Systematic Review of the Rhesus Macaque, Macaca Mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780)

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Zoology II NO. 96

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Systematic Review of the Rhesus Macaque, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780)

Jack Fooden OC3

Jane 30^ 2000 Publication 1S09

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Zoology NEW SERIES, NO. 96

Systematic Review of the Rhesus Macaque, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780) oo

r Jack Fooden — <

Division of Mammals ^^ Department of Zoology :X3 Field Museum of Natural History '^ 1400 South Lake Shore Drive Chicago. Illinois 60605-2496 U.S.A.

Accepted June 10, 1999 Published June 30, 2000 Publication 1509

Table of Contents Sexual Maturation 70 Sexual Skin 71 Menstrual Cycle 71

Abstract 1 Estrus 71

Introduction 1 Consortship 72 Geographic Distribution and Current Copulatory Behavior 72 Population Estimates 2 Dominance Rank and Reproductive Suc- Pelage 7 cess 73 General Characterization 7 Inbreeding 73 Early Development 7 Nonreproductive Sexual Behavior 74 Seasonal Variation 11 Gestation Length 74 Geographic Variation 16 Parturition 74 Nepalese Standards 16 Birth Weight, Infant Sex Ratio 75 Survey of Sample Areas 16 Birth Rate, Infant Mortality Rate 75 Summary 25 Nursing, Weaning 76 External Measurements and Proportions 26 Menopause 77 Sex and Age Variation 26 Annual Mortality Rate 78 Geographic Variation 26 Population Growth Rate 78 Head and Body Length 26 Fossils and Subfossils 79 Tail Length 29 System ATics 79 Relative Tail Length 29 Geographic Variation and Subspecific Body Weight 30 Recognition 79 Cranial Characters 38 Size 79 Sex and Age Variation 38 Tail Length 81 Geographic Variation 39 Pelage 81 Skull Length 39 Molecular Diversity 82 Cranial and Dental Morphology 42 Synonymy 83 Comparison with Macaca fascicularis 44 Type 86 Molecular Biology and Genetics 44 Type Locality 86 Mitochondrial DNA 44 Evolution and Dispersal 87 Nuclear DNA 52 Acknowledgments 89 Blood Proteins 52 Literature Cited 90 Karyology 52 Note Added in Proof 120 Physiology and Disease 53 Appendix 1: Specimens Examined 121 Blood, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Temper- Appendix 2: Gazetteer of Macaca ament 53 MULATTA Localities 124 Lead Content of Molars 53 Index 179 Malaria 53 Viral Infections 54 Natural History 54 List of Illustrations Habitats 54 Arboreality/Terrestriality 54

Swimming 56 1 Known locality records of Macaca mii- Group Size and Composition 56 latta 2

Home Range, Day Range 57 2. Detail maps of Macaca mulatta locali- Population Density 57 ties Diet 57 A. Western section 4 Predators 61 B. Central section 8 Intergroup Behavior 62 C. Eastern section 12 Interspecific Behavior 66 3. Dorsal pelage color in Macaca mulatta Intrageneric 66 A. Topotype 17 Intergeneric 68 B. Contrasting pelage color in two

Reproduction , 68 adult males collected 4 days apart Seasonality 68 at Rajapara, India 17

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4. Monthly incidence of prime, faded, List of Tables and molting pelage stages in wild-collected specimens of Macaca mulatta 18 1 Estimated population of Macaca mulat- 5. areas cited in Macaca mulatta Sample ta in five countries for which data are 20 pelage comparisons available 3 6. Latitudinal variation in interscapular 2. External measurements and proportions length in Macaca mulatta adults .... 27 hair in age/sex classes of wild-collected 7. Latitudinal variation in midtail hair Macaca mulatta 30 length in Macaca mulatta adults 28 3. Geographic variation in head and body 8. Latitudinal variation in head and body length in adult Macaca mulatta 31 length in Macaca mulatta adult non- 4. Geographic variation in tail length in captives 32 adult Macaca mulatta 33 9. Latitudinal variation in tail length in 5. Geographic variation in relative tail Macaca mulatta adult noncaptives 34 length in adult Macaca mulatta 37 10. Longitudinal variation in tail length in 6. Dry-skin measurements of 14 Macaca Macaca mulatta adult noncaptives 35 mulatta specimens collected at Xing- relative tail 1 1 Latitudinal variation in long Xian (= Eastern Tombs), Hebei in mulatta adult non- length Macaca Province, northeastern China 39 captives 36 7. Geographic variation of body weight in 12. Longitudinal variation in relative tail adult Macaca mulatta 40 length in Macaca mulatta adult non- 8. Cranial measurements and proportions captives 38 in age/sex classes of wild-collected Latitudinal variation in body weight in 13. Macaca mulatta 44 Macaca mulatta adult noncaptives 41 9. Geographic variation in greatest length 14. Skull of adult female Macaca mulat- of skull in adult Macaca mulatta 46 ta FMNH 99668, Thailand: Ban Mae — 10. Frequencies of major alleles at poly- Lamao 42 morphic blood-protein loci in samples 15. Skull of adult male Macaca mulatta— of Macaca w«/arra from six countries .... 53 FMNH 99669, Thailand: Huai Ap Nang 43 11. Habitats reported for Macaca mulatta ... 55 16. Dental emergence chronology in Maca- 12. Frequency distribution of elevation rec- mulatta 45 ca ords of Macaca mulatta 56 17. Latitudinal variation in greatest length 13. Arboreal/terrestrial behavior recorded of skull in mulatta adult non- Macaca during daylight hours in samples of 47 captives Macaca mulatta 56 18. Longitudinal variation in greatest 14. Group size reported for Macaca mulat- length of skull in Macaca mulatta ta 58 adult noncaptives 48 15. Ratio of sexually mature males to sex- 19. Sample areas cited in mitochondrial ually mature females reported in and Shi 50 DNA study of Zhang groups of Macaca mulatta 60 20. Consensus dendrogram of mitochondri- 16. Home range area reported for groups al relationships in Macaca mulat- DNA of Macaca mulatta 61 ta samples studied by Zhang and Shi .... 51 17. Day range reported for groups of Ma- 21. Type localities of nominal species or caca mulatta 62 subspecies allocated to Macaca mulat- 18. Population density reported for Macaca ta; limits of natural distribution known mulatta 63 of Macaca w»/arto also indicated 82 19. Foods reported eaten by Macaca mu- 22. Hypothetical stages in the evolution latta. Dietary proportions are indicated and dispersal of A/acaca mii/arra 88 where data are available 64 20. Daily waking-hour time budget esti- 27. Infant mortality rate in natural popula- mates for Macaca mulatta 66 tions of Macaca mulatta 78 21. Intergroup contact behavior reported 28. Population growth rate in Macaca mu- for Macaca mulatta 67 latta 80 22. Mating and birth periods reported for 29. Localities and ages of Macaca mulatta natural populations of Macaca mulatta 69 fossils or subfossils 81 23. Age of sexual maturity reported for 30. Subspecies recognized in published natural populations of Macaca mulatta 70 classifications of Macaca mulatta, 24. Birth weight in laboratory-housed Ma- 1932-95 caca mulatta 75 83 25. Infant sex ratio in Macaca mulatta 76 31. Latitudinal range and relative tail 26. Annual birth rate in natural populations length in fascicularis-groxvp species of of Macaca mulatta 77 macaques 89

)

Systematic Review of the Rhesus Macaque, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780)

Jack Fooden

Abstract

The rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780), is systematically reviewed, based on examination of 638 museum specimens, observation of natural populations, and survey of relevant literature. The natural distribution of M. mulatta extends from eastern Afghan- istan and western India to eastern China and northern Vietnam. This review includes analyses of geographic variation in pelage characters, external measurements and proportions, cranial

characters, molecular biology and genetics, and physiology and disease. Information also is presented concerning natural history, reproduction, and paleontology. Taxonomically, local and regional populations are regarded as inadequately differentiated to warrant recognition of subspecies in M. mulatta. A hypothesis is proposed to explain the evolution and dispersal of this species. In an appendix, an annotated gazetteer lists 1,239 localities where M. mulatta has been collected or observed.

Introduction bnhs Bombay Natural History Society, Mum- bai (39) The rhesus macaque, Macaca mulatta (Zim- ctnrc Centre for Thai National Reference Col- mermann, 1780), probably is the most intensively lections, Thailand Institute of Scientific studied species (see, e.g.. of non-human primate and Technological Research, Bangkok ( 1 Primate Information Center, 1998, p. 27). The fcxm Forestry College of Vietnam, Xuan Mai present systematic review of M. mulatta is based (5) on examination of 638 museum specimens (Ap- fdcg Forestry Designing Centre of Guangxi, pendix 1); observation of natural populations in Nanning (8) India, Thailand, and China; and survey of relevant fmnh Field Museum of Natural History, Chi- literature. The principal subjects covered in this cago (23) review are geographic variation in characters; nat- fubd Fudan University, Biology Department, ural history, tax- reproduction, and paleontology; Shanghai (2) onomy; and evolution and dispersal. Specimens hubd Hangzhou University, Biology Depart- are preserved in the following institu- examined ment, Hangzhou (1) in tions (number of specimens parentheses), jggj^ Institute of Ecology and Biological Re- hereafter which are cited by means of the indi- sources, Hanoi (38) cated abbreviations: ^^^^ Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de AMNH American Museum of Natural History, Belgique, Brussels (3) New York (53) izcas Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadel- of Sciences, Beijing (47) phia (8) KIZ Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese BMNH Beijing Museum of Natural History, Academy of Sciences, Kunming (28) Beijing (7) mcz Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har- bm(nh) British Museum (Natural History), Lon- vard University, Cambridge, Massachu- don (122) setts (8)

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, N.S., NO. 96, JUNE 30, 2000, PP. 1-180 living Fig. 1 . Known locality records of Macaca mulatta; specimens examined include monkeys personally observed in the field. For details, see Figures 2A-C.

MZB Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bo- ZMNH Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, gor (1) Hangzhou (2) MNHN Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle ZMVNU Zoological Museum, Vietnam National (Mammiferes), Paiis (15) University, Hanoi (47) NHMB Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel (2) ZRC Zoological Reference Collection, De- NWPIB Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology, partment of Zoology, National Univer- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining sity of Singapore (6) (6) zsBS Zoologisches Sanrmilung des Bayerisch- P-CM Powell-Cotton Museum, Birchington, en Staates, Munich (1) Kent (2) zsi Zoological Survey of India, National RMNH National Museum of Natural History, Zoological Collection, Calcutta (25) Leiden (2) — Private collections (9) SCIEA South China Institute of Endangered An- imals, Guangzhou (23)

.SIZ Shaanxi Institute of Zoology. Xi'an (4) SMNH Shanghai Museum of Natural History, Geographic Distribution and Current Shanghai (54) Population Estimates UPS University of Puget Sound, Tacoma (1)

USNM National Museum of Natural History, Macaca mulatta inhabits parts of 1 1 countries Washington, D.C. (39) in southern and southeastern Asia (Figs. 1, 2, 21), ZMB Zoologisches Museum des Humboldt- from ca. 15°N (in India, Thailand, Laos, and Viet- Universitat, Berlin (6) nam) to ca. 36°N (in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India,

FIELDL\NA: ZOOLOGY Table 1. Estimated population of Macaca inulatta in five countries for which data are available.'

Population estimate Country (X 1,000) References

Afghanistan see Gazetteer. Appendix Fig. 2A. Detail map of Macaca mulatta localities, western section; for documentation, include livmg monkeys 2. Abbreviations in parentheses are those used in gazetteer locality codes; specimens examined personally observed in the field.

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY .

Afghanistan (A) 27. Aglar River; Asarori Forest; Dehra Dun; Dehra vicinity, 1 Asmar, east of; Asmar, northwest of: Barikowt, south- Dun vicinity; Dehra Dun 600 m; Dhaulkot east of; Kamu Valley; Kouchlaus, south of; Landay Forest; Hardwar: Kansrao; Mohan; Mussoorie vi- Sind, left bank, near confluence with Kunar R.; Lan- cinity; Rajaji Wildlife Sanctuary. day Sind. left bank, near Pule Saret; Landay Sind, 28. Tehri-Garhwal District. near Chascoup; Landay Sind, near Merdech; Landay 29. Kedarnath Sanctuary. Sind, right bank, between Mandagal and Omiul; Lan- 30. Molta. day Sind. right bank, near Sang e Safed; Landay Sind 31. Bageshwar. Valley, near Kamu Valley; Landay Sind Valley, 32. Haldwani: Hanumangarhi Hill; Kumaun Hills; southern slope; Mandagal, northwest of; Nurestan, Naini Tal; Ratighat eastern. 33. Dela; Jhirna; Ramganga River; Ramnagar. 2. Wama. north of. 34. Bijnor; Sita Bani. 3. Gusalek, north of. 35. Meerut District. 4. Nurestan vicinity. 36. Sonepat District. 5. Alicheng River, east of. 37. Kheri Sahd; Panipat-Rhotak. highway between; 6. Alingar, east of. Rhohtak District. 7. Outapour, south of. 38. Jind District. 8. Chigha Sarai, north of. 39. Hissar District. 9. Kotgay (= Cotgai), northeast of. 40. Bhiwani District. 10. Kotgay (= Cotgai), east of. 41. Delhi; Delhi vicinity: Delhi-Mathura Road; Ghazia- 11. Chamkani, northeast of. bad District; Lai Kuan; Meetha Pur; Tughlaqabad. 12. Chamkani, southeast of. 42. Rewari-Patudi-Gurgaon, highway between. China (C) 43. Delhi-Agra.

1. Gyirong Subcounty. 44. Khair India (I) 45. Delhi-Hathras.

1. Lolab; Lolab Valley. 46. Bulandshahr District; Delhi-Aligarh. 2. Ovra Sanctuary, proposed. 47. Rampur-Ghaziabad. 3. Kotihar India. 48. Bareilly-Agra, highway between. 4. Ramban Township vicinity. 49. Makhena. 5. Akhnoor; Chowkichora; Jammu; Nandini Wildlife 50. Moradabad vicinity. Sanctuary; Narota-Bun, highway between. 51. Pilibhit-Tanakpur. 6. Jammu & Kashmir, southern border with Pakistan. 52. Bareilly; Kareilly, west of; Karghena, west of; 7. Surinsar. Ramganga South Station. 8. Kathua vicinity. 53. Shahjahanpur-Bareilly, highway between. 9. Ramnagar. 54. Sitapur-Bareilly. 10 Dumel; Jhajjarkotli; Udhampur. 55. Haripur. II Dunwein. 56. Nishangara; Nishangara vicinity. 12 Dharmsala; Kangra; Kangra Fort; Samayala. 57. Shahjahanpur-Lucknow. 13 Manali. 58. Lucknow-Sitapur. 14. Jagatsukh. 59. Gonda vicinity. 15. Kasol; Kulu District; Kulu valley; Pulga. 60. Ayodhya; Faizabad-Ajodhya; Faizabad vicinity. 16. Sainj; Sarahan; Tirthan. 61. Balrampur forest.

17. Narkanda, ca. 1 km north of; Narkanda, ca. 4 km 62. Ayodhya-Gorakpur. south of; Narkanda, ca. 5 km north of; Rampur, 63. Azamgarh vicinity. northwest of; Sungri, ca. 2 km south of; Sungri, ca. 64. Sultanpur vicinity. 4 km north of; Sungri, ca. 6 km northwest of; Sun- 65. Lucknow-Faizabad. gri, ca. 10 km northwest of; Sungri, ca. 10 km 66. Halwapura: Kakori: Lucknow vicinity. southwest of; Sungri, ca. 15 km southwest of; Sun- 67. Sitapur-Shahjahanpur, highway between. gri, ca. 20 km south-southwest of; Sungri, north of. 68. Delhi-Kanpur, highway between. 18. Boileauganj; Cecil: Chail Sanctuary; Jakko Hill; 69. Achal Tank: Aligarh; Aligarh vicinity: Baj Garhi Kasauli; Kufri, ca. 0.5 km southeast of; Kufri, ca. Bridge: Barauli Bridge: Barotha; Chaunpur; Chha- 1.5 km southeast of; Kufri, ca. 3 km southeast of; tari-do-Raha; Harduaganj; Hathras; Jawan; Nanau; NheraTTara Devi: Simla, western suburb; Simla vi- Qasimpur Canal: Sasni; Satha: Sindholi: Sumera; cinity; Simla Water Catchment Reserve; Solon Dis- Sumera Fall Jungle.

trict; View, Simla vicinity. 70 Agra. Chandigarh, outskirts of. 71 Mathura; Vrindavan. Ambala District. 72 Bharatpur. Patiala District. 73 Alwar District Saraswati Forests. 74 Bandipul; Sariska Tiger Reserve. Kamal District. 75 Ambagarh Reserve Forest; Amer; Barri Chopal; Kurukshetra District; Veer Sontri forests. Galta; Jaipur. Saharanpur vicinity. 76 Umri Devi. 26. West Timli. (continued on following page)

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 77. Marot. 133. Ashoknagar; Pakhal Lake, west side. 78. Bikaner. 134. Yellandu. 79. Sheo. 135. Kothagudem; Kothagudem, 4 km north of. 80. Jodhpur. 136. Muttagudem. 81. Kota. 137. Makkimarigudem; Tirumaladevipeta; Venketeswa- 82. Sawai Madhopur. ra Swami Temple. 83. Jhansi. 138. Dommeru; Rajahmundry, 3 km northeast of; Ra- 84. Banda vicinity. jahmundry, 13 km northeast of. 85. Chitrakut, Jagvedi and Bara Math Temples. 139. Dharmajigudem. 86. Saklesgarh. 140. Hanuman Junction; Mudhalaparava; Yeppuru. 87. Varanasi. 141. Gokavaram. 88. Chakia Forest Range. 142. Velatur 89. Karkatgarh. 143. Kuchipudi; Tenali, 5.5 km west of. 90. Shahabad District. 144. Kondapalle; Vijayawada. 91. Sahebgunj. 145. Anapalam; Kotanemalipuri; Narasaraopet, 2 km 92. Palamau. northwest of; Sattenapalle. 93. Bandhavgarh National Park. 146. Darsi. 94. Kakara. 147. Angaluru; Kondra Mutla; Mellavagu; Vinukonda. 95. Sohagpur. Supplementary Indian localities (received too late for 96. Bhopal, east of. inclusion in map; listed in Gazetteer): Dudhwa National 97. Tal Vraksh. Park; Kanha National Park. 98. Kherwada Forest. Nepal (N) 99. Ghori Hill: Hadya; Mahal, 2-5 km northwest of; 1. Chaur.

Sadard Devi, 1 km west of; Vasunia. 3 km west 2. Barmdeo Mandi: Sukla Phanta. of. 3. Bilauri. 100. Ajanta Caves. 4. Dhangarhi. 101. Bhim Kund Point; Punch Bol. 5. Aum River, ca. 20 km above mouth; Babai River 102. Nagpur. vicinity; Karnali River, ca. 30 km above mouth; 103. Malua. Kamali River/Aurn River, ca. 10 km above conflu- 104. Deogarh. ence. 105. Luia. 6. Hutu Forest; Pina, forests above. 106. Harchandi Sahai; Puri. 7. Bheri River 107. Berhampur. 8. Dudurhani; Simri, Narayani River. 108. Gudari. 9. Chengli. 109. Balimila vicinity. 10. Hitaura. 110. Malkangiri. 11. Trisuli Bazar, 4 mi (= 6.5 km) southeast of.

111. Orcha, ca. 1 km northwest of. 12. Bouzini; Gaushalla; Gokama; Katmandu; Nagarkot; 112. Gurjal. Pashupati; Swayambhunath. 113. Gundi. 13. Chandikhola; Hazaria Patherghatta; Russian Camp; 114. Kausa Gutta; Khanapur, 3-5 km west of; Nirmal, Simri, Birganj Forest District; Singaul. 16 km east of. Supplementary Nepalese localities (received too late 115. Ankapur; Balkonda. for inclusion in map; listed in Gazetteer): Balthali. Ka- 116. Ali Sagar; Rudrur Agricultural Station. vre; GhodaGhodi Tal; Pokhara; Ramnagar; Sankhu-

1 17, Hanmajipet; Ibrahimpet; Komlancha; Konapur; Bajrajogini; Tripureswor, Thapathali. Magi; Mallur; Narva; Waddepalle. Pakistan (P)

118. Mustapur, 0.5 km east of. 1. Kanti vicinity; Kaotai; Kunar River; Mirkhani; Shi- 119. Kondegattu temple. shi Koh vicinity; Utzun vicinity. 120, Bussapuram; Dumpallagudem; Govindaraopeta; 2. Dokdusra; Gwaldri Valley: Landrai Valley. Jakaram, 4 km southwest of; Laxmidevipeta; Pa- 3. Swat Kohistan region. lampeta. 4. Khyber Pass vicinity. 121. Warangal. 5. Swat River. 122. Gangupahad; Narayanapur; Raghunathapalle. 6. Bar Chanrai Hill. 123. Mulug; Pamulaparthi; Tunki; Wargel. 7. Pajja Hill. 124. Hyderabad. 8. Hazara District, southern. 125. Raigir; Yadagiri Gutta. 9. Neelum Valley. 126. Velkicharla. 10. Paia; Paras vicinity; Shogran vicinity. 127, Charkonda. 11. Margalla Hills.

128, Munipamula. 12. Dunga Gali vicinity; Ghora Dhaka, 1 mi (= 1.6 km) 129, Siddeldar Hill. east of; Kazinag; Machayara Game Reserve; Mur- 130 Dachepalle. ree, outskirts; Nathia Gali: Patriata; Phala/Kutbor 131 Jaggayyapet; Jaggayyapet, 4 km north of. Game Reserve. 132 Ballapet; Khammam; Mudigonda, Pallepadu; Tal-

lada; Tanikella; Wira, 1 km south of.

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY ever, this area probably had previously been in- ally, this crest is elongated and extends upward habited by a natural population of M. mulatto. between the eye and the ear as far as the side of Population estimates are available for M. mu- the crown (transzygomatic crest; 44 of 240 spec- latta in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, India, imens examined). The thinly haired facial skin is and Vietnam—five of the 1 1 countries inhabited buffy to reddish, except for the upper eyelids, by this species (Table 1). In these countries, the which are whitish (unpigmented). On the proxi- total estimated population is >9 19,000. Although mal part of the limbs, dorsal pelage is similar in comparable estimates are not available for Bhu- color to that on the adjacent trunk; more distally, tan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, and Thai- the pelage color of the limbs becomes less ery- land, the combined area of M. mulatta habitat in thristic and more dilute. The basal one-fourth of these six countries is less than in the preceding the tail is approximately the same color as the five (Fig. 1), which probably indicates that the adjacent lower back; the distal three-fourths is bi- total living population of M. mulatta is less than color, dark brown dorsally and buffy ventrally. two million. According to reports published in The ventral surface of the trunk and limbs is thin- 1995, the population of M. mulatta recently has ly haired, pale buffy to whitish. Broadly distrib- been increasing in India (Southwick & M. F. Sid- uted areas of sexual skin undergo cyclical changes diqi, 1995. p. 18) and has been decreasing in Chi- in color and swelling (see "Reproduction." be- na (Jiang Haisheng et al., 1995, p. 178). low); in adult males, the glans is blue-black (Wil- son & Vessey, 1968, p. 5). The pelage in M. mulatta populations at upper

elevations (ca. 2400 m) in India apparently is lon- Pelage ger and sleeker than in nearby populations at low-

er elevations (Dodsworth, 1914, p. 730). In cap- General Characterization tivity, the pelage of dominant individuals, partic-

ularly high-ranking males, reportedly is sleeker

Dorsal pelage coloration is a key character for than that of subordinate individuals (Chance, species identification of M. mulatta. In M. mulat- 1956, p. 5; Waterhouse & Waterhouse, 1971, p. ta, the fur of the lower back is conspicuously 19). The large amount of grooming received by more erythristic than that of the upper back (Fig. dominant individuals may contribute to their

3). In specimens in prime pelage (see "Seasonal sleekness. Variation," below), the color of the upper back Abnormally pale "golden" M. mulatta individ- varies from yellowish gray to golden brown to uals reportedly occur in various parts of India and burnt orange, and the color of the lower back Pakistan at an estimated frequency of 1/10.000

varies correspondingly from golden brown to (Pickering & van Wagenen. 1969. p. 161; cf.

burnt orange to intense burnt orange ("almost fi- Anonymous, 1978, p. 12; Kessler et al.. 1986, p.

ery red"; Pocock, 1932, p. 531; cf. Sikorska-Pi- 264). Dorsal pelage color in these aberrant indi-

wowska, 1959, p. 272). On the upper back, the viduals is pale yellowish anteriorly and pale red- proximal two-thirds of individual dorsal hairs is dish-golden posteriorly; the skin is virtually un-

gray, and the distal one-third is annulated with pigmented, and retinal pigmentation also is re- alternating pale and dark bands, yellowish to duced. Experimental breeding indicates that the golden and blackish (cf. Koppikar & Sabnis, "golden" condition probably is inherited as an 1976, p. 7); on the lower back, the grayish color autosomal recessive trait. Among specimens ex- of the proximal two-thirds of individual hairs is amined, a fluid-preserved late fetus or neonate paler, the pale distal annulations are more ery- with umbilical cord still attached (bm(nh) thristic, and the dark distal annulations are more 1972.836), collected at Pyaunggaung, Myanmar, dilute. The crown, nape, and sides of the head are 14 May 1915, appears to be of the "golden" phe- approximately the same color as the adjacent up- notype.

per back; the anterior edge of the crown is marked by a blackish superciliary streak, and the cheeks often are also fringed with blackish hairs. Crown Early Development hairs usually are smoothly directed posteriorly. Hairs on the side of the head usually form a small Pelage color in M. mulatta neonates is pale crest or whorl near the angle of the jaw (infra- brown to dark brown, generally somewhat darker

zygomatic crest; Fooden, 1995, p. 19); occasion- than in adults (Tinklepaugh & Hartman, 1932, p.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA Fig. 2B. Detail map of Macaca mulatta localities, central section: for documentation, see Gazetteer, Appendix 2. Abbreviations in parentheses are those used in gazetteer locality codes; specimens examined include living monkeys personally observed in the field.

FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY <—

Bangladesh (Ba) .

81. Menghai; Menghun; Shanman. 40. Ampi Bazar, ca. 3 km southeast of resthouse; Char- 82. Menglong. ilam resthouse; Gumti Sanctuary; North District, 83. Mengyang. north-central; North District, northwestern; North 84. Mcnglun. District, western; South District, north-central; 85. Manpa. South District, south-central; South District, south- 86. Nonglin. eastern; South District, southwestern; South District, India (I) west-central; West District, east-central; West Dis-

1. Harinbhanga. trict, south-central; West District, southern; West 2. Jhilla. District, southwestern; West District, western. 3. Calcutta, Hastings Road; Calcutta. Indian Museum 41. North District, ea,stern. Compound: Calcutta, northern. 42. North District, .southeastern; North District, south- 4. Basirhat Reserve Forest. western; South District, northeastern. 5. Bhagalpur District. 43. Phawngpui Wildlife Sanctuary. 6. Mangpu; Narbong; Panighatta; Siliguri; Simulbari- Supplementary Indian locality (received too late for Pankhabari; Sivok; Sivok, ca. 3 km east of; Sivok, inclusion in map; listed in Gazetteer): Manas National ca. 5 km east of; Sivok, ca. 6 km east of; Sukna; Park. Sukna-Kurseong. Loos (L) 7. Sikkim; Tarkhola. 1. Ou, Nam, between Muang Khoua and Muang Ngoy. 8. Gorubathan forest. 2. Ou, Nam (= Nam hou). 9. Bharnabhari; Hasimara; Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctu- 3. Louangphrabang. ary. 4. Xaignabouri. 10. Jamduar vicinity; Maure, near; Raimona vicinity. 5. Mekong River, 90 km above Viangchan. of; vicinity; 1 1 West Garo Hills District. 6. Ban Kuai, several km south Ban Napo 12. Balphakram region. Ban So vicinity; Ban Wangma vicinity. 13. Garo Hills; Rongrenggiri vicinity. 7. Viangchan. 14. United Khasi-Jaintia Hills. 8. Ban Mak Nao. 15. Kulsi [River]; Rajapara. Myanma r (M) 16. Bogra Nadi. 1. Bawmwang; Htingnan Triangle. 17. Nongpoh. 2. Hkandau. 18. Narpuh Reserved Forest. 3. N'Changyang. 19. Hot Springs. 4. Tanga-Shingaw, road between. 20. Lamsakhang. 5. Karen Chaung; Myitkyina; Tang Hpre. 21. Baguri Block; Haldhibari Block. 6. Nanyaseik. 22. Golaghat. 7. Taga Hka; Taro. 23. Neghereting. 8. Singkaling Hkamti, northern Chindwin River; Sing- 24. Dafla Hills. kaling Hkamti, right (west) bank; Singkaling Hkam- 25. Adupuria; Akhoiphutia; Bahgara; Bezogaon; Chere- ti, upper Chindwin River, east bank. kapar, near; Chetia; Dichialgaon; Dihajan habi; Ha- 9. Heinsun. tighuli; Japisojia; Jayrapar; Jhanji; Judi-Jatakia; Kath- 10. Moklok. par; Khanamukh; Lunpuriagaon; Mesogarh; Meteka 11. Tamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary. Misajan; Moduri; Nanglamora; Nimaijan-Bahdhora 12. Hisweht. Rajmai tea garden, east of National Highway No. 37 13. Maungkan. Rajmai tea garden, west of National Highway No. 14. Homalin. 37; Sala Reserve Forest; Saraguri; Tipomia. 15. Bhamo. 26. Dangori Nadi, near; Tinsukia District (Bherjan, Bo- 16. Kindat, 20 mi (= 32 km) northwest of. rajan, Podumoni R. F). 17. Ali Cha. 27. Yongyap Chu. 18. Kindat; Tatkon, near Kindat, east bank of Chindwin 28. Dening. River; Tatkon, near Kindat, west bank of Chindwin 29. Margherita. River. 30. Dhuniopathar; Dillighat; Diroi (Rangoli) Reserve 19. Mansam Falls; Se-eng. Forest; Sapekhati Reserve Forest. 20. Pyaunggaung. 31. Changchang Pani. 21. Lethan Hka; Maymyo. 32. Chungtia. 22. Madaya. 33. Mikir Hills. 23. Mingun. 34. Samaguting. 24. Kin; Yin, east bank of lower Chindwin River; Yin, 35. Cachar District. lower Chindwin River. 36. North Cachar Hills. 25. Chittagong Hill Tracts. 37. Imphal, ca. 4 mi {= 6.5 km) north of; Imphal, Ma- 26. Irrawaddy River, left bank, below Yenangyaung. habali temple. 27. Popa Hill. 38. Bishenpur 28. Kokkoaing. (= of. 39. Gharmur, ca. 1 km south of; Nagorhgena; North 29. Toungoo, 30 mi 48 km) northwest District, northeastern; Paach piror mukam. 30. Toungoo, 15 mi (= 24 km) north of.

10 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 259; Hill, 1974, p. 565; Roonwal & Mohnot. p. 16). In this study, the adult females paid more 1977, p. 147; Kessler et al., 1986, p. 264; Higley attention to pink-faced (neonate-like) infants than et al., 1987, p. 9); the crown hair of neonates is to buffy-faced infants. parted by a midline bare area. At birth, the bare skin of the face, hands, and feet is dull purple, but within about 5 minutes it gradually becomes Seasonal Variation pale pink (Rawlins, 1979, p. 432). Skin color changes from pinkish to buffy by age ca. 2 Macaca miilatta undergoes seasonal molting, months, and the dark neonatal pelage is gradually both in natural populations (Pocock, 1932, p. 531; replaced by paler pelage, similar in color to that Pearl et al.. 1987, p. 38) and in captivity (Hart- in adults and without a coronal part, by age ca. 6 man, 1931, p. 141; Stewart, 1933, p. 30; Rowell, months (Hinde et al., 1964, p. 611; Roonwal & 1963, p. 195; Vessey & Morrison, 1970, p. 90; Mohnot, 1977, p. 147; Higley et al., 1987, p. 9). Morrison & Menzel, 1972, p. 63; MacArthur et

In two young infant specimens examined (fmnh al., 1978, p. 155; Wolfe, 1985, p. 243; O'Neill-

82806, 82807, Yin, Myanmar. 18 June 1915), with Wagner, 1997, p. 138). In natural populations, deciduous first incisors emerging (age <7 weeks; most postinfantile specimens collected during the cf. Fig. 16), the dorsal pelage is relatively thin and period September-February are in prime pelage fine-textured—brown on the crown, pale yellow- (Fig. 4; cf. Pocock, 1932. p. 531; Pearl et al., ish brown on the upper back, pale burnt orange 1987, p. 38). In this condition, the fur on the dor- on the lumbosacral region, and pale ochraceous sal surface is richly colored, lustrous, long, soft, on the tail and limbs; the face is nearly naked, and smooth; the pale distal annulations on indi- and the underparts are thinly covered with short vidual dorsal hairs are bright, crisp, and conspic- pale ochraceous hairs. In two older infants (amnh uous (e.g., FMNH 35448, adult male, Mangpu, 57108. Eastern Tombs, China, winter 1929; fmnh West Bengal, India, 5 December 1930). A slight 99671, Huai Kwang Pah, Thailand, 29 March fading of the pelage may become evident as early

1967), with deciduous second upper molars erupt- as October, but this early-stage fading is most ing (age ca. 5 months), the pelage is essentially commonly seen in March; compared with prime similar in color and texture to that in adults. How- pelage, the dorsal fur is more grayish, less lus- ever, fine-textured pelage may be retained by trous, and somewhat disheveled, and the contrast some young juveniles, even after the permanent between the pale distal annulations and adjacent first molars have begun to erupt (usnm 20122, darker regions of individual hairs is reduced Lolab, India, 9 September 1891, age >1 year). (FMNH 99668, adult female. Ban Mae Lamao, The reaction of captive adult females to 6- Thailand, 21 March 1967). In subsequent months month-old infants with either naturally colored fading continues, with the result that dorsal fur in buffy faces or artificially colored pink faces (sim- most specimens collected from April through June ilar in color to the faces of neonates) has been is dull colored, weakly annulated, streaky, harsh investigated experimentally (Higley et al., 1987, textured, and scraggly (late-stage fading); at this

31. Toungoo. 13 mi (= 21 km) east of. 2. Chiang Mai, near 32. Toungoo, east side of Sittang River. 3. Pang Nam Un. 33. Toungoo, 20 mi (= 32 km) west of. 4. Kaeng Mae Hat (rapids). 34. Pye (= Prome). 30 mi (= 50 km) southeast of; Pye 5. Huai Ap Nang; Huai Kwang Pah. (= Prome), 35 mi (= 55 km) southeast of. 6. Ban Mac Lamao. Nepal (N) 7. Tha Chang Tai.

1. Sankhuwa Khola. 8. Ban Umphang, 28 mi (= 45 km) southeast of. 2. Sabaya Khola. 9. Khao Nang Rum. western slope; Khao Nang Rum 3. Kosi River. Research Station. 4. Morang region. 10. Dan Sai district. Supplementary Nepalese localities (received too late 11. Nong Khai. for inclusion in map; listed in Gazetteer): Heluwabeshi; Vietnam (V)

Lakuwa; Sagarmatha (= Mount Everest) National Park; 1. Muong Bourn. Siva (= Shiva). 2. Muong Mo. Thailand (T) 3. Muong Cha. 1. Chiang Dao.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA II 105° 110° 115" 120°

Fig. 2C. Detail map of Macaca mulatta localities, eastern section; for documentation, see Gazetteer. Appendix 2. Abbreviations in parentheses are those used in gazetteer locality codes; specimens examined include living monkeys personally observed in the field.

12 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY China (C) 61.

1. Huashi. north of; Liulipenshan: Xianglong Xian, southern. 2. Yicheng. 3. Li Shan National Nature Reserve. 4. Jiyuan, ca. 30 km northwest of: Manghe Nature Reserve; Taihang Shan. 5. Yangcheng. 6. Jincheng; Shanxi, southeastern. 7. Lingchuan, southeast of.

8. Huixian. 9. Xinxiang Xian. 10. Xiuwu Xian.

1 1. Boai; Qinyang. 12. Jiyuan, ca. 20 km northeast of. 13. Jiyuan. ca. 80 km west-northwest of. 14. Yuanqu; Zhongtiao Shan. 15. Ruicheng. 16. Liangdang. 17. Huixan. 18. Baishuijiang Natural Reserve. 19. Kangxian. 20. Chengxian. 21. Wudu. 22. Nanping. 23. Qingchuan. 24. Pingwu. 25. Maowen. 26. Wenchuan. 27. Wassuland. 28. Wanglang Natural Reserve. 29. Qionglai. 30. Guanxian. 31. Tonojiang Xian. 32. Dashuping. 33. Nanjiang. 34. Chenojaba. 35. Dahe; Longchi. 36. Zhengba Xian. 37. Wanyuan. 38. Wanxian. 39. Enshi. 40. Wushan. 41. Zhenping. 42. Zhushan. 43. Shennongjia Forestry Region. 44. Huangliangping. 45. Zigui. = 46. Yichang; Yichang (= Ichang), Chang Jiang ( Yangtze) gorges above. 47. Zhaotan. 48. Guniujiang; Liukou, Qimen Xian. 49. Gegong. 50. Jiuhua Shan; Tangxi. 51. Jiuhua Shan, ca. 30 km east of. 52. Jiuhua Shan, ca. 30 km northeast of. 53. Biyun. ca. 30 km north of. 54. Yangliupu. 55. Daoshiwu; Hule; Qingliangfeng. 56. Anji Xian. 57. Laodian. 58. Xindeng. 59. Changhua vicinity. 60. Jixi. 122. stage, the tips of individual hairs frequently are duration of the molting stage varied from 4 weeks abraded (fmnh 99669, adult male, Huai Ap Nang, to 16 weeks and generally was longest in adult

Thailand, 29 March 1967). From June to October, males (Vessey & Morrison, 1970, p. 90). but most commonly in July and August—which Pocock (1932, p. 532; 1939, p. 47) suggested is the peak of the rainy season in most parts of that the molting season in M. mulatto may vary the range of M. mulatta—molting occurs, and the geographically, depending on local environmental faded old fur is replaced by short bright new fur, conditions. This suggestion is supported by evi- first on the crown and tail, next on the arms and dence from two free-ranging colonies studied by

legs, and finally on the back and flanks (bm(nh) Vessey and Morrison (1970, p. 92) and evidence 1915.5.5.3, adult male, Homalin, Myanmar, 14 from one translocated free-ranging group studied

July 1914). Although the process of fading, molt- by Morrison and Menzel (1972, p. 63). Vessey ing, and hair replacement is gradual, and the as- and Morrison found that the molting period in a signment of marginal specimens to particular colony at Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico (January-

stages in the process is therefore somewhat arbi- May), is about 3 months earlier than in a colony trary, the general pattern is reasonably clear. at La Parguera, Puerto Rico (April-August). The Captive populations in England and in Maryland La Parguera colony inhabits a pair of relatively and Florida, U.S.A., reportedly molt in the spring dry islands ca. 160 km southwest of Cayo Santi- or summer (Hartman, 1931, p. 141; Rowell, 1963, ago, which is relatively wet; the timing of molting p. 195; MacArthur et al., 1978, p. 155; Wolfe, in the La Parguera colony is fairly close to that

1985, p. 243; O'Neill-Wagner, 1997, p. 138); this in natural populations of M. mulatta (Fig. 4). The is similar to the timing of molting in natural pop- group studied by Morrison and Menzel was trans- ulations (Fig. 4). In individual members of a cap- located in July 1966 from Cayo Santiago to De- tive free-ranging population (n = 156-186), the secheo I., a relatively dry island ca. 60 km north-

225. Chongzuo Rare Animal Reserve; Fusui Rare Ani- —

west of La Parguera; after a transitional molting mulatta, originally given as "India," subsequently season in 1967, the onset of the molting season was restricted by Pocock (1932, p. 533) to "Nepal in the Desecheo group apparently shifted to May Tarai" (now spelled "Terai"), which is the narrow (1968-1971), close to the onset at La Parguera, plain that extends along the southern border of instead of January, when the molting season be- Nepal (Karan, 1960, p. 1). One specimen from the gins at Cayo Santiago. Nepal Terai is now available; this topotype is In natural populations, the peak of the molting bm(nh) 1922.5.16.2, an adult male in prime pel- season usually coincides with the end of the birth age, collected 17 February 1921 at Hazaria Path- season, and most individuals are in prime pelage erghatta (ca. 27°00'N, 85°15'E), 180 m (Fig. 3A). during the mating season (cf. Fig. 4, Table 22). A Dorsal pelage in this specimen is bright golden similar relationship between molting and birth brown anteriorly, becoming intensely burnt or- seasons also prevails in the free-ranging Cayo ange on the lumbosacral region (cf. Pocock, 1932, Santiago and La Parguera populations (Vessey & p. 534). Interscapular hair length (ISHL) is ca. 50

Morrison, 1970, p. 92); in the Desecheo group, mm. The tail is not particularly bushy; midtail hair the molting peak apparently occurs after the birth length (MTHL) is ca. 25 mm. season (Morrison & Menzel, 1972, p. 75). In the Two near topotypes, also in prime pelage, are La Parguera colony, molting tended to occur ear- available from higher elevations in Nepal

lier in mature males and mature nonpregnant fe- BM(NH) 1921.5.1.1, adult female, 15 October males than in immatures and pregnant females, 1920, Nagarkot (ca. 85 km northeast of Hazaria which usually molted after parturition (cf. Patherghatta), 2400 m, and bm(nh) 1931.1.11.11,

O'Neill-Wagner, 1997, p. 138); this suggests that late juvenile male, 7 December 1922, Chengli (ca. molting may be controlled, at least in part, by sex 130 km northwest of Hazaria Patherghatta), alti-

hormones (cf. Dietz et al., 1995, p. 282). Anom- tude unspecified. Dorsal pelage color in these two alously, one 4-year-old pregnant female in the La skins is slightly more erythristic than in the topo- Parguera colony molted twice in the same year, type. Hair length (female, ISHL = 40 mm, MTHL once after the mating season and once after the = 10 mm; male, ISHL = 60 mm, MTHL = 30 birth season. mm) is similar to that in the topotype. Other species of macaques in which seasonal Ten additional Nepalese specimens examined molting has been reported are M. fuscata, M. ra- are less useful for pelage comparisons. These are diatch M. assamensis, and M. thibetana (Pocock, bm(nh) 1921.5.1.2, infant female; fmnh 104164,

1931, p. 276; 1939, p. 52; Hill, 1974, p. 765; young juvenile male (Ml, II), early-stage faded

Fooden, 1981, p. 9; 1982a, p. 6; 1983, p. 8; Ina- pelage; bm(nh) 1931.1.11.10, juvenile female col- gaki & Nigi, 1988, p. 82). Molting in M. fiiscata, lected in June, beginning to molt; four badly de- M. radiata, and M. assamensis apparently occurs teriorated skins collected before 1846 (bm(nh) in May or June, which probably is slightly earlier 1845.1.8.222-1845.1.8.224, 1972.1015); and three than usual in natural populations of M. mulatta. juveniles preserved in fluid (fmnh 135427- Molting in M. thibetana apparently occurs in late 135429). summer (ca. August), which is about the same as Survey of Sample Areas—In subsequent par- in natural populations of M. mulatta. agraphs, postinfantile M. mulatta specimens collected in 30 sample areas within the specific range (Fig. 5) are compared with the three Nepalese Geographic Variation skins that are in prime pelage (bm(nh) 1921.5.1.1, 1922.5.16.2, 1931.1.11.11). Museum catalog Pelage characters have served as the primary numbers are indicated where the number of spec- basis for recognition of subspecies in M. mulatta. imens in a cited sample subset is less than five.

For this reason, detailed analysis of geographic 1. India: northern Uttar Pradesh, ca. 600 km

variation of these characters is required. As indi- west-northwest of Hazaria Patherghatta; 12 skins,

cated by Pocock (1932, p. 533), the preferred seven localities. Eleven specimens, collected Oc- standard of comparison for such an analysis tober-March, are in prime pelage, and one would be the type specimen, which unfortunately (BM(NH) 1931.1.11.3), collected in January, is ear- has not been preserved. Lacking the type speci- ly-stage faded. In seven of the specimens in prime men, specimens collected at or near the type lo- pelage, collected October-March, dorsal pelage cality will be used as standards of comparison. color is essentially similar to that in the three Nep- Nepalese Standards—The type locality of M. alese standards; in the remaining four (bm(nh)

16 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY — —

Fig. 3. Dorsal pelage color in Macaco mulatta. A. Topotype bm(nh) 1922.5.16.2. adult male, collected 17 Feb. 1921 at Hazaria Patherghatta. 600 ft (= 180 m). Nepal. B. Contrasting pelage color in two adult males collected 4 days apart at Rajapara. 600 ft (= 180 m). Assam. India—bm(nh) 1931.1.11.7. 21 Nov. 1920 (left), and bm(nh) 1921.7.9.3, 25 Nov. 1920 (right). Scale bar = 15 cm.

