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Pathanamthitta District, Kerala कᴂद्रीय भूमि जल बो셍ड जल संसाधन, नदी विकास और गंगा संरक्षण विभाग, जल शक्ति मंत्रालय भारत सरकार Central Ground Water Board Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti Government of India AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES PATHANAMTHITTA DISTRICT, KERALA केरल क्षेत्र, वत셁िनंतपुरम Kerala Region, Thiruvananthapuram भारत सरकार GOVERNMENT OF INDIA जल संसाधन, नदी विकास और गंगा संरक्षण मंत्रालय MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT & GANGA REJUVENATION केन्द्रीय भूवमजल बो셍ड CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN OF HARD ROCK AREAS OF PATHANAMTHITTA DISTRICT, KERALA (AAP 2017-18) KERALA REGION THIRUVANANTHAPURAM JANUARY 2019 FOREWORD The National Project on Aquifer Mapping (NAQUIM) is an initiative of the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, for mapping and managing the entire aquifer systems in the country. The aquifer systems in Kerala are being mapped as part of this Programme and this report pertains to aquifer mapping of the hard rock terrains of Pathanamthitta district. The target scale of investigation is 1:50,000 and envisages detailed study of the aquifer systems up to 200 m depth, to ascertain their resource, water quality, sustainability, and finally evolve an aquifer management plan. The report titled “Aquifer Mapping and Management plan of hard rock areas of Pathanamthitta District, Kerala” gives a complete and detailed scientific account of the various aspects of the hard rock aquifers in the area including its vertical and horizontal dimensions, flow directions, quantum and quality of the resources, of both - the shallow and deeper zones of the hard rock aquifers. Voluminous data were generated consequent to hydrogeological, ground water regime monitoring, exploratory drilling, geophysical studies etc. in the district, and incorporated in the report. The information is further supplemented by various data collected from State departments. It portrays the various ground water issues pertaining to the area along with recommendation for suitable interventions and remedial measures. Thus, it provides a total and holistic solution to the water security problems in the hard rock areas of Pathanamthitta district. This document has been prepared under the guidance of Dr. N. Vinayachandran, Scientist D & Nodal Officer, and Smt. T.S. Anitha Shyam, Scientist D & Team leader. The painstaking efforts of the field hydrogeologist Dr. Sakthimurugan, Asst.Hydrogeologist in carrying out the aquifer mapping and preparation of this report are well appreciated. Dr. K.R. Sooryanarayana, Suptdg. Hydrogeologist and Dr. V.S Joji, Scientist D deserves appreciation for their meticulous scrutiny of this report before printing. I am also thankful to the Chairman, Members and officers of CGWB, Faridabad for their valuable guidance in finalizing this document. Thanks, are also due to various organizations of Government of Kerala and Government of India for providing data required for the compilation of this document. This report evolved in the present form through incorporations and modifications as suggested during the presentation of the report before the State Ground Water Coordination Committee (SGWCC) chaired by the Water Resources Secretary, Kerala State, Smt. Tinku Biswal, IAS and before the DM, Pathanamthitta district. Their sincere efforts and encouragements for improvising the content of this report are acknowledged with gratitude. I hope this compilation will be of much help to the planners, administrators and stakeholders in the water sector in Kerala and will serve as a useful guide for the optimal and sustainable management of ground water resources in the hard rock areas of Pathanamthitta district bases on sound scientific foot. Thiruvananthapuram, January, 2019. (V. Kunhambu) Regional Director Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.3 Brief Description of the area ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Administrative Divisions .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.5 Climate ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.6 Geomorphologic features ............................................................................................................................. 6 1.7 Drainage and morphometric features ............................................................................................................ 6 1.8 Soil characteristics ....................................................................................................................................... 6 1.9 Hydrology .................................................................................................................................................. 6 1.10 Irrigation Projects: Major, Medium, and Minor ........................................................................................... 7 1.11 Land use .................................................................................................................................................. 10 1.12 Forest ....................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.13 Cropping pattern ...................................................................................................................................... 10 1.14 Urban Area, Industries and Mining activities ............................................................................................ 10 1.15 Water supply .......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.16 Previous work .......................................................................................................................................... 11 1.17 General geology ....................................................................................................................................... 11 1.18 Geophysical Studies ................................................................................................................................. 15 2.0 DATA COLLECTION, GENERATION AND INTEGRATION ................................... 18 2.1 Data collection and data gap analysis .......................................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 Water Level Monitoring .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Exploration ............................................................................................................................................. 18 2.1.3 VES and Profiling ................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1.4 Water Quality Monitoring ....................................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Data generation and integration .................................................................................................................. 19 2.2.1 Groundwater Exploration ........................................................................................................................ 19 2.2.2 Water levels and piezometric heads ......................................................................................................... 20 2.3 Water quality monitoring............................................................................................................................ 20 3.0 DATA INTERPRETATION AND AQUIFER MAPPING ............................................ 24 3.1 Hydrometeorology ..................................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.1 Rainfall ......................................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.2 Droughts – Incidence, Intensity & Periodicity ............................................................................... 25 3.2 Soil Characteristics .................................................................................................................................... 34 3.3 Geomorphology ......................................................................................................................................... 36 3.4 Drainage characteristics.............................................................................................................................. 36 3.5 Land Use, Irrigation and cropping patterns ................................................................................................. 39 3.6 Cropping pattern .......................................................................................................................................
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