Recent Advances in Systems Science and Mathematical Modelling Unification of the duality of the light in one form CLAUDE ZIAD BAYEH1, 2 1Faculty of Engineering II, Lebanese University 2EGRDI transaction on Physics (2001) LEBANON Email: [email protected] NIKOS E.MASTORAKIS WSEAS (Research and Development Department) http://www.worldses.org/research/index.html Agiou Ioannou Theologou 17-2315773, Zografou, Athens,GREECE [email protected] Abstract: - The light has duality of properties or characteristics, it is considered as a wave and as a package of energy or photon. In experiments the scientists separated the both dualities, for example in the polarization, diffraction, refraction, reflection and interference experiments, they use the wave characteristics of the light. In other experiments for example in photoelectric effect they use the photon characteristics of the light. In some experiments we consider that the light behave as a wave form such as in reflection, refraction, diffraction... and we can’t use in these experiments the characteristics of the photon because it doesn’t apply. And in other experiments such as the variation of the energy of an electron due to a photons beam can be explained using the photons properties and not the wave properties because they don’t apply. In reality, the light has both dualities of properties and characteristics of Photon and Electromagnetic wave. So if we want to explain the real fact of experiments, then we should not separate the both forms of the light because they are combined and not separated. For this reason and many others, the author proposed in this paper many characteristics of the light that combine the both duality and proposed a unique form of the light as a Photon-electromagnetic form. And also the author explains each experiments in the classical physics using the proposed characteristics under the quantum theories. Key-words:-Light characteristics, Photon, Wavelength, Properties of light, Energy, Reflection, Refraction, Diffraction, Interference, Polarization. 1 Introduction consists of an oscillating electric field and an Light is a form of energy, and exists in two oscillating magnetic field, hence the name conceptual frameworks: light exhibits properties that electromagnetic radiation. We should note that the have characteristics of discrete particles (eg. energy two fields are oscillating perpendicular to each other. is carried away in "chunks") and characteristics of Light is only one form of electromagnetic radiation. waves (e.g. diffraction) [1]. This split is known as The light has a large range of frequencies; in duality. It is important to understand that this is not particular case the frequency range for visible light is an "either/or" situation. Duality means that the only a small portion of the spectrum with violet and characteristics of both waves and particles are red being the highest and lowest frequencies present at the same time. The same beam of light will respectively. Since violet light has a higher frequency behave as a particle and/or as a wave depending on than red, we say that it has more energy. If you go all the experiment [2-10]. Furthermore, the particle the way out on the electromagnetic spectrum, you framework (chunks) can have interactions which can will see that gamma rays are the most energetic. This be described in terms of wave characteristics and the should come as no surprise since it is commonly wave framework can have interactions that can be known that gamma rays have enough energy to described in terms of particle characteristics. The penetrate many materials. particle form is known as a photon, and the waveform is known as electromagnetic radiation [11- Briefly one defines the following properties of light: 15]. Speed, Frequency, Wavelength, and Energy. The wave form of light is actually a form of energy that is created by an oscillating charge. This charge The problem is that till now, the light describes a dual nature according to the scientists, as a ISBN: 978-1-61804-141-8 56 Recent Advances in Systems Science and Mathematical Modelling continuous wave and a discrete particle (photon). The • The speed of light, c = 299,792.458 km/s, is the scientists give examples of light exhibiting both same for all observers, independent of their motion natures. relative to the source of light. (This is the same as the In fact, till now the scientists separate the both second postulate of Einstein) [2-10]. duality of the light and treat everyone in a separate way but in reality the two characteristics are • The light has the following properties: Speed, presented into one form in the nature. Until now this Frequency, Wavelength, and Energy. form is not described as a single phenomenon and the scientist didn’t create a single form of the light that • The light behaves as a wave and it has six explains the duality of photon-electromagnetic properties of electromagnetic waves which are: radiation phenomenon. -Polarization -Superposition -Reflection In this paper, the author proposes a new form that -Refraction -Diffraction -Interference explains the duality of the Photon-Electromagnetic radiation. And also he proposed many new • The light can be polarized, by using the polarizing characteristics that combine and explain the duality material. of the light. In section 2, some existing characteristics of the light • The particle-like nature of light is modeled with are presented. In the section 3, the author proposes photons. A photon has no mass and no charge. It is a his own characteristics which are in fact the fruit of a carrier of electromagnetic energy and interacts with heavy work and many experiments and they are in other discrete particles (e.g., electrons, atoms, and coherence with the theories of quantum physics. In molecules). A beam of light is modeled as a stream section 4, Study of different case of the wave form is of photons, each carrying a well-defined energy that presented with different cases such as reflection, is dependent upon the wavelength of the light. The refraction, diffraction, interference… and finally a energy of a given photon can be calculated by: conclusion is presented in the final section. = ℎ ∙ / (1) Where E is in joules 2 Existing characteristics of the light h = Planck’s constant = 6.625 10 J.s In this section, a brief study about the existing c = Speed of light = 2.998 × 10 m/s characteristics of the light is given. The main goal is λ = Wavelength of the light in meters to understand exactly how the light behaves in the space and in a medium. • There is a minimum energy threshold for an • The light is forming by two important forms: electron to escape from the metal. Photons with -Electromagnetic radiation (light is a special kind of frequencies below a given threshold eject no electromagnetic energy.) electrons, no matter how intense the light. Photons -photon or package of energy. with frequencies above the threshold do eject electrons, no matter how low the intensity. The • Light travels in a vacuum at a constant speed, and energy of the released electrons can be calculated this speed is considered a universal constant. from Equation: It is important to note that speed changes for light = ℎ ∙ − (2) traveling through non vacuum media such as air Where (0.03% slower) or glass (30.0% slower). p = characteristic escape energy for the metal. = the kinetic energy of an escaping electron. • Scientists have observed that light energy can hc/λ = the energy of the photon of wavelength λ. behave like a wave as it moves through space, or it can behave like a discrete particle with a discrete • The photon has a momentum that is mean it is in amount of energy (quantum) that can be absorbed rotation always. And the equation of the momentum and emitted. is = + with = 0 ⇒ = = ℎ. = ℎ. (3) •Valid laws of physics are the same for all inertial observers (people, who move at constant velocity, maybe zero, relative to the “fixed stars”). (This is the • An electromagnetic wave is made of an electric same as the first postulate of Einstein) [2-10]. field and a magnetic field that alternately get weaker and stronger. The directions of the fields are at right angles to the direction the wave is moving. ISBN: 978-1-61804-141-8 57 Recent Advances in Systems Science and Mathematical Modelling = = ∙ (4) complete the existing ones in the previous sections which are agreed by all scientists. Where is the length of the wave for one period. For example, in some experiments we consider that is the period of the wave. the light behaves as a wave form such as in is the velocity of the wave. reflection, refraction, diffraction, etc... and we can’t is the frequency of the wave. use in these experiments the characteristics of the photon because it doesn’t apply. And in other experiments such as the variation of the energy of an electron due to a photons beam can be explained using the photons properties and not the wave properties. In reality, the light has both dualities of properties of Photon and Electromagnetic wave. So if we want to explain the real facts of experiments, then we should not separate the both forms of the light Fig. 1: One-dimensional representation of the because they are combined and not separated. For electromagnetic wave [1]. this reason and many others, the author proposed the following characteristics of the light: • The light moves independently of its source and the speed of the light is independent of the speed of the matter. • In the instant when the light is separating from the matter, the speed of light will be independent of the velocity of the matter.