1914.7.10.3-5; bnhs 5108), collected October- ored—similar to the Nepalese standards, and one less January, the color is distinctly less erythristic (BNHS 5114), collected in March, is slightly pale yellowish brown anteriorly becoming washed erythristic. Three specimens (bm(nh) 1923.9.1.1 18, with burnt orange on the lumbosacral region. 1931.1.11 .34-35), collected in March and May, are Bright and dull specimens have been collected in late-stage faded—pale yellowish gray anteriorly, the same month at each of two localities (Bagesh- faintly washed with burnt orange posteriorly. ISHL war and Ratighat). ISHL is 51.4 ± 2.9 mm (mean is 65 mm in one adult female and 60 and 80 mm ± SD) in three adult females and 61.0 ± 6.5 mm in two adult males; MTHL is 20 and 35 mm in in five adult males. MTHL is 20 mm and 30 mm two adult males. in two adult females and 27.5 ±5.0 mm in four 3. India: southwestern Jammu and Kashmir, ca. adult males; in two of these males (bm(nh) 1.300 km northwest of Hazaria Patherghatta; 11 1914.7.10.1 and 1914.7.10.2, both collected at skins, four localities (including type locality of

Bageshwar), the tail is somewhat bushy. Macacus rhesus villosus True, 1894). Ten speci-

2. India: northwestern Himachal Pradesh, ca. mens are in prime pelage, and one (usnm 173814), 1.000 km northwest of Hazaria Patherghatta; six collected in February, is early-stage faded. Five skins, three localities. Of three specimens in prime of the specimens in prime pelage, collected in pelage, two (bm(nh) 1933.12.1.2: bnhs 5112), col- September and month unspecified (one specimen), lected in February and March, are brightly col- are brightly colored—similar to the Nepalese

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 17 Sample size 39 25 25 23 22 17 11 17 34 18 15

Jun Jul Month

Prime Early-stage faded Q Late-stage faded ^ 4Molting

Fig. 4. Monthly incidence of prime, faded, and molting pelage stages in wild-collected specimens of Macaca mulatto.

standards; the remaining five, collected in Octo- (bm(nh) 1923.11.4.1; bnhs 5113), collected in ber, November, and month unspecified (one spec- June, are late-stage faded. One skin (usnm imen), are slightly less erythristic. The holotype 353187), collected in August, is in the process of of Macacus rhesus villosus (usnm 20120; Septem- molting; most of the pelage consists of short (30 ber) is one of the brightly colored specimens in mm) bright new hairs, but scattered among these prime pelage—golden brown anteriorly, becom- are a few long (90 mm) faded old hairs. In the ing burnt orange on the lumbosacral region. In all fifth skin (USNM 326332), collected in September, these specimens, the pelage is notably dense. the molt apparently had just been completed; the ISHL is 65 and 70 mm in two adult females and fur is short (35 mm) and bright, similar in color 75 and 85 mm in two adult males (cf. Pocock, to that in the Nepalese standards. ISHL is 65 mm 1932, p. 539); MTHL is 40 and 45 mm in two in one adult female and 50 and 70 nrmi in two adult females and 40 mm in two adult males. Tails adult males; MTHL is 30 and 40 in two adult are bushy in all 11. males. In the male in prime pelage, the tail is 4. Northeastern Pakistan, ca. 1,400 km north- bushy. west of Hazaria Patherghatta; five skins, four lo- 5. Northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghani- calities. One skin (usnm 353186), collected in stan, ca. 1,600 km northwest of Hazaria Pather-

September, is in prime pelage and is slightly less ghatta; three skins, three localities (including type erythristic than the Nepalese standards. Two skins locality of Macaca mulatta mcmahoni Pocock,

18 FIELDL\NA: ZOOLOGY -

1932). These three specimens—one wild-collect- colored—yellowish brown anteriorly, becoming ed and two captives—are the only preserved skins golden brown on the sacral region. This skin is known to have originated at the northwestern lim- more uniformly brown than most specimens of M it of distribution of M. mulatta. The wild-collected mulatta; the texture of the pelage does not suggest specimen (bm(nh) 1920.6.11.1), an adult male, that the specimen is seasonally faded. In the adult was taken in early February 1914 in Pakistan near males, ISHL is 50 and 90 mm, and MTHL is 30 the border with Afghanistan. One of the captives and 50 mm. The tails of the adult males are bushy. (bm(nh) 1931.1.9.1. skin only) apparently origi- 6. India: central Madhya Pradesh and southern nated in eastern Afghanistan (Pocock, 1932, p. Gujarat, ca. 600 to 1 ,400 km southwest of Hazaria

543); it was received at the Regent's Park Zoo- Patherghatta; six skins, four localities. One skin logical Gardens, London, on 3 April 1906, died from Gujarat (bm(nh) 1931.1.11.3), collected in there on 19 January 1910, and was cataloged at 1922-1923, is in prime pelage and is brightly col- bm(nh) in 1931. Available information concerning ored but is slightly paler than the Nepalese stan- the sex of this specimen is contradictory. Al- dards. Another skin from Gujarat (bm(nh) though zoo records and the zoo tag on the skin 1931.1.11.2), also collected in 1922-1923 and indicate that the specimen was a male (P. Jenkins, brightly colored, appears from its disheveled pel- bm(nh), letter, 21 June 1995), bm(nh) records and age to be early-stage faded. Two skins from Mad- the museum tag on the skin indicate that it was a ya Pradesh (bm(nh) 1931.1.11.4-5), collected in female (Pocock, 1932, p. 543); the skull has not April and May, are late-stage faded. The remain- been preserved, and my examination of the skin ing two skins (bm(nh) 1931.1.11.1; bnhs 5107), for evidence of sexual characters was inconclu- collected in 1922-1923 and date unknown, are sive. Pending further information, the zoo records pale juveniles. ISHL is 46.7 ± 2.9 mm in three are regarded as more reliable, and the specimen adult females and 50 mm in one adult male; is considered to be a male; it probably was an MTHL is 20.0 ± 0.0 mm in the females and 20 adult (cf. Pocock, 1932, p. 543). The other captive mm in the male. (FMNH 102839), a juvenile female that reportedly 7. India: southwestern Bihar, western and also originated in eastern Afghanistan, was pur- southern Orissa, and eastern Andhra Pradesh, ca. chased on 2 November 1965 near Gandahar, Af- 600 to 1,300 km south-southwest of Hazaria Path- ghanistan, ca. 600 km southwest of the reported erghatta; seven skins, five localities. One skin place of original capture (Hassinger, 1968, p. 72). (bm(nh) 1928.3.7.4), collected in Orissa in Sep-

Pelage color is diverse in these three skins. The tember, is in prime pelage and is similar to the captive male, which died in January, is in prime Nepalese standards. Two skins (zsi Coll. No. OM/ pelage—dark golden brown on the dorsal thoracic DD/30; ZSI, Siddeldar Hill, unnumbered), collect- region and bright burnt orange on the lumbosacral ed in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh in November region; the color of the lumbosacral region is sim- and December, are in prime pelage but are dis- ilar to that in the Nepalese standards, but the color tinctly less erythristic than the Nepalese stan- of the dorsal thoracic region is much darker than dards. The remaining four skins were collected in in most specimens of M. mulatta. The wild-col- Bihar and Orissa in August; of these, three lected male (bm(nh) 1920.6.11.1, holotype of Ma (bm(nh) 1915.4.3.2, 1928.3.7.3; bnhs 5089) were caca mulatta mcmahoni), taken in February, is in the process of molting, and one (bm(nh) yellowish gray anteriorly, becoming washed with 1915.4.3.1) is newly molted. The bright new fur burnt orange posteriorly. The shaggy, dull-col- in all four is similar in color to that in the Nep- ored, weakly annulated fur probably indicates that alese standards. ISHL is 15 mm in one adult fe- this specimen is early-stage faded; this interpre- male (molting, new fur), 30 mm in a subadult or tation differs from that of Pocock (1932, p. 545), adult female (skin only), 50 mm in a subadult or who noted that the pelage of this male is similar adult male (skin only), and 65 mm in an adult to that of a late-stage faded specimen (bm(nh) male; MTHL is 20 mm in the subadult or adult 1923.11.4.1) collected at Patriata, Murree, Paki- female and 30 mm in the subadult or adult male. stan, but concluded that, because bm(nh) 8. Bangladesh: Sundarbans and India: Tripura,

1920.6.11.1 was collected in February, it should ca. 700 km southeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; be in prime pelage (cf. late-stage faded bm(nh) nine skins, three localities. The two specimens 1923.9.1.118, India: Kangra Fort, Himachal Pra- from Tripura, an adult male (zsi Coll. No. TM18) desh, collected 18 March). The captive juvenile collected in November and a subadult male (zsi female, obtained in November, is relatively dull- Coll. No. TM4) collected in January, are in prime

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 19 —

40* 20,

Pelage color sample

30%

21 •

2(f- r 23

^(f-~

110°

Fig. 5. Sample areas cited in Macaco mulatta pelage comparisons. Key to included localities (for details, see Gazetteer, Appendix 2): Nepalese standards—Hazaria Patherghatta; Nagarkot; Chengli. 1. Northern Uttar Pradesh, India—Bageshwar: Dela: Haripur; Jhirna: Rammagar: Ratighat; Sita Bani. 2. Northwestern Himachal Pradesh. India Dharmsala; Kangra; Samayala. 3. Southwestern Jammu and Kashmir, India—Dunwein; Kashmir: Kotihar; Lolab. 4. Northeastern Pakistan—Dunga Gali vicinity, 2470 m; Ghora Dhaka; Paia; Patriata. 5. Northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan—Chigha Sarai: Kaotai; Nurestan, eastern. 6. Central Madhya Pradesh and southern Gujarat, India—Dangs: Kakara; Malua: Sohagpur. 7. Southwestern Bihar, western and southern Orissa, and eastern Andhra Pradesh, India—Deogarh; Gudari; Luia: Malkangiri: Siddeldar Hill. 8. Sundarbans, Bangladesh, and Tripura, India Ampi Bazar; Charilam; Sundarbans, ca. 50 mi east of Calcutta. 9. Sikkim and northern West Bengal, India— Bhar- nabhari; Hasimara; Mangpu; Narbong; Sikkim; Sivok; Sukna. 10. Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur. and Nagaland, India Bishenpur; Bogra Nadi; Changchang Pani; Golaghat; Hot Springs; Imphal, ca. 4 mi north of; Kulsi; Lamsakhang;

Nangpoh; Samaguting. 1 1. Anmachal Pradesh, India—Dening; Margherita. 12. Eastern Xizang, China—Yigong. 2250 m. 13. South-central Qinghai. China—Jegu Xiang. 14. Northern Myanmar—Bawmwang; Bhamo; Heinsun; Hiswehl; Hkandau; Homalin; Htingnan Triangle; Karen Chaung; Maungkan; Moklok; Nanyaseik; N"Changyang; Singkaling Hkamti (24 July. 5 Aug., and June-Aug. 1914); Taga Hka; Tanga-Shingaw; Tang Hpre; Taro. 15. Western Yunnan, China—Ashi; Biloxue Shan; Datang; Hotha Valley; Hui-yao; Santaishan; Tengchong. 16. West-central Sichuan, Chi- na—Gin Keo Ho; Kangding; Leshan; Olongchc; Wa Shan. 17. Southeastern Sichuan, China—Tseo-Jia-Geo; Yibin; Yunnan border, south of Yibin. 18. Guizhou, China—Getou; Zunyi. 19. Northeastern Sichuan, China—Tonojiang Xian. 20. Northeastern Hebei, China—Xinglong Xian. 21. Northern Fujian, China—Chong'an Xian; Kuatun. 22. Dawanshan Islands, China—Dangan Dao; Neilingding Dao; Shangchuan Dao (Miwan). 23. Hainan Dao, China Bawangling; Changtian; Dongfang; Hainan; Henron; Jianfengling; Mihouling; Nada; Nanfeng Shi; Nanwan. Xingcun-

. gang; Nychow; Pisui; Wuzhi Shan; Xinlong; Yiajia; Zhayun. 24. Northeastern Vietnam and southern Guangxi, Chi- na—Bac Can; Ban Thi; Chiem Hoa; Linh Thong; Ly Bon; Nanning; Nghia Dan; Nghia Dung; Thanh Tuong; Van Hai; Yen Bai. 25. Northern Laos, northwestern Vietnam, and southern Yunnan, China—Lai Chau; Mengla Xian; Menglun; Muong Bourn; Muong Muon; Muong Pon; Ou, Nam; Shanman; Xishuangbanna. 26. Central Myanmar Ali Cha; Kin; Kindat. 20 mi northwest of; Kokkoaing; Lethan Hka; Madaya; Mansam Falls; Maymyo; Mingun; Popa Hill (1000 m; 1512 m); Pyaunggaung; Se-eng; Tatkon, east bank of Chindwin River; Tatkon, west bank of Chindwin River; Yin, east bank of lower Chindwin River; Yin. lower Chindwin River. 27. Southwestern Myanmar—Pye, 30 mi southeast of; Pye 35 mi southeast of; Toungoo, 13 mi east of; Toungoo, 15 mi north of; Toungoo, 20 mi west of; Toungoo, 30 mi northwest of; Toungoo, east side of Sittang River. 28. Northwestern Thailand—Ban Mae Lamao;

20 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY —

pelage but are darker and less erythristic than the male (bm(nh) 1891.10.7.4, the only postinfant Nepalese standards. The adult is dark golden specimen available from Sikkim). brown anteriorly, becoming strongly washed with 10. India: Assam, Meghalaya, Manipur, and burnt orange posteriorly; the subadult is grayish Nagaland. ca. 600 to 1.000 km east-southeast of tipped with yellowish anteriorly, becoming faintly Hazaria Patherghatta; 15 skins. 12 localities. Nine washed with burnt orange posteriorly. ISHL is 55 specimens in prime pelage, collected August-Feb- mm in the subadult and 65 mm in the adult. ruary, are brightly colored—similar to the Nep- The seven Sundarbans skins, collected in April alese standards. Two others in prime pelage, a 1870. are difficult to interpret. The pelage, which male (zsi 11187) collected in November and an- is harsh in texture, is grayish brown to golden other male (bm(nh) 1943.60) collected in Febru- brown anteriorly, becoming variably washed with ary, are somewhat darker and less erythristic posteriorly. burnt orange The unusual pelage con- dark golden brown anteriorly, faintly washed with dition a result of seasonal fading, deteri- may be burnt orange posteriorly; although both of these oration in storage, or both. relatively dull specimens were collected in Man- Feeroz et al. (1995. 75) report that pigmen- p. ipur, one of the bright specimens (bm(nh) tation of the face and ventral surface in living M. 1943.61) also was collected in that state. One skin midatta observed at Sitakunda. southeastern (bm(nh) 1931.1.11.15), collected in May, is late- Bangladesh, appeared to differ from that in M. stage faded. Two specimens (bm(nh) 1921.7.9.4; mulatta observed elsewhere in Bangladesh. No BNHS 5087), collected in July and September, were further details concerning this color difference are in the process of molting; the short bright new fur specified. is sparsely covered by long faded old hairs. 9. India: Sikkim and northern West Bengal, ca. The most aberrant specimen in this group is a 400 km east of Hazaria Patherghatta; 10 skins, very dark and dull-colored adult male (bm(nh) seven localities. Eight specimens are in prime pel- 1921.7.9.3) collected on 25 November 1920 at age. Four of these (bm(nh) 1916.7.29.2. Rajapara, Assam (Fig. 3B). This specimen, which 1931.1.11.9; FMNH 35447, 35448), collected in is in prime pelage, is dark yellowish gray anteri- November-January, are brightly colored—similar orly, becoming faintly washed with burnt orange to the Nepalese standards; one (fmnh 35449). colon the lumbosacral region. Pocock (1932. p. 530) lected in December, is slightly less erythristic; two has drawn attention to the striking contrast be- (BM(NH) 1891.10.7.4, 1916.7.29.1), collected in tween this adult male and a brightly colored adult January and month unknown, are slightly darker; 1931.1.11.7; included nine and one (bm(nh) 1931.1.11.8), collected in Feb- male (bm(nh) among bright specimens cited above) that was collected ruary but apparently in prime pelage, is much earlier at the same place (Fig. 3B); Pocock darker and less erythristic—grayish brown ante- 4 days riorly, becoming faintly washed with burnt orange cited these two specimens as an illustration of the on the sacral region. In the remaining two speci- broad range of individual variation to which pel- mens, seasonal fading may have begun. One of age color is subject in M. mulatta. ISHL is 45 and these (bm(nh) 1915.9.1.1). collected in March, is 60 mm in two adult females and 50.0 ± 8.7 mm paler and has weaker agouti hair banding than the in three adult males; MTHL is 20 and 25 mm in preceding eight specimens; the other (zsi 7294), two adult females and 20 and 25 mm in two adult collected in April, is drab yellowish brown ante- males. riorly and bright burnt orange posteriorly. ISHL 1 1. India: Arunachal Pradesh, ca. 1.100 km east is 45.0 ± 8.7 mm in three adult females and 55.0 of Hazaria Patherghatta; four skins, two localities. ±5.0 mm in five adult males; MTHL is 20.0 ± These four skins (bm(nh) 1931.1.11.13-14; bnhs 0.0 mm in three adult females and 28.8 ± 6.3 mm 5086; ZSI 12090), collected in November-April, in four adult males. The tail is bushy in one adult are similar to the Nepalese standards. In two adult

Ban Umphang; Chiang Mai; Huai Ap Nang; Huai Kwang Pah; Kaeng Mae Hat. 29. Northeastern Thailand and west- central Laos—Ban Mak Nao; Dan Sal District; Mekong River; Nong Khai: Pang Nam Un. 30. Southern Laos and Central Vietnam—Dak Sut: Ky Son; Song-Ta-Voy; Son Tra Ml., 3.9 km west and 0.3 km south of; Thateng, Muang; Xuan Ninh.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 21 females, ISHL is 50 and 60 mm and MTHL is 20 MTHL is 19.3 ± 6.7 mm in seven adult females and 30 mm. and 30 and 35 mm in two adult males. 12. China: eastern Xizang, ca. 1,000 km north- 15. China: western Yunnan, ca. 1,500 east- east of Hazaria Patherghatta; one skin, one local- southeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; 1 3 skins, seven ity. This skin (nwpib Coll. No. 73066, juvenile localities. Of nine specimens in prime pelage, female), collected in June, is late-stage faded; the eight collected in December (five skins), April dorsal pelage is gray tipped with golden anteri- (one skin), and month unknown (two skins) are orly, becoming washed with pale burnt orange brightly colored—similar to the Nepalese stan- posteriorly. The specimen's faded condition hin- dards; the other specimen (zsi 11986), collected ders comparison with the Nepalese standards. in July, is somewhat less erythristic. Two skins ISHL is 55 mm (juvenile). (AMNH 43084, 43086), collected in April, are late- 13. China: south-central Qinghai, ca. 1,300 km stage faded, and a hunter's flat skin (kiz Coll. No. northeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; two skins, one 780417), reportedly taken in October, is molting. locality. One skin (nwpib Coll. No. 63167), col- One skin (zsi 619), collected in March-July 1868, lected in June, is early-stage faded—gray tipped has become severely deteriorated in storage. In with golden anteriorly, becoming reddish brown one adult female, ISHL is 60 mm, and MTHL is posteriorly; the other (nwpib 00033), collected in 15 mm. May, is late-stage faded—pale gray tipped with 16. China: west-central Sichuan, ca. 1,600 to gold anteriorly, becoming weakly washed with 1,800 km east-northeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; burnt orange posteriorly. Seasonal fading in these six skins, five localities (including type locality of skins hinders comparison with the Nepalese stan- Macacus vestitus Milne-Edwards, 1892). Four dards. Both specimens are juvenile males with skins collected in February, March, and June are long hair and bushy tails; ISHL is 65 and 70 mm, in prime pelage; one (mnhn 1891/388, holotype and MTHL is 40 and 50 mm. of Macacus vestitus), collected in June or July, is 14. Northern Myanmar, ca. 1,000 to 1,300 km early-stage faded; and one (usnm 241160), col- east-southeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; 27 skins, lected in July, is late-stage faded. Two of the spec- 17 localities. Ten specimens collected in October- imens in prime pelage (rmnh 4585/V67, 4585/ March are in prime pelage; four collected in Jan- W50, March) are similar in color to the Nepalese uary-May are early-stage faded; five collected in standards, one (mnhn 1891/387; June) is slightly January-April are late-stage faded; and eight col- less erythristic, and one (bm(nh) 1911.9.8.1; Feb- lected in July-August were in the process of molt- ruary) is darker and more erythristic—rich golden ing. Of the 10 specimens in prime pelage, seven brown anteriorly, becoming dark burnt orange on are brightly colored and generally similar to the the lumbosacral region; the last of these is very Nepalese standards. The remaining three in prime slightly paler than bm(nh) 1950.373, collected at pelage are somewhat deviant: one (bm(nh) Bawmwang, northern Myanmar. In the early-stage

1950.373) is brightly colored but has unusually faded holotype of Macacus vestitus, dorsal pelage dark gray hair bases, one (amnh 112734) is no- is pale grayish tipped with golden anteriorly, be- tably paler than the other nine, and one (usnm coming pale burnt orange on the lumbosacral re- 279191) has the burnt orange coloration narrowly gion. In two adult females, ISHL is 60 and 80 restricted to an area near the ischial callosities. Of mm, and MTHL is 40 and 50 mm; in one of these the four early-stage faded specimens, two (bm(nh) (bm(nh) 1911.9.8.1), the tail is bushy, particularly 1937. 12.3.75, 1937.12.3.77), collected in May, distally. are slightly more erythristic than the Nepalese Three additional specimens, with vague locality standards; one (bm(nh) 1950.372), collected in information, may also have been collected in or

January, is brightly colored but has unusually near west-central Sichuan. One of these is bm(nh) dark gray hair bases; and one (amnh 1 12739), col- 1871.4.21.4, the holotype of Macacus lasiotus lected in March, is less erythristic. Of the five Gray, 1868. This tailless adult male was a captive late-stage faded specimens, three (amnh 112740, that reportedly originated in "Szechuen"; it 112741, 114547) were collected in March or reached London, via Shanghai, shortly before 15

April, which is unremarkable; the other two January 1868 and died on 25 May 1870. It is in (amnh 112722, 112723), somewhat incongruous- prime pelage, dark and strongly erythristic; the ly, were collected in January. ISHL is 50.0 ± 6.0 dorsal pelage is dark burnt orange anteriorly, be- mm in eight adult females and 50 and 65 mm in coming intensely burnt orange on the sacral re- two adult males (excludes molting specimens); gion; ISHL is 65 mm. The nearest match is

22 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY BM(NH) 1927.12.1.18 (Bac Can. northeastern Viet- prime pelage, four (fmnh 39376, 39377; mnhn nam), which is slightly paler and less erythristic. 335/381A/1867:557; usnm 240705) appear to be

The other two specimens possibly collected in early-stage faded, and one (amnh 57039) is late- west-central Sichuan (mnhn 1892/315, 1894/ stage faded; the month of collection or death is 1432) are of limited value for pelage comparison. reliably known for only one of these 10 specimens The former is late-stage faded, and the latter has (bm(nh) 1931.1.7.2, male in prime pelage, re- suffered severe postmortem deterioration and dis- ceived at Regent's Park Zoo 17 August 1880. died coloration. These two specimens were taken in 6 March 1881). Of the specimens in prime pelage.

May-July 1890 by the collectors of mnhn 1891/ bm(nh) 1931.1.7.2 is long-haired and very bright- 387 and 1891/388 cited above; the only locality ly colored—pale burnt orange anteriorly, becom- information available is "Tibet," which, for the ing intensely burnt orange on the lumbosacral re- collectors, included part of what is now Sichuan. gion; this skin is similar in color to bm(nh) 17. China: southeastern Sichuan, ca. 1,900 km 1937.12.3.7.7 (Karen Chaung. northern Myan- east of Hazaria Patherghatta; four skins, three lo- mar) and is somewhat more erythristic than the calities. Two specimens collected in October and Nepalese standards. Another specimen in prime

January are in prime pelage, and two (usnm pelage (amnh 57040) also is strongly erythristic 258183. 258184). collected in February and but is much darker—dark golden brown anteri- March, are late-stage faded. Dorsal pelage color- orly, becoming burnt orange posteriorly. The re- ation in the two in prime pelage, both juveniles, maining three specimens in prime pelage (amnh is dissimilar and unusual. The younger specimen 57042; fmnh 39378; usnm 240704) are darker and (LiSNM 239133; Ml), collected in October, is pale less erythristic than the Nepalese standards. The but erythristic—pale golden brown anteriorly, be- holotype of Macacus tcheliensis (mnhn 335/ coming intensely burnt orange on the lumbosacral 381 A/1 867:557). which apparently is early-stage region; the older juvenile (usnm 256669; 11-2, faded, is less erythristic than the Nepalese stan- M2), collected in January, is much darker and less dards—pale golden brown anteriorly, becoming erythristic—yellowish brown anteriorly, becom- washed with burnt orange on the lumbosacral re- ing golden brown on the lumbosacral region. In gion. In two adult males. ISHL is 70 mm (both one adult female, ISHL is 55 mm, and MTHL is specimens), and MTHL is 30 and 35 mm. 40 mm. 21. China: northern Fujian, ca. 3.300 km east 18. China: Guizhou, ca. 2,100 to 2,300 km east of Hazaria Patherghatta; six skins, two localities of Hazaria Patherghatta; six skins, two localities. (including type locality of Pithecus littoralis El-

Four specimens (bm(nh) 5.66.150-153), collected liot. 1909). Three specimens collected in Novem- in May, are late-stage faded, and two (Kiz 03179, ber and May are in prime pelage; one (amnh 03181), collected in early September, were in the 84476), collected in August, was in the process process of molting. Because of fading or molting, of molting, and two (mnhn 1874/480, 1874/481, these specimens cannot be compared with the Kuatun), collected in November 1873, are severe- Nepalese standards. MTHL is 40 and 45 mm in ly faded as a result of extended postmortem ex- two adult females; in the latter specimen, the tail posure to light. Of the three specimens in prime is bushy. pelage, the holotype oi Pithecus littoralis (bm(nh) 19. China: northeastern Sichuan, ca. 2,200 km 1900.5.8.1; November) is the brightest—pale northeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; two skins, one golden brown anteriorly, becoming washed with locality. These two adult females, collected in burnt orange on the sacral region; the coloration July, had just begun to molt on their crowns and of this specimen, which almost perfectly matches

tails; the dorsal pelage is late-stage faded. In one that of bm(nh) 1931.1.11.7 (India: Rajapara, As-

specimen (siz 00001), the upper back is grayish, sam State; Fig. 3B), is similar to that of the Nep-

and the lower back is pale golden brown; in the alese standards. Another of the specimens in

other {.SIZ 00002), the upper back is pale golden prime pelage (amnh 84474; May) is slightly less

brown, and the lower back is golden brown. No erythristic, and the third (bm(nh) 1898.11.1.29; comparison can be made with the Nepalese stan- May) is somewhat darker and less erythristic. dards. ISHL is 45 and 50 mm. ISHL is 40 mm in one adult female (holotype of 20. China: northeastern Hebei, ca. 3,200 km Pithecus littoralis) and 80 mm in one adult male; northeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; 10 skins, one MTHL is 25 mm in the female and 40 mm in the locality (type locality of Macacus tcheliensis male; the tail of the female is relatively bushy. Milne-Edwards, [1872]). Five specimens are in 22. China: Dawanshan Islands, South China Sea,

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 23 ca. 3,000 km east-southeast of Hazaria Patherghat- erythristic (iebr 33, Ly Bon), and one is notably ta; five skins, three localities (including type local- less erythristic (zmvnu 167/3.18.14, Chiem Hoa). ity o\' Iniius scimtijohannis Swinhoe. [1867]). One In adult females, ISHL is 45.0 ± 8.9 mm (n = skin (sciEA Coll. No. 2155), collected in October, 8), and MTHL is 24.3 ± 7.9 mm (n = 7); in one is in prime pelage; three (.scika Coll. Nos. 2150, adult male, ISHL is 45 mm, and MTHL is 25 mm. 2151, 2153), collected in March and April, are late- The tail is moderately bushy to bushy in four of stage faded; and one (bm(nh) 1868.12.29.10, ho- the females. lotype of Inuus sanctijohannis), collected in month 25. China: southern Yunnan, northern Laos, unknown, was in the process of molting. The spec- and northwestern Vietnam, ca. 1,600 to 1,900 km imen in prime pelage is brightly colored, similar to southeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; 12 skins, nine the Nepalese standards. Hair length measurements localities. Three skins (amnh 87264; fmnh 31766; of adults are not available. KIZ Coll. No. 75840), collected in November- 23. China: Hainan Dao, ca. 2,700 km southeast May, and two skins (kiz 03172, 03180), collected of Hazaria Patherghatta; 30 skins, 16 localities in month unknown, are in prime pelage and are (including type locality of Pithecus brevicaudus brightly colored—similar to the Nepalese stan- Elliot, 1913). Twenty-one specimens, collected in dards; one skin (iebr D3/M37), collected in month

October-April, are in prime pelage; four (amnh unknown, is early-stage faded; one skin (fmnh 27569, 27575, 60038; zmb A1904.09), collected 31763), collected in May, and two (kiz 03173, in October and March, are early-stage faded; and 03174), collected in month unknown, are late- five, collected in March, May, and July, are late- stage faded; and a captive (amnh 87278). obtained stage faded. Eleven of the 21 specimens in prime in November 1931, was in the process of molting pelage (collected October-February) are brightly when it died on 15 June 1932. The remaining two colored—similar to the Nepalese standards; these specimens are somewhat aberrant in their dorsal bright specimens include amnh 27577, the holo- pelage coloration: a juvenile male (kiz 000150), type of Pithecus brevicaudus, which closely collected in October, is much less erythristic than matches amnh 1 12733 (northern Myanmar: Taro). the Nepalese standards—grayish tipped with Seven of the specimens in prime pelage, collected golden anteriorly, becoming pale golden brown in October-April, are slightly less erythristic than posteriorly; and a ?subadult female (kiz 000153, the Nepalese standards. The remaining three skin only), collected in November, is more brown- (AMNH 27570, October; bm(nh) 1909.7.11.1, Oc- ish and less erythristic than usual in M. mulatta. tober; sciEA Coll. No. 0089, December) are no- Hair length measurements of adults are not avail- tably less erythristic than the Nepalese standards. able. ISHL is 46.2 ± 4.8 mm in four adult females and 26. Central Myanmar, ca. 1,000 to 1,300 km 45 and 70 mm in two adult males; MTHL is 27.5 southeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; 33 skins, 16 lo- ± 2.9 mm in four adult females and 20 and 30 calities. Fifteen specimens collected in September- mm in two adult males. May are in prime pelage, 15 collected in May- 24. Northeastern Vietnam, and China: southern August are late-stage faded, and three (bm(nh) Guangxi, ca. 2,200 to 2,400 km southeast of Ha- 1914.7.19.1, 1931.1.11.23, 1931.1.11.27). collected zaria Patherghatta; 20 skins, 1 1 localities. Six in June-July, were in the process of molting. Of specimens collected in November-January are in the specimens in prime pelage, seven were col- prime pelage, eight collected in December-June lected at various localities, and eight were collected

(7) and month unknown ( 1 ) are early-stage faded, at Popa Hill. The seven collected at various local- one collected in June is late-stage faded, and four ities average slightly paler and less erythristic than collected in October-January have short bright fur the Nepalese standards; one of these (bm(nh) and apparently had just completed the molt; a cap- 1931.1.11.26; January) is similar to the Nepalese tive (Kiz Coll. No. 631425), obtained in Nanning, standards, five are slightly paler and/or less eryth- China, and kept alive for an unknown period at ristic, and one (bm(nh) 1931.1.11.22; January) is KIZ, is long-haired and appears somewhat faded. much darker and less erythristic—yellowish gray All six specimens in prime pelage were collected anteriorly, washed with burnt orange posteriorly. in Vietnam; of these, two closely match the Nep- The eight collected at Popa Hill average notably alese standards (bm(nh) 1927.12.1.19, Bac Can; less erythristic than the Nepalese standards; one

ZMVNU 06/3.16.4, Van Hai), two are slightly dark- (bnhs 5106; September) is similar to the Nepalese er (bm(nh) 1927.12.1.18, Bac Can; iebr 733 standards, two (amnh 16361 1, 163613; September-

(833)7560/175, Nghia Dung), one is slightly less October) are slightly paler and less erythristic.

24 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY three (amnh 163612. 163614, bm(nh) 1914.7.19.2; month unknown, are somewhat less erythristic.

September-October) are more grayish, and two One skin (zrc 4-152), collected in February, is (amnh 16310, 16315; October-November) are un- early-stage faded; one (usnm 307715), collected usual in their strongly mottled (coarsely agouti) in month unknown, is late-stage faded; and one pelage. ISHL is 44.6 ± 5.6 mm in 13 adult females (USNM 240488), collected in July, was molting. and 46.2 ± 9.5 mm in four adult males; MTHL is ISHL is 45 mm in two adult females and 45.0 ± 21.9 ± 5.9 mm in eight adult females and 23.3 ± 5.0 mm in three adult males; MTHL is 20 mm in 2.9 mm in three adult males. one adult female and 25 mm in one adult male. 27. Southwestern Myanmar, ca. 1.400 km 30. Southern Laos (one locality) and central Vi- southeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; 10 skins, seven etnam, ca. 2,800 km southeast of Hazaria Path- localities. Of seven skins in prime pelage, two erghatta; nine skins, six localities. Dorsal pelage

(BM(NH) 1931.I.1I.20-21), collected in September color is highly variable in these specimens, all of and October, are similar to the Nepalese stan- which appear to be in prime pelage. One skin dards, and five, collected in November-February, (iebr 560/3, ?adult male, Xuan Ninh) is golden are somewhat less erythristic. One of two skins brown anteriorly and burnt orange posteriorly, collected at Toungoo in May (bm(nh) similar to the Nepalese standards. Two others 1931.1.11.18) is early-stage faded—somewhat (usnm 356968, subadult female. Mt. Sontra; usnm paler than the Nepalese standards, and the other 320780. adult female. Dak Sut) are almost uni- (bm(nh) 1931.1.11.19) is late-stage faded. Unac- formly golden brown anteriorly and posteriorly, countably, the skin of an early juvenile (bm(nh) approximately as in M. fosciciilaris (cf. Fooden,

1931.1.11.17), collected near Toungoo in Decem- 1995, p. 25; 1997, p. 227); these two specimens ber, also is faded—pale yellowish brown anteri- are now allocated to M. mulatto solely on the ba- orly, becoming faintly washed with burnt orange sis of their relative tail length (usnm 356968, on the sacral region (cf. Pocock, 1932. p. 533). 59.7%; usnm 320780, 64.5%). In the remaining

ISHL is 43.0 ± 5.7 mm in five adult females; six skins, dorsal pelage color is slightly brighter MTHL is 18.3 ± 2.9 mm in three adult females. posteriorly than anteriorly, variably intermediate 28. Northwestern Thailand, ca. 1.700 to 2.000 between that in typical M. mulatto and M. fasci- km southeast of Hazaria Patherghatta; six skins, cularis (iebr 40. ?adult male. Ky Son; mnhn 1899/ six localities (including type locality of Macaco 54, adult female. Song Ta-Voy; ansp 15135, ju- siamica Kloss, 1917). Only one of these skins venile female, and ansp 15138, juvenile, Muang (ZRC 4-154), month of collection unknown, is in Thateng, Laos; usnm 320781, adult female, and prime pelage; this bright skin is similar to the usnm 320782, juvenile male. Dak Sut). In two Nepalese standards. Three skins (ctnrc, catalog adult females, ISHL is 65 mm, and MTHL is 10 number unknown; fmnh 99668; zrc 4-188, ho- and 15 mm; in two ?adult males, ISHL is 50 mm, lotype of Macaca siamica). collected in March- and MTHL is 30 and 40 mm. April, are early-stage faded, and one (fmnh Summary—Judging from specimens examined, 99669). collected in March, is late-stage faded. there is no general pattern of geographic variation One skin (amnh 54816, subadult male), collected in dorsal pelage color in M. mulatto. Of 166 postin- in early February, appears to have been in the fantile specimens in prime pelage from 30 sample process of molting; this does not accord with the areas, 78 are similar in color to the Nepalese stan- late summer molting schedule that generally ap- dards, 55 are variably less erythristic, and 33 from plies in M. mulatto. ISHL is 50 mm in one adult scattered sample areas are either more erythristic, female and 50 and 70 mm in two adult males; darker, paler, browner, or more mottled. Individual MTHL is 25 mm in one adult female and 35 mm variation is great among specimens from the same in one adult male. sample area and even from the same locality; this

29. Northeastern Thailand and west-central is vividly demonstrated by the two contrastingly Laos, ca. 1,800 to 2,100 km southeast of Hazaria colored adult males collected 4 days apart at Ra- Patherghatta; eight skins, five localities. Five japara, Assam, India (Fig. 3B). Conversely, speci- skins, collected in January-March and month un- mens from widely separated parts of the specific known (one specimen), are in prime pelage; of range may be nearly identical in color, as illustrated these, three (usnm 300017; zrc 4-150. 4-151). by the following examples of matching pairs: usnm collected in February-March, are brightly col- 326332, Gora Dhaka, Pakistan, and usnm 240175, ored—similar to the Nepalese standards, and two Ashi, Yunnan, China; fmnh 35448, Mangpu, Sik- (usnm 296917. 307716), collected in January and kim. India, and fmnh 31766, Muong Boum. Viet-

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 25 —

nam; bm(nh) 1931.1.11.7. Rajapara, Assam, India, males (531.8 mm) is 13% greater than in 72 fe- and bm(nh) 1900.5.8.1, Kuatun, Fujian, China; males (468.8 mm), and mean body weight in 25 A.viNH 112733, Taro, Myanmar, and amnh 27577, males (7.70 kg) is 44% greater than in 33 females

Wuzhi Shan, Hainan, China; amnh 112732, Taro. (5.34 kg) (Table 2). Relative length of the tail, = Myanmar, and amnh 57043, Xinglong Xian ( hindfoot. and ear in adult females is similar to Eastern Tombs), Hebei, China; and bm(nh) relative length of these appendages in adult males. 1931.1.11.17, Toungoo, 30 mi northwest. Myan- From infancy to adulthood, relative length of mar. and BM(NH) 1870.7.18.19. Nychow. Hainan. these appendages declines, indicating that the

China. postnatal growth rate of the appendages is less

Limited available evidence suggests that spec- than that of the head and body (cf. Schultz, 1933, imens from northwestern Pakistan and eastern Af- p. 12; Lumer & Schultz, 1941, p. 284). The 33% ghanistan (Sample Area No. 5). Tripura, India decline in relative ear length from infancy to

(No. 8), and China, northeastern Hebei (No. 20) adulthood is particularly striking. may tend to average somewhat darker than usual Abundant and detailed data are available con- in M. midatta and that specimens from central cerning age variation of external measurements in

Myanmar (No. 26) and southwestern Myanmar captive M. mulatta (Hartman. 1932. p. 23;

(No. 27) may tend to average somewhat less er- Schultz. 1933, p. 12; 1937. p. 75; van Wagenen ythristic. Dorsal pelage color in southern Laos and & Catchpole. 1956. p. 248; Pickering & Kontaxis. central Vietnam (No. 30) is transitional between 1961. p. 270; Kirk. 1972. p. 573; Gavan & Hutch- that in typical M. mulatta and neighboring M. fas- inson, 1973. p. 71; Kerr et al., 1974, p. 224; Cupp cicularis. & Uemura, 1981, p. 113; Gribnau & Geijsberts, greater in the northern part of ISHL averages 1981. p. 6; Rawlins et al.. 1984, p. 254; Riopelle the geographic range of M. mulatta. north of ca. et al., 1986, p. 910; Sharma & Lai, 1986, p. 143; 28°N latitude, than in the southern part of the Tumquist & Kessler. 1989, p. 8; DeRousseau, range (Fig. 6). MTHL, which presumably is cor- 1990, p. 288; Saxton & Lotz, 1990, p. 128; Gav- related with perceived bushiness of the tail, also an. 1991. p. 583; Zeng. 1992, p. 18; Zlamalova et averages greater in the northern part of the range al., 1994, p. 198; 1995, p. 43; Johnson & Kap- (Fig. 7; cf. Roonwal & Tak. 1981. p. 96; Tak & sahs, 1995a, p. 346; Vancata et al., 1995, p. 32; Kumar. 1984. p. 203). Blackwelder & Golub, 1996, p. 451; Clarke & In the original description of Macacus lasiotus Snyder, 1996, p. 86; Champ et al., 1996, p. 487; Gray, 1868 (p. 61), hairiness of the ears is casually Hudson et al.. 1996. p. 198; Maity & Rathore, cited as a diagnostic character of rhesus macaques 1998, p. 247; Clarke & O'Neil. 1999. p. 340). In in Sichuan, China (cf. Jiang Xuelong et al., 1991, captives, sitting height—which is comparable to p. 244). This appears to be invalid, as indicated by head and body length as measured in wild-col- the following hst of bm(nh) specimens of M. mu- lected specimens—increases from infancy to age latta in which hairiness of the ears equals or exceeds ca. 7 to 9 years, remains fairly constant for the that in the holotype of Macacus lasiotus (bmnh next 10 to 20 years and tends to decline slightly 1871.4.21.4): Afghanistan— 1931.1.9.1; Myan- in old age; body weight similarly increases to a mar— 1931.1.1 1.21, 1931.1.11.24; China. Fujian— plateau and ultimately declines in old age. Nurs- 1900.5.8.1; China, Hubei— 1931.1.7.2; India. As- ery-reared infants gain weight more rapidly than sam— 1921.7.9.4; India. Jammu and Kashmir mother-reared infants (van Wagenen & Catchpole. 1871.3.3.5; hidia. Sikkim— 1891.10.7.4; India. Uttar 1956. p. 249; Champoux et al.. 1989. p. 115; Pradesh— 1914.7.10.2, 1914.7.10.4; India. West Kriete et al., 1995. p. 16). and captive adults gen- Bengal— 1916.7.29.1; Nepal— 1921.5.1.2; Paki- erally weigh more than wild-collected adults (cf. stan— 1920.6.1 1.1, 1923.11.4.1; and Vietnam— Table 2; Rawlins et al., 1984, p. 253). 1927.12.1.19. 1927.12.1.20. 1928.7.1.11. Smith (1994c. p. 282) reports that, in captivity,

weight gain from age 1 year to age 4 years is more rapid in hybrid Chinese-Indian M. mulatta External Measurements and than in nonhybrid Indian M. mulatta. Proportions

Sex and Age Variation Geographic Variation

In wild-collected adult M. mulatta specimens Head and Body Length—Collectors' measure- examined, mean head and body length in 48 ments of head and body length in M. mulatta are

26 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY - -

90- •V- Males

80-

70- ^-

X f >0{

60- -X-XK- - -X •X-

50-

e « X

40- -^

E E, 30-

- 20-

« 90- -Vj- Q. Females CO

B BO-

ZO x-;-

n X 3? •

60- P—X- "X--£3-^

+-t-x n X

50- -)K -H3Df-X-»-t--^- + X- -X>i Q-

/T\ /Ts, U-IT 1 i-'f* f^t '^ ^ D J

*- +• 40- ffl-f— -t- -x-to—

1- + i 30-

t=l h-t- 20- « -r 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Latitude (°N) O Bangladesh d China x India + Myanmar A Nepal v Pakistan )K Thailand t^ Vietnam

Fig. 6. Latitudinal variation in interscapular hair length in Macaca mulatta adults. In this graph, the measurement for one Afghan male (50 mm) is included with Pakistani data, and the measurement for one Laotian female (45 mm) is included with Thai data; measurements of interscapular hair length are not available for Bangladeshi adults.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE. MACACA MULATTA 27 X

60- Males

50-

40-- -X-R-

f- X

30- .Q...^. -VK- XX- -^57"

)K « -t- X A E E 20-- •x-x- c

TO 50- Females g

40- -QQ--Q- x-^

30- {Sd-i-

^ [3=1 -I- D

20- --t-WK—X—

a»^ +

10- -**-

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Latitude (°N) O Bangladesh n China x India + Myanmar A Nepal 7 Pakistan

)t^ Thailand tt Vietnam

Fig. 7. Laliludinal variation in midtail hair length in Macaco mukitta adults. In this graph, the measurement for one Afghan male (30 mm) is included with Pakistani data; measurements of midtail hair length are not available for Bangladeshi adults.

available for 120 adult specimens—72 females Head and body length in both sexes tends to and 48 males—collected at 93 localities (Table 3). increase with latitude (Fig. 8. Table 3), in accord Although these data are invaluable, some inter- with Bergmann's rule (cf. Mayr, 1963, p. 319). collector variation in measurement techniques is However, the relationship between head and body

inevitable and must be borne in mind. length and latitude is not as close as that between

28 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY greatest length of skull and latitude (Fig. 17, Table range. These two outlier specimens have previ- 9). In particular, head and body length is aber- ously been interpreted as evidence of hybridiza- rantly large, relative to latitude, in one male col- tion between M. mulatta and M. fascicularis lected in peninsular India (15°-20°N, 75°-80°E), (Fooden. 1996, p. 859; 1997, p. 228). near the southwestern limit of the specific range, Excluding the two aberrant Dak Sut females, and in 12 females and 6 males collected in south- tail length apparently tends to increase slightly eastern China and northern Vietnam (15°-25°N, with latitude (Fig. 9; cf. Roonwal & Tak, 1981,

105°-110°E), near the southeastern limit of the p. 98). More conspicuously, tail length tends to specific range; the aberrant group of northern decrease with longitude, particularly east of ca. Vietnamese specimens includes one large female 95°E (Fig. 10); marking the eastern end of this and two large males collected on Dao Cat Ba, an west-east cline are six short-tailed specimens col- island in the Gulf of Tonkin, South China Sea lected on four shallow-water islands—Cat Ba, (Fig. 8). Head and body length is small, relative Dangan Dao, Hainan Dao, Neilingding Dao—in to latitude, in one female collected on Neilingding the South China Sea (105°-1 15°E) and two short- Dao and one male collected on Dangan Dao, two tailed specimens collected in Fujian Province on Chinese islands in the South China Sea (Fig. 8). the Chinese mainland (115°-120°E). The short-

Jiang Haisheng et al. (1991, p. 210) compared ness of the tail in specimens collected on Hainan "body length" in samples of Chinese M. mulatta Dao and in Fujian was previously noted by Elliot from Hainan Dao (ca. 18°30'N, island) and (1909, p. 250) and Jiang Haisheng et al. (1991, p. Guangxi (ca. 23°N, mainland). Although body 210). length in the Hainan Dao sample is less than in Although the tail in M. mulatta is shorter than the Guangxi sample, the significance of this find- in most other monkeys, it retains an important ing is acknowledged by the authors to be ques- function in intraspecific communication. Tail car- tionable because no information is available con- riage serves as a signal of dominance status both cerning whether measured specimens were im- in natural populations (Neville, 1968c, p. 15; matures or adults. In one adult female collected Lindburg, 1971, p. 60; Ojha, 1974, p. 164; Roon- on Hainan Dao that is included in the present wal & Tak. 1981, p. 96; Wada, 1984, p. 492) and study, the relationship between head and body in captive colonies (Altmann, 1962, p. 378; Sade, length and latitude does not appear unusual (Fig. 1967, p. 101; 1971, p. 294; Waterhouse & Water-

8). Krishnan (1972, p. 541) indicates, without house, 1976, p. 87; cf. Rodriguez, 1998, abstract documentation, that body size is reduced in a pop- no. 307). In captivity, the tail may also function ulation of N. mulatta at Jaldapara Wildlife Sanc- as a rudimentary prehensile organ (Erwin, 1974, tuary, northeastern India. p. 130). Preliminary observations in northern In- Crown-rump length in M. mulatta captives im- dia suggest that tail carriage may vary geograph- ported from China has been compared with ically (Roonwal & Tak, 1981, p. 96; Tak & Ku- crown-rump length in M. mulatta captives de- mar, 1984, p. 203). scended from monkeys imported from India Relative Tail Length—Relative tail length, (Clarke & O'Neil, 1999, pp. 340, 341). In males, the ratio of tail length to head and body length crown-rump length in Chinese-origin adults (T/HB), is a measure of the functional and per- equaled that in Indian-derived adults; in females, ceived length of the tail. Geographic variation in crown-rump length in Chinese-origin adults was this ratio is given separate treatment here because less than that in Indian-derived adults. No infor- variation in tail length in M. mulatta is not en- mation is available concerning the region of ori- tirely congruent with variation in head and body gin of these monkeys within India or China. length (see above). This ratio is available for 120 Tail Length—Collectors' measurements of tail wild-collected adult specimens (see "Head and length are available for 120 adult specimens of M. Body Length," p. 26). Because relative tail length mulatta (Table 4; see "Head and Body Length," is similar in females and males (Table 2; Fooden, p. 26). Mean tail length ( + SD) is 207.6 ± 32.72 1997, p. 223), mixed-sex samples are used in the mm in 72 adult females and 228.9 ± 35.78 mm present analysis. in 48 adult males. Latitudinal variation in relative tail length in M.

Tail length is aberrantly large (289 mm, 298 mulatta is relatively minor (Fig. 11, Table 5; mm) in two adult females collected in central Vi- Fooden, 1997, p. 225), excluding two aberrant etnam (10°-15°N, 105°-110°E; Dak Sut), at the specimens collected in central Vietnam (ca. 15°N; southeastern border of the species geographic see "Tail Length," above). Longitudinal variation

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 29 Table 2. External measurcmenls and proportions in age/sex classes of wild-collected Macaco muUitta. —

o ^ — sO

8 5

C CJ O ::= 7 3 1^—.r<-, 00^ i/~i ir-i ^ ^^-^ — * f^) IT) 0\ lO '>^ Ol "^ fN) >r~, I I —r.-i -a I +1 — — +1 I — C N rr r) IT) r^j Tt — r<~i On t^ r<^ ir-, o

ON '^t O IT) 00 —. iri NO -^ ON /-^ C * <^J ir, -^ (N ro

S -a

t^ >n 00 O ir-, o r<-i — — ri n — n '^ ^ in f^ lO On ^ no ~- +1 I +1 I — +1 I ^ in — oj o U — O 00 c-j ^ t^

53 O

.s o _ o E '^^ E - w o •£ B oil" c 5

>^ z.

^ ou C3 V,

" a.

.2 «

C3 4j

H-o r

700- Males

650- CB «

600- .«. •-" -o h

CB »: U VX 550-

M- • X A

D « O 500- )l^ E

B 450-1 5K

>« DD T3O 400- x>c 03 T3 OJ CD Females tt CB I i 550- 4=1

500-

HD D + « D n X : n ^ D^ U ^ 450- .u.i.

^ X;

• + i /^. ^ 400- ^- )K )K

350 — 10 15 20 25 30 35 Latitude (°N) O Bangladesh n China x India + Myanmar A Nepal V Pakistan

)K Thailand l=t Vietnam noncaptives: data points for insular Fig 8 Latitudinal variation in head and body length in Maccica mulatui adult = Hainan Dao; ND - specimens are indicated by two-letter abbreviations (CB = Cat Ba; DD = Dangan Dao: HD is included with Thai data; Neilingding Dao). In this graph, the measurement for one Laotian female (395 mm) measurements of head and body length are not available for Bangladeshi adults.

32 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY ^.5 "a , 3 -o 00 N T «

- ^ ~" OJ OJ —

oij E

•73 ^ >o O

o 300-

250-

200-

150-

E E

I- X i 300-

250-

200-

150-

- 300 H 03

250- 20 25 Latitude (°N)

O Bangladesh d China x India -t- Myanmar A Nepal )K Thailand tt Vietnam

(tail length/head and body length) in Macaca mulatta adult Fig. 1 1 . Latitudinal variation in relative tail length noncaptives; data points for insular specimens are indicated by two-letter abbreviations (CB = Cat Ba; DD = Dangan Dao; HD = Hainan Dao; ND = Neilingding Dao). In this graph, the value for one Laotian female (0.61) is included with Thai data; values are not available for Bangladeshi adults.

