood, (1965). [9] P. G. Bergmann, “Introduction to the Theory of relativity”, Dover, New York, (1976). [10] Bertrand Berche, “Relativite”, Laboratoire de physique des materiaux, universite Henri Poincarre, Nancy1. [11] C V RAMAN and S BHAGAVANTAM, “Experimental proof of the spin of the photon”, Indian 3. Phys. 6 353-366 ,(1931). [12] Ford Kenneth, “Basic Physics”. Walton, Massachusetts: Blaisdell Publishing Co., (1968).
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