4.27 kg, n = 4; males, 6.14 kg, n = 3). Data kg and that the weight of a large male was 11.9 points for specimens collected on four shallow- kg. water islands (Cat Ba, Dangan, Hainan, Neiling- Body weight in M. mulatta captives imported ding) in the South China Sea fit well within the from China has been compared with body weight latitudinal body weight cline. in M. mulatta captives descended from monkeys Weights previously reported for M. mulatta in imported from India (Clarke & O'Neil. 1999, pp. Hainan Dao (18°23'N, 110°00'E) and northern 340, 341; see "Head and Body Length," p. 26). Pakistan (34°03'N, 73°22'E) are similar to those In males, body weight in Chinese-origin adults of specimens examined from the same latitudes exceeded that in Indian-derived adults; in females, (Fig. 13). For Hainan Dao specimens of unknown body weight in Chinese-origin adults was less maturity, Jiang Haisheng et al. (1991, p. 210) re- than that in Indian-derived adults. As previously ported that mean weight was 3.88 ± 0.20 kg in available concerning 33 females and 5.08 ± 0.72 kg in 16 males. In indicated, no information is within India northern Pakistan, Pearl et al. (1987, p. 36) re- the region of origin of these monkeys ported that mean weight of adult females was 7.3 or China.

36 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY — -a w c

O o

C TD

"^ •£

fc 0.8- Both sexes

n 0.7-

0.6- ^X... ( ^x

x^"^ 0.5- X- — -.f- -i)!^""^" +• A ^ • c .^^ DJa CD X

"*" V % + ; « pi 0.4- .^ : ^ ! ^ a « i5 + + + tn° 4-1 ™ « ^ D : cc = lb a DD

: 0.3- "«-e r- CB ND

0.2- Pi-

CB i

0.1 70 80 90 100 110 120 Longitude (°E)

O Bangladesh n China x India -t- Myanmar A Nepal v Pakistan

^ Thailand t=t Vietnam

Fig. 12. Longitudinal variation in relative tail length (tail length/head and body length) in Macaco mulatto adult noncaptives. For detailed comments, see Figure 11.

Cranial Characters creases much faster than postrostral length, whereas zygomatic breadth increases only slightly faster Sex and Age Variation than greatest skull length (Table 8). In males, rostral-postrostral ratio in adults is more than 100% In wild-collected adult specimens of M. mulatta greater than in infants (cf. Bhatia, 1978. p. 66), and

(Figs. 14, 15, Table 8), greatest length of skull relative zygomatic breadth in adults is about 10% (excluding incisors) in 80 males (121.8 ± 8.3 greater than in infants. Fluctuating asymmetry of mm) averages about 13% greater than in 120 fe- the skull and teeth in M. mulatta tends to increase males (107.8 ± 7.1), and rostral-postrostral ratio ontogenetically to age 6 years (Halgrimsson. 1999, in 69 males (50.5 ± 3.0%) averages about 15% p. 139). An intensive study of maxillomandibular

greater than in 1 1 1 females (44.1 ± 3.7%) (cf. growth in captive M. mulatta has been published Cochard. 1985, p. 237; Cheverud & Richtsmeier. by Schneiderman (1993, p. 75), and craniofacial

1986. p. 392; Mouri, 1995. p. 189). Relative zy- growth in laboratory-colony captives has been gomatic breadth (ZB/GL) in 79 males (70.7 ± compared with that in free-ranging captives by 2.6%) averages only 2% greater than in 118 fe- King and Schneiderman (1991, p. 105). males (69.0 ± 2.2%). Dental emergence norms have been carefully From infancy to adulthood, rostral length in- studied in the Yale University laboratory colony

38 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Table 6. Dry-skin measurements of 14 Macacti mulatta specimens collected at Xinglong Xian (= Eastern Tombs), Hebei Province, northeastern China. .^ Males

-q>-

H « n a Dn/DD " ^

i o

15 20 25 30 Latitude (°N) O Bangladesh a China x India

)K Thailand 1=1 Vietnam Fig. 14. Skull of adult female Macaca mulatta—FMNH 99668, Thailand: Ban Mae Lamao. (Photographs by John Weinstein, the Field Museum, negative Nos. Z 94270.1-4.)

(123.8 mm), considering the latitude (40°24'N) of sample collected 2,500 km to the east, across the collection of this specimen (Fig. 17); in a subadult Xizang-Qinghai (Tibetan) Plateau, at the same lat- = female (usnm 240704) collected in the same area, itude in China (females. 116.7 ± 4.98 mm, n greatest length also is small (100.6 mm). 4; males, 136.8 mm [132.6-141.0 mm], n = 2). Longitudinal variation in greatest length of Cranial and Dental Morphology—Variation skull is relatively minor (Fig. 18). For example, in suites of cranial and dental measurements in mean greatest length in a sample of adults col- >150 specimens that were collected in various lected between 30°N and 35°N in Pakistan and sample areas in China and in six specimens that India (females, 120.9 ± 3.26 mm, n = 5; males, originated in India (localities unspecified) has 129.3 ± 3.23 mm, n = 8) is similar to that in a been studied by two groups of Chinese investi-

42 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Fig. 15. Skull of adult male Macaca miilalta—FMNH 99669. Thailand: Huai Ap Nang. (Photographs by John Weinstein, the Field Museum, negative Nos. Z 94271.1-4.)

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 43 Table 8. Cranial measurcmenls and proportions in age/sex classes of wild-collected Macaca midatta. TTT oi p' 'd M3 M3 Dental Emergence Age P^ Median, 2nd Percentile, 98th Percentile P4 O Female n Male

C, c, p3 p3

P3 P3 M^ M2 Ms

1^ 1^

>2 =^#5 r ^^ I1 M^ 000 M, O°-^1? .D—rB nig 00 ^ m2 oD- -B- D- -B—D m, O C? -B- ^ ^|=«> 2 ^ t ^ # O IS

" I I I X I I I I I 0.05 0.1 0.5 1.0 5.0 10.0 (18 d) (36 d) (182 d)

Age (yr), log scale

Fig. 16. Dental emergence chronology in Macaca mulatto, laboratory colony .sample (Hurme & van Wagenen, 250): median, 1953, pp. 297, 299; 1961, pp. 1 11-112, 128; Hurme, 1960, pp. 796-797; cf. Maity & Rathore, 1998, p. 2nd percentile, and 98th percentile values are indicated for age at initial penetration of gingiva by deciduous and permanent teeth in females and males. Abbreviations: i/I = incisor, c/C = canine, P = premolar, m/M = molar; lowercase letters indicate deciduous teeth, uppercase letters indicate permanent teeth; subscripts indicate mandibular teeth, superscripts indicate maxillary teeth. Arrowheads (lower left in graph) indicate six off-scale 2nd percentile

i' i,, females. values: i,, females and males, years (i.e., tooth already erupted at birth); i' and i,, males, years; and m,, 0.0082 years. Sample sizes: i,, i', i,, i-—females (n = 53), males (44); c,, c'—females (51 ), males (41-42): m'— females (50), males. (41); m., m-—females (4.3-44), males (32-33): M,, M'—females (42), males (30); I,, I', L, F— females (41-42), males (22-25); M,, M-—females (39-40), males (18-19); P„ P\ C,, C, P„ P^—females (35-39), males (13-17); M„ M'—females (30-31), males (10-12). For additional dental emergence age data collected by various procedures, see Schultz, 1935, p. 499; Eckstein, 1949, p. 367; Gavan, 1967, p. 985; McNamara et al., 1977, Lai, 145; p. 701; Trotter et al., 1977, p. Ill; Cheverud, 1981, p. 163: Zeng et al., 1984, p. 83; Sharma & 1986, p. 226. Turnquist & Kessler, 1990a, p. 309; 1990b, p. 239; Zeng, 1992, pp. 20, 22; Smith et al., 1994, pp. 215,

quence of the mitochondrial COII gene in one M. M. mulatta specimen of Indian origin (no further mulatta individual from an unspecified locality. locality information available) and subsequently

Hayasaka et al. (1988, p. 271) used 17 endo- (1996, p. 1046) determined the nucleotide se- nucleases to study mtDNA restriction sites in one quence of an 896-bp region of mtDNA in this

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 45 I

— c.

3 -a

3. •- "P

^ .£

y. 150 Males

140-

130-

120-

110- •^--^-x-\

« ^^-^^VC

tt .,'HD « D /DD ^)K tt ^ CBs^« •HD

il-

Males

r ftp- 4: D « >^ 1=1 X X VC X .Nfc i HD X X X ^ a-HD tt HD

Females

^ ' 1 ' ' 1 ' \ \ 70 80 90 100 110 120

Longitude (°E)

O Bangladesh a China x India -t- Myanmar A Nepal V Pakistan ^ Thailand U Vietnam

Fig. 18. Longitudinal variation in greatest length of skull in Macaco miilatta adult noncaptives. For key to abbreviations, see Figure 17.

0.2% of the sites, their sequences differ from that dian M. miilatta specimen and M. cyclopis (3.2%) of the Indian specimen at ca. 6.2% of the sites; and between the Indian M. mulatto specimen and this intraspecific sequence divergence greatly ex- M. fuscata (ca. 3.6%). Sequence divergence be- ceeds the interspecific divergence between the In- tween the two M. mulatto specimens of unknown

48 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY —

country of origin and M. cyclopis and M. fiiscata have originated in eastern India, nearer to Myan- is ca. 5.1% and 5.8%, respectively. Hayasaka et mar than to Pakistan. Distance- and character- al. (1996, p. 1052) suggest that the taxonomically based trees indicate that haplotype similarity incongruous intraspecific and interspecific diver- among eastern M. mulatta, M. cyclopis, and M. gences in their M. mulatta, M. cyclopis, and M. fuscata is greater than haplotype similarity be- fiiscata sequence data may be the result of either tween eastern and western M. mulatta; this dis- retention of ancestral polymorphism or interspe- crepancy between the gene tree revealed by cific hybridization. mtDNA and the species tree revealed by mor-

Melnick et al. (1993, p. 284) used 15 endonu- phology and allozymes (see "Blood Proteins," p. cleases to study mtDNA restriction sites in 18 in- 52) parallels the taxonomically incongruous find- dividuals representing five M. miilatta popula- ings reported by Hayasaka et al. (see above). Mel- tions—one each from Pakistan (n = 3), northern nick et al. (1993, p. 290; cf. Hoelzer, 1997, p. 624) India (n = 4), and Myanmar (n = 4) and two from interpret the pattern of mtDNA haplotype rela- southern China (n = 5, n = 2); the exact prove- tionships as a retention of ancestral mtDNA sim- nance of these five samples and the number of ilarity by eastern M. mulatta, M. cyclopis, and M. localities represented by each are unspecified (cf. fuscata.

Melnick et al., 1984, p. 342; Morin et al., 1997, In a geographically detailed study, Zhang and p. 201). Of the 10 haplotypes that were identified Shi (1993b, p. 591) used 20 endonucleases to in this study, one is unique to the smaller Chinese study mtDNA haplotypes in 36 M. mulatta indi- sample, and three sets of three haplotypes each viduals collected at 23 localities in China, Myan- are unique to the Indian, Myanmar, and larger mar, and Vietnam (Fig. 19); their analysis also Chinese samples, respectively; the single haplo- includes Hayasaka et al.'s haplotype data for the type common to the three individuals in the Pak- Indian M. mulatta specimen cited above. Restric- istani sample is the same as that of one individual tion fragment length analysis revealed that each in the Indian sample. Distance-based and charac- of the 24 localities sampled by Zhang and Shi is ter-based trees reveal similar patterns of relation- characterized by a distinctive mtDNA haplotype; ships among the M. mulatta samples studied. In at each of the nine localities represented by more both kinds of trees, the primary divergence is be- than one individual, haplotypes were uniform in tween the Pakistani/Indian (western) samples and all individuals sampled (n = 2-4). Two trees the Myanmar/Chinese (eastern) samples (diver- one based on the unweighted pair group (UPG) gence = 3.9% ± 0.45%); on the basis of the mag- method and the other based on the neighbor-join- nitude of this divergence, Melnick et al. (1993, p. ing (NJ) method (cf. Melnick et al., 1992, p. 287) suggest that western and eastern populations 196)—were constructed by Zhang and Shi to in- of M. mulatta formerly were separated by a major vestigate the pattern of resemblance among the 24 barrier. Divergences among the seven individuals local haplotypes. Although Zhang and Shi favored in the Pakistani/Indian samples are very small (d the UPG tree because of its general congruence = 0.4% ± 0.31%). The divergence between the with one of several previously proposed subspe- Myanmar sample and the two Chinese samples (d cific classifications of M. mulatta (Jiang Xuelong

= 2.3% ± 0.58%) is approximately twice as great et al., 1991, p. 242; cf. 1995, p. 44), a consensus as that between the two Chinese samples (d = tree of stable clusters common to both the UPG 1.2% ± 0.15%). tree and the NJ tree provides an independent es- As a supplement to their investigation, Melnick timate of geographic variation in mtDNA haplo- et al. (1993, pp. 283, 286) compared their data types that is not bia.sed by taxonomic preconcep- with Hayasaka et al.'s (1988, p. 271) data for one tions (Fig. 20). Indian specimen of M. mulatta, one specimen of As indicated by the consensus tree, the largest M. cyclopis, and three specimens of M. fuscata mtDNA haplotype divergence is between Zhang (see above). The haplotype of Hayasaka et al.'s and Shi's insular Hainan M. mulatta sample (20, = Indian M. mulatta specimen is most divergent n = 2) and 20 mainland locality samples (d

from haplotypes of Melnick et al.'s Chinese sam- 3.5% ± 0.49%); the positions of three mainland ples (d = 3.3% ± 0.16%), next most divergent locality samples (E Guangxi, 6; Henan, 72; Fu- from the Pakistani/Indian samples (d = 3.0% ± jian, 15) are unresolved relative to this dichotomy. 0.25%), and least divergent from the Myanmar The second-largest mtDNA haplotype divergence sample (d = 2.1% ± 0.12%); this suggests that is between Hayasaka et al.'s Indian sample (24, n = Hayasaka et al.'s Indian M. mulatta specimen may = 1) and the remaining 19 locality samples (d

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 49 .

35° Mitochondrial DNA sample areas

30°

zsfu 15

20°

105' 110° 115° 120°

Fig. 19. Sample areas cited in mitochondrial DNA study of Zhang and Shi (1993b, p. 590); sample area no. 24 ("India") is not mapped. For key to sample area numbers, see Figure 20.

2.8% ± 0.35%). The third-largest divergence is 2. Central Yunnan (27, n = 1); northeastern between the northwestern Sichuan sample (7, n = Yunnan: Yongshan (8, n = 1); northeastern Yun-

3) and 17 locality samples from Myanmar, China, nan: Yillang (9, n = 1); southern Sichuan (14, n and Vietnam (d = 1.6% ± 0.29%); the position = 2); Hunan (5, n = 1). This and the preceding of one Chinese locality sample (northwestern cluster overlap geographically (Fig. 17).

Yunnan, 19) is unresolved relative to this dichot- 3. West-central Sichuan (7, n = 1); eastern omy. The fourth-largest divergence is between the Sichuan (2, n = 2); Anhui (13, n = 1); Guizhou eastern Myanmar sample (23, n = 2) and the re- (3, n = 3); northern Guangxi (76. n = 1); northern maining 16 locality samples (d = 1.3% ± 0.23%). Vietnam (10. n = 1); northern Vietnam (77, n =

Although the branching pattern of the residual 16 1). locality samples is not completely resolved, 15 of On the basis of available information (see these samples are positioned within three stable above), the following hypotheses may be pro- clusters (Fig. 18) as follows: posed concerning geographic variation in mtDNA 1. Southwestern Yunnan (22, n = 2); west-cen- in M. miilatta: tral Yunnan (4, n = 1); southeastern Hubei (77, n 1 Haplotypes usually are uniform in each local = 1). Within this cluster, the close resemblance population of M. mulatta. between the west-central Yunnan sample and the 2. Haplotypes in each local population of M. southeastern Hubei sample is particularly note- mulatta usually differ from those in other local worthy; although these two localities are separat- populations. ed by ca. 1,100 km, the haplotype divergence be- 3. Intraspecific haplotype variation may exceed tween the samples is only 0.17%. interspecific haplotype variation.

50 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY India (24), 1

NW Sichuan (1), 3

NW Yunnan (19), 2

E Myanmar (23), 2

W Cent. Sichuan (7), 1 rC E Sichuan (2), 2 h: Guizhou: Dushan (3), 3 N Guangxi: Jinchengjiang (16), 1

Anhui: Huangshan (13), 1

N Vietnam (10), 1

€ N Vietnam (1 1), 1

NE Hubei: Zhushan (18), 1 rC SE Hubei: Enshi (17), 1 W Cent. Yunnan: Baoshan (4), 1

SW Yunnan: Simao (22), 2

NE Yunnan: Yiliang (9), 1

NE Yunnan: Yongshan (8), 1

rC S Sichuan: Muli (14), 2

Cent. Yunnan: Chuxiong (21), 1

Hunan: Jishou (5), 1

Henan: Huixian (12), 1

CFujian (15), 4

E Guangxi: Wuzhou (6), 1

Hainan (20), 2

Fig. 20. Consensus dendrogram of mitochondrial DNA relationships in Macaca miliaria samples studied by Zhang and Shi (1993b, p. 597). In each line, the italicized number in parentheses is the sample area number (see Fig. 19), and the number following the comma is the sample size.

4. Haplotypes in eastern populations of M. mii- 6. The known haplotype in the northwestern latta (Myanmar. China, Vietnam) are more diver- Sichuan population of M. mulatto diverges strong- gent from those in western populations of M. mu- ly from haplotypes in other mainland Chinese latta (Pakistan, northern India) than they are from populations. Vietnamese populations, and eastern those in M. cyclopis (Taiwan) and M. fusccita (Ja- Myanmar populations. pan). To determine whether haplotype variation 7. Haplotypes in Myanmar populations of M. between eastern and western populations of M. mulatto are divergent from those in Chinese and mulatto is gradual or abrupt, data from geograph- Vietnamese populations. ically intermediate populations would be required. Authors cited above differ in their interpreta- 5. The known haplotype in the insular Hainan tion of the chronological significance of mtDNA population of M. mulatto diverges strongly from haplotype variation. Hayasaka et al. (1996. p. haplotypes in eastern mainland populations of M. 1052) and Zhang and Shi (1993b. p. 594) assume mulatto. a constant rate of mtDNA nucleotide substitution

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 51 = in Macaca, whereas Melnick et al. (1993, p. 290; mulatto is relatively minor (Table 10; Fsj cf. Melnick and Hoelzer, 1993, p. 6; Hoelzer et 0.0253); the most variable locus is Tf (transfer-

al., 1998, p. 29) present evidence that this rate rin). Melnick (1988, p. 207; cf. Su et al., 1997, p. may be viiriable. 112) studied 25 to 37 loci in samples of this species from Pakistan, India, China, and Thailand; the geographic span of these samples exceeds Nuclear DNA 3,000 km. For the loci studied, Melnick estimates that the total blood-protein gene diversity in M. Using nine enzymes (Alu\, Bam\\\, EcoRl. mulatto is 0.0814; he allocates ca. 86.5% of this Hindm, HinW Hpa\, Psth PvuW. and Xmn\), diversity to individual differences among mem-

Crovella et al. (1994, p. 66) studied highly re- bers of the same troop, ca. 3.8% to differences peated nuclear DNA restriction patterns in two M. among neighboring troops, ca. 1.0% to differenc- miilatia captives. One captive, identified as M. m. es among local populations within the same coun- mulatto, presumably originated in India, and the try, and ca. 8.7% to differences among popula- other, identified as M. m. lasiotus, presumably tions in different countries. In another study, Mel-

originated in China. The restriction patterns of nick et al. (1986, p. 136) found that intercountry

these two captives were indistinguishable. variation is weakly clinal. In this cline, the Pak- M. mulatto is polymorphic for the chemokine istani and Indian samples form one cluster and the receptor CXCR4 (a coreceptor for human immu- Chinese and Thai samples form another; when a nodeficiency virus), but this polymorphism is not Bangladeshi sample was included in the analysis,

known to vary geographically (Chen et al., 1997, it clustered with the Pakistani and Indian samples.

p. 2707; Pretet et al.. 1998, p. 639). Of 17 rhesus Smith et al. (1987, p. 204). in a brief summary monkeys tested for CXCR4 alleles, allele 1 (ad- comment, indicate that Indian and Chinese sam- enine at nucleotide 641) was detected in two In- ples from unspecified localities approach fixation dian samples, and allele 2 (thymidine at nucleo- for opposite alleles at genetic loci for carbonic

tide 641) was detected in six Indian samples, sev- anhydrase II, properdin factor B, and albumin.

en Chinese samples, and two samples of unknown Ding et al. (1998, p. 172) studied blood-protein geographic origin. variation in M. mulatto samples collected at six Twenty M. mulatto captives— 10 of Chinese or- localities in western Yunnan, China. Samples igin and 10 of Indian origin—were included in from three localities north of 25°30'N tended to two studies of restriction fragment length poly- differ from those from three localities south of morphism at four loci in the p-globin gene cluster 25°30'N. Within the northern and southern groups (Shimizu & Takenaka, 1991a, p. 178; 1991b, p. of samples, blood-protein divergence was not re- poly- 191). Although M. mulatto is reported to be lated to the distance between localities. at all four loci, no data are available con- morphic Schmitt and Tomiuk (1995, p. 126) have shown relationship between cerning the possibility of a that the distribution of blood-protein allele fre- of origin in this spe- polymorphism and country quencies per locus in M. mulatto closely approx- cies. imates that predicted by the neutral mutation hy- et al. cf. Smith, 1994a, Morin (1997, p. 206; p. pothesis. Three recent studies have investigated 205; Smith, 1998, 141) report Kanthaswamy & p. the use of blood-protein data in monitoring and that gene diversity for 15 simple sequence mean maintaining genetic variability in captive research repeat loci is greater in a Chinese M. mulatto sam- colonies of this species (Gill et al., 1992, p. 89; ple (0.78) than in Indian (0.66) and Thai (0.61) Smith, 1994a, p. 204; Ely et al., 1994, p. 212). M. mulatto samples. Watanabe et al. (1997, p. 351) have compared the nucleotide sequence at the HPRT locus in one M. mulatto specimen of Karyology unspecified geographic origin with that of other macaque species and nonmacaque catarrhines. Although chromosomal polymorphism has been reported in M. mulatto (Sharma & Seth,

Blood Proteins 1984, p. 380; Small et al., 1985, p. 66), no information is available concerning possible geograph- Judging from available information, geographic ic variation in karyotype. The diploid chromo- variation in blood-protein allele frequencies in M. some number in this species is 42.

52 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Table 10. Frequencies (%) of major alleles at polymorphic blood-protein loci in samples of Macaco mttlalta from six countries (sample sizes indicated by italicized figures in parentheses). Because variability at the Tf locus is exceptionally large, frequency data are provided for six alleles at this locus. For key to locus abbreviations, additional frequency details, and references, see Fooden and Lanyon (1989. p. 214).

Locus laps that of the Leucosphyrus group. In this area, the primary adaptation of this species probably is the known incidence of natural infection is 9.3% to the seasonal climate of the subtropical zone (cf. (n = 290); contrastingly, in northern India, out- Darlington, 1957, p. 413); captives kept in warm side of this area, the incidence of infection is 0% climates apparently are highly susceptible to heat- (n > 24,000). stroke (Vickers, 1986, p. 522). However, the nat- The two species of malarial parasites that are ural range of M. mulatta does extend to temperate known to naturally infect M. mukitta are Plas- or subalpine habitats in the north (Table 11). The nuuiium cynomolgi and P. initi, the most widely range of humidity extremes tolerated by M. mu- distributed of the seven species of Plasmodium latta includes arid areas in western India and tidal

that infect macaques (Fooden, 1994, p. 578). Nat- swamps in eastern India and Bangladesh. Al- ural and experimental infections with P. cyno- though most elevational records of M. mulatta are

moli^i and P. initi are relatively benign in M. mu- below 2000 m (Table 12), this species has been

kitta. However, experimental infections of M. mu- observed or collected as high as ca. 3200 m in latta with P. knowlesi, a macaque parasite that Nepal (Hutu Forest) and ca. 4000 m in Qinghai does not occur within the geographic range of M. Province, China (Baizha Plantation, Yushu Xian). mulatta. usually are fatal (n > 90). This suggests Among vegetation types, broadleaf forest is the that M. mulatta has evolved partial resistance to most common habitat of M. mulatta, but this spe-

the malarial parasites with which it is sympatric. cies also occurs in mixed broadleaf-needleleaf forests and, least frequently, in needleleaf forests. M. mulatta often inhabits disturbed areas (Blan-

Viral Infections ford, 1888b, p. 14; Mills, 1923, p. 222; McCann,

1933b, p. 810; Fooden, 1982b, p. 574; Richard et

In a field study, 24 M. mulatta individuals in al., 1989, p. 569; ChaUse, 1997, p. 31; Ruggeri &

Bangladesh and six M. mulatta individuals in Timmins, 1997, p. 2), where it raids adjacent cul-

Thailand were tested for antibodies to reveal in- tivated fields, and in India it frequently lives in fections with simian T-lymphotropic retrovirus, populated areas as a commensal with humans

type 1 (Ishida et al.. 1985. p. 841; Ishida & Var- (Southwick et al., 1961. p. 705; Prakash, 1962, p.

avudhi, 1992, p. 163). Of these 30 individuals, 83). only one from Thailand was seropositive. In other Habitat variables apparently are related to geo- species of macaques studied in Thailand, four of graphic variation in the scream call of M. mulatta

367 M. fascicularis individuals and two of 137 M. (Feng et al., 1997, p. 27). arctoides individuals were seropositive for this virus; no species of macaque other than M. mulatta was tested in Bangladesh. Arboreality/Terrestriality In a laboratory study, five M. mulatta individuals imported from India and six imported from Judging from the few samples of M. mulatta China were compared with respect to susceptibil- for which daily arboreality/terrestriality activity ity to experimental infection with simian immu- patterns have been estimated, this species spends, nodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVni,,,239) (Joag on average, about 72% of its daylight hours on

et al., 1994, p. 439). Plasma virus titer, infectious the ground and about 28% in trees (Table 13; cf.

cell frequency, and virus burden in spleen and Blanford, 1888b. p. 14; McCann, 1933b, p. 810).

lymph nodes all indicated that the rhesus monkeys Unsurprisingly, forest groups may tend to be imported from India were significantly less resis- somewhat more arboreal than nonforest groups, tant to infection with SIV,„^^,239 than were those and in the Sundarbans tidal swamp forests, M. imported from China. mulatta reportedly rarely descends from the trees

(Mandal, 1964, p. 154; Mukherjee & Gupta, 1965,

p. 145). In response to sudden danger, M. mulatta flees either on the ground (K. G. Gairdner, 14 Natural History April 1916, ZRC 4-188, field tag; Hingston. [1920],

p. 244; Green, 1978, p. 154; Mukherjee, 1978b,

Habitats p. 741; Dang, 1983, p. 1283; Poirier, 1985, p. 298)

or into the trees (Mandal, 1964, p. 154; Mukher-

Judging from the geographic distribution of M. jee, 1969, p. 53; Fooden, 1971, p. 32; Lindburg,

mulatta, which is centered at ca. 25°N (Fig. 1), 1971, p. 45; Pirta & Singh, 1978, p. 277; Wada,

54 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

Table 12. Frequency distribution of elevation scapula, clavicle, and humerus (Yu et al., 1993, p. records oi Macaca muhitta (see Gazetteer, Appendix 2). 87; Xue et al., 1998a, p. 147; 1998b, p. 29; 1999,

p. 140). PLlevation (m) Number of records

0-500 155 Swimming 500-1000 92 1000-1500 34 M. mulatta is capable of swimming across a 1500-2000 13 Vessey, 2()0()-25()0 20 water gap ca. 1 km wide (Drickamer & 2500-3000 7 1974, p. 362; Varley & Vessey, 1977, p. 54; Sade,

3000-3500 3 1985, p. 28; Rawlins & Kessler, 1986b, p. 26). 3500-4000 1 This species reportedly swims to search for food 4000-4500 2 (Mukherjee Gupta, 1965, p. 145; Dang, 1983, Total 327 & p. 1283), to escape from danger (Muir, 1916, p. 353; Southwick et al., 1974, p. 198; Berman,

1977, p. 763), and apparently also for pleasure 1984, p. 494; Choudhury, [1991b). p. 123; Chopra and/or thermoregulation (McCann, 1933b, p. 810; et al., 1992, p. 81). Nighttime sleeping sites gen- Pilleri Filled, 1982, p. 158; Malik & Menon, erally are in trees (Hingston, [1920], p. 244; Ko- & 1992, p. 39). In captivity, 2-day-old infants are ford, 1963. p. 143; Mandal, 1964, p. 154; Shou capable of swimming (Riopelle, 1980, p. 262), et al., 1964, p. 60; Lindburg, 1971, p. 29; Vessey, and juveniles have been trained to swim under- 1973, p. 614; Makwana. 1978, p. 486; 1979b, p. water and to open a food box underwater (An- 919), but groups in Afghanistan and northern Chi- et al., 1992, 2; 1994, p. 356). na have been reported to sleep on the ground (Pu- derson p.

get. 1971, p. 200; Qu et al., 1993, p. 616), and urban groups often sleep on the roofs of buildings

(Ojha, 1977, p. 519; Mukherjee, 1969, p. 49; Group Size and Composition

1978a, p. 278). Two parturitions that have been observed in wild populations apparently occurred The mean size of ca. 1,182 nonprovisioned or

on the ground (Lindburg, 1971, p. 77; Mathur, minimally provisioned groups for which data are

1994, p. 132). available is ca. 32.2 individuals (Table 14); re- Geographic variation in the relative frequency ported extremes are two and ca. 250 individuals. of terrestrial locomotion in M. mulatta reportedly The size of nonprovisioned groups apparently

is correlated with variation in morphology of the tends to average largest (86.1-ca. 105.0 individ-

Tabi.f. 13. Arboreal/terrestrial behavior recorded during daylight hours in samples of Macaca mulatta. —

uals) at the northern extremes of the species' geo- in forest habitats and 201.1 individuals/km- in graphic range—in Afghanistan and in the Chinese nonforest habitats (Table 18). Among the nine for- provinces of Qinghai and Henan (cf. Southwick est habitat areas surveyed, mean population den- et al., 1996. p. 102). Solitary males, living inde- sity was unusually high— 120.0 individuals/km- pendently of nearby troops, have been observed on Hainan Dao. a tropical island off the south- in all parts of the species range (references cited eastern coast of China. In the provisioned free- in Table 14). Provisioned groups—one of which ranging population of M. mulatto that was intro- reportedly included 1.045 members—tend to av- duced in 1938 on Cayo Santiago (area 0.152 km-), erage larger than nonprovisioned groups. Puerto Rico, the mean population density in 1983 Nonprovisioned and provisioned groups of var- had reached 7638.2 individuals/km-. ious sizes have been observed to split permanently into two autonomous daughter groups

(Southwick & Beg. 1961, p. 390; Koford, 1966. Diet p. 2; Missakian, 1973b. p. 622; Malik et al.. 1984. p. 315; 1985. p. 417; Seth et al.. 1986. p. 115; The natural diet of M. mulatto is primarily

Malik, 1992. p. 8; Wang et al., 1996. p. 265). The vegetarian and includes fruits, seeds, flowers, smallest group known to have undergone fission leaves, buds, shoots, twigs, stems, roots, bark, included 28 individuals (daughter groups. 10 and pith, and resin of hundreds of species of angio-

18 individuals) (Melnick & Kidd. 1983. p. 230). sperms, gymnosperms, and fungi (Table 19). An- Fission probably usually occurs between matri- giosperm plants consumed include trees, shrubs, lines (Chepko-Sade & Sade. 1979, p. 70). climbers, grasses, and other herbs. In six care- In nonprovisioned and provisioned groups, the fully surveyed geographic areas, the following average sex ratio is approximately one sexually minimum numbers of species of wild plants were mature male to three sexually mature females (Ta- discovered to be exploited for food by M. mu- ble 15). The reported minimum ratio is approxi- latto: northern Pakistan. 35 species (Goldstein & mately one male to 12 females, and the reported Richard, 1989, p. 552); Himachal Pradesh, north- maximum ratio is approximately three males to ern India. 121 species (Pirta et al.. 1997, p. 103); two females. Uttar Pradesh, northern India, 150 species (Lind-

burg, 1977a, pp. 263-268; Makwana, 1979a, p. 244); central Nepal, 61 species (Marriott, 1978a,

Home Range, Day Range p. 759); Bangladesh, 41 species (Ahsan, 1994, p. 82); and Henan. east-central China. 73 species Home range averages approximately 65 ha in (Qu et al., 1993. p. 612). On Cayo Santiago, 323 nonforest groups of M. miilatta and 196 ha Puerto Rico, the provisioned introduced popula- in 129 forest groups (Table 16). Overlap of tion of M. mulatto supplements its diet of mon- home ranges of adjacent troops is extensive key chow by feeding on 73 of the 163 plant spe- (Lindburg, 1971, p. 32; Southwick et al., 1982. cies that grow on the island (Marriott et al., p. 623; Jiang Haisheng et al., 1991. p. 212) and 1993, p. 332). In addition to exploiting wild may reach 100% (Makwana, 1979b, p. 919). plants, natural populations of M. mulatto oppor- Depending on local food and water sources and tunistically raid numerous species of cultivated snow cover, different parts of a group's home crop plants (Makwana, 1979a. p. 247; Siddiqi & range may be used in different seasons (Kurup, Southwick. 1980. p. 55; Poirier & Hu. 1983. p.

1965, p. 193; Neville, 1968b, p. 113; Lindburg, 387; Malik & Southwick. 1988a. p. 339; Lai, 1977b. p. 241; Wada. 1984. p. 487; cf. Pearl et 1990, pp. 113. 123; Gupta & Kumar, 1992. p.

al., 1987, p. 36). 227; Datta, 1996. p. 941). Seasonal variation has Day ranges average 1.15 km in nine nonforest been noted in the species and parts of plants that groups and 1.91 km in >16 forest groups (Table are consumed (Lindburg, 1977a, p. 263; Wada, 17). 1984, p. 480; Goldstein & Richard. 1989, p. 554; Fellowes, 1992, p. 132; Gupta & Kumar, 1992,

p. 227; Qu et al., 1993, p. 611). Population Density Plant consumption by M. mulatto apparently also varies geographically (Table 19). Judging In areas inhabited by M. mulatto, the mean re- from available data, grasses and other herbs pro-

ported population density is 37.2 individuals/km- vide most of the natural food for this species in

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 57 Tablh 14. Group size reported for Maccica miilatta. northern Pakistan, whereas fruits and leaves of Indian localities (Asarori), the soil was specifical- trees, shrubs, and cUmbers provide most of the ly identified as termite mound soil; monkeys at food in Bangladesh and in the Indian states of this locality also occasionally licked whitewash Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. Similarly, gymno- off painted walls. Geophagy also has been re- sperm seeds and needles are frequently consumed ported in the provisioned introduced population of in northern parts of the geographic range (Af- M. mulatto on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico (Sul- ghanistan, Pakistan. Himachal Pradesh. Punjab, tana & Marriott, 1982, p. 338); in these monkeys, Henan, Hubei) but apparently are less frequently selective ingestion of clay may function to pre- eaten elsewhere; this obviously is correlated with vent or ameliorate gastrointestinal disorders, in- the geographic distribution of gymnosperms cluding endoparasitism (Mahaney et al., 1995, p.

(Kuchler, 1978, p. 17). 331; Knezevich, 1997, p. 73; cf. Bolton et al.,

Larval and adult insects (Orthoptera, Isoptera, 1998, p. 204). Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenop- For captive, relatively sedentary adult female tera) apparently are the most common animal M. mulatto (mean weight = 7.7 kg), the daily food of M. mulatto (Lindburg, 1971, pp. 23, 33; maintenance energy requirement is estimated to

Makwana, 1979a, pp. 243-247). Other known an- be 430 kcal (Henderson et al.. 1993, p. 10; cf. imal food includes spiders, crayfish, crabs, shell- Bourne, 1975, p. 99). This can be supplied by 150 fish (?bivalves), fish, birds' eggs, and honey- g of monkey chow (10 large biscuits), supple- combs (Table 19). In Vietnam, animal food is es- mented by small amounts of fresh fruit and mul- timated to constitute 5-7% of the diet of M. mu- tivitamin tablets; such a diet has been shown to latto (Dang, 1983, p. 1283). In parts of India, maintain body weight in singly housed monkeys however, consumption of animal foods may be for at least 1 1 weeks. In the free-ranging provi- less frequent; at three Indian localities, feeding on sioned group on Key Lois. Florida, adults con- insects was never observed (Siddiqi & Southwick, sume a daily average of ca. 225 g of chow in

1980, p. 55; Malik & Southwick, 1988a, p. 340; addition to naturally available food (Pucak et al.,

Gupta & Kumar, 1992, p. 227), and at another 1982. p. 207). Preliminary experimental evidence locality, M. mulatto individuals appeared reluctant suggests that calorie-restricted diets may retard to eat hen's eggs that were provided for them age-related pathology in captive M. mulatto

(Lindburg, 1971, p. 33). (Couzin, 1998, p. 1018). Ingestion of soil (geophagy) by M. mulatto has During the rainy season, water requirements of been observed at three localities in India (Delhi, M. mulatto are met primarily by consumption of Rajasthan, Asarori), one locality in Nepal, and succulent plant food (Mukherjee & Gupta, 1965, one locality in China (Table 19). At one of the p. 146; Lindburg, 1971. p. 35; Malik & South-

p. L^2. 5. Nolle. 1956. p. 180; Neville. 1968b, pp. 114, 117; 1968c, p. 15: Mukherjee. 1969. p. 48; Lindburg, 1971, p. 13; Singh. 1975, p. 472: Southwick & Siddiqi. 1977b. p. 342: Pirta. 1977-78. p. 126: 1982. p. 401: Singh. 1982, p. 8: Laws & Laws. 1984. p. 35; Imam & Yahya. 1995. p. 4. 6. Dolinow & Lindburg. 1980. p. 211: Seth & Seth, 1993, p. 55: cf. Southwick et al.. 1965, p. 120, and Mukherjee & Mukherjee, 1972, p.^67. 7. Fooden et al.. 1981, p. 466. 8. Fooden et al.. 1981, p. 466: Kurup, 1992, p. 15. 9. Krishnan. 1972. p. 541: Mukherjee. 1984. p. 260. 10. Mandal, 1964, p. 164: Southwick et al.. 1964. p. 446: Saha, 1974, p. 21 1: Southwick et al., 1974. p. 187: Mukherjee et al., 1995, p. 27: cf. de Poncins, 1935, p. 846, and Mukherjee & Gupta, 1965, p. 145. //. Mukherjee, 1978b, p. 741: Pilleri & Pilleri, 1982, p. 158: Choudhury. [199 la), p. 32: [1991bl. p. 123. 12. Mukherjee. 1982, pp. 73, 80; Gupta, 1994, p. 104. 13. Richie et al., 1978, p. 443: Teas et al.. 1980. p. 250: Marriott, 1988, p. 128. 14. Green, 1978. p. 153: Oppenheimer et al., 1983, pp. 195, 198: Khan, 1986. p. 38: Stanford. 1991, p. 17: Feeroz et al., 1995, p. 75: cf. Hendrichs. 1975, p. 171, and Ahsan, 1994, p. 83. 15. Southwick & Southwick, 1985. p. 35. 16. Fooden, 1971, p. 32. 17. Dang. 1983. p. 1283. 18. Southwick et al., 1996. p. 100. 19. Feng et al.. 1997. p. 27. 20. Wang et al., 1996, p. 266. 21. Poirier. 1983. p. 128. 22. Qu et al.. 1993, p. 614; Southwick et al.. 1996. p. 100. 23. Tan & Poirier, [1991]. p. 130. 24. Malhotra & Sahi, 1982. p. 27: Wada, 1984, p. 481. 25. Southwick et al.. 1961a, p. 543; Malik et al., 1984, p. 315. 26. Singh, 1992, p. 192. 27. Southwick et al.. 1961a. p. 543: Pirta. 1984. p. 281. 28. Seth & Seth. 1993, p. 55. 29. Fooden et al.. 1981, p. 467. 30. Mukherjee, 1978a, p. 277. 31. Southwick et al., 1980, p. 165: 1982, p. 624: Teas et al., 1982. p. 65. 32. Southwick et al., 1996, p. 100. 33. Qu et al., 1993, pp. 610. 614. 34. Rawlins & Kessler, 1986c, p. 55. - Pooled data reported for groups observed in several northern Indian states: some of these groups probably also are included in reports cited in preceding entries for northern Indian states.

' Cf. Chalise & Ghimire, 1998, pp. 1 r-15.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 59 Table 15. Ratio of sexually mature males to sexually mature females reported in groups of Macaca mulatta.

Tabm; 17. Day range rcporlcd for groups oi Mcicacd iiiiildira.

Table 19. Foods rcporlcd eaten by Macaca muUitla. Dietary proportions are indicated where data are available. Table 19. Extended. Tablk 20. Daily waking-hour' lime budget cslimalcs C/r ) for Macaca miilalta.-

Social Sample area Feeding' Locomotion Resting^ behavior^ Other References''

Pakistan: forest 45 India, northern Delhi: fort site Uttar Pradesh: forest^ Various slates Temple Urban Pond Roadside Canal bank Forest Nepal Temple* Forest

Cayo Santiago Table 21. Intcrgroup conlacl behavior reported in Mucaca iiiiilattci. In summary, divergent habitat preferences ap- terspecific behavior between these monkeys apparently limit contact between M. mulatto and M. parently is variable, as they have been reported to assamensis, M. thihetana, M. antoides, and M. maintain distance from one another (Khajuria, nemestrina. In marginal habitats, M. miilatta may 1962b, p. 128); to casually encounter one another encounter these four species; such contacts ap- peacefully (Mukherjee & Saha, 1974, p. 337); to parently are not hostile, and they may result in the feed in close proximity, but with M. mulatto on formation of mixed groups. The habitat prefer- the ground and T. geei in the branches overhead ences of M. mulatto are similar to those of M. (Mukherjee, 1978b, p. 741); to feed together har- radiata and M. fosciculahs. Along the boundary moniously in favored food trees (Oboussier & von between the geographic ranges of M. mulatto and Maydell, 1959, p. 106); and, in two instances, to M. radiata, nonhostile interspecific contact and contest for possession of a feeding site, with M. mixed-species groups have been observed; along mulatto prevailing on both occasions (Mukherjee, the boundary between the ranges of M. mulatto 1978b, p. 742). and M. fosciculahs, morphological evidence in- In Madhupur National Park, Bangladesh, M. dicates the occurrence of occasional hybridiza- mulatto reportedly coexists peacefully with the tion. capped langur, Tracliypithecus pileatus (Islam & iNTiiRGiiNERic—In northern and peninsular In- Husain, 1982, p. 157; cf. Gittins & Akonda, 1982, dia, the geographic range of M. mulatto broadly p. 278). At this locality, M. mulatto generally is overlaps that of the Hanuman langur, Semnopithe- observed lower in the trees than T. pileatus. cus entellus, and frequent contacts between these A commensal relationship between M. mulatto two species have been observed. In antagonistic and two species of deer. Axis axis and Muntiacus encounters, M. mulatto usually is more aggressive muntjok, has frequently been reported in India and displaces S. entellus (Makwana, 1979b, p. (Champion, 1927, p. 201; de Poncins, 1935, p.

920; Pirta, 1984, pp. 274-279; Lindburg, 1971, p. 846; Khajuria, 1962a, p. 122; Mandal, 1964, p. 43; Ross et al., 1993, p. 162; Mathur, 1996, p. 157; Mukherjee & Gupta, 1965, p. 146; Hen-

360); however, at one locality groups of each spe- drichs, 1975, p. 171, Sanyal, 1983, p. 3; cf. Lind- cies defended territories against incursion by the burg, 1971, p. 42). The deer move in close asso- other species (Mathur, 1982, p. 12), and at another ciation with M. mulatto and feed on fruits, leaves, locality a male S. entellus successfully drove off and twigs dislodged by activity of the monkeys in a male M. mulatto (Neville, 1968c, p. 16). Peace- branches overhead. The deer apparently also ex- ful encounters that have been reported include ploit the monkeys' alarm calls to avoid approach- groups of M. mulatto and S. entellus feeding to- ing predators (Mukherjee & Gupta, 1965, p. 146; gether in the same tree and in the same cultivated Sanyal, 1983, p. 3). One observer reports that M. field (Oboussier & von Maydell, 1960, p. 144; mulatto sometimes leaps down from branches and

Jay, 1965, p. 212; Lindburg, 1971, p. 43; Prater, rides on the back of deer (Mandal, 1964, p. 158).

1980, p. 37; Mathur, 1982, p. 12) and interspecific In northern India, M. mulatto individuals were play by infants and juveniles (Manohar & Mathur, observed to chase a jackal, Canis aureus, and fre- 1992, p. 114). Mixed-species groups also have quently to chase away crows, Corvus sp., that been reported; these usually are composed of one were competing for provisioned food (Lindburg,

or two M. mulatto individuals in a group of S. 1971, p. 43). entellus (Jay, 1963, p. 274; 1965, pp. 200, 212, 249; Roonwal & Mohnot, 1977, p. 264; Singh &

Sen, 1977-78, p. 136; Mathur & Lobo, 1990, p. 308); in at least two of these groups, the M. mu- Reproduction

latto individuals were dominant to the S. entellus individuals (Jay, 1963, p. 274; Roonwal & Mohn- Seasonality ot, 1977, p. 264). In a mixed-species group that included 40 S. entellus individuals and eight M. Matings and births are strongly seasonal in nat- mulatto individuals, an adult female 5. entellus ural populations of M. mulatto (Table 22). At lo-

nursed an infant M. mulatto, and a young male S. calities widely dispersed across the geographic entellus carried an infant M. mulatto on his back range of this species, reported matings consis- (Das & Sharma, 1981, p. 496). tently peak in the fall and winter, and births peak In northeastern India. M. mulatto is sympatric in the spring and summer. At four sample areas with the golden langur, Tracliypithecus geei. In- in India, a second, minor birth peak in the fall

68 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Table 22. Mating and birth periods reported for natural populations of Maccica miilatta. Tabi.h 23. Age of sexual maturity reported for natural populations of Macaca mulatla. 1

emigrated during a 3-year observation period nonmating season (Gordon & Bernstein, 1973, p.

(Koford. 1966. p. 6). 223; Baulu. 1976. p. 487; Rab et al.. 1991, p. 221;

cf. McCann, 1933b, p. 810). The bright red color

of the sexual skin is retained during pregnancy

Sexual Skin and frequently during lactation (Heape. 1894. p. 456; 1897. p. 140; Hartman. 1928b. p. 539;

In postjuvenile females and males, regions of 1928c. p. 187; 1932. p. 21; Tinklepaugh & Hart- the skin undergo intermittent swelling and/or red- man. 1930, p. 66; Bielert et al., 1976. p. 182). dening (Darwin. 1871. p. 279: 1876. p. 19; An- In pubertal and adolescent males, red sexual derson, 1879, p. 58; Langley & Shenington, 1891, skin develops in approximately the same posterior p. 284; Heape, 1896, p. 202; 1897, p. 139; Corner, and facial regions as in females, but there is no 1923, p. 82; Allen, 1926, p. 226; 1927, p. 9; Coll- pubertal swelling of the sexual skin in males ings, 1926, p. 272; Zuckerman, 1930, p. 702; (Zuckerman, 1937, p. 327). As in females, the red

Stewart, 1933, p. 29). In captive females, the ear- color in males is brighter during the mating sea- liest manifestation of this "sexual skin" (Langley son than during the nonmating season (Sade,

& Sherrington. 1891. p. 290) is the development 1964, p. 179; Koford, 1965, p. 165; Lindburg, during the second or third year of life of a pair of 1971, p. 91; 1983. p. 47; Gordon & Bernstein, pinkish pubic swellings (Haitman. 1928c, p. 182; 1973, p. 223; Baulu, 1976, p. 485; Bielert & Van-

1932, p. 20; Zuckerman et al., 1938, p. 385; van denbergh. 1981. p. 231; Rab et al., 1991. p. 221).

Wagenen, 1950, p. 26; Eckstein & Zuckerman, Subcutaneous fat deposits also vary seasonally in

1956, p. 139; Hadidian & Bernstein, 1979, p. sexually mature males, increasing prior to the 436); the location of these swellings is similar to mating season and decreasing during the mating that of the scrotum in a male. After approximately season (Lindburg, 1977b. p. 247; Bernstein et al..

2 weeks, these pubic swellings subside and the 1989, p. 253; Bercovitch, 1992, p. 277; Zeng, first menstrual bleeding occurs. Within the next 1992, p. 22; Bercovitch & Nurnberg, 1996, p. 63). few months, the fully developed sexual skin of puberty appears; this consists of a large bilobed blister-like pubic swelling, from which a less Menstrual Cycle prominent edematous midline swelling extends posteriorly as far as the sides of the vulva. During In three studies of 4.626 menstrual cycles (ca. the subsequent menstrual cycles of adolescence, a 600 females), modal cycle lengths were 27, 28, period that may extend up to 2 years, the sexual and 28/30 (bimodal) days (Valerio et al., 1969b, skin of puberty is gradually transformed, becom- p. 286; Anand Kumar et al.. 1980. p. 38; Dailey ing less acutely swollen, redder, and more exten- & Neill, 1981, p. 562); extreme cycle lengths sive; the cyclically edematous area of sexual skin were 6 and 237 days, but few cycles were longer often extends beyond the vulva and anus to the than 50 days, and longer cycles (?anovulatory pe- root of the tail, over the buttock area and posterior riods) generally occuned during the summer .sea- surface of the thighs, and over the iliac region. In son of infrequent matings. The modal durations sexually mature females (beginning at age ca. of menstrual flow reported in two of these studies 3.5-5.5 years), the primary cyclical manifestation were 3 and 4 days (3,370 cycles, 490 females); of sexual skin is reddening rather than swelling; extreme durations in both studies were 1 and 1 in addition to the buttocks and adjacent regions, days, and mean durations were 3.5 and 3.9 days. the areas of redness frequently include the face and nipples. During the menstrual cycle, the red color of the sexual skin generally reaches maxi- Estrus mum intensity near the day of ovulation (Anon- ymous, 1973, p. 9; Czaja & Bielert, 1975, p. 587; During the mating season, female sexual activ- Czaja et al.. 1975, p. 1681; cf. Zuckerman, 1930, ity (estrus) is cyclical in natural and seminatural p. 728; Zuckerman et al., 1938, p. 389; Carpenter. groups of A/, mulatta (Carpenter, 1942a, p. 117;

1942a, p. 131); this cyclic variation apparently Conaway & Koford, 1964, p. 584; Kaufmann, may be diminished in older females (Hartman, 1965. p. 501; Loy, 1971. p. 2; Lindburg. 1971. p.

1932, p. 21; Stewart, 1933. p. 29; Valerio et al.. 94). Within groups, the estrous periods of individ-

1969b, p. 284). Sexual skin color reportedly is ual females are asynchronous, and male sexual brighter during the mating season than during the activity apparently is not cyclical. In five studies

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 71 of ca. 160 females, length of the estrous period 94; cf. Carpenter, 1942a, p. 138). Over the course averaged 8 to 12 days (Wilson & Gordon, 1980, of one mating season, one female was observed p. 639; Lindburg, 1983. p. 50; Berman et al., to consort with 11 of 12 group males, and one

1993, p. 393; cf. Loy, 1970, p. 287), and length male was observed to consort with 1 8 of 34 group oi' the intervening period of sexual inactivity av- females (Conaway & Koford, 1964, p. 582); dur- eraged 19 to 22 days (not reported in two studies). ing a single day, a female may consort with more The midpoint of a female's estrous period approx- than one male, and a male may consort with more imately coincides with her day of ovulation (ca. than one female (Southwick et al., 1965, p. 152; 11-14 days after onset of previous menstruation), Vandenbergh & Vessey, 1968, p. 73). Although which is the day on which she generally partici- either sex may initiate a consort relationship pates in the maximum number of ejaculatory cop- (Kaufmann, 1965, p. 502; Lindburg, 1971, p. 92; ulations (Ball & Hartman. 1935, p. 118; Michael, 1983, p. 54; Rab et al., 1991. p. 222), in one study

1965, p. 596; Valerio et al., 1969b, p. 292; Wallen, of 53 consortships, male partners were responsi-

1990, p. 236; Michael & Zumpe, 1993, p. 226). ble for maintaining proximity approximately During three years of observation, 34 to 40 fe- twice as frequently as females (Hill, 1987, p. males in a seminatural group averaged 2.2 estrous 446). The consortships of high-ranking individu- periods per mating season (extremes, 0-5 periods als usually are conducted near the center of their per season) (Kaufmann, 1965, p. 504), and a sim- group; those of low-ranking individuals may be ilar frequency of estrous periods per season was conducted several hundred meters from other observed during a 10-month study of 35 females group members (Lindburg, 1971, p. 92; Rab et al., in a natural population (Lindburg, 1971, p. 95). 1991, p. 222). In a seminatural population, fe- In two groups, 63% and 77% of the females ap- males occasionally have been observed to move parently were impregnated during their first es- temporarily into another group and to form a con- trous periods of the mating season (Conaway & sortship there (Carpenter, 1942b, p. 154; Brereton,

Koford. 1964, p. 585; Lindburg, 1971, p. 95); 1981, p. 419). most of these females apparently also had subsequent postconception estrous periods during the same mating season (cf. Altmann, 1962, p. 389; Copulatory Behavior

Lindburg, 1983, p. 50). In captive females, estrous cycles may be attenuated (Tinklepaugh, 1933, p. Copulations, like consortships. may be initiated

336; Rowell, 1963, p. 198; Kuehn & Young, 1965, by either sex (Hinde & Rowell. 1962. p. 16; Har- p. 688; Johnson & Phoenix, 1978, p. 167; Kev- low, 1965, p. 235); in laboratory pair tests with eme, 1981, p. 119). multiple copulations, the frequency of female ini- tiations in second copulations (ca. 35%) tends to

exceed that in first copulations (ca. 15%) (Michael Consortship & Zumpe, 1970, p. 176; Dixson et al., 1973, p. 42). Near the beginning of a copulation, the fe- In natural and seminatural groups, temporary male typically presents by turning her perineal re- copulatory associations (consortships) are formed gion toward the male, and the male mounts dor- between estrous females and their male partners soventrally by grasping the female's waist and

(Carpenter, 1942a, p. 118; Altmann, 1962, p. 393; shanks with his hands and feet, respectively (Car-

Kaufmann, 1965, p. 502; Southwick et al., 1965, penter, 1942a, p. 132; Altmann. 1962, p. 374; p. 151; Vandenbergh & Vessey, 1968, p. 73; Lind- Southwick et al., 1965, p. 152). Although ejacu- burg, 1971, p. 91; Brereton, 1981, p. 419; Hill. lation in M. mukitta occasionally is accomplished

1987, p. 443; Rab et al., 1991. p. 222; Berard et in a single mount (Kaufmann, 1965, p. 502; Mi- al., 1993, p. 483; cf. Manson, 1996b, p. 156; chael et al., 1973, p. 249; Shively et al., 1982, p.

1997, p. 353). The duration of these consortships 376; Curie-Cohen et al.. 1983, p. 129; Manson, reportedly varies from <25 minutes to 1 1 days; a 1996a, p. 1225), usually a series of mounts, sep- duration of 1 to 2 days probably is typical (South- arated by dismounts, is required to complete a wick et al., 1965, p. 152; Hill, 1987, p. 446). A copulation. Each mount includes one to 15 intro- female usually consorts with more than one male missive thrusts and usually lasts less than 1 min dunng each of her estrous periods; in a natural (Prakash, 1962, p. 84; Southwick et al., 1965, p. group, females changed consort partners in 24 of 152; Michael & Saayman, 1967b, p. 462; Shively

38 estrous periods observed (Lindburg, 1971, p. et al., 1982, p. 376; Lindburg, 1983, p. 51). A

72 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY copulation may include as many as ca. 100 Koford, 1963, p. 150; Conaway & Koford, 1964, mounts and dismounts (Carpenter, 1942a, p. 133) p. 582; Kaufmann, 1965, p. 507; Sade, 1980, p. and may last up to 30 min or, rarely, 1 hr (Prak- 182; McMillan, 1982b, p. 312; Chapais, 1983, p. ash, 1962, p. 84; Kaufmann, 1965, p. 502; South- 219; Hill, 1987, p. 445; Manson, 1992, p. 412; wick et al., 1965, p. 152; Lindburg, 1971, p. 94; 1996a, p. 1223; Berard et al., 1993, p. 485), a few

Manson, 1996a, p. 1223); in laboratory pair tests studies of this population have failed to find such with multiple copulations, the number of mounts a correlation (Loy, 1971, p. 8; McMillan, 1982a, per copulation and the duration of copulations p. 207; Berard, 1993, p. 298; 1999, p. 163); fac- tend to increase in successive copulations (Kuehn tors that may tend to bias these observations are & Young, 1965, p. 688; Michael & Saayman, the relatively low visibility of low-ranking males

1967b, p. 463; Missakian et al., 1969, p. 234). The (Drickamer, 1974a, p. 119) and the relatively low copulation rate of estrous females in a seminatural mating success of low-ranking subadult males group has been estimated to be ca. 0.4/hr (Man- (McMillan, 1982a, p. 207). Available results of son, 1992, p. 412). In caged animals, the rate of genetic paternity tests in the Cayo Santiago pop- copulatory behaviors apparently is greater at 0900 ulation are inconclusive concerning a correlation than at 2100 (Chambers et al., 1982, p. 38), and between fertilization success and dominance rank copulation rarely occurs late at night (Erffmeyer, (Sade, 1980, p. 182; Berard et al.. 1993, p. 484;

1982, p. 246). Following copulation, coagulated 1994, p. 184; Berard & Schmidtke, 1996, abstract semen often is visible on the perineum of the fe- no. 459). Male reproductive success in the Cayo male ("vaginal plug," Hartman, 1932, p. 39; cf. Santiago population may be affected by the ab-

Carpenter, 1942a, p. 119; Altmann, 1962, p. 375; normally large group size in this provisioned pop-

Mastroianni & Manson, 1963, p. 1026; Vanden- ulation and the high ratio of sexually mature bergh & Vessey, 1968, p. 73; Blandau, 1973, p. males to sexually mature females (Tables 14,15; 295; Lindburg, 1983, p. 47). Manson, 1992, pp. 407, 414). Most, but not all, evidence from studies of compound-housed groups suggests that copulation frequency may be Dominance Rank and Reproductive Success correlated with dominance rank (Gordon et al., 1976, p. 239; Ruiz de Elvira et al., 1982, p. 829; The relationship between male copulation fre- Shively, 1982, p. 377; Wilson et al., 1982, p. 24; quency, fertilization success, and dominance rank Curie-Cohen et al., 1983, p. 130; Stem & Smith, in M. mulatto has been studied in natural groups, 1984, p. 29; Jebavy et al., 1994, p. 202; Bercov- free-ranging seminatural groups, and compound- itch & Niimberg, 1996, p. 61) and that fertiliza- housed groups (cf. Bercovitch, 1997, p. 248). Ev- tion success also may be correlated with domi- idence from natural groups suggests that male nance rank (Duvall et al., 1976, p. 29; Smith, copulation frequency and fertilization success are 1980, p. 248; 1981, p. 87; 1993. p. 474; 1994b, positively correlated with dominance rank, and p. 234; Berenstain et al., 1981, p. 1058; Curie- evidence from seminatural and compound-housed Cohen et al., 1983, p. 133; Stem & Smith, 1984, groups equivocally tends in the same direction (cf. p. 27; Smith & Smith, 1988, p. 557; Bercovitch

Paul, 1997, p. 345; Bercovitch & Numberg, 1997, & Numberg, 1996, p. 61; Bercovitch, 1997, p.

p. 1703; Rifkin et al., 1999, p. 93). Field studies 248). In seminatural and compound-housed at two localities in India and one locality in Pak- groups, dominant males and females often harass istan indicate that a male's copulation frequency and dismpt the copulations of subordinate group and number of female partners are correlated with members (Hemdon et al., 1986, p. 95; Manson,

his dominance rank (Southwick et al., 1965, p. 1994, p. 136; 1996a, p. 1224).

152; Igbal & Rub, 1980, p. 214; Lindburg, 1983,

p. 52; Rab et al., 1991, p. 222); preliminary analysis of blood protein data from two groups at the Inbreeding Pakistan locality suggests that most of the infants bom during three years were fathered by the alpha Blood-protein evidence from five groups in is in male of each group (Melnick & Hoelzer, 1 996, p. Pakistan indicates that close inbreeding rare 430). Although most studies of the seminatural natural populations of M. mulatta (Melnick et al., Cayo Santiago population similarly indicate that 1984, p. 235); the opportunity for such inbreeding male copulation frequency is positively correlated is obviously limited by the tendency for pubertal

with dominance rank (Carpenter, 1942b, p. 156; males to emigrate from their natal groups (see

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 73 above). In the Cayo Santiago free-ranging popu- (Silk et al., 1993, p. 97). Gestation length aver- lation, relatively few mother-son and brother-sis- ages greater in young primaparous mothers (ca. ter copulations have been observed (Kaufmann, 169 days) than in old multiparous mothers (ca.

1965, p. 508; Sade, 1968, pp. 18, 33, 36; 1972, 162 days) (Hartman, 1932, p. 53; Silk et al., 1993, p. 392; Loy, 1971, p. 12; Missakian, 1973a, p. p. 98). In an experimental study of nutritional ef- 230; Sade et al., 1984, p. 213; Manson & Perry. fects, gestation length was ca. 8.5 days less in 1993, p. 340; Berard & Schmidtke, 1996, abstract pregnant females fed a high-protein diet than in no. 459), and the same is true of the Yerkes com- those fed a low-protein diet (Riopelle & Hale, pound-housed population (Wilson, 1981, p. 475). 1975, p. 1173); this suggests that gestation length paternity tests of compound-housed Genetic in unprovisioned natural populations may be groups at Davis. California, indicate that matrilin- greater than gestation length in provisioned cap- eal inbreeding is rare (two of 132 infants) but that tive populations. patrilineal inbreeding, except for father-daughter mating, is common (Smith, 1982, p. 448; 1986a, p. 219; 1986b, p. 864; 1995, p. 34). Parturition

Nonreproductive Sexual Behavior Parturition is rarely observed in natural populations of M. mulatta, even in those that have been Sexual behavior in M. mulatta may serve non- closely studied (Southwick et al., 1965, p. 155; reproductive functions (Carpenter. 1942a, p. 132). Lindburg, 1971, 77; Teas et al., 1981b, 580; Male and female homosexual mounting has been p. p. Mathur, 1994, p. 132). Most newborn infants in observed in natural, seminatural, compound- closely studied natural populations are first seen housed, and caged groups (Kempf, 1917, p. 134; early in the morning, which presumably implies Carpenter, 1942b. p. 150; Altmann, 1962. p. 383; that births usually occur at night. Of the five births Gordon & Bernstein, 1973, p. 224; Gordon et al.. and one stillbirth that have been partially or com- 1978, p. 626; Akers & Conaway, 1979, p. 66; Ig- (early bal & Rub, 1980, p. 214; Loy & Loy, 1982, p. pletely observed during daylight hours 308). Mounting of males by females also has been morning to late afternoon), all apparently oc- observed in seminatural and caged groups (Car- curred while the mother was on the ground—in penter, 1942b, p. 152; Altmann, 1962, p. 383; undergrowth in at least three cases (Lindburg,

Freedman & Rosvold, 1962, p. 26; Michael et al., 1971, p. 77; Teas et al., 1981b, p. 581; Mathur,

1974. p. 401). Male masturbation has been re- 1994, p. 132). From the first observed contraction ported in natural groups (Prakash. 1962, p. 85; to delivery of the afterbirth, the approximate du-

Lindburg. 1973. p. 146; Igbal & Rub, 1980, p. ration of three of the live births was 15 min, 1 hr,

214) and in seminatural groups, compound- and 0.5 to 2.5 hr. The placenta was eaten by at (Carpenter, housed groups, and caged individuals least two of the five mothers. Observed births in 1942b. 152; Rowell, p. Altmann, 1962, p. 375; captive populations apparently are generally sim- 1963, p. 196; Michael & Saayman, 1967a, p. ilar to those in natural populations with respect to 217). timing, duration, and consumption of the placenta

(Pocock, 1906. p. 562; Hartman. 1932. p. 52; Hin-

de et al.. 1964, p. 613; Valerio et al.. 1969a, p. Gestation Length 72; Brandt & Mitchell, 1971. p. 199; Shaughnessy

et al., 1978. p. 130; Rawlins, 1979, p. 432; Adachi In a large laboratory colony of M. mulatta, the et al., 1982, p. 585; Gibber. 1986. p. 121). mean (±SD) gestation length was 165.4 ± 6.1 The frequency of stillbirths was 5.5% (259 still- days for 1,067 viable female births and 166.2 ± births/4.7 11 births) in four large captive colonies 6.7 days for 1,115 viable male births (Shaughnes- (Shaughnessy et al., 1978. p. 130; Scanlan et al., sy et al., 1978, p. 132; cf. Hartman, 1928a, p. 15); in two other large colonies, mean gestation length 1985. p. 363; Rawlins & Kessler. 1986c, p. 52;

was 166.5 days (n = 709; Silk et al., 1993, p. 97) Small & Smith, 1986, p. 293). The frequency of

and 168.4 days (n = 311; van Wagenen, 1972, p. twinning was 0.23% (13 twin pairs/5,561 live 9). Reported minimum and maximum lengths of births) in three large captive colonies (Geissmann,

viable pregnancies are 133 days and 200 days 1990, p. 392; cf. Chalise & Ghimire, 1998, p. 1 1).

74 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

Table 25. Infant sex ratio in Macaca mulatta. Table 26. Annual birth rate (births/sexually mature females X 100) in natural populations of Macaca mitlotta. Table 27. Inlam mortality rate in natural populations of Mcicaca mulatta. vals, annualized growth rate tends to be greater in sion of M. mulatto, six subspecies were recog- populations with shorter census intervals; in eight nized (Pocock, 1932, p. 533); in subsequent clas- populations with census intervals less than 7 sifications, various combinations of 10 subspecies years, the mean annualized growth rate is 12.3% have been recognized (Table 30).

± 5.9% (extremes. 0.9% and 19.1%). and in six Although geographic variation in M. mulatto is populations with census intervals greater than 22 clearly evident (see above), the differentiation of years, the mean annualized growth rate is 3.5% ± local and regional populations is now regarded as 4.5% (extremes, -0.4% and 9.1%). In three Nep- inadequate to warrant formal recognition of sub- alese populations, annualized growth rate tends to species (cf. Fooden. 1995. p. 65). Where charac- be low regardless of census interval length (3 ter-state transitions are gradual or irregular, as in years, 0.9%; 23 years, -0.3% and -0.4%); the M. mulatto, the delimitation of subspecies is ar- explanation for this low rate of population in- bitrary (cf. Mayr et al., 1953, p. 147), and un- crease in Nepal is unclear (Teas et al., 1981a. p. ambiguous diagnosis of subspecies is virtually im- 120; Johnson et al.. 1988. p. 179). In two areas possible. Problems concerning the delimitation of on Hainan Dao. China, population growth rates subspecies in M. mulatto have been discussed by apparently began to decline after optimum popu- Pocock (1932, p. 530), Napier (1981, p. 20), Cor- lation densities were reached (Jiang et al., 1998. bet (1992, p. 170), Jiang Xuelong et al. (1995, p. p. 101). In two free-ranging colonies introduced 46). and Yu et al. (1996, p. 153). Unless future in Puerto Rico, the combination of relatively high research reveals a pattern of geographic differ- population growth rates (13.5%, 16.5%) and rel- entiation of characters that is much more coherent atively short census intervals (7 years. 9 years) is than is now known in M. mulatto, it appears un- concordant with the norm for natural populations likely that taxonomically useful subspecies can be (see above). defined in this species. The principal characters that previously have been used in defining subspecies of M. mulatto

are overall size, tail length, pelage color and Fossils and Subfossils length, and molecular diversity. The pattern of geographic variation in these characters has been

Published data concerning M. mulatto fossils discussed in detail above and is briefly summa- and subfossils are meager and fragmentary (Table rized here. 29; cf. Szalay & Delson, 1979, pp. 356, 363; Del- Size—Overall size usually is measured as the son. 1980. p. 20; Pan & Jablonski, 1987, p. 63; combined length of head and body (based on flesh Jablonski & Pan, 1988. p. 859; Jablonski. 1990. measurements recorded by the collector). Overall p. 39; Xue & Zhang, 1991, p. 357). The most size presumably may also be inferred from great- important implication of these data probably is est length of skull, excluding incisors; although that a macaque similar or identical to M. mulotta skull length is not a direct measure of overall size, had become established within the present range compared with head and body length, skull length of M. mulatto in China and Vietnam during or usually is available for more specimens, and it is prior to Late Pleistocene (>40 Ka). subject to less interobserver variability. Meaning- ful comparisons of size require measurements of fully adult specimens, segregated according to sex. Systematics In M. mulatto, both head and body length and skull length tend to increase from south to north Geographic Variation and Subspecific (Figs. 8, 17; Tables 3, 9). The large size of spec- Recognition imens collected north of 30°N in Afghanistan. Pakistan, and India in the west and disjunctly in Given the broad distribution and diverse habi- China in the east is particularly striking. However, tats of M. mulatto (see above), it is not surprising the latitudinal size gradient is gradual, and size that this species exhibits great variation in nu- distributions in local samples generally overlap merous characters. Based on individual or geo- (cf. Jiang Xuelong et al.. 1991. p. 242). Size in graphic variation, 15 species-group names have insular samples is generally similar to that in con- been proposed for application to this taxon (Fig. tinental samples collected at the same latitude

21). In the first comprehensive subspecific revi- (Figs. 8. 17).

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 79 Table 28. Population growth rate in Macacu mulatto. Table 29. Localities and ages of Macaca nnilatta fossils or subfossils. —

Type localities of proposed species and subspecies 4o»-: ^(/2

mcmahoni-

.villosus

3ori

littoralis

rhesus erythraea

20" sanctijohannis

brevicaudus brachyurus m

A°' 70° 110°

Fig. 21. Type localities of nominal species or subspecies allocated to Macaco mulatto: known limits of natural distribution— of Macaco mulatto also indicated. Type locality references: Cercopithecus (Mulatto) Zimmermann, 1780, p. 120 "India": restricted to "Nepal Tarai" by Pocock (1932. p. 533). Cercopithecus ful\ us Kerr, 1792, pp. 32e. 73—objective synonym of Cercopithecus {Mulatto) Zimmermann. Simla rhesus Audebert, [1799], p. 5 —provenance unknown: designated as "ITnde . . . des bords du Gange" by F. Cuvier (1819, p. 2). Simla Erythraea Schreber, [18()()|, suppl. pi. 8c—objective synonym of Simla rhesus Audebert. Mocacus Olnops Hodgson, 1841, p. 1212

"Tarai and lower Hills", Nepal: restricted to "Nepal Tarai" by Pocock ( 1932, p. 533). Inuus sonctl-johannls Swinhoe, 556— [1867],— p. "North Lena Island" (= Dangan Dao), Guangdong Province, China. Mocacus loslotus Gray, —1868, p. 60 "S/echwan" (= Sichuan Province), China. Mocacus Tchellensls Milne-Edwards, [1870], pis. 32, 33 "la cordilierc de Test de la province du Tche-ly [= Hebei]", China. Mocacus vestltus Milne-Edwards. 1892, p. 671 "Du Tengri-Nor a Batang," China: specified as "Tasin Lou" (= Kangding), Sichuan Province, China, on stand of 2— mounted holotype. Mocacus rhesus vUlosus True, 1894, p. "Lolab.— Kashmir, . . . 7,500 feet" {= Lolab. Jammu & Kashmir, 2300 m), India. Plthecus— littoralis Elliot, 1909, p. 250 "Kuatun," Fujian Province, China. Plthecus brachyurus Elliot. 1909. p. 251 "Island of Hainan." China: specified as "Mt. Wuchi" (= Wuzhi Shan). Hainan Dao. China, on specimen tag of holotype: name is a permanently invalid junior primary homonym. Plthecus brevicaudus— Elliot. 1913, p. 216—replacement name for Plthecus brachyurus Elliot. Macaco slamlca Kloss, 1917, p. 247 "Me Ping rapids below Chiengmai,—. . . 850 ft" (= Kaeng Mae Hat, Mae Nam Ping, 260 m). Thailand. Macaco mulatto mcmahoni Pocock, 1932, p. 544 "Kootai in Lower Chitral. between the Bashgal Valley in Kafiristan and the Chitral Valley: 3,600 ft." (= Kaotai, lower Kunar River, 1 100 m), Pakistan.

men.s in prime pelage, individual variation in pel- tion—Summary," p. 25; cf. Jiang Xuelong et al.. age color apparently exceeds geographic variation 1991. p. 242). Although pelage length, both on in this species. Pelage color frequently differs body and appendages, tends to increase from strongly in individuals collected at the same lo- south to north, the latitudinal transition is gradual cality (Fig. 3B), and pelage color frequently is (Figs. 6, 7). similar or identical in individuals collected at lo- Molecular Diversity—Although mtDNA calities separated by thousands of kilometers (see haplotypes in M. mulatta generally are unique at discussion above, "Pelage—Geographic Varia- each locality sampled, haplotypes in neighboring

82 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Table 30. Subspecies recognized (x) in published classilicalions of Mcicaca miilatta. 1932-95.' Italicized code numbers indicate recognized subspecies to which unrecognized subspecies are referred in cited classifications: dash

( — ) indicates that proposed subspecies is not considered in cited classification.

Prof — —

Cercopitheciis fiilvus Kerr. 1792. pp. 32e, 73—based caque a queue courte: Buffon. 1789. and Simla er- solely on Tawny Monkey: Pennant, 1771; habitat, ythraea Schreber. [1800]. India. Hinlon & Wroughton. 1921, p. 668—syno- Macacus radiatus: Hodgson, 1834, p. 96 (not E. Geof- nym of Cenopithecus muUitta Zinimermann. 1780. froy. 1812)—misidentification. Ogilby. [1840], p. Pocock. 1932. p. 533—synonym of Macaca mu- Ix—.synonym of \Simia\ rhesus Audebert. [1799]. Uitta muUitta (Zimmcrmann. 1780). Macacus [(Pithex)] Oiuops Hodg.son. 1841. p. 1212, Simici fiilva: Shaw. 18()(), p. 57—new combination. fig. p. 1213—type series not specified, probably included among seven specimens (including three Anderson. 1879. p. 56—possible synonym of Cer- copitheciis m\ii\latta Zinimermann. 1780. skulls only) collected in Nepal by B. H. Hodgson Simla rhesus Audebert, [1799]. p. 5 —based on (1) (date unknown): bm(nh) 1845.1.8.5 (skull only), captive female, not preserved, provenance un- 1845.1.8.222-224, 1858.6.24.144 (skull only), known, and (2) Macaque a queue courte: Buffon. 1972.1013 (skull only, not seen). 1972.1015 (cf. 2 Napier. 1981, p. 24); type locality, Nepal: "Tarai 1789. Cuvier. 1819. p. —distribution, -rinde . . . [= plain] lower hills." Blyth, 1844, des bords du Gauge." Fischer. 1829. p. 29—hardly and p. 475— separable from Cenopithecus mulatta Zinimer- probable synonym of [Simla] rhesus Audebert, Gray, 1846, 2 synonym of [Simla] rhe- mann. 1780. Anderson. 1879. pp. 55. 56—possible [1799]. p. — synonym of Cenopithecus m[u]latta Zimmermann. sus Audebert, [1799]. Wagner, [1851-55], p. 56— of Inuus erythraeus (Schreber, 1780. Hinton & Wroughton, 1921. p. 668—syno- synonym [1800]). nym of Cercopithecus mulatta Zimmermann. 1780. Wroughton, 1918. p. 555—lectotype designated. [BM(NH)] No. [18] 43.1.12.5 [No specimen num- Pocock. 1932. p. 533—synonym of Macaca mu- is present in the bm(nh) col- latta mulatta (Zimmermann. 1780). bered 1843.1.12.5 now lection; however, a note on the label of bm(nh) Macaca rhesus: Daudin. 1802. p. 148—new combi- 1972.1015 indicates that this nation. renumbered specimen may be the missing lectotype of Macacus oinops.] Pithecus rhesus: E. Geoffroy. 1803, p. 25—new com- 668 of bination. Hinton & Wroughton. 1921. p. —synonym Cercopithecus mulatta Zimmermann, 1780. Po- Cyn[ocephalus] rhesus: Latreille, 1804, p. 292—new 533 combination. cock, 1932, p. —synonym of Macaca mulatta mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780). Napier, 1981, p. Inuus rhesus: E. Geoffroy, 1812, p. 101 —new com- 24 probable type series cataloged. bination. — Macaca cinops: Chiarelli. 1972, p. 208—incorrect Innuus Rhesus: Schinz, 1821, p. 1 13—incorrect spell- spelling, not an available name. ing of generic name. [Macacus] Nipalensis Hodgson, 1841, p. 1212—man- [M]acacus rhesus: Desmarest, 1820, p. 66—new uscript name cited as a synonym of Macacus combination. [{Pithex)] Oinops Hodgson, 1841, not an available Papio Rhesus: Ogilby, [1840], p. lix—new combina- name. Gray. 1846, p. 2 synonym of [Simla] rhe- tion. — sus Audebert, [1799]. Pocock, 1939, p. 45—syno- Papio Rhaesus: Percy. 1844. p. 83—incorrect spell- nym of Macaca mulatta mulatta (Zimmermann, ing, not an available name. 1780). [Silenus] rhesus: Stiles & Nolan. 1929. p. 533-new M[acacus] Pelops: Gray. 1843, 8 (not Hodgson, combination. p. 1841)—misidentification. Hinton & Wroughton, Simla Eiythraea Schreber. [1800]. suppl. pi. 8c 1921, p. 668—synonym of Cercopithecus mulatta name proposed in caption of figure copied from Zimmermann, 1780. illustration of Macaque a queue courte: Buffon. Inuus pelops: Hutton, 1865, p. xiii (not Hodgson, 1789. pi. 13: text published subsequently by Wag- ) 1 84 1 — misidentification. ner. [1839]. p. 142 (cf. Sherborn. 1892. pp. 590, Inuus sanctl-johannls Swinhoe, [1867], p. 556—ho- 591). Goldfuss. 1809, p. 54 synonym of Simla — lotype, BM(NH) 1868.12.29.10. juvenile female, skin rhesus Audebert, 1799. Cuvier, 1819, p. 2—distri- = and skull, collected alive at North Lena Island (

bution, "Tlnde . . . des bords du Gange." Ander- Dangan Dao), Guangdong, China, by Commander son. 1879. p. 55 possible synonym of Cercopi- — St. John, ca. June 1866, died in captivity ca. De- thecus ni[u]latta Zimmermann. 1780. Blanford. cember 1868. Swinhoe, [1871], p. 615—type his- [1888a|. p. 625—taxonomic history. Hinton & tory. Sclater, 1871, p. 222—possible synonym of Wroughton. 1921. p. 668 synonym of Cercopi- — [Simla] rhesus Audebert, [1799]. Allen, 1930, p. thecus mulatta Zimmermann, 1780. Pocock. 1932. 2—synonym of Cercopithecus mulatta Zimmer- 533 synonym of mulatta mulatta p. — Macaca mann, 1780. Kellogg, 1945. p. 121 —synonym of (Zimmermann, 1780). Macaca mulatta mulatta (Zimmermann. 1780). Na- Macacus erythraeus: 1. Geoffroy, 1826, 588 new p. — pier. 1981. p. 22—holotype cataloged. Jiang Xue- combination. long et al.. 1991. p. 243—provisional synonym of I\nuus\ erythraeus: Wagner, [1839], p. 142—new M[acaca] mulatta hrevlcaudus (Elliot. 1913). combination. Innus scmctl-johannis: Matschie. 1912. p. 306— in- Innuus {Maimon) erythraeus: Anderson, 1879, p. correct spelling oi generic name. 56— incorrect spelling of generic name. Innuus sanctl-johannls: Pocock. 1932. p. 546— incor- Pith[ecus] {Mac[acus\) erythraeus: Dahlbom, 1856, p. rect spelling of generic name. 16 1 —new combination. Macacus sanctl-johannls: Swinhoe. 1870. p. 615 [Silenus] erythraeus: Stiles & Nolan, 1929, p. 529— new combination. new combination. Pithecus sanctl-johannls: Elliot. 1913. p. 198—new Wrinkled Baboon: Shaw, 1800. p. 33—based on Ma- combination.

84 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY — —

[Silenus] sancti-johannis: Stiles & Nolan. 1929. p. 59: Coll. No. 52), adult male, skin and skull, col- 535—new combination. lected at "Tasin-Lou"" (= Kangding). Sichuan Macaca mulalta sancti-joliannis: Pocock, 1932. p. Province, China, by H. d"Orleans, June-July 1890: 546—new rank. paratype, young female, purchased alive at Macacus lasiotus Gray. 1868, p. 60— holotype. "Houmda"7'"Kian Tatie" (= Ngamda), Xizang BM(NH) 1871.4.21.4. adult male, skin, skull, and Province, China, by H. dOrleans. 7 May 1890. liv- skeleton (No. 1561a): bobtailed captive shipped ing in menagerie of mnhn 22 August 1892. prob-

from Shanghai by relative of C. A. Winkworth. ably MNHN C.G.I 892-3 1 5 or C.G.I 894- 1432 (both who presented captive to Zoological Society of skins only. "Tibet"). Osgood, 1932, p. 209—pro- London, 15 January 1868: captive died 25 May visional synonym of Cercopithecus mulatta Zim- 1870: reported origin, "Szechwan" (= Sichuan mermann, 1780. Rode. 1938, p. 223—holotype cat- Province), China. Sclater. 1871. p. 221 —type his- aloged. Kellogg, 1945, p. 121 —synonym of Ma- tory: possible synonym of [5//;/;^] rhesus Audebert. caca mulatta mulatto (Zimmermann, 1780). [1799]. Allen, 1930, p. 2—synonym of Cercopi- Pithecus vestitus: Elliot, 1913—new combination. thecus iniilatta ZimmerimLnn. 1780. Kellogg. 1945. Macaco vestitus: Rode. 1938, p. 223 —new combi- p. 121 —synonym of Macaco inulatta mulatta nation. (Zimmermann. 1780). Napier. 1981, p. 22 —holo- Macaco mulatto vestito: EUerman & Morrison-Scott, type cataloged. 1951. p. 198—new rank. Macacus lasiods: Gray. 1868, figure caption—inad- Macacus rhesus villosus True. 1894, p. 2 —holotype. vertent misspelling (cf. text), not an available USNM 20120/35485 (Coll. No. IV). adult male, skin name. and skull, collected at Lolab. Jammu & Kashmir, Macacus lariotis: Mollendorf. 1889. p. 9— incorrect India, by W. L. Abbott, 8 September 1891: para- spelling, not an available name. types. USNM 20121/35486 (Coll. No. 5. juvenile I[nuus] lasiotus: Blyth, 1875, p. 5 —new combination. male. 9 September), lsnm 20122/38172 (Coll. No. Pithecus kisiotis: Elliot, 1913, p. 198—new combi- 6. juvenile male. 9 September). L'.snm 20123/35488 nation. (Coll. No. 7, subadult male. 8 September), usnm [Silenus] lasiotis: Stiles & Nolan. 1929. p. 531 —new 20124/35489 (Coll. No. 8. subadult male. 9 Sep- combination. tember), skins and skulls, collected at Lolab. Jam- Macaca mulatta lasiotus: Pocock. 1932, p. 548—new mu & Kashmir, India, by W. L. Abbott. 1891. Blan- rank. ford. 1891. p. 361 —synonym oi Macaco ossamen- Macacus Tcheliensis Milne-Edwards, [1870], captions sis McClelland in Horsfield. [1840]. Lyon & Os- for plates 32 and 33—holotype. mnhn 335/281 A/ good, 1909,— p. 285 —holotype cataloged. Allen, 1867-557 (Type Cat. No. 61). juvenile female, skin 1930, p. 1 "doubtfully distinct race." Poole & and skull (lacking mandible), collected in moun- Schantz, 1942, p. 245—holotype catalogued. tains of eastern "Tche-ly"' (= Hebei) Province by M[acaco] rhesus villosus: Wroughton, 1918, p. 544 M. Fontanier, 1867. Milne-Edwards. [1872], pp. new combination. 227. 229—external and cranial characters: taxono- Macaco mulatto villoso: Pocock. 1932. p. 539—new my, possibly a synonym of M[acacus] lasiotus combination. Gray, 1868. Anderson, 1879. p. 83—synonym of [Macacus] villosus: Trouessart. 1897. p. 27—new Macacus lasiotus Gray. 1868. Osgood, 1932. p. rank. 209—provisional synonym of Cercopithecus mu- Pithecus villosus: Elliot, 1913, p. 200—new combi- latta Zimmermann. 1780. Ho. 1935. p. 139—syn- nation. onym of Cercopithecus mulatta Zimmermann. M[ocacus] ossamensis: Blanford, 1898. p. 361 (not

1780. Rode, 1938, p. 224—holotype cataloged. McClelland in Horsfield. [ 1840]— misidentifica- Kellogg, 1945, p. 121 —synonym of Macaca mu- tion. latta mulatta (Zimmermann. 1780). Pithecus ossamensis: Wroughton. 1915a. p. 464 (not M[acacus] tchiliensis: Blyth. 1875. p. 6—incorrect McClelland in Horsfield. [1840]— misidentifica- spelling, not an available name. Anderson in Blyth, tion. Hinton & Wroughton. 1921. p. 668—syno- 1875, p. 6—probable synonym of M\acacus\ lasi- nym of Cercopithecus mulatta Zimmermann, 1780. otus Gray. 1868. Macaca ossamensis: Wroughton, 1916c, p. 763 (not Macaca tcheliensis: Flower. 1931. p. 154—new com- McClelland in Horsfield. [1840]— misidentifica- bination. tion. [Macacus lasiotis] tcheliensis: Trouessart. 1897. p. Pithecus littorolis Elliot. 1909. p. 250—holotype, 27—new rank. BM(NH) 1900.5.8.1 (Coll. No. a), adult female, skin Macaca lasiotis tscheliensis: de Beaux, 1923. p. 28 and skull, collected at Kuatun. Fujian Province, incorrect spelling, not an available name. China, by C. B. Rickett. November 1898: para-

[Silenus] lasiotis tcheliensis: Stiles & Nolan, 1929, p. types, BM(NH) 1898.11.1.29 (juvenile male, skin 531 —new combination. and skull, purchased at Kuatun. Fujian Province, Macaca mulatta tcheliensis: Pocock. 1932, p. 550 China, by J. de la Touchc. 12 May 1898), bm(nh)

new combination. Jiang Xuelong et al.. 1991, p. 1871.3.3.5 (juvenile female, menagerie animal, 245—validity of subspecies questionable. skin and skull, obtained from Zoological Society of M[acaca] m[ulatta] tcheliensis: Jiang Xuelong et al.. London before 1872. provenance reportedly 2 1991, p. 241 —incorrect spelling, not an available "Kashmir"). Allen. 1930. p. —synonym of Cer- name. copithecus mulatto Zimmermann, 1780. Pocock, Macacus vestitus Milne-Edwards. 1892, p. 671 —ho- 1932, p. 546—synonym of Macaca mulatto sancti- lotype, MNHN 334/282F/ 189 1-388 (Type Cat. No. johannis (Swinhoe. [1867]). Kellogg, 1945, p.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 85 — —

121 —synonym of Maccica muUitta muUitta (Zim- \Macaca mulatta] momahoni: Buettner-Janusch, mcrmann. 1780). Napier. 1981, pp. 22. 25—type 1963, p. 52— incorrect spelling, not an available series cataloged. name.

M[acaca\ inulcitici lituinilis: Jiang Xuelong el al.. \Macacci mulatta] momahori: Peng et al., 1993. p. 4 1991, p. 244—new rank. incorrect spelling, not an available name. Pithecus brachyurus Elliot, 1909, p. 251 (not Maca- M[acaca\ m\ulatta\ momachori: Peng et al.. 1993, p. cus brachyurus Smith, 1842, p. 103)—holotype, 5 — incorrect spelling, not an available name. AMNH 21511. adult male, skin and skull, collected at Mt. Wuchi (= Wu/.hi Shan), Hainan Dao, China, by A. Owston. 10 October 1905: paralypes (inex- plicitly cited in original description), amnh 26646 Type (Coll. No. 13/16, adult male, skin and skull, collected at Henron, Hainan Dao, China by A. Ows- Cercopithecus mulatta Zimmermann, 1780 ton, 10 May 1904), amnh 27568 (infant male, 1 (p. October), 27569 (juvenile female, 2 October), 195), is expressly based on Pennant's (1771, p. 27570 (juvenile female, 3 October), 27571 (adult 120) brief characterization of a menagerie captive female, 4 October), 27572 (subadult male, 5 Oc- that he observed, presumably in London, "in Mr. tober), 27573 (adult female, 5 October), 27574 Brooks's exhibition." No part of the captive, (adult female. 6 October). 27575 (juvenile female. 7 October), 27578 (subadult female, 30 October), which Pennant designated as the Tawny Monkey, BM(NH) 1909.7.11.1 (Coll. No. 13, AMNH 27576. ju- is known to have been preserved. venile male, 10 October), collected at Wuzhi Shan, In an addendum. Pennant (1771, p. xxiii, pi. Hainan Dao, China, by A. Owston. 1905. Elliot, XIII.A, fig. II) characterized and figured a second 1913. p. 217—homonym of Macacus brachyurus Smith, 1842; replaced by Pithecus brevicaudus El- monkey (unpreserved, species unidentified) that liot, 1913. he regarded as a "variety" of the Tawny Monkey.

Macaca mulatto brachyurus: Xu et al., 1983, p. 312 This second monkey also is cited as a "Spielart" new rank. in Zimmermann's (1780, p. 195) original descrip- Pithecus brevicauilus Elliot. 1913, p. 216—replace- tion of Cercopithecus mulatta. As an acknowl- ment name for Pithecus brachyurus Elliot. 1909. junior homonym of Macacus brachyurus Smith, edged variant, the second monkey does not qual- 1842. Pocock, 1932, p. 533—synonym of Macaca ify as a syntype of Cercopithecus mulatta (Inter- mulatta mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780). national Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1985, Pithecus brevicaudatus: Fiedler, 1956, p. 179—incor- Article 72[b]:i). Although the holotype of Cer- rect spelling, not an available name. not Macacus brevicaudus: Meli. 1922, p. 11 —new com- copithecus mulatta Zimmermann appears to bination. have been preserved, designation of a neotype is brevicaudatus: 134 M{acaca] Tate, 1947, p. —new not appropriate here. Article 75(a) of the Inter- combination; incorrect spelling, not an available national Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985) name; "doubtfully valid form." specifies that a neotype is to M[acaca] m[ulatta\ brevicaudus: Quan et al., 1981, be designated "only p. 8—new rank. in exceptional circumstances when a neotype is M[acaca] m[ulatta] brovicaudata: Peng, 1990, p. necessary in the interests of stability of nomen- 21 —incorrect spelling, not an available name. clature." Because such circumstances do not ap- Macaca siamica Kloss, 1917, p. 247—holotype, ZRC ply to mulatta, designation a for 4-188/2530 (Coll. No. 320), adult male, skin and M. of neotype

skull, collected at Me Ping rapids, 850 ft (= Kaeng this species would have no standing (Article Mae Hat. Mae Nam Ping. 260 m). below Chiang 75[c]). Mai. Thailand, by K. G.^Gairdner, 14 April 1916. Pocock, 1932, p. 533—synonym of Macaca mulatta mulatta (Zimmermann, 1780). Weitzel et al., 16 1988, p. 1 —holotype cataloged. Type Locality Macaca simica: Yang & Chou, 1984, p. 56—incorrect spelling, not an available name. M[acaca] m\ulatta\ siamica: Tate, 1947, p. 134—new Concerning the geographic origin of the Tawny rank. Monkey, Pennant (1771, p. 120) merely com- Macaca mulatta mcmahoni Pocock, 1932, 544 p. mented, "Inhabits India"" (italics in original). holotype, bm(nh) 1920.6.1 1.1, adult male, skin and = Zimmermann (1780, p. 195) rephrased this com- skull, collected al Kootai, lower Chitral, 3600 ft ( the Kaotai, lower Kunar River, 1 100 m), Pakistan, by ment as "Er kam aus Ostindien." Based on F. D. Stirling, early February 1914; paratype, type locality of Macacus oinops Hodgson, 1841, BM(NH) 1931.1.9.1, [adult male], skin only, ob- a subjective synonym of Cercopithecus mulatta tained alive in eastern Nurestan. Pakistan, by H. Zimmermann, 1780. Pocock (1932, p. 533) re- McMahon, received at Regents Park Zoo 3 April to 1906, died 19 January 191(\ Napier, 1981, p. 24— stricted the type locality of M. mulatta "Nepal type series cataloged. Tarai" —that is, the belt of Nepalese lowlands

86 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY (Terai) that extends along the border between Ne- 1999. p. 438). Judging from the general relation- pal and India (Fig. 21). ship between latitude and relative tail length in

the fascicularis group, relative tail length in the population of this group that originally inhabited the 15 to 25°N latitudinal zone probably was sim- Evolution and Dispersal ilar to that in M. cyclopis. This interpretation as-

sumes that evolutionary shortening of a long tail Fossil evidence indicates that a macaque simi- in response to cooler climate occurs more readily lar or identical to M. mulatta inhabited Vietnam than evolutionary lengthening of a short tail in ca. 20 to 30 Ka and inhabited eastern China ca. response to warmer climate (cf. M. fuscata. Figs. 40 to 120 (Table 29). This evidence estabishes Ka 22 A. B; M. a. assamensis, Fooden, 1988, pp. 4, minimum dates for the existence of M. mulatta, 9). or a close relative, in eastern Asia; the actual date Mean relative tail length in the northward-dis- of first appearance of this species in this region persing fascicularis group population apparently may of course be much earlier. Following is a varied from ca. 0.90 at ca. 20°N to ca. 0.30 at ca. hypothetical interpretation of the evolutionary and 40°N; conversely, body size and pelage length and geographical history of this species, based pri- density presumably increased at higher latitudes marily on variation in relative tail length (Fig. (Figs. 6, 8). At this evolutionary stage, the pro- 22). genitors of M. cyclopis (mean relative tail length M. mulatta is a member of the fascicularis ca. 0.90) presumably dispersed from the mainland group of macaques, which also includes M. fas- to Taiwan, and the progenitors, of M. fuscata cicularis in peninsular and insular Southeast Asia, (mean relative tail length ca. 0.30) dispersed from M. cyclopis in Taiwan, and M. fuscata in Japan the mainland to the Japanese islands. There is no (cf. Fooden & Albrecht, 1999, p. 432; Morales & evidence that the so\x\hevx\ fascicularis group pop- Melnick, 1998, p. 17). In these species, relative ulation (15-25°N) with mean relative tail length tail length generally decreases as latitude increas- ca. 0.90 dispersed northwest of the Indochinese es, in accord with Allen's rule (Table 31). peninsula; this suggests that a barrier to north- Assuming that reduced relative tail length is a westward dispersal may have exi.sted during this shared derived character state in the fascicularis stage in the evolution of the fascicularis group. group, M. fascicularis may be regarded as the As indicated above, the evidence of relative tail primitive sister group of M. cyclopis, M. mulatta, length suggests that an M. mulatta population and M. fuscata. Initial reduction of relative tail (mean relative tail length <0.50) dispersed south- length and splitting of the derived species from ward and replaced the cyclopis-\\kQ population M. fascicularis presumably occurred before ca. 40 (mean relative tail length ca. 0.90) that is postu- Ka, in or near the northern part of the Indochinese lated to have originally inhabited the 15°-25°N peninsula (Fig. 22A); reduction of relative tail latitudinal zone in mainland eastern Asia (Fig. length in this area probably was an evolutionary 22B); as a result of this replacement, M. cyclopis response to lower ambient temperatures encoun- became relictual in Taiwan. The southward dis- tered by a fascicularis group population as it dispersal of M. mulatta and the correlated replace- persed northward from its ancestral tropical hab- ment of the aboriginal mainland cyclopis-\\ke itat. The latitudinal range of the northward-dis- occurred during the last gla- persing fascicularis group population eventually population may have cial (ca. 18 Ka), when climatic deteri- extended to at least ca. 40°N in eastern Asia. maximum oration rendered the northern part of the present Although relative tail length in the fascicularis mulatta unsuitable for habitation by group generally decreases with increasing lati- range of M. Shao, tude, this correlation does not apply to southern this species (Xu, 1988. p. 875; Tong & Winkler populations of M. mulatta (ca. 15-25°N), in which 1991, p. 65; Tong & Zhang, 1991, p. 389; relative tail length is similar to that in conspecific & Wang, 1993, p. 245; Zheng & Lei, 1999, p. northern populations (Fig. 11) and therefore is 357). Before or during the southward shift of the less than expected according to Allen's rule. This range of M. mulatta in eastern Asia, a west-east suggests that southern populations of M. mulatta gradient of declining relative tail length apparent- did not originate within their present latitudinal ly had become established in this species (100°E, zone but instead dispersed there relatively recent- mean relative tail length ca. 0.45; 120°E, mean ly from farther northward (cf. Fooden & Albrecht, relative tail length ca. 0.30) (Fig. 12); the factors

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 87 A: >40 Ka

C: <18 Ka

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FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 97 collodions Ironi Toungoo. Biiimah,, made by Mr. J. monkeys during their lirst pregnancy and parturition.

M. D. Mackenzie, I. F. S., between dales February 9, Folia Primatologica, 46: 1 18-124.

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mates— Part I. General nature and homology. Pro- (For date of publication, see outside back cover.)

120 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY — ——— —————— — —— — ——— —— — — — ——— —

Appendix 1: Specimens Examined der, south of Yibin—USNM 258183. 258184; locality (Total 638) unknown—bm(nh) 1871.4.21.4; zmb 28919. Xizang (3): Yigong—NWPiB Coll. No. 73066; Zayii Xian— Skins and Skulls, 342 IZCAS Coll. No. 20 (external measurements question-

able, provided by kx:al hunter [Quan Guogiang, iz- AFGHANISTAN, 1. Konarha (\\ Chigha Sarai. cas, letter, 30 October 1995]), 21. Yunnan (25): north of—FMNH 102839. Ashi—USNM 240175, 240176; Cala Shan—izcas BANGLADESH, 6. Satkhiro (6): Sundarbans. 17960, 17963; Datang—kiz Coll. Nos. 76318, ca. 50 mi east of Calcutta—zsi 11905-11907. 76320, 76321. 76324, 76325, 76344; Gengma—iz-

11925, 11931, 11985. cas 25227,25233. 25260; Hotha Valley—zsi 1 1986; CHINA, 137. Anhiii (1): Tong Kou—izcas 17588. Hui-Yao—AMNH 43084. 43086, mcz 26478; Man- Fujian (7): Chong'an Xian- amnh 84474, 84476; pa—izcas 19554, 20218; Meng-ban—izcas 15054; Fuqing vicinity—izcas 23020, 23021; Kuatun Mengla Xian kiz 000150; Mengyang izcas BM(NH) 1898.11.1.29, 1900.5.8.1, mnhn 1874/481. 10303, 10304.15053; Santaishan—kiz OO0n\.Zhe-

Guangdong (41): Bawangling .sciea Coll. No. jiang ( 1 ): Huangqiao hubd unnumbered. Province

0409; Changtian—SCIEA Coll. Nos. 0470-0473; unknown (5): CHINA—bmsh 79; zsbs 17/1943; Dangan Dao—bm(nh) 1868.12.29.10, sciea Coll. CHINA, northern—zmb 5811; CHINA, South—mcz Nos. 2150, 2151; Dongfang—izcas 12742; Hen- 19988, 19990. ron—AMNH 26646; Jianfengling sciea Coll. No. INDIA, 60. Ammichal Pradesh (2): Dening— 0089; Mihouling—sciea Coll. No. 0736; Miwan— BM(NH) 1931.1.11.13. \9?>\.\.\\.\A. Assam (ly.Eo- sciea Coll. No. 2153; Nada—amnh 59987-59989, gra Nadi bm(nh) 1931.1.11.6; Golaghat bm(nh) 60067, 39375; Nanfeng Shi—amnh 60038, mcz 1931.1.11.12; Hot Springs—bnhs 5087; Kulsi [Riv- 26475; Nanwan, Xingcungang sciea Coll. Nos. er] bnhs 5088; Lamsakhang bm(nh) 1921.7.9.4; 0755, 0776; Neilingding Dao—sciea Coll. No. Rajapara bm(nh) 1921.7.9.3; locality unknown

2155; Nychow vicinity—bm(nh) 1870.7.18.19; Pi- zsi 11928. Bihar (3): Luia—bm(nh) 1915.4.3.1, sui—zmb a 194.09; Wuzhi Shan—amnh 27568- 1915.4.3.2, bnhs 5089. Gujarat (3): Dangs Dis- 27575, 27577, 27578, bm(nh) 1909.7.11.1; Xi trict—bm(nh) 1931.1.11.1-1931.1.11.3. Himachal

Shia—izcas 17962; Xinlong—sciea Coll. No. 036; Pradesh (6): Dharmsala—bm(nh) 1933.12.1.2; Kan- Yiajia sciea Coll. No. 718; Zhayun sciea Coll. gra bnhs 5112, 5114; Kangra Fort bm(nh) No. 0251; locality unknown mcz 19991. Guang- 1923.9.1.118; Samayala—bn (nh) 1931.1.11.34, dong or Guangxi (1): locality unknown mcz 1931.1.11.35. Jammu & Kashmir (11): Dunwein 20017. Guangxi (11): Lungli vicinity—private col- p-CM T4/2(skin), T4/8 (skull); Kashmir—bm(nh) lection, Lungli; Nanning kiz Coll. No. 631425; 1871.3.3.5, usnm 63471; Kotihar—usnm 173812, Pochuan, 6-7 km west of izcas unnumbered; Xi 173813; Lolab—usnm 20120-20124; Lolab Val- Jiang, near Wuzhou zmb A73.12; locality un- ley—USNM 173814. Manipur (3): Bishenpur known—smnh 1126, 1127, 2106, 2108, usnm bm(nh) 1943.60, 1943.61; Imphal, ca. 4 mi north 240008, 240010. 240011. Guizhou (6): Getou—kiz of—ZSI 11187. Meghalaya (1): Nangpoh bm(nh) 03178. 03179, 03181; Meitan, near—izcas 17959; 1931.1.11.15. Nagaland (2): Changchang Pani— locality unknown—kiz 000179, Coll. No. 610051. AMNH 83431, 83432. Tripura (2): Ampi Bazar, ca. Hebei (13): Xinglong Xian, southern (= Eastern 3 km southeast of resthouse—zsi Coll. No. TM4; Tombs)—amnh 57038-57040, 57042. 57043, Charilam resthouse—zsi Coll. No. TM18. Uttar 57108, 57110, FMNH 39376-39378, mnhn 335 Pradesh (10): Bageshwar—bm(nh) 1914.7.10.1- (281 A, 1867-557), usnm 240704, 240705. Hunan 1914.7.10.3; Jhima—/si 12091; Ramnagar—bnhs

(3): locality unknown sciea Coll. Nos. 013-015. 5108; Ratighat—bm(nh) 1914.7.10.4. 1914.7.10.5,

Qingluii (2): Baima izcas 19186; Jegu Xiang BNHS 5109; Sita Bani—bm(nh) 1931.1.11.31, NWPiB 00033. Sichuan (18): Gin Keo Ho, chff bm(nh) 1931.1.11.32. West Bengal (8): Bharnab- above usnm 241160; Kangding mnhn 1891/388; hari bm(nh) 1931.1.11.8; Hasimara—bm(nh) Leshan, mountains 30 mi southwest of bm(nh) 1916.7.29.1, 1916.7.29.2, 1931.1.1 1.9; Mangpu— 1911.9.8.1; Olongche—MNHN 1891/387; Tongjiang FMNH 35448, 35449; Narbong—bm(nh) 1915.9.1.1; Xian—siz 00001-00004; Tseo-Jia-Geo—usnm Sukna—ZSI 7294. State unknown (2): INDIA— 256669; Wa Shan, near Dong He—rmnh 4585/ BM(NH) 1841.12.25.1, bm(nh) 1842.4.29.55. W50, 4585/V67; Xi Golog (= Singolo)—ansp INDIA or BANGLADESH, 2. Bengalen—nhmb 15126 (skin)/MCZ 30384 (skull); Yajiang—mcz 29, 31. 7922; Yibin (= Suifu)—usnm 239133; Yunnan bor- LAOS, 8. Louangphrabang or Phongsali (1):

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE. MACACA MULATTA 121 —— —————— — ——— ——— —— —— ——————— —— ——— ——— ——— ——

Ou. Nam {- Nam U), between Muang Khoua and (4): A^£PAZ^BM(NH) 1845.1.8.222-1845.1.8.224, Muang Ngoy fmnh 31763. Saravan (5): Muang 1972.1015. Thateng—ANSP 15134-15137, 15138 (external PAKISTAN, 9. North-west Frontier (4): Dunga measurements in amnh catalog, no. 87277). Vien- Gali—USNM 353186; Ghora Dhaka, 1 mi east of tiane (2): Ban Mak Nao. Camp No. 34—zrc 4- usnm 326332; Kaotai—bm(nh) 1920.6.11.1; 152; Mekong River, 90 km above Viangchan Paia—USNM 353187. Punjab (2): Patriata USNM 240488. bm(nh) 1923.11.4.1, BNHS 5113. Province un- MYANMAR, 72. Chin (2): Ali Cha—bm(nh) known (3): "Karrachi" irsn 6857-6859. 1931.1.1 1.22; Kindat, 20 mi northwest of—bm(nh) THAILAND, 14. Chiang Mai (3): Chiang Dao—

1931.1.11.26. Irmwaddy (1): Pye (= Prome), 30 Mcz 37706; Chiang Mai, near zrc 4-154; Kaeng mi southeast of bmhs 5081. Kachin (19): mae Hat (= Me Ping rapids) zrc 4-188. Kam- Bawmwang bm(nh) 1950.373; Bhamo bm(nh) phaeng Phet (1): Ban Umphang, 28 mi southeast 1936.12.26.4; Htingnan Triangle; bm(nh) of—AMNH 54816. Loei (3): Dan Sai District usnm 1950.372; Karen Chaung—bm(nh) 1937.12.3.75; 300017, 307715 307716. Nan (1): Pang Nam Un— N'Changyang bm(nh) 1950.374; Nanyaseik usnm 296917. Nong Khai (2): Nong Khai, Camp AMNH 112722-112725; Singkaling Hkamti No. 28—ZRC 4-150, 4-151. Tak (4): Ban Mae La- FMNH 99668: fmnh 99669; bm(nh) 1931.1.11.25; Singkaling Hkamti, 500 ft— mao— Huai Ap Nang Huai Kwang Pah ctnrc (formerly fmnh 99670); bnhs 5093; Singkaling Hkamti. left (east) bank Tha Chang Tai—zrc 4-153. zsi 12088; Singkaling Hkamti, right (west) bank VIETNAM, 23. Bac Thai (3): Bac Can—bm(nh) AMNH 112988; Taga Hka—amnh 112734, 112971; 1927.12.1.18, 1927.12.1.20, mnhn 1929/456. Hai Tang Hpre usnm 279191; Tanga-Shingaw amnh Phong (2): Ang Co—zmvnu 01/3.61.40/Pc 40; Cat 114547; Taro—AMNH 112732, 112733. Karen (3): Ba, Dao—zmvnu 05/3.163.0. Hoa Binh (1): Hoa Toungoo. 13 mi east of bm(nh) 1931.1.11.20, Binh—lEBR 70/1238/11. Kon Turn (3): Dak Sut— BNHS 5105; Toungoo, 15 mi north of bm(nh) usnm 320780-320782. Lai Chau (5): Bac Tan 1927.11.18.1. Mandalay (14): Kokkoaing—bm(nh) Trai ansp15133; Muong Boum fmnh 31766; 1937.12.3.76; Lethan Hka—bm(nh) 1936.12.26.3; Muong Moun fmnh 31764; Muong Muon-AMNH Maymyo amnh 163616; Popa Hill, 1000 m 87278; Muong Pon—amnh 87264. Nghe An (3): AMNH 163610-163615; Popa Hill, 4961 ft—bm(nh) Nghia Dan bm(nh) 1928.7.1.11; Nighia Dung 1914.7.19.2, BNHS 5102-5104, 5106. Pegu (6): Pye lEBR 520/145/695, 733(833)/560/175. Quang Nam- (= Prome), 35 mi southeast of bm(nh) Da Nang (2): Son Tra. Mt., 3.9 km west and 0.3 1931.1.11.21; Toungoo, 30 mi northwest of km south of usnm 356968; Song-Ta-Voy mnhn bm(nh) 1931.1.11.17, BNHS 5101; Toungoo, east 1899/54. Tuyen Quang (3): Chiem Hoa zmvnu side of Sittang River bm(nh) 1931.1.11.16, 167/3.18.14; Thanh Tuong-IEBR 48, 62 (external 1931.1.11.18, 1931.1.11.19. Sagaing (20): Hein- measurements of both in Dao, 1985, p. 36). Prov- sun—AMNH 112739, 112972; Hisweht—bm(nh) ince unknown (1): VIETNAM—\ebr 2241. 1931.1.11.24; Homalin—bm(nh) 1915.5.5.3, 1915.5.5.4, bnhs 5094 Kin—bnhs 5095; Maung- kan amnh 112741; Mingun bm(nh) Skins only. 154 1914.7.19.1; Moklok—amnh 112740; Tatkon, east bank of Chindwin River bnhs 509 1 ; Tatkon, west = AFGHANISTAN, 1. Konarha (1): Nurestan ( bank of Chindwin River bm(nh) 1915.5.5.6, bnhs Kafirstan). eastern bm(nh) 1931.1.9.1. 5090; Yin, east bank of lower Chindwin River BANGLADESH, 1. Satkhira (1): Sundarbans, bm(nh) 1915.5.5.7; bnhs 5097; fmnh 82806, ca. 50 mi east of Calcutta—zsi 11984. 82807; Yin, lower Chindwin River—bnhs 5096, CHINA, 84. Anhui (9): Tong Kou—izcas 5098, 5099. Shan O): Mansam Falls—bm(nh) 18068; Tunxi smnh 23; locality unknown 1931.1.11.28, bnhs 5082, 5083, 5085; Pyaung- SMNH 14, 25, 26, 32, 33, 35, 463. Fujian (4): Kua- gaung—bm(nh) 1931.1.11.30, bnhs 5084; Se- tun—MNHN 1874/480; Pucheng Xian sciea Coll. eng—bm(nh) 1931.1.11.29. No. Min 008; Sha Xian—sciea Coll. No. Min

NEPAL, 10. Bagmati (4): Bouzini bm(nh) 01 1; locality unknown sciea Coll. no. Min 009.

1931.1.11.10; Gokama—fmnh 104164; Nagarkot Guangdong (2): Dongfang fubd 156; Hainan bm(nh) 1921.5.1.1, 1921.5.1.2. Gandaki (1): Chen- Dao zmb 43500. Guangxi (24): Batu fdcg A gli bm(nh) 1931.1.11.11. Narayani (1): Hazaria 005; Dongmen izcas unumbered; Longman patherghatta bm(nh) 1922.5.16.2. Zone unknown FDCG unnumbered (skull inside); Xunle vicinity

122 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY — — — ————————— —— ——— — ——— — — —— —— —— —

private collection, Xunle, three unnumbered Chindwin River—zsi 12094. Shan (2): Mansam skins; Zhongzhou fdcg C 0014 (skull inside); Falls—BM(NH) 1931.1.11.27, 1972.836 (in alco- locality unknown smnh 15, 19, 20. 24. 28. 29. hol).

367, 368, 484, 856. 915, 916, 1002, 1168, 1425. NEPAL, 4. Bagmati (4); Gokarna— i PS Coll. 240012. 2107, usNM Guizhou (5): Zunyi vicini- No. 529 (formerly i mnh 104163); Trisuli Bazar, 4 ty—bmnh 5.66.150—5.66.153, izcas 20770. He- mi southeast of^iMNH 135427-135429 (all three bei (1): Xinglong Xian (= Yungling), southern in alcohol). bm(nh) 1931.1.7.2. Qinghai (1): Jegu Xiang THAILAND, 1. Tak (1): Huai Kwang Pah— NWPiB Coll. No. 63167. Sichuan (2): Batang vi- FMNH 99671 (in alcohol). cinity—IZCAS 20219; Dege vicinity izcas 25940. VIETNAM, 29. Bac Thai (4): Bac Can—bm(nh) Sichuan or Xizang (2): Tibet mnhn 1892/315, 1927.12.1.19; Ban Thi—zmvnu 07; Linh Thong—

1894/1432. Xizang (1): Zayu Xian—izcas 73248. ZMVNU 08/3.20.72, 26/3.19.71. Cao Bang (3): Ly Yunnan (12): Biloxue Shan— Kiz Coll. no. Bon—lEBR 32, 33, 34 (external measurements in 780417; Menghai—izcas 15052; Mengla Xian— Dao, 1985, p. 46). Ha Tinh (1): Ky Son—ihbr 40/ Kiz 03174, 03180; Menglun— kiz Coll. No. 441. Hai Phong (3): Cat Ba, Dao—zmvnu 02/ 75840, unnumbered; Shanman kiz 000153: 3.66.11, 03/3.62.9, 04/3.64.0. Hoa Binh (2): Phu Tengchong (= Momien) izcas 17586, zsi 619; Vach— IFBR 1275/M44; locality unknown Xishuangbanna—Kiz 03172, 03173; Yongde vi- zmvnu 28/3.81.Pc7 (mismatched with M. arcto- cinity—IZCAS 21513. Zhejiong (1): Xindeng ides skull). Lai Chau (1): locality unknown if.br ZMNH Coll. No. 633 (skull inside). Province un- D. 3/M37. Quang Binh (1): Xuan Ninh—ihbr known (20): C///A^A—BM(NH) 1931.1.7.1, izcas 560. Quang Ninh (2): Van Hai, Dao zmvnu 06/

17954, 18121, 18123, 24914, sciea Coll. No. 3.16.4, 537/3.17.5. Yen Bai (1): locality un- 0003. SMNH 16, 17, 21, 22, 27 (on exhibit). 30. known iebr D1 (possibly belongs with iebr 835/ 31. 38, 39, 458, 479, 914, 1162; ?CHINA—MN\\n 36/199, skull only, Thuong Bang La). Province unnumbered. unknown (11): Tonkin—mnhn 1887/11; VIET- INDIA, 22. Andhra Pradesh (1): Siddeldar NAM—iebr unnumbered (6), zmvnu 09/3.15.3, Hill—ZSI unnumbered. Arunachal Pradesh (2): 10/3.22, 731, 732. Dening bnhs 5086; Margherita—zsi 12090. As- sam (1): Rajapara bm(nh) 1931.1.11.7. Jammu & Kashmir (1): Dunwein p-cm T4/1 (on exhibit, Skulls only, 142 skull inside). Madhya Pradesh (3): Kakara bm(nh) 1931.1.11.5; Malua bnhs 5107; Sohag- CHINA, 52. Anhui (1): Locality unknown smnh pur bm(nh) 193 1 . 1 . 1 1 .4. Nagaland ( 1 ): Samagut- 1514. Fujian (1): Kuatun—bm(nh) 1897.6.5.2. ing—zsi 11987. Orissa (3): Deogarh—zsi Coll. Guangdong (3): Dongfang ihbd 156; Xi Shia No. OM/D/30; Gudari—bm(nh) 1928.3.7.4; Mal- izcas 17961, 17964. Guangxi (19): Bamo village, kangiri—bm(nh) 1928.3.7.3. Sikkim (2): locality near izcas unnumbered; Bapon—iixx; P 037; unknown—BM(NH) 1891.10.7.4, 1891.10.7.5 (skull Batu—fdcg a 004; Ditin—fikg A 008; Hechi Pre- inside). Uttar Pradesh (3): Dela bm(nh) fecture—IZCAS unnumbered (3); Jenli. 2-3 km north 1931.1.11.33; Haripur bnhs 5111; Ramnagar of—private collection, Jenli; Liuzhai vicinity-pri- bm(nh) 1951.609. West Bengal (2): Hasimara vate collection, Liuzhai; Piangzu, 3.5 km northeast BNHS unnumbered (on exhibit); Sivok fmnh of Banli—private collection, Banli; Tian'e Xian 35447. State unknown (3): INDIA—bm(nh) IZCAS unnumbered (3); Xianan. Huanjiang Xian 1842.12.19.14. 1926.2.9.1; 7INDIA—bm(nh) private collection, Huanjiang; Xianan-Mulun—pri- 1851.8.29.4 (skull inside). vate collection. Mulun; Yuhun—Fixo unnumbered

INDIA or BANGLADESH, 1. "(Bengal)"—ansp (2); locality unknown smnh 1186. 1515. Guizhou

3950. (1): Fameng—KIZ Coll. No. 631094. Hebei (1):

MYANMAR, 1 1 . Kachin (3): Hkandau—bm(nh) Xinglong Xian. southern usnm 240703. Sichuan 1950.376; Karen Chaung—bn (nh) 1937.12.3.77; (2): Olongche mnhn 1891/389; Yunnan border

N'Changyang bm(nh) 1950.375. Mandalay (1): usnm 253780. Xizang (3) Zayu Xian nwpib Coll.

Madaya—BM(NH) 1936.12.26.5. Pegu (2): Toun- Nos. 73230. 73232, 73233. Yunnan (9): Jinping— goo, 20 mi west of bnhs 5100; Toungoo, 30 mi IZCAS 04990; Manpa—kiz Coll. Nos. 80853, 80854; northwest of—zsi 12089. Sagaing (3): Tatkon, near Menghai izcas 10305; Mengla Xian—Kiz Col. Kindat, west bank of Chindwin River bm(nh) No. 00; Nonglin—KIZ Coll. No. 592005; Tengchong 1931.1.11.23, bnhs 5092; Yin, east bank of lower Xian-Kiz Coll. No. 76323; locality unknown izcas

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE. MACACA MULATTA 123 — — — —— —— — ————— — — —

17947, 25953. Zhejkmg (1): Zhoucun—zmnh Coll. Binh (1): Bo Trach District iebr 1431. Quang No. 85002 (skin unavailable in October 1985). Nam-Da Nang (2); Son Tra, Mt—usnm 356978 Province unknown (11): China—bmnh 49, smnh (mandible missing), 356979 (external measurements 1516-1519, 1775 2091, 2096, 2099-2101. in collector's fieldbook). Quang Ninh (4): Quan Lan. INDIA, 16. Assam (2): Cachar District bnhs Dao—iebr T15; Van Canh, Dao—iebr T.13, 14 6246; locality unknown—liM(NH) 1858.5.4.247. (identification tentative); Van Hai, Dao ^zmvnu Himaclwl Pradesh (1): Simla vicinity bnh.s 178/3. 152.Pc27. Vinh Phii (1); Thanh Son—zmvnu 5110. Jammii & Kashmir (1): Kashmir bm(nh) 171/33.150.PC.21. Yen Bai (3): Nam Ngap—iebr 1856.5.6.12 (identification questionable). Uttar 18, T19; Thuong Bang La—iebr 835/36/199. Prov- Pradesh (6): Bageshwar bm(nh) 1914.7.10.6, ince unknown (26): Tu Chi—zmvnu 189/34; VI- 1914.7.10.7, Bijnor—bm(nh) 1926.10.8.8; Ram- ETNAM—FCXM 028 (identification tentative), iebr nagar—bm(nh) 1914.7.10.8, 1914.7.10.9; Sak- 440, 2311, 2335, 2358, 2359, unnumbered (4), tesgarh—BM(NH) 1848.2.1.26. West Bengal (3): ZMVNH 179/3. 157.Pc46, 181/3.164.0 (identification Calcutta, Indian Museum Compound—zsi tentative), 182/3.166.0, 183/3.167.0, 187/3.168,0, 15293; locality unknown bm(nh) 1856.5.6.18, 190/35, 191/36, 192/37, 193/38, 194/39, 195/40, BNHS Coll. No. 5321. State unknown (3): IN- 541/3.156. Pc45, unnumbered; [V/£77VAM]—mnhn DIA—bm(nh) 1843.5.27.2, zsi unnumbered (two, 1962/1439, 1962/1448. including female skull mismatched with male skin collected at Siddeldar Hill).

INDIA or BANGLADESH, 1. Bengalen mzb 6732. Appendix 2: Gazetteer of Macaca = LAOS, 1. Louanqphrabanq (1): Ou, Nam ( mulatta Localities Nam hou)—MNHN 1892/1357. MYANMAR, 9. Chin (1): Chittagong Hill Tracts— Locality names listed as primary entries in this BM(NH) 1926.10.8.7. Kachin (3): MYANMAR, up gazetteer preferentially are official names ap- per bm(nh) 1950.377; Singkaling Hkamti proved in gazetteers published by the U.S. Board 1972.1333. Mandalay (1): Popa BM(NH) 1915.5.5.5, on Geographic Names (USBGN; Afghanistan, Hill BNHS 6249. Sagaing Chindwin River — (2): 1971; Bangladesh, 1976; Burma [= Myanmar], BNHS 6247; bm(nh) 1910.10.19.5. Shan(\): Kindat— 1966a; China, 1979; India [includes Bhutan and Pyaunggaung bnhs 6248 (locality and date in- Nepal], 1952; Laos, 1973; Pakistan, 1983; Thai- ferred from collector's number). Tenasserim (1): land, 1966b; Vietnam, 1986). In addition, supple- locality information probably inaccurate zmb mentary references have been consulted for lo- A161.12(2). calities in China (Administrative Divisions of the NEPAL, 5. Bagmati (3): Trisuli Bazar, 4 mi south- People's Republic of China— 1980, 1981; Zong- east of FMNH 104165-1041 167. Zone unknown (2): — hua Renmin Gongheguo Fen Sheng Dituji, 1983), A^£PAZ^BM(NH) 1845.1.8.5, 1858.6.24.144. India (National Atlas of India, 1979; Census of VIETNAM, 58. Bac Thai (4): Ban Thi—zmvnu India 1981 —various district census handbooks), 185/3.162.0 (identification tentative), Cho Don and Vietnam (Cue Ban Do-Bo Tong Tham Muu, District fcxm Oil; Thai Nguyen zmvnu 172/ — Quan Doi Nhan Dan Viet Nam, 1980-88). Lo- 3.151.Pc23, 196/Pc22. Cao Bang (4): Ban Vay— calities of M. mulatta that were not found in zmvnu 186/3.169.0; Ly iebr T33; Po Bon— Lu— USBGN gazetteers or supplementary references zmvnu 184/3.165.61; Trung Khanh District— are spelled here as in the original sources. Sec- FCXM 43 (with mismatched mandible). Ha Trinh ondary entries, with cross references to corre- (2): Huong Son fcxm 05; Trai Tru ihbr 63/ sponding primary entries, indicate variant spell- 622 (external measurements in Dao, 1985, p. ings or alternate locality names that appear on 244). Hai Phong (4): Ang Co-zmvnu 174/3.161. specimen tags, in published literature, or in un- Pc52/38; Cat Ba, zmvnu 175/3.1 58. Pc49, Dao— published notes concerning M. mulatta. 176/3.159.Pc50, 177/3.160.Pc51. Lang Son (1): The sequence of information presented in pri- locality unknown zmvnu 180/Pc25. Nghe An mary entries is as follows: (4): Ban Bu fcxm 015 (external measurements

in card catalog); locality unknown zmvnu 168/ 1. Locality name. (Note: Chinese locality names 3.153.Pc31, 169/3. 155.Pc33, 170/3.154.Pc32. Ninh frequently include the following generic geo- Binh ay. Cue Phuong—zmvnu 64/3.148.Pc35, 173/ graphic terms: Dao - Island; Shan = Moun- 3.149.Pcl9 (both identifications tentative). Qiiang tain; Xian = County.)

124 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY .

2. Altitude, if reported by collector or observer. inferred from cave painting (Fooden et al.,

3. Name of province, state, or other first-order 1981. p. 465; Marathe and Mahabal, 1984, p. administrative division, in italics. 74). A:I-100. 4. Name of country, in capital letters. Ajodhya. See Ayodhya. 5. Coordinates of locality (principal sources: Akhnoor; Jammii & Kashmir, INDIA; 32°54'N, USBGN gazetteers, supplementary references 74°44'E; observed before 1983 by Y. R. Mal-

indicated above, published or unpublished hotra and D. N. Sahi (1982. p. 27). A:I-5. field notes of collectors or observers). Akhoiphutia; Assam. INDIA; ca. 27°03'N, 6. Date of collection or observation. 94°39'E; reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by 7. Name of collector or observer. A. Choudhury ([1991aJ. p. 31). B:I-25. 8. Bibliographic reference (in parentheses) to Ale Chaung. See Ali Cha. or field if published unpublished notes, any. Ali Cha, Chin Hills, 20 mi (= 32 km) southwest 9. Abbreviated name of museum (see "Intro- of Kindat, 1000 ft (= 300 m); Chin, MYAN- duction") where specimens are preserved. MAR (= BURMA); ca. 23°40'N. 94°05'E; col- 10. Number of specimens available (with indi- lected 3 Jan. 1915 by J. M. Mackenzie cation of part preserved, if skin and skull are (Wroughton. 1916c. p. 759); bm(nh). 1. B:M- not both present). 17. 1 1 Locality code as indicated in distribution Alicheng River, east of; Laghman, AFGHANI- maps (Figs. 2A-C). STAN; ca. 34°55'N, 70°05'E; reported before

1972 by A. Puget (1971, p. 201). A:A-5. Achaltal. See Achal Tank. Aligarh; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 27°53'N, Achal Tank, Aligarh; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 78°05'E; observed Dec. 1970-July 1972 by C. 27°53'N, 78°05'E; observed Sept. 1959-June H. Southwick, M. F Siddiqi, M. Y Farooqui, 1960 and Dec. 1970-July 1972 by C. H. South- and B. C. Pal (1976, p. 13). Observed Jan. wick, M. A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi (1961a, p. 1990-Mar. 1991 by E. Imam and H. S. A. Yah- 543; Southwick, 1962, p. 437; Southwick et al., ya (1995, p. 2) A:I-69. 1976, p. 13). Observed Jan. 1990-Mar. 1991 by Aligarh District; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; 27°30'- E. Imam and H. S. A. Yahya (1995, p. 2). A:I- 28°10'N, 77°30'-78°35'E; observed 1959-1984 69. by C. H. Southwick and M. F Siddiqi (1983, p. Adupuria; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°48'N, 94°45'E; 229; Southwick, 1985. p. 191). Not mapped. reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. Aligarh vicinity; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25. 27°53N. 78°05'E; blood samples obtained 16- AFGHANISTAN, eastern; 33°-37°N, 69°-72°E; 27 Apr. 1964 by K. V. Shah and C. H. South- reported before 1971 by E. Kullmann (1970, p. wick (1965, p. 489). A:I-69. 23). Not mapped. Alingar. east of; Laghman, AFGHANISTAN; ca. AFGHANISTAN, northeastern; 33°-37°N, 69°- 34°55'N. 70°30'E; reported before 1972 by A. 72°E; reported Oct. 1808-Aug. 1809 by M. El- Puget (1971, p. 201). A:A-6. phinstone (1842, p. 188). Not mapped. Ali Sagar. Nizamabad District, 440 m; Andhra Agartala. See Charilam. Pradesh, INDIA; 18°42'N, 78°00'E; observed Aglar River; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 30°35'N. 16 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden. A. Mahabal. and S. 78°05'E; observed 30 Apr. 1944 by H. Harrer S. Saha (1981, p. 466). A:I-116. (1982, p. 40). A:I-27. District; Rajasthan, INDIA; ca. 27°38'N, Agra; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 27°irN. 78°0rE; Alwar 76°35'E; observed 1981-1983 by P K. Seth, S. trapped before 1993 by K. Waheeda (1992, p. L. P K. Chopra (1992, 111). A:I-70. Seth, G. Reddy, and p. Agra District; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 26°50'- 62). A:I-73. 27°20'N, 77°30'-78°30'E; observed 1981-1983 Ambagarh Reserve Forest, 9 km northeast of Jai- ca. 27°00'N, 75°53'E; by R K. Seth. S. Seth, G. L. Reddy, and R K. pur; Rajasthan, INDIA; 1985-1993 by A. Lobo. B. R. Ma- Chopra (1992, p. 62). Not mapped. observed Ailao Shan Reserve; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. nohar, and R. Mathur (Mathur & Lobo, 1990, 24°15'N, 101°18'E; observed in 1990 by L. K. p. 308; Manohar & Mathur, 1992. p. 114; Ma-

Sheeran and F E. Poirier (1994. p. 21). B:C-72. thur. 1994, p. 132). A:I-75. Ajanta Caves vicinity; Maharashtra, INDIA; ca. Ambala District; Haryana, INDIA; ca. 3()°5rN, 20°33'N, 75°42'E; occurrence before 500 A.D. 76°30'E; observed 1981-1983 by P K. Seth, S.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 125 Seth, G. L. Reddy, and P. K. Chopra (1992, p. years" by A. Borang and G. S. Thapliyal (1993, 62). A:l-20. p. 839). Not mapped. Amber. See Amer. Asarori Forest, 425-950 m; Vttar Pradesh, IN- Amen Jaipur District; Rajasthan, INDIA; DIA; ca. 30°15'N, 78°00'E; ob.served June 26°59'N, 75°52'E; observed 1975-1980 by P. 1965-May 1966 by D. G. Lindburg (1971, p K. Seth and S. Seth (1983, p. 63). A:I-75. 5). Observed June 1973-Oct. 1976 by S. C Ampi Bazar, ca. 3 km southeast of resthouse; Tri- Makwana, R. S. Pirta, and M. Singh (Pirta

pura. INDIA; ca. 26°40'N, 9r38'E; collected 1977-78, p. 125; 1984, p. 272; Makwana, 1978

18 Jan. 1971 by V. C. Agrawal (Agrawal & p. 483; 1979a, p. 242; Makwana & Pirta, 1978 8:1-40. Bhattacharyya, 1977, p. 137); zsi, 1. p. 164; 1983, p. 301; Pirta & Singh, 1981, p Anapalam, Rajupalem Taluk, Guntur District; An- 340). A:I-27. dhra Pradesh, INDIA; ca. I6°20'N, 80°00'E; Ashi; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 26°53'N, 100°00'E;

reported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup collected in 1921 (see usnm catalog) by J. F.

(1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 19). A:I-145. Rock (1925, p. 447; 1926, p. 139; Chock, 1963, Guntur District, 125 m; Andhra Pra- Angaluru, p. 93); USNM, 2. B:C-44. desh, INDIA; 16°12'N, 79°47'E; observed 30 Ashoknagar, Warangal District, 340 m; Andhra Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. Pradesh, INDIA; 17°55'N, 79°57'E; observed Saha (1981, p. 468). A:I-147. 19 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. Anganganj. See Khair, Tahsil. S. Saha (1981, p. 467). A:I-133. Ang Co, Cat Ba Island; Hai Phong, VIETNAM; Asmar, east of; Konarha, AFGHANISTAN; ca. 107°03'E; purchased in market 13 20°43'N, 35°00'N, 71°30'E; reported before 1972 by A. July 1964 by unknown collector (Dang, 1983, Puget (1971, p. 201). A:A-1. p. 1282; Dao, 1985, p. 82; Nisbitt & Ciochon, Asmar, northwest of; Konarha, AFGHANISTAN; 1993, p. 772); zmvnu, 1. Collected 11 Aug. ca. 35°10'N, 71°20'E; reported before 1972 by 1964 by Hien Hao (Dao, 1985, p. 82; Nisbitt & A. Puget (1971, p. 201). A:A-1. Ciochon, 1993, p. 772); zmvnu, 1 (skull only). Assam, INDIA; 24°10'-28°00'N, 89°40'-96°00'E; C:V-14. acquired before 1859 by Zoological Society of Anhui, CHINA; 29°-35°N, 115°-120°E; collected London; bm(nh), 1 (skull only). Acquired be- 1959-1960 by museum collectors; smnh, 8 (7 fore 1956 by Calcutta Zoological Garden (Kha- skins only, 1 skull only). Not mapped. juria, [1955], pp. 113, 114); zsi, 1. Not mapped. Anji Xian; Zhejiang, CHINA; ca. 30°40'N, Assembly. See Simla. 119°40'E; ca. 50 captives acquired 1950-1959 Aum River, ca. 20 km above mouth, Karnali Bar- from Local Products Supply Co. by Hangzhou dia Game Reserve; Bardia, NEPAL; ca. Zoo (Fu Yiyuan, Director, pers. comm., 25 Oct. 28°30'N, 81°19'E; observed 20 Feb.-lO Mar. 1985). C:C-56. 1976 by J. Teas (1983, p. 214). A:N-5. Ankapur, Armur Taluk, Nizamabad District; An- Ayodhya; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 26°48'N, dhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°45'N, 78°16'E; re- 82°12'E; reported before 1978 by M. L. Roon- ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup wal and S. M. Mohnot (1977. p. 100). A:I-60. (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-115 Ayodhya-Gorakpur, highway between; Uttar Pra- Anlong; Guizhou, CHINA; 25°06'N, 105°3rE; desh, INDIA; ca. 26°45'N, 82°45'E; observed reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Sept. 1959-June 1960 by C. H. Southwick, M. C:C-157. (1961b, 702). A: Annapurna Conservation Area. See Pokhara. A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi p. Annavangal, Banswada Taluk, Nizamabad Dis- 1-62. vicinity; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. trict; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; not precisely lo- Azamgarh cated, 18°05'-18°35'N, 77°45'-78°05'E; report- 26°04'N, 83°irE; observed Sept. 1959-Feb. ed Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, 1960 by C. H. Southwick, M. A. Beg, and M. (1961a, 540). A:I-63. p. 58; 1992, p. 18). Not mapped. R. Siddiqi p. vicinity, Karnali Bardia Game Re- Anyuan; Jiangxi, CHINA; 25°09'N, 1 15°2rE; re- Babai River

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). serve; Bardia, NEPAL; ca. 28°26'N, 8I°2rE; C:C-98. observed 20 Feb.-IO Mar. 1976 by J. Teas Arbesi. See Basirhat Reserve Forest. (1983, p. 214). A:N-5. Anmachal Pradesh, INDIA; 26°55'-29°30'N, Babuwali, Jasalmer District; Rajasthan, INDIA; 91°35'-97°25'E; reported during "past few ca. 26°47'N, 69°44'E; falsely reported 4 Sept.

126 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 1980 by K. Singh (Bhargava. 1982. p. 7; 1984. 28°03'N. 78°03'E; observed 1959-1975 by C.

p. 43). Not mapped. H. Southwick and M. F Siddiqi (1977. p. 342). Bac Can. Tonkin region. 500 ft (= 150 m); Bac A:I-69. Thai, VIETNAM; 22°08'N. 105°49'E; collected Bak shoi mun. See Luofu Shan. 13 Dec. 1926-14 Jan. 1927 by J. Delacour and Balimila (= Balimela) vicinity; Orissa, INDIA; W. P. Lowe (Delacour & Jabouille, 1927, p. ca. 18°15'N. 82°08'E; observed 1959-1970 by 302); BM(NH). 3 (including 1 skin only): mnhn, M. Krishnan (1972. p. 540). A:I-109. 1. C:V-10. Balkonda. Armur Taluk. Nizamabad District; An- Bachepalli. See Dachepalle. dhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°52'N. 78°2rE; ob- Bachi, Pingyuan [Xian]; Guangdong, CHINA; served 1972-1973 by N. Koyama and P B. 24°46'N. 115°49'E; reported before 1998 Shekar (1981. p. 248). Reported Feb. 1977-July

(Zhang et al.. 1997. p. 58). C:C-97. 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. Bach Ma National Park; Thua Thien-Hue, VIET- 18). A:I-115. NAM; ca. 16°12'N. 107°52'E; reported ca. Ballapet. Khammam Taluk. Khammam District; 1990-1995 by L. K. Lippold (1995. p. 199). C: Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 17°16'N, 80°12'E; re- V-35. ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup

Bac Tan Trai (= Bac Tan Tray). Tonkin region; (1984. p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-132. Lai Chan, VIETNAM; 22°24'N, 103°12'E; col- Balphakram region; Meghalaya INDIA; ca. lected 5 Nov. 1931 by T. D. Carter (Legendre. 25°10'N, 90°15'E; observed ca. 1977 by A. K.

1936. p. 83); ansp. 1. C:V-1. Ghosh and S. Biswas (1977, p. 24). B:I-12. Badu. See Batu. Balrampur forest; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. Bageshwar (= Bageswar). Kumaun region, 3200 27°26'N, 82°irE; observed 1973-1974 by R.

ft (= 975 m); Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 29°51'N, K. Singh and N. N. Sen (1977-78, p. 136). A: 79°46'E; collected Aug. 1913-Mar. 1914 by C. 1-61.

A. Crump (in Wroughton. 1914. p. 283); Balthali, Kavre; East No. 1, NEPAL; 27°30'N, bm(nh), 5 (including 2 skulls only). A:I-31. 85°30'E; observed May 1998 by M. K. Chalise

Baguri Block, Kaziranga Wild Life Sanctuary; As- and M. Ghimire (1998, p. 12). A:N-supplemen- sam, INDIA; ca. 26°37'N. 93°15'E; reported tary.

Jan.-June 1966 by J. J. Spillett (1967. p. 496). Bamo village, near, Bamo Subcounty. Tiane Xian; B:I-21. Guangxi, CHINA; 24°55'N. 107°21'E; collected Bahgara; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°53'N, 94°45'E; in 1987 by Yang Changbi, subsequently pur- reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. chased by Huang Runqiang (pers. comm., 24

Choudhury ([1991a]. p. 31). B:I-25. Oct. 1992); IZCAS, 1 (skull only). C:C-173. Baidonghe Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Ban Bu, Khe Choang (river). Con Cuong District, Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 23°55'N, 106°44'E; ob- 500 m; Nghe An, VIETNAM ca. 19°03'N, served in 1976. 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu 104°45'E; collected 11 Dec. 1992 by Pham

and Wei Zhenyi (1995. p. 127; letter. Aug. Nhat and Mr. Hung; fcxm, 1 (skull only; exter- 1996). C:C-169. nal measurements recorded in card catalog). C: Baima; Qinghai, CHINA; ca. 33°02'N. 100°04'E; V-26.

collected 1 1 Sept. 1967 by Wang Zongyi; izcas. Ban Bung vicinity, Na Hang District; Tuyen Quang, 1. B:C-23. VIETNAM; ca. 22°20'N, 105°20'E; reported 25 Bairaglia. See Hazaria Patherghatta. Feb.-5 Apr 1992 by R. Ratajszczak, Ngoc Can,

Baisha. Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA; 19°13'N. and Pham Nhat (1992, p. 16). C:V-6.

109°26'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. Banda District; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 24°55'-

1997. p. 58). C:C-233. 25°55'N, 80°05'-81°35'E; observed before

Baishuijiang Natural Reserve, 1700-2900 m and 1916 by G. B. F Muir (1916, p. 353). Observed 3000-3400 m; Shaanxi, CHINA; ca. 33°35'N, 1960-1980 by M. F Siddiqi (Southwick, 1985,

105°54'E; reported before 1989 by Ma Guoyao p. 191 ). Not mapped.

(1988, p. 27). C:C-18. Banda vicinity; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. Baizha Plantation, Nangqen Xian, 3600-4400 m; 25°29'N, 80°20'E; observed Sept. 1959-Feb. Qinghai, CHINA; 32°04'N, 96°21'E; observed 1960 by C. H. Southwick, M. A. Beg, and M.

in early 1960s by Zheng Changlin (pers. R. Siddiqi (1961a. p. 540). A:I-84. comm.. 7 Oct. 1985). B:C-15. Bandhavgarh National Park; Madhya Pradesh, Baj Garhi Bridge; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; INDIA; ca. 23°40'N, 81°02'E; reported Feb.-

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 111 Mar. 1976 by N. K. Sinha (1977, p. 5). Re- Yuanwei, Wu Jing, Dao Weiying, and Liu ported before 1997 by K. K. Gurung and R. Jianghai (1995, p. 411). B:C-56.

Singh (1996. p. 80). A:I-93. Bapon, Fusui Xian; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. Bandipul, Tahsil Thana Ghazi; Rajasthan, INDIA; 22°35'N, 107°57'E; collected Aug. 1986 by Wu ca. 27°25'N. 76°19'E; observed 1975-1980 by Mingchuan (pers. comm., 27 Nov. 1992); fdcg,

R K. Seth and S. Seth (1983, p. 63). A:I-74. 1 (skull only). C:C-219. Bangma; Sichuan, CHINA; not located, 26°00'- Bara Math Temple. See Chitrakut. 34°10'N, 97°40'-110°05'E; reported before Barami. See Barmi. 1992 by Jiang Xuelong. Wang Yingxiang, and Barauli Bridge; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 28°05'N, 78°03'E; observed 1959-1975 Ma Shilai (1991, p. 243). Not mapped. by C. Bangram. See Dhaka. H. Southwick and M. F Siddiqi (1977, p. 342). Bangsal. See Dhaka. A:I-69. Barautha. Barotha. Ban Kuai, Several km south of, 170-609 m; Vien- See Chanrai Hill, lower Swat Valley opposite tiane. LAOS; ca. 18°16'N, 102°08'E; observed Bar Ma- lakand; North-West Frontier, PAKISTAN; ca. Feb.-July 1996 by J. W. Duckworth (1996, p. 34°34'N, 71°56'E; reported before 1902 by A. 229). B:L-6. H. (1901b, 9). A:P-6. Ban Mae Lamao, 350 m; Tak, THAILAND; McMahon p. Bardia National Park. See Babai River vicinity. 16°48'N. 98°45'E; collected 21 Mar. 1967 by J. Bareilly; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 28°21'N, Fooden (1971, p. 18). fmnh, 1. B:T-6. 79°25'E; trapped for psychological study before Ban Mak Nao, Camp No. 34; Vientiane, LAOS; 1993 by K. Waheeda (1992, 111). A:I-52. 18°00'N, 102°58'E; collected 16 Feb. 1920 by p. Bareilly-Agra, highway between; Uttar Pradesh, J. Bangassar (Weitzel et al., 1988, p. 116); zrc, INDIA; ca. 28°50'N, 78°30'E; observed 1964- 1. B:L-8. 1965 by R. P. Mukherjee and G. D. Mukherjee Ban Manao. See Ban Mak Nao. (1972, p. 67). A:I-48. Bannabari. See Bhamabhari. Barikowt (= Baricot), southeast of; Konarha, AF- Ban Napo vicinity, 170-609 m; Vientiane, LAOS; GHANISTAN; ca. 35°10'N, 71°35'E; reported ca. 18°17'N, 102°irE; observed Feb.-July 1996 before 1972 by A. Puget (1971. p. 201). A:A-I. by J. W. Duckworth (1996, p. 229). B:L-6. Barmdeo Mandi; Kanchanpur, NEPAL; 28°52'N, Ban So vicinity, 170-609 m; Vientiane, LAOS; ca. 80°09'E; observed June 1964-Dec. 1965 by D. 18°19'N. 102°06'E; observed Feb.-July 1996 by L. Chesemore (1970, p. 164). A:N-2. J. W. Duckworth (1996, p. 229). B:L-6. Barmi; Gazipur, BANGLADESH; ca. 24°08'N, Ban Thi, Cho Don District; Bac Thai, VIETNAM; 90°22'E; observed Sept. 1975 by J. R. Oppen- 22°14'N, 105°3rE; collected 2 May 1970 by heimer, A. K. Akonda, and K. Z. Husain (1983, Nguyen Trong Tien; zmvnu, 1 (skull only, spe- p. 194). B:Ba-15. cies identification tentative). Collected 20 May Barotha; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 27°57'N, 1970 by Mr. Nhe; zmvnu, 1 (skin only). C:V-6. 78°10'E; observed 1959-1975 by C. H. South- Ban Umphang, 28 mi (= 45 km) southeast of, wick and M. F Siddiqi (1977, p. 342). A:I-69. 1750 ft (= 530 m); Kamphaeng Phet, THAI- Barri Chopal, Jaipur District; Rajasthan, INDIA; ca. 15°28'N, 99°04'E; collected 4 Feb. LAND; ca. 26°50'N. 75°50'E; observed 1975-1980 by 1924 by A. S. Vemay (Lowe, 1932, p. 197; R K. Seth, S. Seth, and A. K. Shukla (1983, p. 1933, p. 260); amnh, 1. B:T-8. 38). A:I-75. Ban Vay (= Ban Vai). Khang Ninh vicinity; Cao Bashgal Valley. See Kaotai. Bang, VIETNAM; 22°27'N, 105°39'E; collect- Basirhat (= Basinhat) Reserve Forest; West Ben- ed 12 Aug. 1971 by Nguyen Van Chau; zmvnu, gal, INDIA; ca. 22°40'N, 88°53'E; observed 1. C:V-8. 1955-1960 by A. K. Mukherjee (Mukherjee &

Ban Wangma vicinity, 170-609 m; Vientiane, Gupta, 1965, p. 145). B:I-4. LAOS; ca. 18°23'N, 102°06'E; observed Feb.- Baska Nadi. See Bogra Nadi. July 1996 by J. W. Duckworth (1996, p. 229). Batang vicinity, 2200-3000 m; Sichuan, CHINA; B:L-6. ca. 30°00'N, 99°00'E; reported 1914-1916 by

Baoshan; Yunnan, CHINA; 25°07'N, 99°09'E; tis- H. Weigold (1924, p. 71). Purchased at Batang

sue sample obtained ca. 1991 (Zhang & Shi, market in 1961 by unknown collector; izcas, 1 1993b, p. 589). Immunological survey con- (skin only). B:C-32. ducted before 1996 by Duan Xingsheng, Liu Batu, Pinglang District, Tianlin Xian; Guangxi,

128 FIELDL\NA: ZOOLOGY CHINA; ca. 24°18'N, 106°13'E; collected 31 Aug. 1964). Reported before 1997 by K. K. Gu-

July 1978 and ca. Oct. 1978 by Neuong Shihua rung and R. Singh (1996, p. 100). A:I-72. (Quan Guoqiang. pers. comm.. 29 Nov. 1985); Bhamabhari (= Bharnabhavi), Bhutan Duars, 6(X) FDCG, 2 (1 skin only. 1 skull only). C:C-17(). ft (= 180 m); West Bengal, INDIA; ca. Bawangling. Changjiang Xian, Hainan Dao, 500- 26°45'N, 89°23'E; collected 21 Feb. 1916 by N. 600 m; Hainan, CHINA; 19°07'N. 109°05'E; A. Baptista (H. V. O'Donel in Wroughton,

collected 1 Jan. 1964 by Liu Zhenhe; sciha, 1. 1917, p. 63); BM(NH), 1. B:I-9. C:C-234. Bheri River; Sallyana, NEPAL; ca. 28°30'N, Bawmwang. 3200 ft ( = 975 m); Kachin, MYAN- 82°00'E; observed Feb. 1977 by R Byrne MAR (= BURMA); 26°39'N. 97°50'E; collect- (1979, p. 70). A:N-7.

ed 6 Feb. 1939 by R. Kaulback; bm(nh). 1. B: Bherjan. See Tinsukia. M-1. Bhim Kund Point, Amravati District, 875 m; Ma- Beichuanshan, Taishan Xian, Shangchuan Dao, harashtra, INDIA; 21°24'N, 77°20'E; observed

0-500 m; Guangdong. CHINA; 21°45'N, 31 Jan. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S.

112°50'E; observed Apr.-May 1981 by Liu S. Saha (1981, p. 466). A:I-101. Zhenhe, sciea (pers. comm.. 25 Nov. 1985). C: Bhiwani District; Haryana, INDIA; ca. 28°47'N, C-213. 76°08'E; observed 1981-1983 by R K. Seth, S.

Beijing (= Pekin), monastery outside of; Beijing, Seth, G. L. Reddy. and R K. Chopra (1992. p. CHINA; 39°56'N, 116°24'E; erroneous locality 62). A:I-40.

information (Morris & Morris, 1966, p. 18; Bhopal, east of; Madhya Pradesh, INDIA; ca. Hill, 1974. p. 583) for monkeys (presumably 23°20'N, 77°40'E; reported ca. 1922 by B. C.

either M. midatta or M. thibetana) observed ca. Ellison (1922, p. 1 100; cf. Fooden, 1989, p. 44). 1325 at monastery in Hangzhou vicinity by A:I-96. Odoric of Pordenone (1928, pp. 232, 234). Not Bhowal area. See Naini Tal. mapped. Bhotan Duars. See Bhamabhari; Hasimara. Benaras. See Varanasi. Bhutan Duars. See Bhamabhari; Hasimara. Benares. See Saktesgarh; Varanasi. Bialibazar Rubber Plantation; Sylhet, BANGLA- Bengal. See West Bengal. DESH; not precisely located, 24°08'-24°50'N, "(Bengal)", INDIA or BANGLADESH; 22°- 9r37'-92°17'E; observed Feb. 1990-June 27°N, 86°-93°E; date and collector unknown; 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M.

captive. Zoological Society of Philadelphia; Kabir (1995, p. 76). Not mapped.

ANSP. 1 (skin only). Not mapped. Bijnor, 1000 ft (= 300 m); Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; Bengalen; INDIA or BANGLADESH; 22°-27°N. 29°22'N, 78°08'E; collected before 1927 by B.

86°-93°E; collected in 1859 by unknown col- B. Osmaston (Napier, 1981, p. 23); bm(nh), I lector; NHMBa. 2. Captive obtained (date un- (skull only). A:I-34. known) in Sumatra by Prof. Neisser, reportedly Bikaner; Rajasthan, INDIA; 28°0rN, 73°18'E;

imported from "Bengalen"; mzb, I (skull only). observed I953-I956 by I. Prakash (1956, p. 3;

Not mapped. 1959, p. 39). Reported before 1982 by R. N. Berhampur. Ganjam District, 25 m; Orissa, IN- Bhargava (1984. pp. 41. 42). A:I-78. DIA; 19°19'N, 84°47'E; observed 20 May 1980 Bilauri; Kanchanpur, NEPAL; 28°35'N. 80°22'E;

by J. Fooden. A:I-107. observed June 1964-Dec. 1965 by D. L. Chese-

Bezogaon; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°56'N, 94°33'E; more (1970, p. 164). A:N-3. reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. Biloxue Shan, near Nujiang (= Salween River),

Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25. Bijiang Xian; 3000 m; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. Bhagalpur District; Bihar, INDIA; ca. 25°15'N, 26°35'N, 99°05'E; collected 19 Oct. 1978 by

87°00'E; reported 1810-1811 by F Buchanan Ma Shilai (pers. comm., 1 Sept. 1983); kiz, 1

(1939, p. 285; posthumous publication). B:I-5. (skin only). B:C-43.

Bhamo, 600 ft (= 180 m); Kachin, MYANMAR Bishenpur (= Bistenpur). 3000 ft (= 900 m); (= BURMA); 24°16'N, 97°14'E; collected 15 Manipur, INDIA; 24°38'N, 93°46'E; collected

Feb. 1936 by R F Garthwaite; bm(nh), 1. B:M- 20 Feb. 1940 by W. J. C. Frost; bm(nh), 2. B: 15. 1-38. Bharatpur; Rajasthan, INDIA; 27°13'N, 77°29'E; Biyun, ca. 30 km north of; Anhui, CHINA; ca.

reported before 1965 by I. Prakash (letter, 25 30°25'N, 118°20'E; observed before 1973 by

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 129 Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al., 1986. p. 82). C:C- Bulandshahr District; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 53. 28°23'N, 77°52'E; observed 1981-1983 by P Biyun. Jingde Xian, 300-400 m; Anhui, CHINA; K. Seth, S. Seth, G. L. Reddy, and P K. Chopra

ca. 30°10'N, 1 18°20'E; observed 1973-1986 by (1992, p. 62). A:I-46. Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al., 1986, p. 83). C:C- Buliuhe Water Regulation Forest Reserve; 62. Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 24°57'N, 106°54'E; ob- Boai; Hemuu CHINA; 35°10'N, 113°04'E; reserved 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and et al., ported before 199.8 (Zhang 1997, p. 58). Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 127; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-11. C:C-173. Nadi. Boga Juli. See Bogra Bulun. See Sungri. ca. 2 km south of. (?= Juli), Kamrup, 2000 Bogra Nadi Boga North BURMA. See MYANMAR. ft (= 600m); Assam INDIA; ca. 26°48'N, Busapuri. See Bussapuram. 9r35'E; collected 5 Jan. 1921 by H. W. Wells Bussapuram, Mulug Taluk, Warangal District; An- (Hinton & Lindsay, 1926, p. 385); hm(nh), 1. dhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°10'N, 80°05'E; re- B:I-16. ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup Bohea Mts. See Kuatun. (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-120. Boileauganj. Simla vicinity; Himochal Pradesh, Cachar District; Assam, INDIA; ca. 25°30'N, INDIA; ca. 31°06'N, 77°08'E; observed Aug. 93°00'E; collected Aug.-Sept. 1920 by H. W. 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. 477). A: Wells (Hinton & Lindsay, 1926, p. 385); bnhs, 1-18. 1 (skull only). B:I-35. Boluo, Yingde Xian; Guangdong, CHINA; Cala Shan, Zhungshan Township. Luxi Xian, 24°25'N, 113°00'E; reported in 1970 by local 1500-2000 Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 24°30'N, residents to Liu Zhenhe, sciea (pers. comm., 25 m; Guo- Nov. 1985). C:C-205. 98°40'E; collected 15 Sept. 1960 by Quan Bolovens. See Muang Thateng. qiang (pers. comm., 25 Aug. 1983); izcAS, 2. Bombay. See Mumbai. B:C-63. Bondor (= Bondar); Narayanganj, BANGLA- Calcutta, Hastings Road; West Bengal, INDIA; DESH; ca. 23°35'N, 90°35'E; reported before 22°32'N, 88°22'E; observed in 1962 and Dec.

1986 by M. A. R. Khan (1981, p. 13; 1985, p. 1970-July 1972 by C. H. Southwick, A. Ghosh, 31). Observed Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. M. and C. D. Louch (1964, p. 444; Southwick et

Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995, p. al., 1976, p. 13). B:I-3. 76). B:Ba-27. Calcutta, Indian Museum compound; West Ben- Borajan. See Tinsukia. gal, INDIA; 22°32'N, 88°22'E; collected 25

Borivli National Park; Maharashtra, INDIA; July 1962 by B. S. Lamba; zsi, 1 (skull only). 19°10'N, 72°55'E; population artificially intro- Observed Dec. 1968-Nov. 1969 by S. S. Saha in (Serrao Amladi, 1979, 29). duced 1940s & p. (1974. p. 211). B:I-3. Observed 1972-1973 by N. Koyama and P. B. Calcutta, northern; West Bengal, INDIA; 22°32'N. Shekar (1981, 248). Observed 25 Dec. 1979 p. 88°22'E; observed ca. 1991-1995 by J. Datta by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. Saha (1996, p. 941). B:I-3. (1981, 469). Not mapped. p. Calcutta vicinity; West Bengal, INDIA; ca. Borme; Gazipur, BANGLADESH; ca. 24°05'N, 22°32'N, 88°22'E; reportedly "not obtainable 90°25'E; reported before 1986 by M. A. R. [by collectors] near Calcutta," Dec. 1890-Jan. Khan (1985, p. 31). Observed Feb. 1990-June 1891 (Heape. 1894, p. 412). Not mapped. 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Camp No. 28. See Nong Khai. Kabir (1995, p. 76). B:Ba-15. Camp No. 34. See Ban Mak Nao. Bormibazan See Borme. Cao Bang, VIETNAM; 22°15'-23°05'N, 105°15'- Boska Nadi. See Bogra Nadi. 106°50'E; reported 1892-1893 by A. Billet Bo Trach District; Quang Binh, VIETNAM; ca. (1896, 61). Not mapped. 17°35'N, 106°33'E; collected 25 Mar. 1976 by p. Cat Ba, Dao, Vung (= Bay) Ha Long; Hai Phong, unknown collector; iebr, 1 (skull only). C:V-30. ca. 20°45'N, 107°00'E; purchased Bouzini. Katmandu Valley; Bagmati, NEPAL; ca. VIETNAM; 27°4rN, 85°irE; collected 18 June 1922 by in market 28 Jan. 1957 by unknown collector; skins only). Collected in N. A. Baptista (Hinton & Fry, 1923, p. 403); ZMVNU. 3 (including 2

BM(NH), 1. A:N-12. 1958 by unknown collector (Dang, 1983, p.

Brindaban. See Vrindavan. 1282); ZMVNU, 1 (skin only). Collected 11 Aug.

130 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 1964 by Hien Hao; zmvnu, 3 (skulls only). C: cally in 1979 observed Apr. 1980 by Tang Ziey- V-14. ing, n'BD (pers. comm., 19 Oct. 1985). C:C-59. Cecil, Simla; Himachal Pradesh. INDIA; ca. Chang Jiang. See Yichang. 31°06'N, 77°09'E; observed Aug. 1972-Feb. Changlung. See Nu Jiang. 1973 by K. Wada (1984. p. 477). A:I-18. Changnmg [Xian]; Yunnan. CHINA; ca. 24°50'N, Ceheng; Guizhou, CHINA; 24°58'N. 105°49'E; 99°36'E; blood sample obtained before 1999 by reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Ding Bo, Zhang Yaping. and Hou Yidi (1998, C:C-I59. p. 172). B:C-64. Cenwanglao Shan Nature Reserve; Giiang.xi. Changshun; Guizhou. CHINA; 25°59'N, 106°25'E;

CHINA; ca. 24°19'N. 106°35'E; observed in reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 1976, 1986. and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei C:C-I46. Zhenyi (1995, p. 126; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C- Changtian. Dongfang Xian, Hainan Dao, 400-500 171. m; Hainan. CHINA; 19°02'N, 108°54'E; col- Chaibasa. See Luia. lected 23-24 Jan. 1964 by Liu Zhenhe, sciea Chail Sanctuary; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA; ca. (pers. comm.. 26 Nov. 1985); sciea, 4. C:C-

3I°00'N, 77°15'E; reported 1978-1980 by A. J. 235.

Gaston. P. J. Garson, and M. L. Hunter, Jr. Chapai. See Nawabganj vicinity. (1983. p. 300). A:I-18. Charilam resthouse, ca. 25 km south of Agartala; Chakia Forest Range; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; ca. Tripura. INDIA; 23°38'N, 9I°18'E; collected 25°03'N. 83°13'E; observed Aug. 1977-July 16 Nov. 1969 by V. C. Agrawal (Agrawal &

1978 by R. S. Pirta (1982, p. 401; Pirta & Bhattacharyya, 1977, p. 137); zsi, 1. B:I-40. Singh. 1982, p. 15). A:I-88. Charkonda, Mahbubnagar District, 420 m; An- Chakmani. See Chamkani. dhra Pradesh, INDIA; 16°42'N. 78°43'E; ob-

Cham Chu, Chiem Hoa District; Tiiyen Qiiang. served 28 and 29 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A.

VIETNAM; 22°12'N. 105°07'E; reported FeK- Mahabal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 468). A:I- Apr. 1992 by R. Ratajszczak, Ngoc Can, and 127. Pham Nhat (1992, p. 18). C:V-5. Char mugoria; Madaripur. BANGLADESH; ca. Chamkani, northeast of; Paktia, AFGHANI- 23°10'N. 90°12'E; observed Feb. 1990-June STAN; ca. 33°55'N, 69°50'E; reported before 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. 1972 by A. Puget (1971. p. 201). A:A-11. Kabir (1995, pp. 76, 79). B:Ba-25. Chamkani. southeast of; Paktia. AFGHANI- Chaunpur; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; 27°57'N, STAN; ca. 33°45'N. 70°05'E; reported before 78°08'E; observed Jan. 1990-Mar. 1991 by E.

1972 by A. Puget (1971. p. 201). A:A-12. Imam and H. S. A. Yahya (1995. p. 2). A:I-69 Chandigarh, outskirts of; Punjab. INDIA; ca. Chaur; Dandeldhura, NEPAL; 29°I7'N, 80°2rE; 30°44'N. 76°55'E; observed 1985-1986 by R. observed June 1964-Dec. 1965 by D. L. Chese-

Boonratana and C. J. Edwin (1986, p. 110). A: more (1970, p. 164). A:N-1. 1-19. Chengbihe Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Chandikhola. Birganj Forest District; Raiitahat, Guangxi. CHINA; ca. 24°02'N, 106°36'E; ob- NEPAL; 27°04'N. 85°22'E; observed June served in 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu

1964-Dec. 1965 by D. L. Chesemore (1970, p. and Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 127, letter. Aug. 164). A:N-13. 1996). C:C-169.

Chandpur Bazar, Old; Chandpur. BANGLA- Chengbu; Hunan. CHINA; 26°26'N, 1 10°2rE; re-

DESH; 23°13'N, 90°39'E; observed Feb. 1990- ported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997. p. 58). June 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and C:C-186.

M. Kabir (1995, p. 76). B:Ba-28. Chengjaba, Nanzheng Xian, 900 m; Shaanxi, Changchang Pani; Nagaland. INDIA; 26°36'N, CHINA; ca. 32°30'N, 107°15'E; observed June 94°26'E; collected 15-18 Feb. 1930 by C. 1981 by Yao Jianchu, siz (pers. comm., 10 Oct.

McCann (1933a, p. 395); amnh, 2. B:I-31. 1985). C:C-34.

Changde; Hunan. CHINA; 29°02'N, 1 1 l°4rE; re- Chengli. 2 mi (= 3 km) west of Ghurkha; Gan-

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). daki. NEPAL; ca. 28°00'N, 84°35'E; collected

C:C-108. 7 Dec. 1922 by N. A. Baptista; bm(nh). 1. A: Changhua vicinity, Lin" an Xian; Zhejiang. CHI- N-9. NA; ca. 30°10'N, 119°13'E; skin collected lo- Chengxian; Gansu. CHINA; 33°42'N. 105°36'E;

I FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE. MACACA MULATTA 131 .

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). collected May-July 1890 at Ngamda or Roue- C:C-20. toundo (see below) by G. Bonvalot and H. Cherekapar, near; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°59'N, d'Orleans (Bonvalot, 1891, vol. 2, p. 210; 1892, 94°40'E; observed 9 Mar.- 16 Feb. 1988 by A. p. 505); MNHN, 1 (skin only). Not mapped.

Choudhury ([1991a], p. 32). B:I-25. CHINA, northern; 30°-45°N, 100°-125°E; ob-

Chetia; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°0rN, 94°44'E; retained date unknown by Mr. Gerrard; zmb, 1 ported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. Choud- Not mapped.

hury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25. CHINA, South; 20°-30°N, 100°-120°E; collected Chhatari-do-Raha; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 1923-1924 by F R. Wulsin (letter, 9 Jan. 1925; 28°07'N, 78°09'E; observed 1959-1984 by R. USNM archives, no. 85377); mcz, 2. Not

L. Johnson, M. F. Siddiqi, and C. H. Southwick mapped.

(Southwick et al., 1976, p. 13; 1986, p. 433; Chindwin River; Sagaing, MYANMAR (= BUR- Southwick & M. F Siddiqi, 1977, p. 342; Sid- MA); 21°35'-27°00'N, 94°20'-97°10'E; collect- diqi & Southwick 1980, p. 54; 1988, p. 121; ed ca. 1 9 14 by G. C. Shortridge; bnhs, 1 (skull Johnson & Southwick, 1984, p. 201; South- only). Not mapped.

wick, 1985, p. 191; Johnson, 1986, p. 193). Ob- Chin Hills. See Kindat, 20 mi (= 32 km) north- served Jan. 1990-Mar. 1991 by E. Imam and west of. H. S. A. Yahya (1995, p. 2). A:I-69. Chitrakut, Jagvedi and Bara Math Temples; Uttar Chhota Bangahal, upper Beas River catchment Pradesh, INDIA; 25°12'N, 81°00'E; observed area; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA; not precisely 1959-1960 and 1964-1965 by C. H. South- located, 31°30'-32°30'N, 77°00'-77°30'E; re- wick, M. A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi (1961a, p.

ported 1978-1980 by A. J. Gaston, R J. Garson, 543; Southwick and M. R. Siddiqi, 1966, p.

and M. L. Hunter, Jr. (1983, p. 300). Not 312). A:I-85. mapped. Chitral. See Nurestan, eastern. Chiang Dao; Chiang Mai, THAILAND; 19°22'N, Chitral, lower. See Kaotai; Kunar River; Mirk- 98°58'E; collected 14 June 1937 by C. R. Car- hani.

penter (1940, p. 20; Coolidge, 1940, p. 129); Chittagong, eastern; Chittagong, BANGLA-

Mcz, 1. B:T-1. DESH; ca. 22°20'N, 92°10'E; reported early in Chiang Mai, near; Chiang Mai, THAILAND; ca. 1980 by S. R Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, 18°47'N, 98°59'E; collected in 1931 by H. G. p. 278). B:Ba-35.

Deignan (Chasen, 1935, p. 38); zrc, 1. B:T-2. Chittagong, northern; Chittagong, BANGLA- Chiem Hoa; Tuyen Qiiang, VIETNAM; 22°09'N, DESH; ca. 22°50'N, 9r40'E; observed early in 105°17'E; collected in 1962 by unknown col- 1980 by S. R Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982,

lector; ZMVNU, 1. C:V-5. p. 278). Observed before 1982 by M. A. R. Chieng Dao. See Chiang Dao. Khan (1981, p. 13). B:Ba-33. Chiengmai. See Chiang Mai, near. Chittagong, southern; Cox's Bazar, BANGLA- Chiengmai, below. See Kaeng Mae Hat. DESH; ca. 21°50'N, 92°00'E; observed early in Chigha Sarai, north of; Konarha, AFGHANI- 1980 by S. R Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, STAN; ca. 34°52'N, 71°10'E; collector and date p. 278). B:Ba-38. unknown, captive purchased 4 mi (= 6.5 km) Chittagong Hill Tracts, BANGLADESH; 2n5'-

north of Kandahar by J. Hassinger (1968, p. 22°20'N, 92°25'-92°45'E; reported July-Nov.

72), 2 Nov. 1965; fmnh, 1. A:A-8. 1976 by K. M. Green (1978, p. 146). Not Chihli. See Xinglong Xian, southern. mapped. = CHINA; 18°-41°N, 85°-120°E; captive shipped Chittagong Hill Tracts; Chin, MYANMAR ( from Shanghai before 24 Jan. 1880 by unknown BURMA); ca. 2r40'N, 92°40'E; collected be-

collector; bm(nh), 1 (skin only). Captive pur- fore 1927 by B. B. Osmaston (Napier, 1981, p.

chased in Lhasa (extralimital) 1938-1939 by E. 21); BM(NH), 1 (skull only). B:M-25.

Schafer; zsbs, 1. Collected 1950-1978 by mu- Chittagong Hill Tracts, eastern, BANGLADESH; seum collectors; smnh, 23 (13 skins only, 10 ca. 22°15'N, 92°30'E; reported early in 1980 by skulls only). Collected in 1960 by unknown S. R Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, p. 278). collectors; izcas, 4 (skins only). Date and col- B:Ba-36.

lector unknown; bmnh, 2 (including 1 skull Chittagong Hill Tracts, northern, BANGLA-

only); sciea, 1 (skin only). Not mapped. DESH; ca. 23°20'N, 92°10'E; Observed early in 7CHINA; 18°-41°N, 85°-120°E; no data, possibly 1980 by S. R Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982,

132 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY p. 278). Observed before 1982 by M. A. R. served 1976, 1986. and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and

Khan (1981. p. 13). B:Ba-34. Wei Zhenyi (1995. p. 129; letter. Aug. 1996). Chitwan National Park. See Dudurhani; Siniri. C:C-224. Narayani River. Chuxiong; Yunnan. CHINA; 25°02'N. 101°33'E; Cho Don District; Bac Thai, VIETNAM; ca. tissue sample obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Yap-

22°10'N. 105°36'E; collected Oct. 1989 by un- ing and Shi Liming (1993b. p. 589). B:C-52.

known collector; fcxm. 1 (skull only). C:V-6. Cih; Hunan, CHINA; 29°24'N. 111°04'E; report-

Chokoria Sunderbans; Cox's Bazar. BANGLA- ed before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997. p. 58). C: DESH; ca. 21°45'N, 92°00'E; reported early in C-109. 1980 by S. R Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982. Cioupu Shan. Hechi town. Hechi Xian; Guangxi,

p. 278). B:Ba-38. CHINA; 24°42'N. 108°02'E; collected June Chong'an Xian; Fiijian. CHINA; ca. 27°5rN. 1992 by Tan Qin (pers. comm.. 13 Oct. 1992); 117°48'E; collected 4 May and 18 Aug. 1926 not preserved. C:C-178. by C. H. Pope (1929, p. 345; 1932c, pp. 491, Comilla. BANGLADESH; ca. 23°27'N. 9n2'E; 495; 1935, pp. 493. 499; 1940, p. 72); amnh, 2. reported before 1982 by M. A. R. Khan (1981, Reported Aug. 1981 by Zheng Xueqing (1984, p. 13). B:Ba-29.

p. 145). C:C-76. Corbett National Park; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; Chongyi; Jiangxi, CHINA; 25°42'N, 114°19'E; 29°25'-29°35'N, 78°40'-79°05'E; observed

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Apr. 1954 by E. P Gee (1975. p. 101). Reported C:C-101. before 1997 by K. K. Gurung and R. Singh

Chongzuo Rare Animal Reserve; GuangxL CHI- (1996. p. 86). Not mapped (see A:I-33). NA; ca. 22°35'N, 107°28'E; observed 1976, Cotgai. See Kotgay. 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi Cox's Bazar. BANGLADESH; 20°48'-2I°10'N,

(1995, p. 129; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-225. 92°05'-92°20'E; observed early in 1980 by S. Chowkichora, Akhnoor Subdistrict; Jammu & P Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982. p. 278). Not Kashmir. INDIA; ca. 32°54'N, 1A°AA"E; ob- mapped (see B:Ba-38). served before 1983 by Y. R. Malhotra and D. Cox's Bazar; Cox's Bazar. BANGLADESH;

N. Sahi (1982, p. 27). A:I-5. 21°26'N. 91°59'E; observed before 1982 by M. Chuadanga, Chuadanga, BANGLADESH; A. R. Khan (1981. p. 13). B:Ba-38. 23°38'N, 88°51'E; reported before 1982 by M. Cox's Bazar, Forest Division (South); Cox's Ba-

A. R. Khan (1981, p. 13). B:Ba-18. zar. BANGLADESH; 20°45'-21°30'N, 92°00'- Chuan Dong, Tian'e Xian; Guangxi. CHINA; 92°20'E; reported May 1982-Dec. 1983 by S. 25°09'N, 107°05'E; captured 9 Oct. 1992 by M. A. Rashid, A. Khan, and M. A. R. Khan

Qing Kailon (pers. comm., 16 Oct. 1992); cap- (1990, p. 64). Not mapped (see B:Ba-38).

tive observed at Chuan Dong by J. Fooden. 16 Cox's Bazar, northern, BANGLADESH; ca. Oct. 1992. C:C-173. 21°35'N, 92°10'E; observed early in 1980 by S. Chuandonghe Water Regulation Forest Reserve; P Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, p. 278). B: Guangxi. CHINA; ca. 25°10'N. 107°03'E; ob- Ba-37. served 1976. 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Cue Phuong; Ninh Binh, VIETNAM; 20°19'N,

Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996). 105°38'E; collected 13 Apr. and 26 Aug. 1963 C:C-I73. by unknown collector; zmvnu, 2 (skulls only, Chunabati. See Sukna-Kurseong. species identification tentative). C:V-23. Chunar. See Saktesgarh. Dacca. See Dhaka. Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary; Chittagong. BANG- Dachepalle. Piduguralla Taluk. Guntur District; LADESH; ca. 21°58'N, 92°04'E; observed Feb. Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 16°36'N, 79°44'E; re- 1990-June 1993 by M. M. Feeroz. M. A. Islam, ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup

and M. Kabir (1995. p. 76). B:Ba-38. (1984, p. 58; 1992, pp. 17, 19). A:I-130. Chungan Hsien. See Chong'an Xian. Dafla Hills; Arunachal Pradesh. INDIA; ca.

Chungtia, 4000 ft (= 1200 m); Nagakmd. INDIA; 27°20'N, 93°30'E; reported Dec. 1972-Feb. 26°24'N, 94°28'E; collected ca. Sept. 1919 by 1973 by R. L. Tilson (1983, p. 399). B:I-24.

J. R Mills (1923, p. 222); museum unknown, 2 Dahao Dao; Xianggang (= Hong Kong). CHINA; (not seen). B:I-32. ca. 22°15'N, 114°00'E; reported 1908-1921 by Chunxiu Water Regulation Forest Reserve; R. Mell (1922, p. 10). C:C-210. Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 22°27'N, 106°34'E; ob- Dahe. Xixiang Xian, 800 m; Shaanxi. CHINA;

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 133 32°37'N, 107°27'E; observed July 1974 by Yao 2rOO'N, 73°30'-73°55'E; collected 1922-1923 Jianchu, siz (pers. comm.. 10 Oct. 1985). C:C- (date discrepancy between original tags and 35. museum tags) by A. C. Miller; bm(nh), 3. Not Dahongbao Nature Reserve; Guangxi, CHINA; mapped (see A:I-99). 24°52'N. 105°18'E; observed 1976, 1986, and Dan Sai District; U)ei, THAILAND; ca. 17°17'N, 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 101°09'E; collected 31 Mar. 1954 by R. E. El-

127; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-160. bel; LSNM. 3. B:T-10. Dainkog (= Dengke); Sichuan. CHINA; 32°32'N, Danzhou, Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA; 19°43'N, 97°55'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 109°17'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.,

1997, p. 58). B:C-19. 1997. p. 58). C:C-228. Daiyun Shan; Fiijian, CHINA; ca. 25°50'N, Daoshiwu, Lin' an Xian; Zhejiang, CHINA; ca.

1 18° 15 'E; reported Nov. 1983 by Zhen Xueqing 30°18'N, 118°57'E; observed Feb. 1985 by Wu

(1984. p. 145). C:C-86. Fuhai. Hangzhou Zoo (pers. comm., 25 Oct. Dak Sut, 700 m; Kon Turn, VIETNAM; 14°56'N, 1985). C:C-55. 107°44'E; collected 13-16 Jan. 1961 by B. Daping Shan Nature Reserve; Guangxi, CHINA;

Feinstein (Van Peenen et al., 1969, p. 286; ca. 23°33'N, 109°58'E; observed 1976, 1986,

Fooden, 1997, p. 227); usnm, 3. C:V-37. and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995, Dalimkhola. See Gorubathan Forest. p. 127; letter. Aug. 1996). C:C-196. Dalingxia. Gangcun. She Xian, 400-700 m; An- Dareh Nur. See Khyber Pass vicinity. Imi. CHINA; ca. 30°00'N, 118°10'E; observed Darjeeling. See Narbong; Sukna. 1973-1986 by Xiong Chenpei, K. Wada, and Darsi, 100 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 15°46'N, Wang Qishan (Wada et al., 1986, pp. 83, 88). 79°41'E; reported Feb. 1977-JuIy, 1980 by G. C:C-62. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 19). Observed Dalu. See Taro. 6 May 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. Darning Shan Nature Reserve; Guang.xi, CHINA; S. Saha (1981, p. 469). A:I-146. ca. 23°27'N, 108°22'E; observed 1976, 1986, Dashashamedh Ghat. See Varanasi. and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995, Dashuping, 400 m; Shaanxi, CHINA; 32°26'N,

p. 126; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-221. 107°27'E; observed July 1974 by Yao Jianchu, Damoh. See Kakara. SIZ (pers. comm.. 10 Oct. 1985). C:C-32 Danba; Sichuan. CHINA; 30°57'N, 10r55'E; col- Datang. Lunshuihe (river). Tengchong Xian; Yun- lected before 1992 by unknown collector (Jiang nan, CHINA; ca. 25°30'N, 98°45'E; collected

Xuelong et al., 1991, p. 243); museum un- Dec. 1976 by Ma Shilai (pers. comm., 1 Sept. known, 4 (not seen). B:C-26. 1983); Kiz, 6. B:C-57. Dangan Dao (- North Lena Island); Guangdong, Dauthara, Aligarh vicinity; Uttar Pradesh, IN- CHINA; ca. 22°02'N, 114°18'E; observed 5 DIA; not precisely located, 27°40'-28°10'N, May 1854 by W. Stimpson (unpublished jour- 77°50'-78°20'E; observed 1959-1975 by C. H.

nal, p. 131; R. Vasile, letters, 2 and 13 May Southwick and M. E Siddiqi (1977, p. 342). Not 1987). Collected in 1866 by Commander St. mapped.

John (in Swinhoe, [1867], p. 556); bm(nh), 1 Dawanglin Water Regulation Forest Reserve; (holotype of Inuus sancti-johannis Swinhoe, Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 23°32'N. 106°20'E; ob- [1867]). Reported ca. 1951 by G. A. C. Herk- served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and

lots (1951, p. 83). C:C-211. Wei Zhenyi (1995. p. 127; letter, Aug. 1996). Dangan Dao, Zhuhai Xian, 150 m; Guangdong, C:C-168. CHINA; 22°02'N, 114°18'E; collected 2 and 25 Daxin Rare Animal Reserve; Guangxi. CHINA; Mar. 1981 by Liu Zhenhe and Xu Longhuei ca. 22°45'N, 107°08'E; observed 1976, 1986, (Liu Zhenhe, sciea, pers. comm., 26 Nov. and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995, 1985); SCIEA, 2. C:C-211. p. 129; letter. Aug. 1996). C:C-223. Dangen Island. See Dangan Dao. Dayao Shan Nature Reserve; Guangxi, CHINA; Dangori Nadi. near; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°36'N, ca. 24°02'N, 110°08'E; observed 1976, 1986, 95°16'E; observed 6-8 Feb. 1974 by G.Pilleri and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995,

(1975, p. 20; Pilleri & Pilleri, 1982, p. 158; let- p. 126; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-195.

ter, 15 Dec. 1978); misidentified as Macaca as- Deep Water Bay. See Sam Shui Wan Valley. samensis. B:I-26. Defu Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Guangxi, Dangs District; Gujarat, INDIA; ca. 20°35'- CHINA; 23°17'N, 105°47'E; observed 1976,

134 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 1986. and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi ca. 28°40'N, 77°13'E; observed Dec. 1970-July (1995, p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-164. 1972 by C. H. Southwick, M. E Siddiqi, M. Y.

Dege vicinity; Sichuan, CHINA; 31°49'N, Farooqui, and B. C. Pal (1976, p. 13). A:I-4I. 98°40'E; purchased in Dege by unknown col- Delhi vicinity; Delhi, INDIA; ca. 28°40'N,

lector. 15 July 1961; izcas. 1 (skin only). B:C- 77°13'E; autopsied ca. 1966 by K. K. Chawla, 22. C. D. S. Murthy, R. N. Chakravarti. and R N.

Dehra Dun; Una?- Pradesh. INDIA; 30°19'N, Chhuttani (1967, p. 85). Observed 1981-1983 78°02'E; observed June 1965-May 1966 by D. by R K. Seth, S. Seth, G. L. Reddy, and P K.

G. Lindburg (1971. p. 5). A:I-27. Chopra (1992, p. 62). A:I-41. Dehra Dun vicinity; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; ca. Dengke. See Dainkog.

30°19'N, 78°02'E; observed Sept. 1959-Feb. Dening. Mishmi Hills. 2240-2250 ft (= 685 m); 1960 by C. H. Southwick, M. A. Beg. and M. Anmachal Pradesh, INDIA; 28°0rN, 96°14'E; R. Siddiqi (1961a, p. 540). Observed 1975- collected 29 Mar. and 6 Apr. 1921 by H. W.

1980 by P. K. Seth. S. Seth. and A. Shukla Wells (Hinton & Lindsay, 1926, p. 385);

(1983. p. 38; Seth and Seth. 1983. p. 63). Ob- BM(NH), 3 (including 1 skin only). B:I-28. served 1981-1983 by P. K. Seth. S. Seth, G. L. Deogarh, Sambalpur District; Orissa, INDIA; Reddy, and R K. Chopra (1992, p. 62). Trapped 2r32'N, 84°44'E; collected 30 Dec. 1972 by

for psychological study before 1993 by K. Wa- A. K. Mandal; zsi, 1 (skin only). A:I-104. heeda (1992, p. 111). A:I-27. Deqen; Yunnan, CHINA; 28°30'N, 98°52'E; re-

Dehra Dun vicinity, 600 m; Uttar Pradesh, IN- ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). DIA; ca. 30°19'N, 78°02'E; observed Aug. B:C-36. 1955 by M. L. Roonwal (1956, p. 171). A:I-27. Dhaka; Dhaka, BANGLADESH; 23°43'N,

Dela, ca. 8 mi ( = 13 km) west of Ramnagar, Ku- 90°25'E; observed 1975-1977 by J. R. Oppen- maun region, 1500 ft (= 460 m); Uttar Pra- heimer, A. W. Akonda, and K. Z. Husain (1983,

desh, INDIA; 29°26'N, 79°00'E; collected 7 p. 194). Observed July-Nov. 1976 by K. M.

Jan. 1914 by C. A. Crump (in Wroughton, Green (1978, p. 154). Reported before 1982 by

1914, p. 284; Napier, 1981, p. 24); bm(nh), 1 M. A. R. Khan (1981, p. 13; 1985, p. 31). Ob- (skin only). A:I-33. served Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. M. Feeroz,

Delhi; Delhi, INDIA; 28°40'N, 77°13'E; observed M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995. p. 76). B:Ba- Sept. 1959-Feb. 1960 by C. H. Southwick, M. 27.

A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi (1961a, p. 543). Ob- Dhalar. See Narkanda. ca. 1 km north of. served 1964-1965 by R. P Mukherjee and G. Dhaleswari River. See Nagorhgena.

D. Mukherjee (1972, p. 67). A:I-41. Dhamrai (= Dhamrei); Dhaka, BANGLADESH;

Delhi-Agra, highway between; Haryana, INDIA; 23°55'N. 90°13'E; observed Jan. 1976 by J. R. ca. 28°00'N. 77°20'E; observed Sept. 1961 by Oppenheimer. A. K. Akonda, and K. Z. Husain

1. Krumbiegel (1965. p. 32). Observed 1964- (1983, p. 194). Observed July-Nov. 1976 by K.

1965 by R. P. Mukherjee and G. D. Mukherjee M. Green (1978, p. 154). Reported before 1982

(1972. p. 67). A:I-43. by M. A. R. Khan (1981. p. 13; 1985. p. 31). Delhi-Aligarh. highway between; Uttar Pradesh, Observed Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. M. Fee-

INDIA; ca. 28°20'N, 77°50'E; observed 2-5 roz, M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995, p. 76). Jan. 1965 by C. H. Southwick, D. Lindburg, M. B:Ba-16.

R. Siddiqi. R. P. Mukherjee, and B. Singh Dhangarhi; Kailali, NEPAL; 28°34'N, 80°36'E;

(Southwick & M. R. Siddiqi, 1966, p. 306). A: observed June 1964-Dec. 1965 by D. L. Chese- 1-46. more (1970, p. 164). A:N-4. Delhi-Hathras, highway between; Uttar Pradesh, Dharmajigudem (= Dharmajidudem), Chintala- INDIA; ca. 28°10'N, 77°40'E; observed Sept. pudi Taluk, West Godavari District; Andhra 1959-June 1960 by C. H. Southwick, M. A. Pradesh, INDIA; 16°53'N, 81°00'E; reported

Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi (1961b, p. 702). A:I- Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p.

45. 58; 1992, p. 19). A:I-I39.

Delhi-Kanpur, highway between; Uttar Pradesh, Dharmsala, 4500 ft (= 1370 m); Himachal Pra- INDIA; ca. 27°30'N, 78°45'E; observed 1964- desh, INDIA; 32°13'N, 76°19'E; collected 5

1965 by R. P. Mukherjee and G. D. Mukherjee Feb. 1922 by H. W. Wells (Lindsay. 1926. p.

(1972, p. 67). A:l-68. 599); BM(NH). 1. A:I-12. Delhi-Mathura, highway between; Delhi, INDIA; Dhaulkot Forest. Dehra Dun region; Uttar Pra-

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE. MACACA MULATTA 135 desh, INDIA; ca. 30°25'N. 77°55'E; observed 17 May 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and Oct.-Dec. 1977 by S. C. Makwana (1979a, p. S. S. Saha (1981, p. 467). A:I-138. 242). A:I-27. Dongfang, Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA; ca. Dhela. See Dela. 19°04'N, 108°5rE; collected 7 Feb. 1957 by

Dhikala. See Ramganga River. Tang Ziying; fubd, 2 (1 skin only, 1 skull only). Dhulkot. See Dhaulkot Forest. Collected 9 May 1957 by Wang Sung; izcas, 1. Dhuniopathar; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°07'N, C:C-235. 95°10'E; reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by Dong He. See Wa Shan.

A. Choudhury ([1991aJ. p. 31). B:I-30. Dongmen, Xianan Subcounty, Huanjiang Xian, Dibru-Saikhowa Wildlife Sanctuary; Assam. IN- 460 m; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 25°09'N, DIA; 27°35'-27°47'N. 95°10'-95°40'E; ob- 107°53'E; collected 21 Oct. 1992 by Tan Nenrui

served 1 992- 1 996 by A. Choudhury (1998, pp. (pers. comm. 5 Nov. 1992); izcas, 1 (skin only). 194, 197). Not mapped (see B:I-26). C:C-177. Dichialgaon; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°58'N, Dongshan, 5 km south of Xianan, Huanjiang 94°3rE; reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by Xian, 440 m; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 24°52'N, A. Choudhury ([1991aJ, p. 31). B:I-25. 107°57'E; captured ca. 15 Oct. 1992 by Gung Diggi Road. See Aligarh. Lao (pers. comm., 5 Nov. 1992); captive ob- Dihajan habi; Assam, INDIA; 27°08'N, 94°46'E; served 5 Nov. 1992 at Xianan. C:C-177. = observed 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. Dowoka, above 9500 ft (>2900 m); Xizang (

Choudhury ([1991a]. p. 32). 8:1-25. Tibet), CHINA; ca. 29°22'N, 94°18'E; reported Dillighat; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°10'N, 95°17'E; July-Aug. 1913 by F M. Bailey (1914, map; reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. 1915, p. 74). B:C-9.

Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-30. Doza. See Narkanda, ca. 1 km north of. Dimapur. See Imphal, ca. 4 mi (= 6.5 km) north Dudhwa National Park; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA;

of. ca. 28°25'N, 80°45'E; reported before 1997 by Dinajpur District; Dinajpur, BANGLADESH; ca. K. K. Gurung and R. Singh (1996, p. 90). A:I- 25°50'N, 88°35'E; reported before 1982 by M. supplementary.

A. R. Khan (1981, p. 13; 1985, p. 31). B:Ba-l. Dudurhani, Narayani River, Rapti Valley; Chita- Dinh Ca, Thai Nguyen region, 300 m; Bac Thai, wan, NEPAL; 27°34'N, 84°14'E; observed June VIETNAM; 21°45'N, 106°03'E; collected 20 1964-Dec. 1965 by D. L. Chesemore (1970, p.

Dec. 1956 by unknown collector (Dao, 1961, p. 164). Reported at Chitwan National Park before

302; 1985, p. 64); museum unknown, 1 (skull 1997 by K. K. Gurung and R. Singh (1996, p. only; cranial measurements cited by Dao). C:V- 84). A:N-8. 11. Dumel, Udhampur Subdistrict; Jammu & Kashmir Dir District. See Dokdusra; Gwaldri Valley; Lan- INDIA; ca. 32°56'N, 75°08'E; observed before drai Valley. 1983 by Y. R. Malhotra and D. N. Sahi (1982,

Diroi (Rangoli) Reserve Forest; Assam, INDIA; p. 27). A:I-10. ca. 27°08'N, 95°01'E; observed 9 Mar. 1987- Dumpallagudem, Mulug Taluk, Warangal District;

16 Feb. 1988 by A. Choudhury ([1991a], p. 32). Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°09'N, 80°09'E; re- B:I-30. ported Feb. 1977-JuIy 1980 by G. U. Kurup Ditin, Jingxi Xian; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-120. 23°10'N, 106°30'E; collected Nov. 1982 by Wei Dunga Gali vicinity, Hazara District; North-West

Zhanyi; fdcg, 1 (Skull only). C:C-167. Frontier, PAKISTAN; ca. 34°03'N, 73°22'E; Dizhou Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Guang- reported summer 1968 by T J. Roberts (1977, xi, CHINA; ca. 23°02'N, 106°13'E; observed p. 87). Blood samples collected 1978-1979 by

1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei D. J. Melnick, C. J. Jolly, and K. K. Kidd

Zhenyi (1995, p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C- (1984, p. 342). Observed 15 Mar. 1980-15 Dec. 166. 1981 by A. Rab, S. S. Sahibzada, and M. Afzal

Dokdusra, northern Dir District; North-West (1991, p. 219). A:P-12. Frontier, PAKISTAN; 35°32'N, 72°I3'E; re- Dunga Gali vicinity, Hazara District, 2000-2800

ported before 1978 by T. J. Roberts (1977, p. m; North-West Frontier, PAKISTAN; 34°03'N, = 86). A:P-2. 73°22'E; collected 12 Sept. 1963 at 8100 ft ( Dommeru, West Godavari District, 40 m; Andhra 2470 m) by R. L. Amouraux; usnm, 1. Ob- Pradesh, INDIA; 17°02'N, 8r4rE; observed served 1978-1981 at 2000-2800 m by S. J.

136 FffiLDLANA: ZOOLOGY Goldstein and A. F. Richard (1989. p. 532). Ob- duced > 1 00 years ago (Zhang Yongzu, letter. 3 served 1979-1980 at 8200 ft (= 2500 m) by S. July 1996). C:C-211. S. Sahibzada, Q. A. Iqbal, and A. Rab (1985. Faizabad vicinity; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. p. 198). A:P-12. 26°47'N, 82°08'E; blood samples collected 16- = Dunwein. Kishtwar District. 7600-7800 ft ( 27 Apr. 1964 by K. V. Shah and C. H. South- 2320-2380 m); Jammu & Kashmir. INDIA; wick (1965, p. 489). A:l-60.

33°20'N. 75°49'E; collected 21 Nov. 1897 by P. Faizabad-Ajodhya, highway between; Uttar Pra-

H. G. Powell-Cotton (Napier, 1981, p. 25); p- desh. INDIA; ca. 26°45'N, 82°10'E; observed

CM, 2 (including 1 mounted skin with skull in- Sept. 1959-June 1960 by C. H. Southwick, M. side). A:I-11. A. Beg. and M. R. Siddiqi (1961b. p. 702). A: Dupleix Mountains, south of; Xizang. CHINA; ca. 1-60. 33°38'N, 89°43'E; improbable record (Bonva- Fameng, Xingyi Xian, 1580 m; Guizhou. CHINA; ca. lot, 1891, vol. 1, p. 210; 1892, p. 218; See 24°45'N, 104°45'E; collected 11 July 1963 "Geographic Distribution and Current Popula- by Wang Yingxiang (pers. comm.. 1 Sept. tion Estimates" above). Not mapped. 1983); Kiz, 1 (skull only). C:C-155. Durga Temple. See Varanasi. Fangdao Nature Reserve, Jian'ou Xian; Fujian, Dushan; Guizhou CHINA; 25°50'N, 107°32'E; CHINA; 27°0rN, 118°08'E; observed July 1985 by Tang Ziying, fubd (pers. tissue samples obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Tap- comm., 19 Oct. 1985). C:C-72. ing and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). C:C-123. Fanjingshan; Guizhou, CHINA; 27°57'N, Dzo La, southeast of; Xizang (= Tibet), CHINA; 108°50'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., ca. 29°I3'N, 97°07'E; observed 12-24 July 1997, p. 58). C:C-116. 1935 by R. Kaulback (1938, p. 91). B:C-33. Faridpur, BANGLADESH; ca. 23°15'N, 90°00'E; Eagle's Nest Trail, Kowloon Reservoir Area; reported before 1982 by M. A. R. Khan (1981, Xianggang (= Hong Kong), CHINA; ca. p. 13). B:Ba-26. 22°21'N, 114°09'E; population probably artifi- Fechugang; Sylhet, BANGLADESH; 24°42'N, cially introduced (Herklots, 1951, p. 83). Ob- 91°57'E; observed Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. served July-Aug. 1980 and July-Aug. 1981 by M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995, C. H. Southwick and K. L. Southwick (1983, p. 76). B:Ba-12. p. 19). Observed 1984-1988 by E D. Burton Fengxingshan, Jing'an Xian; Jiangxi, CHINA ca. and L. Chan (1996, p. 396). Observed 10 Jan.- 8°52'N, 115°22'E; trapped and released May 3 Feb. 1987 by C. H. Southwick and D. Manry 1984 (Tan, 1985, p. 73). C:C-77. (1987, p. 48). C:C=210. Fokien Occid. See Kuatun. East BURMA. See MYANMAR (= BURMA), Forest Research Institute. See Dehra Dun. eastern. Fugong; Yunnan, CHINA; 26°58'N, 98°54'E; re- Eastern Mausleum. See Xinglong Xian, south- ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). em. B:C-42. Eastern Mausoleum. See Xinglong Xian, south- Fuhai. See Menghai. em. Fujian, CHINA; 24°-28°N, 116°-120°E; collected Eastem Tombs. See Xinglong Xian, southem. before 1986 by unknown collector; .sciha, 1 East Sichuan. See Sichuan, eastem. (skin only). Tissue samples obtained ca. 1991 Emei Shan (= Omei); Sichuan, CHINA; Mount by Zhang Yaping and Shi Liming (1993b, p. ca. 29°32'N, 103°21'E; collected before 1930 589). Not mapped. by unknown collector (Howell, 1929, p. 35); Funing; Yunnan, CHINA; 23°37'N, 105°36'E; re-

USNM, 1 (specimen not located). Reported be- ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). fore 1942 by A. de C. Sowerby (1941, p. 261). C:C-163. C:C-139. Fuqing vicinity; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 25°43'N, Enshi; Hubei, CHINA; 30°18'N, 109°29'E; tissue 119°22'E; purchased Aug. 1963 by unknown

sample obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Yaping and collector; IZCAS, 2. C:C-85. Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). C:C-39. Fusui Rare Animal Reserve; Guangxi, CHINA; Erzhou Dao; Guangdong, CHINA; ca. 22°00'N, ca. 22°30'N, 107°32'E; observed 1976, 1986, 114°11'E; reported in 1981 by Liu Zhenhe and and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995,

Yuan Xicai (Zhang et al., 1991, p. 177; 1997, p. 129; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-225.

p. 58). Population possibly artificially intro- Fuxi, She Xian, 400-700 m; Anhui, CHINA; ca.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 137 30°05'N. 118°15'E; observed 1973-1986 by Gejiu; Yunnan, CHINA; 23°23'N, 103°09'E; re-

Xiong Chenpei, K. Wada, and Wang Qishan ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). (Wada et al., 1986, pp. 83, 88, 91). C:C-62. C:C-149. Fuyuan; Yimnatu CHINA; 25°40'N, 104°14'E; re- Gengma; Yunnan, CHINA; ca, 23°3rN, 99°24'E;

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). collected 18-20 May 1964 by Quan Guoqiang C:C-147. (pers. comm., 25 Aug. 1983; Yen Wenchen,

Galta, ca. 10 km from Jaipur; Rajasthau, INDIA; 1973, p. 356); izcas, 3. B:C-67. ca. 26°53'N, 75°52'E; observed Mar. 1956-Oct. Getou, Leishan Xian, 1200 m; Guizhou, CHINA;

I960 by I. Prakash (1958, p. 154; 1962, p. 83). ca. 26°20'N, 108°10'E; collected 4 Sept. 1963

Observed 1975-1980 by P. K. Seth and S. Seth by unknown collector; Kiz, 3. C:C-121.

(1983. p. 63). Observed Nov. 1979-Oct. 1980 Gharmur (= Gharmura), ca. 1 km south of ; As-

by R. Singh (1986, p. 607; 1989, p. 139; 1992, sam, INDIA; ca. 24°17'N, 92°3rE; observed

p. 192). Observed ca. 1982-1988 by L. D. 21-25 Mar. 1986 and 1987-1988 by A. Choud-

Wolfe and R. Mathur (1988, p. 535; Mathur, hury (1983, p. 14; 1989, p. 491; [1991b], p.

1982, p. 12; Wolfe, 1992, p. 45). Observed be- 124; 1994, p. 207). B:I-39.

fore 1993 by N. K. Chandel (1992, p. 121). A: Ghaziabad District; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 1-75. 28°40'N, 77°26'E; observed 1981-1983 by R Gam, Song, Left bank; Tuyen Qiiang, VIETNAM; K. Seth, S. Seth, G. L. Reddy, and R K. Chopra

ca. 22°25'N, 105°22'E; reported Feb.-Apr. 1992 (1992, p. 62). A:I-41. by R. Ratajszczak, Ngoc Can, and Pham Nhat Ghazipur; Camilla, BANGLADESH; 23°32'N,

(1992, p. 17). C:V-6. 91°08'E; introduced population, reported before

Gange. See Ganges River. 1986 by M. A. R. Khan (1985, p. 31). Not Ganges River, forests along banks ("forets des mapped. bords du Gange"); Bihar. Uttar Pradesh, or GhodaGhodi Tal; Kailali, NEPAL; 28°41'N, West Bengal INDIA; 23°-31°N, 78°-88°E; re- 80°57'E; observed in 1998 by M. K. Chalise

ported before 1820 by E Cuvier (1819, p. 2). and M. Ghimire (1998, p. 12). A:N-supplemen- Not mapped. tary.

Gangupahad (= Ganukapahad), Jangaon Taluk, Ghora Dhaka, 1 mi (= 1.6 km) east of, Hazara Warangal District; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; District; North-West Frontier, PAKISTAN; 17°47'N, 79°08'E; reported Feb. 1977-July 34°02'N, 73°26'E; collected 18 Sept. 1962 by

1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. H. W Setzer; usnm, I. A:P-12. 18). A:I-122. Ghori Hill, Dangs District, 325 m; Gujarat, IN- Gao Lo Shan; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 24°10'N, DIA; 20°51'N, 73°33'E; observed 8 Jan. 1980

106°47'E; captured Nov.-Dec. 1990 by Liu by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. Saha

Jinhwei (pers. comm., 15 Oct. 1992); captive (1981, p. 466). A:I-99. observed at Tian'e, 15 Oct. 1992. C:C-172. Gin Keo Ho (= Giakeoho), cliff above; Sichuan, Garampani. See Hot Springs. CHINA; 29°20'N, 103°05'E; collected 18 July Garidhwa. See Simulbari-Pankhabari. 1925 by D. G. Graham (1926-29, p. 31; un- Garo Hills; Meghalaya INDIA ca. 25°30'N, published map, USNM, archives, no. 89413);

90°30'E; reported Dec. 1972-Feb. 1973 by R. USNM, 1. C:C-140.

L. Tilson (1983, p. 399). B:I-13. Gokama, King's Forest, 5 mi (= 8 km) northeast Garo Hills, foot; Sherpur, BANGLADESH; ca. of Katmandu, 4500 ft (= 1370 m); Bagmati, 25°00'N, 90°00'E; observed before 1982 by M. NEPAL; ca. 27°43'N, 85°23'E; collected 24

A. R. Khan (1981, p. 13). B:Ba-6. Dec. 1966 by C. O. Maser; fmnh, 1; ups, 1 (skin Garubathan. See Gorubathan Forest. only). A:N-12.

Gaushalla, 1330 m; Katmandu Valley, NEPAL; Gokavaram, Krishna District, 1 m; Andhra Pra- 27°42'N, 85°21'E; observed 1977-1982 by B. desh, INDIA; 16°16'N, 81°13'E; observed 15

M. Marriott (1988, p. 126). Observed summer May 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S.

1983 by R. L. Johnson and C. H. Southwick Saha (1981, p. 468). A:M41.

(1984, p. 201). A:N-12. Gokteik. See Pyaunggaung.

Gegong, Dongzhi Xian, 400-600 m; Anhid, CHI- Golaghat, Sibsagar District, 300 ft (= 90 m); A^- NA; 3()°05'N, 117°irE; observed 1973-1986 sam, INDIA; 26°3rN, 93°58'E; collected 4 Jan.

by Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al., 1986, p. 83). 1920 by H. W. Wells (Hinton & Lindsay, 1926,

C:C-49. p. 385); BM(NH), 1. B:l-22.

138 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Golog Zangzu Zizhizhou (prefecture); Qinghai. ported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997. p. 58). CHINA: ^32 30'-35^^0'N. 96"50'-102'30'; re- C:C-102.

ported 1959-1961 by Chang Chieh and Wang Guixi; Guangxi. China ca. 21°50'N. 109°40'E; re-

Tsung-yi (1963. p. 126). Not mapped. ported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997. p. 58). Gonda vicinity; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; ca. C:C-216. 27°08'N. 81°56'E; blood samples collected 16- Guiyang; Guizhou. CHINA; 26°35'N. 106°43'E; V. 27 Apr. 1964 by K. Shah and C. H. South- reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997. p. 58). wick (1965, p. 489). A:I-59. C:C-I25. Gongbo'gyamda Xian; Xizang (= Tibet). CHINA; Guizhou. CHINA; 25°-29°N. 104°-109°E; col- ca. observed 29°55'N. 93°15'E; 1979-1982 by lected Jan. 1962 by unknown collectors; Kiz, 2. Zhang Cizu. Director. Shanghai Zoo (pers. Immunological survey conducted before 1996 18 Oct. 1985). B:C-8. comm.. by Duan Xiangsheng. Liu Yuanwei. Wu Jing. Gorkha. See Chengli. Dao Weiying. and Liu Jianghai (1995. p. 411). Gorubathan Forest; West Bengal. INDIA; ca. Not mapped. 26°58'N. 88°42'E; observed Mar.-Apr. 1985 by Gulin; Sichuan. CHINA; 28°07'N, 105°5rE; re- R. P. Mukherjee. S. Chaudhuri. and A. Murmu ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). (1995. p. 27). A:I-8. C:C-131. Government Press. See Aligarh. Gulong Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Govindaraopeta. Mulug Taluk. Warangal District; Guangxi. CHINA; ca. 23°05'N. 106°40'E; ob- Andhra Pradesh. INDIA; 18°1 1 'N. 80°08'E; reserved 1976. 1986. and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup Wei Zhenyi (1995. p. 128; letter. Aug. 1996). (1984. 58; 1992. 18). A:I-120. p. p. C:C-167. Guangdong. CHINA; 20°-26°N. 1 10°-1 17°E; cap- Gumti Sanctuary; Tripura. INDIA; ca. 23°30'N. tive purchased in Shanghai 1923-1924 by F R. 9r40'E; reported before 1990 by Ranjitsinh Wulsin (letter. 9 Jan. 1925; lsnm archives, no. (1990. p. 435; Gupta. 1994. p. 102). B:I-40. 85377); mcz. 1. Not mapped. Gundi. Asifabad Taluk. Adilabad District; Andhra Guangdong or Guangxi. CHINA; 20°-27°N. Pradesh. INDIA; 19°22'N. 79°20'E; reported I04°-l 17°E; collected 1923-1924 by F R. Wul- Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kump (1984, p. sin (letter. 9 Jan. 1925; lsnm archives, no. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-I13. 85377); mcz, 1. Not mapped. Guniujiang. Shitai-Qimen Xian; <700 m; Anhui. Guangli, 50 m above, Hongshui He. right bank. CHINA; ca. 30°05'N, 117°30'E; observed Tian'e Xian. 260 m; Guangxi. CHINA; 1973-1986 by Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al., 25°12'N. 106°56'E; observed 30 Oct. 1992 by 1986. p. 83). C:C-48. J. Fooden (cf. Fooden et al.. 1994. p. 623). C: Guolo Prefecture. See Golog Zangzu Zizhizhou. C-173. Gupo Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Guangnan; Yunnan, CHINA; 24°03'N, 105°03'E; Guangxi. CHINA; ca. 24^39'N, lir33'E; ob- reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997. p. 58). served 1976. 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and C:C-153. Wei Zhenyi (1995. p. 128; letter. Aug. 1996). Guangxi. CHINA; 21°-27°N. 104°-112°E; pur- ' C:C-199. chased in Shanghai Nov. 1922 by F R. Wulsin; Gurjal. Asifabad Taluk. Adilabad District; Andhra USNM, 4 (including 1 skin only). Collected Pradesh. INDIA; 19°02'N, 79°30'E; reported 1951-1980 by museum collectors; smnh. 22 Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984. (including 16 skins only. 2 skulls only). Not p. mapped. 58; 1992. p. 18). A:-112. Chengli. Guangze Xian; Fujian. CHINA; ca. 27°30'N. Gurkha. See 117°24'E; reported Sept. 1981 by Zheng Xue- Gusalek, north of; Konarha. AFGHANISTAN; ca. 35°05'N, 70°40'E; reported before 1972 by qing (1984. p. 145). C:C-79. Guanxian; Sichuan. CHINA; 3rOO'N, 103°37'E; A. Puget (1971. p. 201). A:A-3. District; North-West reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997. p. 58). Gwaldri Valley, northern Dir C:C-30. Frontier. PAKISTAN; ca. 35°25'N. 72°04'E; Gudari; Orissa, INDIA; 19°21'N. 83°47'E; col- reported before 1978 by T. J. Roberts (1977. p. lected 10 Sept. 1927 by A. V. Sundaram and A. 86). A:N-2.

H. Bishop; bm(nh). 1 (skin only). A:I-108. Gyaca Xian; Xizang (= Tibet). CHINA; ca. Guidong; Hunan. CHINA; 26°12'N. 114°00'E; re- 29°25'N. 92°40'E; observed 1979-1982 by

I FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE. MACACA MULATTA 139 Zhang Cizu, Director, Shanghai Zoo (pers. dhra Pradesh, INDIA; 16°38'N. 80°58'E; ob- comm., 18 Oct. 1985). B:C-7. served 16 May 1980 by J. Fooden. A. Mahabal.

Gyala, above, 2800 m; Xizang (= Tibet), CHINA; and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 468). A:I-140. ca. 29°38'N, 94°56'E; observed 17 July 1913 Harargaj; Moulvi Bazar, BANGLADESH; ca.

by F. M. Bailey (1914. map; 1915, p. 74; 1957, 24°25'N. 92°00'E; observed eariy in 1980 by S.

p. 122). 3:0-12. R Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, p. 278). B: Gyirong Subcounty; Xizang (= Tibet), CHINA; Ba-I3. ca. 28°30'N, 85°15'E; Observed summer 1945 Harbhajwala. See Dehra Dun vicintiy. by H. Harrer (1982, p. 85). Observed in 1982 Harchandi Sahai, southwest of Puri; Orissa, IN- by Zhang Cizu, Shanghai Zoo (Zhang et al., DIA; ca. 19°48'N, 85°50'E; observed 15-17

1991, p. 177; letter, 3 July 1996). A:C-1. Feb. 1980 by R. R Mukherjee (1984, p. 260). Hadya, Sural District, 250 m; Gujarat, INDIA; A:I-106. 21°05'N, 73°38'E; observed 24 Jan. 1980 by J. Harduaganj; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 27°56'N, Fooden, A. Mahabal. and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 78°10'E; observed 1959-1975 by C. H. South-

466). A:I-99. wick and M. F Siddiqi (1977, p. 342). A:I-69. 109°- Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA; 18°-20°N, Hardwar; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 29°58'N, 111°E; reported before 1736 by J. B. du Halde 78°10'E; observed Sept. 1959-Feb. 1960 and (1735, p. 233). Purchased 20 Dec. 1919 in 1964-1965 by C. H. Southwick, M. A. Beg, Guangzhou by R. Mell (1922, p. 11); zmb, 1 and M. R. Siddiqi (1961a, p. 543; Southwick (skin only). Tissue samples obtained ca. 1991 and M. R. Siddiqi, 1966, p. 309). A:I-27. by Zhang Yaping and Shi Liming (1993b, p. Harinbhanga; West Bengal, INDIA; ca. 21°45'N, 589). Not mapped. 89°00'E; observed 1955-1960 by A. K. Mu- Haiyang Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve kherjee (Mukherjee & Gupta, 1965, p. 145). B: Giiangxi, CHINA; ca. 25°14'N, 110°42'E; ob- I-l. served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Haripur, Kheri District; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 127; letter, Aug. 1996). ca. 28°07'N, 80°43'E; collected Mar. 1932 by C:C-192. C. McCann; bnhs, 1 (skin only). A:I-55. Haldhibari Block, Kaziranga Wild life Sancturary. Hamarayan Mohalla. See Khair, Tahsil. 75 m; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°37'N, 93°22'E; ob- Hasimara, Bhutan Duars, 550 ft (= 170 m); West served 24-25 Mar. 1972 by R Lahan and R. N. Bengal, INDIA; ca. 26°45'N, 89°20'E; collected Sonowal (1974, pp. 261, 278; Spillett, 1967, p. 1-10 Jan. 1916 by N. A. Baptista (H. V. 503). B:I-21. O'Donel in Wroughton, 1917, p. 63); bm(nh), Haldwani; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 29°13'N, 3; BNHS, mounted skin, on exhibit. A:I-9. 79°31'E; observed Jan.- Dec. 1965 by M. K. Hastings Road. See Calcutta. Neville (1968b. p. 114). A:I-32. Hathras; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 27°36'N, Haldwani vicinity, bhabar forest, subtropical pine 78°03'E; observed Sept. 1959-Feb. I960 by C. belt, and tropical moist deciduous forest; Uttar H. Southwick, M. A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 29°13'N, 79°31'E; ob- (1961a, A:I-69. served Jan.-Dec. 1965 by M. K. Neville p. 543). Hatighuli; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°56'N, 94°31'E; (1968b. p. 114). A:I-32. reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. Halwapura, 5 mi (= 8 km) from Kaukori; Uttar Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25. Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 26°54'N, 80°48'E; ob- Hazara District, southern; North-West Frontier, served Feb. 1963 by R Jay (1965, pp. 200, 249). ca. 34°00'N, 73°00'E; observed A:I-66. PAKISTAN; Hanmajipet (= Hanumajipet), Banswada Taluk. 1914-1916 by R. W. G. Hingston ([1920], p. Nizamabad District Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 243). A:P-8. 18°25'N. 78°00'E; reported Feb. 1977-July Hazaria Patherghatta, 600 ft (= 180 m); Narayani, ca. 27°00'N, 85°15'E; collected 17 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992. p. NEPAL; 18). A:I-117. Feb. 1921 by N. A. Baptista (Hinton & Fry, Hanumangarhi Hill. near. Naini Tal District, 2000 1923, p. 402); bm(nh), I (topotype of Cerco- m; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 29°23'N. pithecus (Miilatta) Zimmerman, 1780; see Po- 79°27'E; observed Sept. 1978 by S. M. Das and cock, 1932. p. 533). A:N-13.

B. D. Sharma (1981, p. 496). A:I-32. Hazarikhil; Chittagong, BANGLADESH; ca. Hanuman Junction. Krishna District. 20 m; An- 22°20'N. 92°00'E; observed Feb. 1990-June

140 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY J 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Hoa Binh, VIETNAM; 20°20'-21°00'N, 104°50'- Kabir (1995, p. 76). B:Ba-35. 105°50'E; collected 19 July 1960 by unknown

Hechi Prefecture; Guangxi. CHINA; ca. 24°42'N, collector; zmynh, 1 (skin only). Not mapped. 108°02'E; acquired in 1992 from Chinese Med- Hoi Xuan, Quan Hoa District; Thanh Hoa, VI- icine Division, Hechi; izcas, 3 (skulls only). B: ETNAM; 20°23'N, 105°()6'E; collected Mar.

C-178 1964 by unknown collector (Dao, 1985. p. Heinsun (= Heinsum; Heinzun), east bank of 196); museum unknown (not seen). 2. C:V-22. = Chindwin River; Sagaing, MYANMAR ( Homalin, west bank of upper Chindwin River. 400 BURMA); 25°52'N, 95°35'E; collected 11 Mar. ft (= 120 m); Sagaing, MYANMAR (= BUR- 1935 by H. C. Raven (in Carter, 1943, p. 1(X); MA); 24°52'N, 94°55'E; collected 14-15 July Morris, 1936. p. 665); amnh, 2. B:M-9. 1914 by G. C. Shortridge and S. A. Macmillan

Hejiang; Sichuan, CHINA; 28°50'N, 105°46'E; (Shortridge in Wroughton, 1916a, p. 293);

reported before 1992 by Jiang Xuelong. Wang bm(nh), 2: BNHS, 1. B:M-14. Yingxiang. and Ma Shilai (1991, p. 244). C:C- Hong Kong. See Xianggang. 136. Hongshui He, between Tian'e and Hal Zhou, 4- Hekou; Yunnan, CHINA; 22°36'N. 103°58'E; re- 5 km northwest of Tian'e. Tian'e Xian; Guang- ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997. p. 58). xi, CHINA; ca. 25°01'N. 107°07'E; captured C:C-152. Apr. 1990 by Luo Mingfei (pers. comm.. 15 Heluwabeshi; Dhankuta, NEPAL; 27°26'N, Oct. 1992); captive observed 15 Oct. 1992 at 87°08'E; observed in 1998 by M. K. Chalise Tian'e. C:C-173.

and M. Ghimire (1998. p. 12). B:N-supplemen- Hongshui He, left bank, 9 km below Heke and 10 tary. km below Heke, Tian'e Xian, 260-360 m; Henron; Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA; not pre- Guangxi, CHINA; 25°10'N, 106°58'E observed

cisely located, 18-20°N, 109-1 11°E; collected 29-30 Oct. 1992 by J. Fooden (cf. Fooden et 10 May 1904 by A. Owston (Allen, 1906, pp. al., 1994, p. 623). C:C-173. 465, 488); amnh, 1. Not mapped. Hongshui He, right bank, 500 m below Heke, Himchari; Cox's Bazar, BANGLADESH; ca. Tian'e Xian, 260 m; Guangxi, CHINA; 21°45'N, 92°00'E; observed Feb. 1990-June 25°14'N, I06°58'E; observed 19 Oct. 1992 by

1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. J. Fooden (cf. Fooden et al., 1994, p. 623). C:

Kabir (1995, p. 76). B:Ba-38. C-173. Hindan Bridge Temple. See Delhi. Hopeh. See Xinglong Xian, southern. Hissar District; Haryana, INDIA; ca. 29°26'N. Hoshangabad. See Sohagpur. 75°18'E; observed 1981-1983 by R K. Seth, S. Hot Mix Plant. See Aligarh.

Seth, G. L. Reddy, and P K. Chopra (1992, p. Hot Springs (= Garampani). Jaintia Hills, 2400 ft 62). A:I-39. (= 730 m); Assam, INDIA; 25°3rN, 92°34'E; Hisweht (= Hiswet), west bank of Nantaleik collected 18 July 1920 by H. W. Wells (Hinton Chaung, above Tamanthi, upper Chindwin Riv- 6 Lindsay, 1926, p. 385); bnhs, 1. B:I-19. = er, 460 ft (= 140 m); Sagaing, MYANMAR ( Hotha Valley; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 24°25'N, BURMA); ca. 25°22'N, 95°16'E; collected 25 97°55'E; captive purchased July 1868 by J. An- Aug. 1914 by G. C. Shortridge and S. A. Mac- derson (1876, p. 275; 1879, pp. xvi, 56); zsi, 1.

millan (Shortridge in Wroughton, 1916a, p. B:C-61.

293); BM(NH), 1. B:M-12. Houmda. See Ngamda.

Hitaura, 0.5 mi (= 1 km) west, 1450 m; Chisa- Hsignolo. See Xi Golog. pani, NEPAL; 27°27'N, 85°02'E; recorded 12 Hsi-kiang. See Xi Jiang. Feb. 1967 by C. O. Maser (field notebook, Hsi-o-lo. See Xi Golog.

FMNH, p. 39); specimen not located. A:N-10. Htingnan Triangle, 3500 ft (= 1070 m); Kachin, Hkamti. See Singkaling Hkamti. MYANMAR (= BURMA); 26°36'N. 97°53'E;

Hkandau, 2000 ft (= 610 m); Kachin, MYAN- collected 28 Jan. 1939 by R. Kaulback; bm(nh), MAR (= BURMA); 26°0rN, 97°50'E; collect- 1. B:M-1.

ed 8 Aug. 1939 by R. Kaulback; bm(nh). 1 (skin Huagong Water Regulation Forest Reserve; only). B:M-2. Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 24°3rN. 104°58'E; ob- Hoa Binh; Hoa Binh, VIETNAM; ca. 20°49'N, served 1976. 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and

105°22'E; collected 1 June 1972 by Dang Huy Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996).

Huynh and Truong Van Le; iebr, 1. C:V-20. C:C-16I.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 141 Huai Ap Nang, right bank of Mae Nam Ping, 350 Huishui; Guizhou, CHINA; 26°08'N, 106°36'E;

m; Tak, THAILAND; 17°25'N, 98°43'E; col- reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58).

lected 29 Mar. 1967 by J. Fooden ( 1971, p. 18); C:C-124.

FMNH, 1. B:T-5. Huixan; Gansu, CHINA; 33°46'N, 106°06'E; re-

Huaiji; Guangdong, CHINA; 23°55'N, 1I2°10'E; ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58).

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). C:C-17.

C:C-2()7. Huixan; Henan, CHINA; 35°32'N, 113°54'E; tis- Huai Kwang Pah, left bank of Mae Nam Ping, sue sample obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Yaping 350 m; Tak, THAILAND; 17°28'N, 98°50'E; and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). C:C-8.

collected 29 Mar. 1967 by J. Fooden (1971, p. Hui-yao; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 25°15'N, 98°30'E;

18); CTNRC, 1; fmnh, 1 (in alcohol). B:T-5. collected 26 Apr. 1917 by R. C. Andrews (in Huanglian Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Andrews & Andrews, 1918, pp. 298, 305); Giiangxi, CHINA; ca. 23°35'N, 106°25'E; ob- AMNH, 2; Mcz, 1. B:C-58. served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Hule (= Huleu), Ningguo Xian, 200-500 m; An-

Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996). hui, CHINA; ca. 30°2rN, 118°47'E; observed

C:C-168. 1973-1986 by Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al.,

Huangliangping, Xingshan Xian; Hubei. CHINA; 1986, p. 83). C:C-55. ca. 31°22'N, 110°53'E; observed Mar.-July Hunan, CHINA; 25°-30°N, 110°-114°E; captives 1982 by E E. Poirier and Hu Hongxhin (1983, obtained Oct.-Nov. 1973 and May 1976 by mu-

p. 387; Poirier, 1983, p. 124). C:C-44. seum collectors; sciea, 3. Not mapped. Huangqiao, Wuyanlin Nature Reserve, Taishun Huong Binh. See Song-Ta-Voy. Xian. 650 m; Zhejiang, CHINA; 27°42'N, Huong Him. See Song-Ta-Voy. 119°48'E; collected Apr. 1981 by Zuge Yang Huong Son (= Muong Son) District; Ha Tinh, VI-

(pers. comm., 24 Oct. 1985); hubd, 1. C:C-68. ETNAM; ca. 18°31'N, 105°28'E; collected 19

Huangshan; Anhiii, CHINA; 30°10'N, 118°07'E; June 1985 by Nguyen Van Dung; fcxm, 1 (skull tissue sample obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Ya- only). C:V-27.

ping and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). C:C-62. Hutu Forest, above Rara Daha (= Lake), 3200 m; Huangtankou, Suichang Xian; Zhejiang, CHINA; Jumla, NEPAL; ca. 29°35'N, 82°05'E; observed 28°50'N, 118°54'E; captives acquired ca. Aug. Oct. 1975 by T Richie and R. Shrestha (Richie

1981 by Fu Yiyuan and Wu Fuhai, Hangzhou et al., 1978, p. 443; cf. Fooden, 1989, p. 44). Zoo (pers. comm., 25 Oct. 1985). C:C-64. A:N-6. Huaping Nature Reserve; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. Hwang Liang Commune. See Huangliangping. 25°36'N, 109°54'E; observed 1976, 1986, and Hyderabad, 560 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA;

1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 17°23'N, 78°29'E; observed 31 Mar. and 22

126; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-184. Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden. A. Mahabal, and S. S.

Huaping [Xian]; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 26°37'N, Saha (1981, p. 467). A:I-124. 101°I3'E; blood sample obtained before 1999 Ibrahimpet, Banswada Taluk, Nizamabad District; by Ding Bo, Zhang Yaping, and Hou Yidi Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°23'N, 77°55'E; re-

(1998, p. 172). B:C-47. ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup

Huashi, north of; Hebei CHINA; ca. 40°24'N, (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-117. 117°30'E; reported 1940-1980 by local resi- Ichang. See Yichang.

dents (Zhang et al., 1989, p. 379). C:C-1. Imphal, ca. 4 mi (= 6.5 km) north of milestone

Hubei, CHINA; 29°-33°N, 109°-1I6°E; reported 129 [km] on Dimapur Road, 3000 ft (= 900 before 1992 by Jiang Xuelong, Wang m); Manipur, INDIA; 24°52'N, 93°56'E; col-

Yingxiang, and Ma Shilai (1991, p. 244). Not lected 6 Nov. 1945 by M. L. Roonwal (1949,

mapped. p. 84; 1950, p. 16 [misidentified as M. assa-

Hue, m; Thua Thien-Hue, VIETNAM; 16°28'N, mensis]); zsi, 1. B:I-37.

107°36'E; collected Oct.-Dec. 1925 by J. De- Imphal, Mahabali Temple, 762 m; Manipur, IN-

lacour, P. Jabouille, and W. P. Lowe (Delacour DIA; 24°49'N, 93°57'E; observed May-June et al., 1927, p. 132; Delacour, 1940, pp. 21, 24); 1974 and Feb. 1975 by R. R Mukherjee (1978a, ?MNHN, 1-2 (not seen). C:V-33. p. 276). B:I-37. Huidong; Guangdong, CHINA; 22°58'N, Indian Museum compound. See Calcutta.

1 14°44'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., Imperial Hunting Grounds. See Xinglong Xian,

1997, p. 58). C:C-209. southern.

142 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY INDIA; 15°-35°N, 71°-97°E; collected before Jakkpom, Banswada Taluk, Nizamabad District;

1843 by Mr. Cross; bm(nh), 1 (skin only). Col- Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; not precisely located, lected before 1844 by B. H. Hodgson; bm(nh). 18°05'-18°35'N, 77°45'-78°05'E; reported Feb.

1 (skull only). Collected before 1852 by un- 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58;

known collectors; bm(nh), 2. Collected 15 Dec. 1992, p. 18). Not mapped.

1925 by R. P. Page; bm(nh), 1 (skin only). Date Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary; West Bengal, IN- and collector unknown; zsi. 2 (skull only). Not DIA; ca. 26°38'N. 89°18'E; observed 23 Oct.

mapped. 1965 by M. Krishnan (1972, p. 540). Reported

7INDIA; 15°-35°N, 71°-97°E; collected before Jan.-June 1966 by J. J. Spillett (1967, p. 549).

1852 by unknown collector; bm(nh), 1 (skin B:I-9. with skull inside). Not mapped. Jalpaiguri. See Bharnabhari; Hasimara. Irrawaddy River, left bank, below Yenangyaung; Jamduar vicinity, <270 m; Assam, INDIA; ca. Magwe, MYANMAR (= BURMA); ca. 26°43'N, 89°53'E; observed in 1957 by G. A. 20°27'N, 94°52'E; observed before 1879 by J. von Maydell (Oboussier & von Maydell, 1959, Anderson (1879, p. 57). B:M-26. p. 106). Observed May-June 1973 by R. R Mu-

Jagannath Temple. See Puri. kherjee and S. S. Saha (1974, p. 337; Mukher-

Jagatsukh; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA; ca. jee, 1978b, p. 742). B:I-10. 32°10'N, 77°15'E; reported 1978-1980 by A. J. Jammu; Jammii & Kashmir, INDIA; 32°44'N,

Gaston, P. J. Garson, and M. L. Hunter, Jr. 74°52'E; observed ca. 1982 by Y. R. Malhotra

(1983, p. 300). A:I-14. and D. N. Sahi (1982, p. 27). A:I-5. Jaggayyapet, Guntur District, 50 m; Andhra Pra- Jammu District; Jammu & Kashmir, INDIA; desh, INDIA; 16°53'N, 80°06'E; observed 21 32°20'-32°55'N, 74°40'-75°20'E; observed

Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. 1981-1983 by R K. Seth. S. Seth, G. L. Reddy,

Saha (1981, p. 468). A:I-131. and R K. Chopra (1992, p. 62). Not mapped. Jaggayyapet, 4 km north of, Guntur District, 75 Jammu & Kashmir, southern border with Paki- m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 15°55'N, 80°07'E; stan, INDIA; ca. 32°30'N, 74°40'E; trapped

observed 21 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Ma- Nov. 1976 by animal dealer (Remfry, 1982, p.

habal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 468). A:I-131. 144). A:I-6. Jagvedi Temple. See Chitrakut. Jantschin. See Yanjing. Jaintia Hills. See Hot Springs; Narpuh Reserved Japisojia; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°03'N, 94°48'E; Forest. reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A.

Jaipur; Rajasthan, INDIA; 26°55'N, 75°49'E; ob- Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25.

served Mar. 1956-Oct. 1960 by I. Prakash Jawan; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 28°02'N, 78°06'E;

(1958, p. 154; 1962, p. 83). Observed ca. 1982- observed 1959-1975 by C. H. Southwick and

1988 by R. Mathur and L. D. Wolfe (Mathur, M. F Siddiqi (1977, p. 342). Observed Jan.

1982, p. 11; Wolfe & Mathur, 1988, p. 535; 1990-Mar. 1991 by E. Imam and H. S. A. Yah-

Wolfe, 1992, p. 44). A:I-75. ya (1995, p. 2). A:I-69. Jaipur District; Rajasthan, INDIA; ca. 26°20'- Jaypore Agency. See Malkangiri. 27°50'N, 74°55'-76°50'E; observed 1981-1983 Jayrapar; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°02'N, 94°39'E; by R K. Seth, S. Seth, G. L. Reddy, and R K. reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A.

Chopra (1992, p. 62). Not mapped. Choudhury (11991a], p. 31). B:I-25. Jakaram, 4 km southwest of, Warangal District, Jegu Xiang, Yushu Xian; Qinghai, CHINA; 325 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°08'N, 32°42'N, 97°15'E; collected 30 May and 10

79°53'E; observed 19 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, June 1963 by Shou Zhongchan; nwpib, 2 (in-

A. Mahabal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 467). A: cluding 1 skin only). B:C-18.

I- 1 20. Jenli, 2-3 km north of, Mulun Subcounty, Huan- Jakka. See Sungri, ca. 2 km south of. jiang Xian, 670 m; Guangxi, CHINA; ca.

Jakko (= Jako; Jakoo; Jaku) Hill, Simla, 8500 ft 25°07'N, 108°0rE; collected fall 1991 by Hu (= 2600 m); Himachal Pradesh, INDIA; Huguan (pers. comm., 5 Nov. 1992); skeleton 31°06'N, 77°10'E; observed Feb. 71836 by T examined 5 Nov. 1992 at Jenli. C:C-177.

Hutton (1837, p. 935). Observed before 1888 Jessore, BANGLADESH; ca. 23°15'N, 89°15'E; by W T Blanford (1888b, p. 14). Observed reported before 1982 by M. A. R. Khan (1981, Aug. 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. p. 13). B:Ba-19. 477). A:I-18. Jeypore Agency. See Malkangiri.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 143 Jhajjarkotli, Udhampur Subdistrict; Jammii & Jind District; Haryana, INDIA; ca. 29°19'N, Kashmir. INDIA; ca. 32°56'N, 75°08'E; ob- 76°19'E; ob.served 1981-1983 by R K. Seth, S. served by Y. R. Malhotra and D. N. Sahi (1982, Seth, G. L. Reddy, and R K. Chopra (1992. p.

p. 27). A:I-10. 62). A:I-38. Jhanji; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°52'N, 94°30'E; re- Jingdong Xian; Yunnan, CHINA; 24°28'N, ported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. Choud- 100°54'E; reported before 1992 by Jiang Xue-

hury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25. long, Wang Yingxiang, and Ma Shilai (1991, p. Jhansi; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 25°26'N, 78°35'E; 243). Immunological survey conducted before bacteriological survey conducted before 1985 1996 by Duan Xingsheng, Liu Yuanwei, Wu

by J. P. Tiwari and A. K. Shukla (1984. p. 498). Jing. Dao Weiying, and Liu Jianghai (1995, p. A:I-83. 411). Blood sample obtained before 1999 by Jhilla; West Bengal, INDIA; ca. 22°00'N, Ding Bo, Zhang Yaping, and Hou Yidi (1998, 89°00'E; observed 1955-1960 by A. K. Mu- p. 172). B:C-71. kherjee (Mukherjee & Gupta, 1965, p. 145). B: Jinggangshan; Jiangxi, CHINA; 26°42'N, 1-2. 114°07'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.,

Jhima. ca. 17 mi (= 27 km) west of Ramnagar, 1997, p. 58). Report unverified; M. thibetana

Kumaun region, 1500 ft (= 460 m); Uttar Pra- only macaque verified at this locality (Li desh, INDIA; 29°27'N, 78°54'E; collected 17 Xiongshan, Jinggangshan Nature Reserve Bu- Jan. 1914 by C. A. Crump (in Wroughton. reau, pers. comm., 4 Nov. 1985; Liu Zhenhe,

1914, p. 284); zsi, 1. A:I-33. SCIEA, pers. comm., 25 Nov. 1985). Not Jian'ou Xian; Fiijian, CHINA; ca. 27°03'N, mapped. 1I8°19'E; reported Aug. 1980 by Zheng Xue- Jinggu Xian; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 23°28'N,

qing (1984, p. 145). C:C-72. 100°42'E; immunological survey conducted be- Jianfengling, Ledong Xian, Hainan Dao, 800-900 fore 1996 by Duan Xingsheng, Liu Yuanwei, m; Hainan. CHINA; 18°43'N, 108°53'E; col- Wu Jing, Dao Weiying, and Liu Jianghai (1995, lected 5 Dec. 1962 by Liu Zhenhe, sciea (pers. p. 411). B:C-74.

comm., 26 Nov. 1985); sciea, I. Reported be- Jinping; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 22°50'N, 103°15'E;

fore 1982 by Zeng Qingsong (1982, p. 69). C: collected date unknown by Ye Zongyao (Quan C-236. Guoqiang, pers. comm., 25 Aug. 1983); izcas,

Jiangkou; Guizhou, CHINA; 27°42'N, 108°50'E; 1 (skull only). C:C-150.

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Jinzhong Shan Bird Reserve; Guangxi, CHINA; C:C-1I5. 24°45'N, 104°55'E; observed 1976, 1986, and Jianyang Xian; Fujian. CHINA; ca. 27°20'N. 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 118°07'E; reported July 1982 by Zheng Xue- 129; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-155.

qing (1984, p. 145). C:C-73. Jirna. See Jhima. Jiaqiaolin Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Jishou; Hunan, CHINA; 28°19'N. 109°43'E; tis- Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 24°46'N, 110°06'E; ob- sue sample obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Yaping served 1976, 1986, 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). C:C-113.

Zhenyi (1995, p. 127; letter. Aug. 1996). C:C- Jiufeng Shan; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 27°00'N, 194. 118°48'E; reported Nov. 1983 by Zheng Xue- Jigzhi (= Jiuzhi); Qinghai, CHINA; 33°28'N, qing (1984), p. 145). C:C-71.

10r29'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., Jiuhua Shan. ca. 30 km east of; Anhui, CHINA;

1997, p. 58). B:C-24. ca. 30°25'N, 118°05'E; observed 1973-1978 by Jilian, Yi Xian, 400-600 m; Anhiii, CHINA; ca. Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al., 1986, p. 82). C:C- 30°00'N, 118°00'E; observed 1973-1986 by 51. Xiong Chenpei, K. Wada, and Wang Qishan Jiuhua Shan, ca. 30 km northeast of; Anhui, CHI-

(Wada et al., 1986, pp. 83. 88). C:C-62. NA; ca. 30°40'N, 118°00'E; observed 1973-

Jincheng; Shanxi, CHINA; 35°30'N. 1 12°50'E; re- 1982 by Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al.. 1986, p.

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 82). C:C-52. C:C-6. Jiuhua Shan, Qingyang Xian, 400-800 m; Anhui, Jinchengjiang; Guangxi, CHINA; 24°42'N, CHINA; ca. 30°27'N, 117°48'E; observed 108°02'E; tissue sample obtained ca. 1991 by 1973-1986 Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al., 1986,

Zhang Yaping and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). p. 83). C:C-50. C:C-178. Jiuwanshan Water Regulation Forest Reserve;

144 HELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Giiangxi, CHINA; ca. 25°14'N. 108°43'E; ob- trict; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; not precisely lo- served 1976, 1986. 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei cated, 16°40'-17°50'N, 8r30'-82°35'E; report-

Zhenyi (1995, p. 127, letter, Aug. 1996). C:C- ed Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984,

181. p. 58; 1992, p. 19). Not mapped. Jiuzhi. See Jigzhi. Kakori; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 26°54'N, 80°48'E;

Jixi; Anhui, CHINA; 30°05'N, 1 18°36'E; reported observed 1 Dec. 1959-30 Mar. 1960 by P Jay

before 1988 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). C:C- (1963, p. 274; 1965, p. 212). A:I-66. 60. Kalabokhani, Sylhet; Sylhet, BANGLADESH; ca. Jiyuan, ca. 20 km northeast of; 750 m; Henon, 24°54'N, 9r52'E; observed Feb. 1990-June CHINA; ca. 35°11'N, II2°41'E; observed 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M.

1981-1988 by Qu Wenyuan, Zhang Yongzu, D. Kabir (1995, p. 76). B:Ba-10.

Manry, and C. H. Southwick (1993, p. 617; cf. Kali Bari Temple. See Simla.

Southwick et al., 1991, p. 25). C:C-12. Kam Shan Entrance, Kowloon Reservoir Area; Jiyuan, ca. 30 km northwest of; 750 m; Hencin, Xianggang (= Hong Kong), CHINA; ca. CHINA; ca. 35°11'N, 1I2°23'E; observed 22°22'N, 114°09'E; population probably artifi- 1981-1988 by Qu Wenyuan, Zhang Yongzu, D. cially introduced (Herklots, 1951, p. 83). Ob-

Manry, and C. H. Southwick (1993, p. 617; cf. served July-Aug. 1980 and July-Aug. 1981 by

Southwick et al., 1991. p. 25). C:C-4. C. H. Southwick and K. L. Southwick (1983, Jiyuan, ca. 80 km west-northwest of, 750 m; He- p. 19). Observed 10 Jan.-3 Feb. 1987 by C. H. nan, CHINA; ca. 35°12'N, I12°05'E; observed Southwick and D. Manry (1987, p. 48). Ob- 1981-1988 by Qu Wenyuan, Zhang Yongzu. D. served Feb. 1995 by K. A. Bolton, V. M. Camp-

Manry, and C. H. Southwick (1993, p. 617; cf. bell, and F D. Burton (1998, p. 197). C:C-210.

Southwick et al., 1991, p. 25). C:C-13. Kamdech. See Landay Sind. Jodhpur; Rajasthan, INDIA; 26°17'N, 73°02'E; Kamta, Mukhrbind Temple, Banda District; Uttar 24°50'- observed before 1960 by I. Prakash (1959, p. Pradesh, INDIA; not precisely located, 39). Observed May 1979 by M. L. Roonwal 25°50'N, 80°10'-81°35'E; observed Sept.

(Bhargava, 1984, p. 43). A:I-80. 1959-Feb. 1960, 1964-1965. and 1979-1980 Judi-Jatakia, near Hologuri-Kalugaon; Assam, IN- by C. H. Southwick, M. A. Beg, and M. R. DIA; ca. 26°56'N, 94°39'E; observed 9 Mar. Siddiqi (1961a, p. 543; Southwick and Siddiqi,

1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. Choudhury ([1991a], 1966, p. 312; Southwick et al., 1983, p. 437).

p. 32). B:I-25. Not mapped. Julongshan Nature Reserve, Suichang Xian; Zhe- Kamu Valley; Konarha, AFGHANISTAN; ca. jiang, CHINA; 28°21'N, 118°53'E; captives and 35°25'N, 71°25'E; observed July-Aug. 1970 by skins observed in local shops, 1980-1981, by C. Naumann and G. Nogge (1973, p. 92). A: Tang Ziying, fubd (pers. comm., 19 Oct. 1985). A-1. Observed 1982 by Sheng Helin, ECNU (pers. Kangding (= K'ang-ting; Tasin Lou); Sichuan, comm., 19 Oct. 1985). C:C-66. CHINA; 30°03'N, 102°02'E; collected June- Kaeng Mae Hat (rapids), Mae Nam Ping (river), July 1890 by H. d' Orleans (Bonvalot, 1891,

below Chiang Mai. 850 ft (= 260 m); Chiang vol. 2, p. 210; 1892, p. 506); mnhn, 1 (holotype Mai, THAILAND; 17°51'N. 98°41'E; collected of Macacus vestitus). B:C-27. 14 Apr. 1916 by K. G. Gairdner (Kloss. 1917, Kangra, 2500 ft (= 760 m); Himachal Pradesh,

p. 247); ZRC, 1 (holotype of Macaca siamica). INDIA; 32°()6'N, 76°16'E; collected 20 Mar. B:T-4. 1921 by H. Whistler; bnhs, 2. Trapped in 1976 Kafiristan. See Nurestan. by R. V. Henrickson (Karr et al., 1979, p. 789; Kaiyang; Guizhou, CHINA; 27°04'N, 106°58'E; 1980, p. 201). A:I-12.

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Kangra Fort, 2450 ft (= 750 m); Himachal Pra- C:C-127. desh, INDIA; ca. 32°05'N, 76°16'E; collected

Kakara, Damoh District, 1200 ft (= 370 m); 18 Mar. 1921 by H. W. Wells (Lindsay, 1926, Madhya Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 23°50'N, p. 599); BM(NH). 1. A:I-12. 79°27'E; collected 12 May 1912 by C. A. Kanha National Park; Madhya Pradesh, INDIA; Crump (in Wroughton & Ryley. 1913, p. 46); ca. 22°20'N, 80°40'E; reported before 1997 by A:I- bm(nh). 1 (skin only). A:I-94. K. K. Gurung and R. Singh (1996, p. 96). Kakhyen Hills. See Tengchong. supplementary. Kakkaraparu, Peravalli Block, East Godavari Dis- Kangxian; Gansii, CHINA; 33°26'N, 105°37'E;

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 145 reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 28°37'N, 81°19'E; observed 20 Feb.-lO Mar.

C:C-19. 1976 by J. Teas (1983, p. 214). A:N-5. Kansrao; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 30°05'N, Karnali River- Aurn River, ca. 10 km above con- 78°08'E; observed spring 1953 by A. Nolle fluence, Karnali Bardia Game Reserve; Bardia,

(1956, p. 180). A:I-27. NEPAL; ca. 28°26'N, 8n5'E; observed 20

Kanti vicinity, Chitral District; North-West Fron- Feb.- 10 Mar. 1976 by J. Teas (1983, p. 214). tier, PAKISTAN; ca. 35°35'N, 71°4rE; report- A:N-5.

ed before 1978 by T. J. Roberts (1977, p. 86). Karrachi (= Karachi). See PAKISTAN. A:P-1. Kasauli, Siwalik Hills; Himachal Pradesh, IN- Kaotai (= Kootai), lower Kunar (= Chitral) River, DIA; 30°55'N. 76°57'E; observed before 1984

3600 ft (= 1100 m); North-West Frontier. by M. Singh and R. S. Pirta (1983, p. 81). A:I- PAKISTAN; ca. 35°20'N, 71°35'E; collected 18.

early Feb. 1914 by F. D. Stirling (Wroughton, Kashmir (region); Jammii & Kashmir, INDIA; ca.

1918, p. 553); bm(nh), 1 (holotype of Macaca 34°N, 75°E; obtained before 1857 by Theobald

mulatto mcmahoni). A:P-1. Collection/ Prof. Oldham; bm(nh), 1 (skull only,

Kao Tien. See Kuatun. species identification questionable; cf. Napier,

Kaptai; Rangamati, BANGLADESH; 22°2rN, 1981, p. 26). Acquired before 1872 by Zoolog-

92°17'E; observed Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. ical Society of London (Anderson, 1879, p. 63

M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995, Elliot, 1913, p. 202; Pocock, 1932, p. 540)

p. 76). B:Ba-35. BM(NH), 1. Collected in 1985 by W. L. Abbott

Kaptai, south of; Chittagong, BANGLADESH; USNM, 1. Not mapped. ca. 22°00'N, 92°00'E; tentatively reported July- Kasol; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 32°00'N,

Nov. 1976 by K. M. Green (1978, p. 146). B: 77°20'E; reported 1978-1980 by A. J. Gaston,

Ba-38. R J. Garson, and M. L. Hunter, Jr. (1983, p. Kaptai Lake; Rangamati, BANGLADESH; ca. 300). A:I-15.

22°30'N, 92°14'E; observed 1975-1976 by J. R. Kathmandu. See Katmandu. Oppenheimer, A. W. Akonda, and K. Z. Husain Kathpar; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°00'N, 94°37'E;

(1983. p. 193). B:Ba-35. reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A.

Karampodu, Ipur Taluk, Guntur District; Andhra Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25. Pradesh, INDIA; not precisely located. 16°05'- Kathua vicinity; Jammii & Kashmir, INDIA; ca. 16°25'N. 79°35'-79°55'E; reported Feb. 1977- 32°22'N, 75°3rE; trapped in 1976 by R. V.

July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992. Henrickson (Karr et al., 1979, p. 789; 1980, p. p. 19). Not mapped. 201). A:I-8. Kareilly, west of; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. Katmandu; Katmandu Valley, NEPAL; 27°43'N, 28°16'N, 79°22'E; observed Apr.-June 1965 by 85°18'E; observed before 1979 by B. Marriott

R. P Mukherjee (1969, p. 47). A:l-52. (1978b, p. [27]). A:N-12. Karen Chaung, Pidaung Reserve, Myitkyina Dis- [Katmandu Valley], NEPAL; 27.5°-28°N, 85°-

trict, 500 ft (= 150 m); Kachin, MYANMAR 85.5°E; collected before 1845 by B. H. Hodg-

(= BURMA); ca. 25°25'N, 97°15'E; collected son (Scully, 1888, p. 234; Napier, 1981, p. 24);

25 May 1936 by H. C. Smith (Napier. 1981, p. bm(nh), 7 (including 3 skulls only [1 not seen]);

21); BM(NH), 2 (including 1 skin only). B:M-5. probably includes part of type series of Maca- Karghena, west of; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. cus Oinops. Not mapped. 28°16'N, 79°22'E; observed Apr.-June 1965 by Kaukori. See Kakori.

R. P Mukherjee (1969, p. 47). A:I-52. Kausa Gutta, Adilabad District, 300 m; Andhra Karkara. See Kakara. Pradesh, INDIA; 19°07'N, 78°43'E; observed

Karkatgarh (= Karkatnagar); Bihar, INDIA; ca. 25 Mar. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and

24°53'N, 83°22'E; observed 1959-1970 by M. S. S. Saha (1981, p. 466). A:I-I14. Krishnan (1972, p. 540). A:I-89. Kazinag; Azad Kashmir, PAKISTAN; ca. Karnal District; Haryana, INDIA; ca. 29°44'N, 34°00'N, 73°35'E; reported before 1984 by M.

76°44'E; observed 1981-1983 by P K. Seth, S. Nawaz (1983, p. 6). A:P-12.

Seth, G. L. Reddy, and P K. Chopra (1992, p. Kaziranga National Park; Assam, INDIA; 26°35'- 62). A:I-23. 26°45'N, 93°I0'-93°30'E; reported before 1988

Kamali River, ca. 30 km above mouth, Karnali by A. Choudhury (1987, p. 162). Not mapped. Bardia Game Reserve; Bardia, NEPAL; ca. K. B. Road. See Dhaka.

146 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Kedarnath Sanctuary. 1400-2100 m; Urtar Pra- STAN: ca. 34=05 'N. 7nO'E: reported ca. 1525 desh. INDIA: ca. 30=25 W. 79M5E: observed by Z. M. Babur ( 1921 [translation], p. 218). A: 1979-1982 by A. N. Singh (1982. p. 8). A:I- P-4. 29. Kiang-ka: Sichuan. CHINA: ca. 30°00'N. 99°00'E:

Kengma. See Gengma. reported 31 Aug. 1877 by local residents (Gill,

Kerwada Forest. See Kherwada Forest. 1883. p. 230). B:C-32. Khair. Aligarh District: L'nar Pradesh. INDIA: Kiangsu. See Giiangxi. 27°57'Nr irSO'E: observed Sept. 1959-Feb. Kian Tatie. See Ngamda. 1960 by C. H. Southwick. M. A. Beg. and M. Kia-ting. See Leshan.

R. Siddiqi ( 1961a. p. 542). Observed May-June Kien Thiet vicinity. Yen Son District: Tuyen 1976 by R. S. Pina (1984. 542). Observed p. Quang. VIETNAM: ca. 21°58'N. 105"22'E: re- May-June 1976 by R. S. Pina (1984. p. 272). poned Feb.-Apr. 1992 by R. Ratajszczak. Ngoc Observed Jan. I99'0-Mar. 1991 b> E. Imam and Can. and Pham Nhat (1992. p. 20). C:V-16. H. S. A. Yahya (1995. 2). A:I-44. p. Kin. west bank of lower Chindwin River: 5a- Khair. Tahsil: Unar Pradesh. INDIA: 27°50'- gaing. MYANMAR (= BURMA): 22=46'N. 28'10'N. 77=30'-78=05'E: observed 1975-1980 94=42'E: collected 9 June I9I4 by G. C. Short- by R K. Seth. S. Seth. and A. K. Shukia (1983. ridge and S. A. Macmillan (Shonridge in p. 38; Seth & Seth. 1983. p. 63). Not mapped. Wroughton. 1916a. p. 294): bnhs. 1. B:M-24. Khair Inter College. See Khair. Tahsil. Kindat: Sagaing. MYANMAR (= BURMA); Khammam: Andhra Pradesh. LNDIA: 17'15'N. 23=44'N. 94=26'E; collected before 1911 by C. 80-09 E: reponed Feb. 1977-JuIy 1980 by G. H. Hobart: bm(nh). 1. (skull only). B:M-18. U. Kurup (1984. p. 58: 1992. p. 18). A:I-132. Kindat. 20 mi ( = 32 km) northwest of. Chin Hills. Khanamukh: Assam, INDIA: ca. 26"57'N. 600 ft (= 180 m): Chin. MYANMAR ( = BUR- 94=28 E: reponed 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by MA): ca. 23°50'N. 94"10'E: collected 20 Jan. A. Choudhury ([1991a]. p. 31). B:I-25. 1915 by J. M. Mackenzie (Wroughton. 1916c. Khanapur. 3-5 km west of. .-Xdilabad District. 350 p. 759): BM(NH). 1. B:M-16. m: Andhra Pradesh. INDIA: 19=04N. 78=37 E: King's Forest. See Gokama. observed 24 Mar. 1980 by J. Fooden. A. Ma- Kintachie. See Ngamda. habal. and S. S. Saha (1981. p. 466). A:I-114. Kistawar. See Dunwein. Khao Nang Rum. western slope: Uthai Thani. Kloster Nam miu. See Luofu Shan. THAILAND: ca. 15=30'N. 99^17'E: observed Koditan. Hongshui He. right bank. Tian"e Xian. 1973-1977 by A. A. Eudey (1979. 91-97. pp. 06^59 260 m: Guangxi. CHINA: 25^05 'N. 1 'E; table 7). B:T-9. observed 28 Oct. 1992 by J. Fooden (cf. Food- Khao Nang Rum Research Station. 4(X)-7(X) m: en et al.. 1994. p. 623). C:C-173. Ujhai Vumi. TFLA1L.\NT): ca. 15=28'N. 99"18'E: Koh-e-Sefid. See Khyber Pass vicinity. observed Mar.-May 1988 by S. Srikosamatara Kokara. See Kakara. (1993. p. 37). B:T-9. Kokkoaing (= Kokhoanig). 500 ft (= 150 m); Khasi Hills. See Nongpoh. 20^47 Mandalay. MYANM.\R ( = BURMA): 'N, Khatuajhuri: West Bengal. INDIA: not precisely 95=56'E: collected 14 June 1937 by H. C. Smith located. 2r30'-22=15N. 88=40-89=10E: ob- (cf. Tate. 1965. 323: Napier. 1981, served 1955-1960 by A. K. Mukherjee (Mu- Moore & p. p. 21): BM(NH). 1. B:M-28. kherjee & Gupta. 1965. p. 145). Not mapped. National Park. See Bharatpur. Kheiber. See Khyber Pass vicinity. Keoladeo Ghana (Komallancha). Banswada Taluk. Ni- Kheo Ting-Ta Ke. See Tat Ke vicinity. Komlancha District: Pradesh. INDIA; Khen Sahd (= Kheri Saad). Rohtak District: Har- zamabad Andhra reported Feb. 1977-July yana. INDIA; ca. 28"56'N. 76°34'E; observed 18'16'N. 77°55'E: U. Kurup (1984. p. 58; 1992. July-Oct. 1979 by R. Singh (1984. p. 50: Singh 1980 by G. p. 18). A:I-117. et al.. 1984. p. 264). A:I-^37. Kherwada Forest. Surat District: Gujarat. INDIA: Konapur. Banswada Taluk. Nizamabad District; 77=59 ca. 21=20'N. 73=30E: observed 1972-1973 by Andhra Pradesh. INDIA; 18=23N. E: re-

N. Koyama and R B. Shekar (1981. p. 248). A: ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup 1-98. (1984. p. 58: 1992. p. 18). A:I-117. Khirganga. See Pulga. Kondapalle. Krishna District. 70 m: Andhra Pra- Khyber Pass vicinity: North-West Frontier. PAKI- desh. INDIA: 16"37'N. 80=33 E: observed 13

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC RE\ lEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE. MACACA MULATTA 147 14°10'-1 May 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal. and S. S. ca. 22°15'-22°30'N, 1 14°25'E; report- Saha (1981, p. 468). A:I-144. ed in 1992 by J. R. Fellowes (Southwick & M. Kondegattu Temple, Mallial Taluk. Karimnagar F Siddiqi, 1994b, p. 52). Not mapped. District; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 18°42'N, Kowloon Reservoir vicinity. See Eagle's Nest 78°58'E; reported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. Trail; Kam Shan Entrance.

U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-1 19. Kuatun; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 27°5rN, 117°48'E, Kondra Mutla (= Kondramadla), Ipur Taluk, Gun- collected 15 and 28 Nov. 1873 by A. David tur District, 125 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; (1875, vol. 2, pp. 260, 281, 288); mnhn, 2 (in-

16°08'N, 79°46'E; reported Feb. 1977-July cluding 1 skin only). Collected before 1898 by

1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. C. B. Rickett (Rickett & de La Touche, 1896,

19). Observed 30 Apr 1980 by J. Fooden, A. p. 489; Napier, 1981, p. 22; Fooden, 1983, p.

Mahabal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 469). A:l- 16); BM(NH), 1 (skull only). Collected 12 May 147. 1898 by J. de la Touhe (in Thomas, 1899, p. Kongbo; Xizang (= Tibet), CHINA; ca. 29°30'N, 769; Fooden, 1983, p. 16); bm(nh), 1. Collected 94°45'E; captive observed at Lu, 19 Aug. 1913, Nov. 1898 by C. B. Rickett (Napier, 1981, p.

by F M. Bailey (1914, map; 1957, p. 171; cf. 22; Fooden, 1983, p. 16); bm(nh), 1 (holotype

Fooden, 1982a, p. 52). B:C-10. of Pithecus littoralis). Collected 16 May-24 Kootai. See Kaotai. June 1926 by E T Smith (1926, p. 131; Sow- Kosi River, left bank; Saptari, NEPAL; ca. erby, 1929, p. 315); museum unknown (not 26°35'N, 86°55'E; collected Mar. 1887 by H. seen). C:C-76. d'Orleans (1889, pp. 225, 379); museum un- Kuchipudi, Tenali Taluk, Guntur District; Andhra known (not seen). B:N-3. Pradesh, INDIA; 16°10'N, 80°40'E; reported Kota; Rajasthan, INDIA; 25°irN, 75°50'E; re- Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p.

ported before 1965 by I. Prakash (letter, 25 58; 1992, p. 19). A:I-143. Aug. 1964). A:I-81. Kucun, Longquan Xian; Zhejiang, CHINA; ca. Kotanemalipuri, Guntur District, 100 m; Andhra 28°05'N, 119°07'E; captives acquired 1960- Pradesh, INDIA; 16°28'N, 79°56'E; observed 9 1970 by Fu Yiyuan and Wu Fuhai, Hangzhou

May 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. Zoo (pers. comm., 25 Oct. 1985). C:C-67.

Saha (1981, p. 468). A:I-145. Kufri, ca. 0.5 km southeast of; Himachal Pradesh, Kotgay (= Cotgai), east of; Nangarhar, AF- INDIA; ca. 31°06'N, 77°17'E; observed Aug. GHANISTAN; ca. 34°00'N, 70°20'E; reported 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. 474). A:

before 1972 by A. Puget (1971, p. 201) A:A- M8. 10. Kufri, ca. 1.5 km southeast of; Himachal Pradesh, Kotgay (= Cotgai), northeast of; Nangarhar, AF- INDIA; ca. 31°05'N, 77°18'E; reported Aug. GHANISTAN; ca. 34°04'N, 70°00'E; reported 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. 474). A:

before 1972 by A. Puget (1971, p. 201). A:A-9. M8. Kothagudem, Khammam District, 100 m; Andhra Kufri, ca. 3 km southeast of; Himachal Pradesh, Pradesh, INDIA; 17°32'N, 80°38'E; observed INDIA; ca. 31°04'N, 77°18'E; observed Aug.

20 Apr 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. 474). A:

S. Saha (1981, p. 467). A:I-135. 1-18. Kothagudem, 4 km north of, Khammam District, Kullu Valley. See Kulu Valley. 100 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 17°34'N, Kulsi [River], South Kamrup, 750 ft (= 230 m);

80°38'E; observed 20 Apr 1980 by J. Fooden, Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°00'N, 91°23'E; collected

A. Mahabal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 467). A: 25 Aug. 1920 by H. W. Wells (Hinton & Lind- 1-135. say, 1926, p. 385); bnhs, 1. B:I-15.

Kotihar, 7000 ft (= 2100 m); Jammu & Kashmir, Kulu District; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA; INDIA ca. 33°45'N, 75°10'E; collected 3 and 31°58'N, 77°06'E; observed before 1982 by M. 18 Oct. 1910 by W. L. Abbott; usnm, 2. A:I-3. L. Roonwal and P C. Tak (1981, p. 96). A:I- Kouchlaus, south of; Konarha, AFGHANISTAN; 15. ca. 35°20'N, 7n5'E; reported before 1972 by Kulu Valley, 1150-2500 m; Himachal Pradesh,

A. Puget (1971, p. 201). A:A-1. INDIA; ca. 32°00'N, 77°10'E; reported before Kounar See Landay Sind, left bank, near conflu- 1991 by O. R Lai (1990, p. 123). A:I-15. ence with Kunar Riven Kumaun (= Kumaon) Hills; Uttar Pradesh, IN- Kowloon; Xianggang {= Hong Kong), CHINA; DIA; ca. 29°20'N, 79°30'E; observed before

148 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 1982 by M. L. Roonwal and P. C. Tak (1981, Landay Sind, left bank, near Pule Saret; Konarha, p. 96). A:l-32. AFGHANISTAN; 35°22'N, 71°33'E; observed

Kumpawapi Park, 170 m; Udon Thani, THAI- before 1972 by A. Puget (1971, p. 200). A:A-1. LAND; 17°07'N, 103°02'E; observed July 1989 Landay Sind, near Chascoup; Konarha, AF- and Jan. 1991 by N. Aggimarangsee (1992, p. GHANISTAN; 35°3rN, 7r22'E; observed be-

118; pers. comm., Oct. 1993). C:T-1. fore 1972 by A. Puget (1971. p. 199). A:A-1. Kumtatchie. See Ngamda. Landay Sind, near Merdech; Konarha, AFGHAN- Kunar River, lower; North-West Frontier, PAKI- ISTAN; 35°23'N, 7I°32'E; observed before

STAN ca. 35°25'N, 71°40'E; reported before 1972 by A. Puget (1971, p. 200). A:A-1. 1902 by A. H. McMahon (1901a, p. 4). A:P-1. Landay Sind, right bank, between Mandagal and Kuo-Lo. See Golog Zangzu Zizhuzhou. Ormul; Konarha, AFGHANISTAN; 35°28'N, Kurukshetra District; Haryana, INDIA; ca. 7r20'E; observed before 1972 by A. Puget 29°59'N, 76°51'E; observed 1981-1983 by P (1971, p. 199). A:A-1. K. Seth, S. Seth, G. L. Reddy, and P K. Chopra Landay Sind, right bank, near Sang e Safed; Kon- (1992, p. 62). A:I-24. arha, AFGHANISTAN; 35°22'N, 71°32'E, ob- Kyirong. See Gyirong. served before 1972 by A. Puget ( 1971, p. 200). Ky Son, Ky Anh District; Ha Tinh, VIETNAM; A:A-1. 17°57'N. 106°06'E; collected 26 Jan. 1964 by Landay Sind Valley, near Kamu Valley; Konarha, Nguyen Lien (Dao, 1985, p. 233, 242, misiden- AFGHANISTAN; ca. 35°25'N, 7r25'E; ob- tified as M. assamensis; Dang et al., 1994, p. served July 1970 by C. Naumann and G. Nogge 165; cf. Nisbitt & Ciochon, 1993, p. 772); iebr, (1973, p. 92). A:A-1. 1 (skin only). C:V-29. Landay Sind Valley, southern slope; Konarha, Lagou Bird Reserve; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. AFGHANISTAN; ca. 35°25'N, 71°25'E; ob- 24°38'N, 110°04'E; observed 1976, 1986. and served 26 Dec. 1971 by C. Naumann and G.

1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. Nogge (1973, p. 92). A:A-1. 129; letter Aug. 1996). C:C-194. Landrai Valley, northern Dir District; North-West Lai Chau, VIETNAM; 20°50'-22°50'N, 102°10'- Frontier, PAKISTAN; ca. 35°30'N, 72°00'E;

103°50'E; collected in 1963 by unknown col- reported before 1978 by T J. Roberts (1977, p.

lector; IEBR, 1 (skin only). Not mapped. 86). A:P-2. Lakhimpur. See Margherita. Lang Son, VIETNAM; 21°25'-22°50'N, 106°05'- Lakuwa, 980-2300 m; Dhankuta, NEPAL; 107°20'E; collected 1962 by unknown collec-

27°28'N, 87°10'E; observed in 1997 and 1999 tor; ZMVNU, 1 (skull only). C:V-12.

by M. K. Chalise and M. Ghimire (1998, p. 12). Lan-tao. See Dahao Dao. B:N-supplementary. Laodian, Lin'an Xian, 1000 m; Zhejiang, CHINA; Lai Kuan; Delhi, INDIA; ca. 28°30'N, 77°20'E; ca. 30°20'N, 119°25'E; observed Aug. 1983 by

reported Feb. 1990 by I. Malik and R. L. John- Zhang Minhua, zmnh (pers. comm., 24 Oct.

son (1994, p. 237). A:I-41. 1985). C:C-57.

Lamsakhang, Cachar District, 200 ft (= 60 m); Laoshan, Jinxiu Subcounty, Jinxiu Xian; Guangxi, Assam, INDIA; 25°48'N, 93°06'E; collected 10 CHINA; ca. 24°07'N. 110°12'E; captured Sept. Sept. 1920 by H. W. Wells (Hinton & Lindsay, 1992 by Shu Jenyung (pers. comm., 16 Nov.

1926, p. 385); bm(nh), 1. 3:1-20. 1992); captive observed 16 Nov. 1992 at Jinxiu. Lancang Jiang (= Mekong River), Lincang Dis- C:C-195. trict; Yiimtan, CHINA; ca. 24°00'N, 100°23'E; Laxmidevipeta (= Laxmideirpet), Mulug Taluk, reported before 1996 by Lan Daoying and Guo Warangal District; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA;

Guang (1995, p. 6). B:C-70. 18°18'N, 79°58'E; reported Feb. 1977-July

Lancang Xian; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 22°32'N, 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 99°56'E; immunological survey conducted be- 18). A:I-120. fore 1996 by Duan Xingsheng, Liu Yuanwei, Ledhan hla. See Lethan Hka. Wu Jing, Dao Weiying, and Liu Jianghai (1995, Leibo; Sichuan, CHINA; 28°15'N, 103''34'E; re-

p. 411). B:C-79. ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Landay Sind, left bank, near confluence with Ku- C:C-142. nar River; Konarha, AFGHANISTAN; 35°2rN, Lema Islands. See Dangan Dao. 71°33'E; observed before 1972 by A. Puget Lena Island. See Dangan Dao.

(1971, p. 200). A:A-I. Leshan (= Kia-ting), mountains 30 mi southwest

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 149 of, 2900 ft (= 880 m); Sichuan, CHINA; ca. Li Shan National Nature Reserve. 700-1500 m; 29'28'N. 103'18'E; collected 6 Feb. 1911 by Shanxi, CHINA; ca. 35'22'N, lir59'E; ob-

M. P. Anderson; bm(nh). 1. C:C-139. served 1985-1994 by Zhu Jun. Zhao Yishan, Lethan Hka, Maymyo E D.. 300 ft (= 90 m); and Fan Longsuo (1995, p. 134). C:C-3. Mandalay, MYANMAR (= BURMA); ca. Litang-Batang; Sichuan. CHINA; ca. 30"00'N, 22°00'N. 96°30'E; collected 22 Dec. 1935 by 100'00'E; reported 23 Aug. 1877 by local res-

H. C. Smith; bm(nh). 1. B:M-21. idents (Gill 1883. p. 212). B:C-31. Le Thuy. See Xuan Ninh. Liukou, Qimen Xian. 300 m; Anhui. CHINA; ca. Lhasa. See CHINA. 29°55'N, 117=30'E; observed 1973-1986 by Lhunze Xian; Xizang (= Tibet), CHINA; ca. Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al., 1986, p. 83). C:C- 28^30'N. 92"25'E; observed 1979-1982 by 48. Zhang Cizu. Director, Shanghai Zoo (pers. Liukou, Xiuning Xian. 400 m; Anhui. CHINA; comm.. 18 Oct. 1985). B:C-4. 29'34'N. 117^'49'E; observed 1973-1986 by

Liancheng Xian; Fujiaiu CHINA; ca. 25°47'N, Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al.. 1986, p. 83). C:C- 116'48T; reported Aug. 1982 by Zheng Xue- 63.

qing (1984. p. 146). C:C-90. Liulipenshan; Hebei CHINA; ca. 40°24'N, Liangdang; Gansii. CHINA; 33'56'N, 106n2'E; 117'^30'E; reponed fall 1987 by local hunters

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997. p. 58). (Zhang et al.. 1989. p. 380). C:C-1. C:C-I6. Liulipenshan. southern slope; Hebei CHINA; ca. Liangping; Guangdong. CHINA; 24'22'N, 114=30'E; 40'24'N. 117'30E: reported 1985-1986 by lo-

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). cal resident Wang Chaori (Zhang et al.. 1989.

C:C-96. p. 379). C:C-1. Lian Xian. See Lianzhou. Liuzhai vicinity. Nandan Xian; Guangxi. CHINA; Lianzhou, Lian Xian; Guangdong, CHINA; ca. 25°18'N. 107"24'E; collected June 1992 by 24=48'N, 112"25'E; reported before 1998 local farmer (Lu Gwangyan. manager of local

(Zhang et al., 1997. p. 58). C:C-201. products station, pers. comm.. 27 Oct. 1992); Libo; Guizhou, CHINA; 25°25'N, 107=53'E; re- skeleton examined 27 Oct. 1992 at Liuzhai. C:

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997, p. 58). C-174. C:C-175. Lofau. See Luofu Shan.

Lijiang; Yunnan. CHINA: 26=48'N, 100M6'E; re- Lolab. 7500 ft (= 2300 m); Jammu & Kashmir.

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). INDIA; ca. 34=30'N. 74=35 'E; collected 8-9 B:C-45. Sept. 1891 by W. L. Abbott (True. 1894. p. 3;

Lina. See Dangan Dao. Blanford. 1898. p. 361): lsnm. 5 including ho- Lincang Prefecture; Yunnan. CHINA; ca. lotype of Macacus rhesus villosus). A:I-1. 23°54'N, 100'02'E; immunological survey con- Lolab Valley; Jammu & Kashmir. INDIA; ca. 74=35 ducted before 1996 by Duan Xingsheng. Liu 34=30'N, 'E; collected 1 1 Feb. 191 1 by W Yuanwei, Wu Jing, Dao Weiying, and Liu Jian- L. Abbott; lsnm, 1. A:I-1.

ghai (1995. p. 411). B:C-69. Longan. Xiangshui District. Longzhou Xian; Lingchuan. southeast of, 900-1400 m: Shanxi. Guangxi. CHINA; ca. 22=24'N. 107=10'E; col- CHINA; ca. 35'38'N. 113=28'E; observed lected Dec. 1980 by Wu Mingchuan (pers.

1985-1994 by Zhu Jun, Zhao Yishan, and Fan comm., 27 Nov. 1992); fdcg, 1 (skin with skull

Longsuo (1995, p. 134). C:C-7. mside). C:C-226. Lingtin Island. See Neilingding Dao. Longchi. Dahe District. Xixiang Xian. 1000-1500 07=28 Lin^un. See Lon^un. m- Shaanxi. CHINA; 32=42'''N. 1 'E: ob- Lingrui. See Longrui. served June-July 1966 by Chen Fugan. North- Linh Thong, Dinh Hoa; Bac Thai, VIETNAM; west University. Xi'an (pers. comm.. 14 Oct. 22°00'N. 105°42'E; collected 22 June 1967 by 1985). C:C-35. Truong Van La; zmvnl. 2 (skins only). C:V-10. Longgang Nature Reserve; Guangxi. CHINA; ca. Lintin Dao. See Neilingding Dao. 22'23'N. 106=53'E; observed 1976. 1986. and

Linwan Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995. p. Guangxi. CHINA; 22'25'N, 109"55'E; ob- 126; letter. Aug. 1996). C:C-227. served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Longhua Water Regulation Forest Reserve;

Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 129; letter, Aug. 1996). Guangxi. CHINA; ca. 23=17'N. 105=34'E; ob- C:C-215. served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and

150 FIELDL\NA: ZOOLOGY Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 128; letter. Aug. 1996). desh, INDIA; ca. 27°10'N, 80°50'E; observed C:C-164. 21-29 Oct. 1964 by C. H. Southwick. D. Lind- Longhu Shan Nature Reserve. 490 m; Guang.xi, burg. M. Neville, R Jay, M. R. Siddiqi, and R. CHINA: 22"42'N. 107°30'E; observed 1976. R Mukherjee (Southwick & M. R. Siddiqi, 1986. 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi 1966, p. 306). Observed 1964-65 by R. R Mu-

(1995. p. 127; letter, Aug. 1996). Observed kherjee and G. D. Mukherjee (1972, p. 67). A: 1988-1990 by Feng Min, Jiang Haisheng. and 1-58. Wang Jun (1997. p. 27). C:C-225. Luia, Chaibasa vicinity, Singhbhum District, 1000 Longjun (= Lingjun) Hsienmu Reserve; Guang.xi. ft (= 300 m); Bihar, INDIA; 22°23'N, 85°32'E;

CHINA; ca. 23°14'N. 107°54'E; observed 1976. collected 1 Aug. 1914 by C. A. Crump (in

1986. and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi Wroughton, 1915b, p. 99); bm (nh), 3. A-I:105. (1995, p. 129; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-222. Lungli vicinity, southeast of Liuzhai, Nandan Longrui (= Lingrui) Nature Reserve; Guang.xi, Xian; Guang.xi, CHINA; ca. 25°17'N, 1()7°25'E; CHINA; ca. 22°28'N. 107°12'E; observed 1976. collected Dec. 1991 by He Kean (pers. conim., 1986. and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi 27 Oct. 1992); skin and skeleton examined 27 (1995, p. 126; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-226. Oct. 1992 at Lungh. C:C-174 Loshan. See Leshan. Lunpuriagaon, Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°57'N,

Longsheng; Guang.xi, CHINA; 25°48'N. 1 10°00'E; 94°47'E; reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997, p. 58). A. Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25. C:C-185. Luocheng; Guang.xi, CHINA; 24°47'N, 108°54'E;

Longxi (prefecture); Fujian, CHINA; ca. 24°3rN, reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997. p. 58).

117°40'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. C:C-179.

1997, p. 58). C:C-93. Luofu Shan. 800-1100 m; Guangdong, CHINA; Longyan Xian; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 25°11'N, ca. 23°17'N, 114°03'E; reported 1908-1921 by 117°00'E; reported Oct. 1982 by Zheng Xue- R. Mell (1922, pp. 10, 11). C:C-208. qing (1984, p. 146). C:C-92. Luquan; Yunnan, CHINA; 25°35'N, 102°30'E; re-

Louangphrabang, downstream; Louangphrabang, ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). LAOS; ca. 19°52'N, 102°08'E; reported before B:C-50.

1964 by J. Deuve and M. Deuve (1963, p. 59). Luyuan, Taihe Xian; Jiangxi, CHINA; ca.

B:L-3. 26°50'N, 1 14°40'E; reported Oct. 1979 by local Lower Bazar. See Simla. residents (Liu Zhenhe, scika, pers. comm., 25 Lu. See Kongbo. Nov. 1985). C:C-104. Luang-Prabang. See Louangphrabang. Ly Bon, Bao Lac District; Cao Bang, VIETNAM; Luchun; Yunnan, CHINA; 23°19'N. 102°10'E; re- ca. 22°57'N, 105°4rE; collected 5 June 1965

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997, p. 58). by unknown collector (Dao, 1985, p. 38); lEBR,

B:C-76. 4 (3 skins only, 1 skull only [possibly belongs Lucknow vicinity; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. with one of the skins]). C:V-7. 26°5rN, 80°55'E; captured in 1938 by C. R. Machayara Game Reserve; Azad Kashmir, PAKI- Carpenter (Rawlins & Kessler, 1986b, pp. 17, STAN; ca. 34°00'N, 73°35'E; reported before 21). Observed Sept. 1959-Feb. 1960 by C. H. 1984 by M. Nawaz (1983, p. 6). A:P-12. Southwick, M. A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi Madaripur Township; Madaripur, BANGLA-

(1961a, p. 543). Blood samples obtained 16-27 DESH; ca. 23°10'N. 90°12'E; reported before Apr. 1964 by K. V. Shah and C. H. Southwick 1986 by M. A. R. Khan (1981, p. 13; 1985. p.

(1965, p. 489). Reported ca. 1971 by D. Wein- 31). B:Ba-25.

man (1974, p. 345). A:I-66. Madaya. Maymyo Reserve; Mandalay, MYAN- Lucknow-Faizabad, highway between; Uttar Pra- MAR (= BURMA); 22°13'N, 96°07'E; collect- desh, INDIA; ca. 26°50'N, 81°30'E; observed ed 15 Feb. 1936 by R F Garthwaite; bm (nh),

Sept. 1959-June 1960 by C. H. Southwick, M. 1 (skin only). B:M-22.

A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi (1961b, p. 702). Ob- Madhupur, ca. 100 km west of; Natore, BANG- served 24-25 Oct. 1964 by C. H. Southwick, LADESH; ca. 24°30'N, 89°00'E; tentatively re- R. K. Lahiri. M. Bertrand. D. Lindburg, and R ported July-Nov. 1976 by K. M. Green (1978, Jay (Southwick & M. R. Siddiqi, 1966, p. 306). p. 146). B:Ba-5. A:I-65. Madhupur National Park; Tangail, BANGLA- Lucknow -Sitapur, highway between; Uttar Pra- DESH; ca. 24°45'N, 90°08'E; observed July-

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 151 Nov. 1976 by K. M. Green (1978, p. 154). Ob- Mallur, Banswada Taluk, Nizamabad District; An- served Dec. 1977-July 1978 by M. A. Islam dhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°16'N, 77°53'E; re-

and K. Z. Husain (1982. p. 157). Observed ear- ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup

ly in 1980 by S. P. Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-117.

(1982, p. 278). Observed before 1982 by M. A. Malua. Seoni Tank; Madhya Pradesh, INDIA; ca. R. Khan (1981, p. 13). Observed Feb. 1990- 2r00'N, 79°59'E; collected before 1974 by S.

June 1993 by M. M. Feeroz. M. A. Islam, and W. Prater; bnhs, 1 (skin only). A:I-103.

M. Kabir (1995. p. 76). B:Ba-7. Maluling; Xizang (= Tibet), CHINA; ca. 32°40'N, Madhpur National Park, southern portion; Tan- 97°20'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., gciil BANGLADESH; ca. 24°30'N, 90°10'E; 1997, p. 58). B:C-18. observed Sept.-Dec. 1986 and Dec. 1987-Dec. Mamsam Falls. See Mansam Falls.

1988 by C. B. Stanford (1991. p. 17; 1992. p. Manali; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 32°20'N, 188). B:Ba-8. 77°05'E; reported 1978-1980 by A. J. Gaston. Magi, Banswada Taluk. Nizamabad District; An- P J. Garson, and M. L. Hunter, Jr. (1983, p dhra Pradesh. INDIA; 18°12'N, 77°55'E; re- 300). A:I-13. ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup Manas. See Royal Manas National Park.

(1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-117. Manas National Park; Assam, INDIA; ca. Mahabali Temple. See Imphal. Mahabali Temple. 26°40'N, 90°55'E; reported before 1997 by K. Mahal, 2-5 km northwest of. Dangs District. 200- K. Gurung and R. Singh (1996, p. 104). B:I- 275 m. Gujarat, INDIA; 20°56'N, 73°37'E; ob- supplementary.

served 12 Mar. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal. Mandagal, northwest of; Konarha, AFGHANI-

and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 466). A:I-99. STAN; ca. 35°35'N, 71°15'E; reported before Maiskhal Island; Cox's Bazar. BANGLADESH; 1972 by A. Puget (1971, p. 201). A:A-1. ca. 21°35'N, 91°55'E; reported early in 1980 by Mandal. See Kedarnath Sanctuary.

S. P Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, p. 278). Manghe Nature Reserve, 680-1000 m; Shanxi, B:Ba-38. CHINA; ca. 35°15'N, 112°27'E; observed Maizhokunggar Xian; Xizhang (= Tibet), CHI- 1985-1994 by Zhu Jun, Zhao Yishan, and Fan NA; ca. 29°50'N, 91°45'E; observed 1979- Longsuo (1995, p. 134). C:C-4.

1982 by Zhang Cizu, Director, Shanghai Zoo Mangpu, 3000 ft and 3500 ft (= 910 m and 1070 (pers. comm.. 18 Oct. 1985). B:C-2. m); West Bengal, INDIA; 26°58'N, 88°24'E; Makalu-Barun Conservation Area. See Sankhuwa collected 5 and 12 Dec. 1930 by H. Stevens; Khola. FMNH, 2. B:I-6. Makehe Plantation. 3100-4000 m; Qinghai. CHI- Manipompla. See Munipamula. NA; ca. 33°00'N, 96°20'E; purchased ca. 1982 Manipuri Tea Estate; Sylhet, BANGLADESH; not at Baima Xian by Liao Yianfa. Director of Xin- precisely located. 24°08'-24°50'N. 91°37'- ing Zoo (pers. comm., 6 Oct. 1985); captive 92°17'E; observed Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. observed 6 Oct. 1985. B:C-16. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995,

Makhena, near Anupshahr; Uttar Pradesh, IN- p. 76). Not mapped. DIA; ca. 28°22'N, 78°16'E; reported ca. 1980 Manpa, Mengla Xian, 650-750 m; Yunnan, CHI-

by C. H. Southwick and M. F Siddiqi (1984, p. NA; ca. 2r40'N, 101°37'E; collected 14 May 559). A:I-49. 1959 by Deng Xiangfu; kiz. 2 (skulls only). Makkimarigudem (= Makkinavarigudem), Chin- Collected 19 Jan. and 8 May 1962 by Quan talapudi Taluk. West Godavari District; Andhra Guoqiang (pers. comm.. 25 Aug. 1983); izcas, Pradesh, INDIA; 17°09'N. 81°05'E; reported 2. B:C-85.

Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984. p. Mansam Falls. Nam Yao (river). 2000 ft (= 610 58; 1992. p. 19). A:I-137. m); Shan, MYANMAR (= BURMA); 22°48'N, Malakand. See Bar Chanrai Hill. 97°32'E; collected 6 June 1913 by G. C. Short-

Malipura. See Khair, Tahsil. ridge (in Ryley. 1914, p. 713); bm(nh), 2 (in-

Malkangiri (= Malkanagiri). Jeypore Agency, Vi- cluding 1 skin only); bnhs, 3. B:M-19. sakhapatnam vicinity; Orissa, INDIA; 18°2rN. Mansar Patwar. See Surinsar. 81°54'E; collected 28 Aug. 1927 by A. V. Sun- Mao'er Shan Nature Reserve; Guangxi, CHINA;

daram and A. H. Bishop; bm(nh), 1 (skin only). ca. 25°53'N, 110°28'E; observed 1976, 1986, A:I-110. and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995,

Mall. See Simla. p. 126; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-189.

152 FIELD!ANA: ZOOLOGY Maojie Bird Reserve; Guangxi. CHINA; ca. Maure, near, 1.6 km north of Jamduar; Assam, 24°28'N, 104°35'E; observed 1976. 1986. and INDIA; ca. 26°44'N, 89°53'E; observed 19

1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995. p. Nov.-l Dec. 1959 by E. P Gee (1961, p. 6). B: 129; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-154. MO. Maowen; Sichuan. CHINA; 31°41'N. 103°52'E; Mautschou. See Maowen.

tentatively reported 1914-1916 by H. Weigold Maymo F. D. See Lethan Hka. (1924. p. 71). C:C-25. Maymyo (= Maymo). 800 m; Mandalay, MYAN- Marco River. See Golog Zangzu Zishizhou. MAR (= BURMA); 22°02' N, 96°28'E; col-

Mardan. See Pajja Hill. lected 3 Dec. 1937 by G. Heinrich; amnh, 1. B: Margalla Hills National Park; Federal Capital M-21. Territory. PAKISTAN; 33°48'N. 73°10'E; re- Maymyo Reserve. See Madaya. ported ca. 1975 by S. J. Goldstein and A. F. Medog Xian; Xizang {= Tibet), CHINA; ca. Richard (1989, p. 563). Reported before 1978 29°15'N, 95°15'E; observed 1979-1982 by by T. J. Roberts (1977. p. 87). Reported before Zhang Cizu, Director, Shanghai Zoo (pers. 1984 by M. Nawaz (1983. p. 2). A:P-11. comm. 18 Oct. 1985). B:C-13.

Margherita, Lakhimpur District. 200 ft ( = 60 m); Meerut District; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; ca. Anmachal Pradesh, INDIA; 27°17'N. 95°4rE; 28°55'N, 77°4rE; observed 1981-1983 by P collected 14 Nov. 1919 by H. W. Wells (Hinton K. Seth, S. Seth, G. L. Reddy. and P K. Chopra

& Lindsay. 1926. p. 385); zsi. 1 (skin only). (1992, p. 62), A:I-35. B:I-29. Meetha Pur, ca. 10 km from Tughlaqabad; Delhi, Marot (= Maroth), Nagaur District; Rajasthan, INDIA; ca. 28°30'N, 77°15'E; reported Aug.

INDIA; 27°05'N, 75°05'E; observed June 1989 by I. Malik and R. L. Johnson (1991, p. 1971-June 1972 by R R. Ojha (1974, p. 163). 63; 1994, p. 237). A:I-41. Observed 1975-1980 by R K. Seth and S. Seth Meherpur; Meherpur, BANGLADESH; 23°46'N, (1983, p. 63). A:I-77. 88°38'E; reported before 1982 by M. A. R.

Mar Qu. See Golog Zangzu Zishizhou. Khan (1981, p. 13). B:Ba-17. Mat, Phu; Nghe An, VIETNAM; 18°38'-20°00'N, Meigu; Sichuan, CHINA; 28°20'N, 103°04'E; re-

103°53'-105°12'E; observed ca. 1990-1995 by ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58).

L. K. Lippold (1995, p. 198; cf. Cao, 1995, p. C:C-141. 182). Not mapped. Meihua Shan (= Meihaushan); Fujian, CHINA; Mathura; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 27°30'N, ca. 25°15'N, 116°45'E; reported Nov. 1983 by

77°41'E; observed Sept. 1959-Feb. 1960 by C. Zheng Xueqing (1984, p. 145). Reported before H. Southwick, M. A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi 1986 by Tan Ban^ie (1985, P 73). C: C-9I.

(1961a, p. 543). Observed 1964-1965 by C. H. Meitan, near; Guizhou, CHINA; ca. 27°40'N,

Southwick and M. R. Siddiqi 1966, p. 309). A: 107°30'E; captive purchased 7 Nov. 1960 by 1-71. Quan Guoqiang (pers. comm. 25 Aug. 1983);

Mathura District (= Muttra); Uttar Pradesh, IN- izcAS, 1 C:C-128. DIA; 27°15'-28°00'N, 77°15'-77°50'E; labora- Mekong River, 90 km above Viangchan; Vien- tory animals obtained in 1891 by W. Heape tiane, LAOS; 18°05'N, 10r57'E; collected 7

(1897, p. 135). Not mapped. July 1924 by F R. Wulsin (field catalog and Matlab Bazar; Chandpur, BANGLADESH; map, usNM archives); usnm, 1. B:L-5. 23°20'N, 90°43'E; reported before 1986 by M. Mellavagu (= Melavagu), Ipur Taluk, Guntur Dis-

A. R. Khan (1981, p. 13; 1985. p. 31). B:Ba- trict; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 16°20'N, 28. 79°45'E; reported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G.

Matlab, southeast of; Noakhali BANGLADESH; U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 19). A:I-147. ca. 23°00'N, 91°00'E; tentatively reported July- Meng-ban; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 21°45'N,

Nov. 1976 by K. M. Green (1978, p. 146). 100°10'E; collected 30 May 1958 by Ye Zong- B.Ba-30. yao (Bannikov. 1958. p. 68; Kao et al., 1962,

Maungkan, east bank of Chindwin River; Sa- p. 188; Quan Guoqiang, pers. comm., 25 Aug. gaing, MYANMAR (= BURMA); 25°05'N, 1983). IZCAS, 1. B:C-80. 95°02'E; collected 20 Mar. 1935 by H. C. Ra- Menghai; Yunnan, CHINA; 21°58'N, 100°28'E; ven and R. C. Morris (Raven in Carter, 1943, collected 27 Nov. 1957 and 17 Apr. 1958 by

p. 100; Morris, 1936, p. 667); amnh, 1. B:M- Ye Zongyao (Bannikov, 1958, p. 68; Kao et al.,

13. 1962, p. 188); izcas, 2(1 skin only; 1 skull only

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 153 [external measurements recorded on skull tag]). Mintal. See Wassuland. B:C-81. Mintal, ob. See Maowen. Menghun; Yunnan, CHINA; ZTSO'N, 100°23'E; Mirkhani (= Mirkandi), 4000 ft (= 1200 m);

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). North-West Frontier, PAKSITAN; 35°28'N. B:C-81. 71°44'E; observed before 1902 by Capt. B. E. Mengla Xian, 640 m and 730 m; Yunnan, CHI- M. Gurdon (McMahon, 1901a, p. 4). A:P-1. NA; 2r-22°N, 101°-102°E; collected in 1959 Misajan; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°52'N, 94°39'E;

by unknown collector; kiz, 3 (2 skins only. 1 reported 9 Mar 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. skull only). Collected 30 Oct. 1961 by Li Zhi- Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25.

xiang; kiz. 1. Not mapped. Mishmi Hills. See Dening. Menglong; Yunnan, CHINA; 21°36'N. 100°40'E; Miyi; Sichuan, CHINA; 26°50'N, 102°03'E; re-

reported befored 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997, p. ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 58). B:C-82. B:C-48. Menglun. Mengla Xian, 740 m; Yunnan, CHINA; Miwan, Taishan Xian, Shangchuan Dao, <200 m; 21°55'N. lOnS'E; collected 8 May 1959 by Guangdong, CHINA; 21°37'N, 112°45'E; col- Deng Xiangfu (Wang Yingxiang. pers. comm., lected 19 Apr. 1981 by Liu Zhenhe and Xu

29 Aug. 1983); kiz, 1 (skin only). Collected in Longhuei (Liu Zhenhe, sciea, pers. comm., 26 1961 by Yang Lan (Wang Yingxiang. pers. Nov. 1985); sciea. 1. C:C-213.

comm.. 29 Aug. 1983); kiz. 1 (skin only). B:C- Moduri; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°55'N, 94°44'E; re- 84. ported 9 Mar 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. Choud- Mengyang; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 22°00'N, hury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25. 100°50'E; collected 10 and 12 Apr. 1957 and Moenjo Daro: Sind, PAKISTAN; 27°19'N, 18 Oct. 1958 by Ye Zongyao (Bannikov, 1958, 68°07'E; possible occurrence ca. 4000 B.P. in-

p. 68; Kao et al.. 1962. p. 188; Quan Guoqiang. dicated by prehistoric statuettes (Mackay, 1931, pers. comm. 25 Aug. 1983); izcas, 3. B:C-83. p. 349; Iyer, 1977, p. 15). Not mapped. Me Ping rapids. See Kaeng Mae Hat. Mohan (= Mohand); Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; Mesogarh; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°58'N, 94°41'E; 30°11'N, 77°54'E; reported 1964-1966 by D. reported 9 Mar 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. G. Lindburg (1977a, p. 268). A:I-27.

Choudhury ([1991a]. p. 31). B:I-25. Mohenjodero. See Moenjo Daro. Meteka; Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°58'N. 94°39'E; Mojiang Xian; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 23°25'N, observed 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. 101°44'E; immunological survey conducted be-

Choudhury ([1991a], p. 32). B:I-25. fore 1996 by Duan Xingsheng, Liu Yuanwei, Mg. Khua. See Ou, Nam, between Muang khoua Wu Jing. Dao Weiying, and Liu Jianghai (1995. and Muang Ngoy. p. 411). B:C-75. Mg. Ngoi. See Ou, Nam, between Muang Khoua Moklok. east bank of Chindwin River; Sagaing, and Muang Ngoy. MYANMAR (= BURMA); ca. 25°37'N. Midwest Sichuan. See Sichuan, west-central. 95°25'E; collected 16 Mar. 1935 by H. C. Ra- Mihouling, Ledong Xian. 700-800 m; Hainan ven (in Carter. 1943. p. 100; Morris, 1936. p.

Dao; Hainan, CHINA; 18°55'N, 109°08'E; pur- 666); AMNH. 1. B:M-10. chased 5 May 1964 by Liu Zhenhe, sciea (pers. MoUur See Mallur.

comm., 26 Nov. 1985); sciea, 1. C:C-234. Molta; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 30°00'N, Mikir Hills. Assam, INDIA; ca. 26°10'N, 93°30'E; 79°00'E; observed 1955-1957 by G. A. von reported Dec. 1972-Feb. 1973 by R. L. Tilson Maydell (Oboussier & von Maydell. 1960. p.

(1983. p. 399). B:I-33. 143). A:I-30. Mile; Yunnan, CHINA; 24°24'N. 103°27'E; re- Momien. See Tengchong.

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997. p. 58). Mom Ray (= Mon Ray) Nature Reserve; Kon C:C-148. Turn, VIETNAM; ca. 14°27'N. 107°45'E; re- Minglang; Yunnan, CHINA; 23°53'N, 99°irE; ported ca. 1990-1995 by L. K. Lippold (1995.

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997. p. 58). p. 200). C:V-38. B:C-66. Mong Moen. See Muong Muon.

Mingun. near Sagaing, 250 ft (= 70 m); Sagaing, Mong Moun. See Muong Pon. MYANMAR (= BURMA); 22°03'N. 96°0rE; Monkey Bridge. See Lucknow vicinity. collected 12 July 1913 by G. C. Shortridge (in Monkey hill. <10 mi (<16 km) south of Jing-

Wroughton. 1915a. p. 461); bm(nh). 1. B:M-23. gangshan; Jiangxi, CHINA; ca. 26°30'N,

154 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 114°10'E; reported ca. 1985 by Tan Bangjie ported 9 Apr 1929 by H. Stevens (1934. p. (1985. p. 73). Report unverified; M. thibetana 132). Ti.ssue samples obtained ca. 1991 by

only macaque verified at this locality (Li Zhang Yaping and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). Xiongshan. Jinggangshan Nature Reserve Bu- Reported before 1992 by Jiang Xuelong, Wang

reau, pers. comm.. 4 Nov. 1985; Liu Zhenhe, Yingxiang, and Ma Shilai (1991, p. 243). B:C- sciEA, pers. comm.. 25 Nov. 1985). Not 39. mapped. Mulug (= Mulugu), Gajwel Taluk, Medak Dis- Mon Ray Nature Reserve. See Mom Ray Nature trict; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 17°45'N, Reserve. 78°38'E; reported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G.U.

Moradabad vicinity; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; ca. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-123. 28°50'N. 78°47'E; autopsied ca. 1966 by K. K. Mulun Nature Reserve; Guang.xi, CHINA; ca. Chawla. C. D. S. Murthy, R. N. Chakravarti. 25°08'N, 107°50'E; observed 1976. 1986. and

and P. N. Chhuttani (1967. p. 85). A:I-50. 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995. p. Morang region; Morang, NEPAL; ca. 26°30'N. 127; letter. Aug. 1996). C:C-177. 87°30'E; reported 1920-1921 by N. A. Baptista Mumbai (= Bombay). Raj Bhavan compound; (in Hinton & Fry. 1923. p. 403). B:N-4. Maharashtra, INDIA; 18°56'N. 72°48'E; pop- Morit forest. See Kokkoaing. ulation atrificially introduced (Serrao & Amla- Moshemien; Sichuan, CHINA; ca. 30°00'N, di, 1979, pp. 29, 32). Observed Apr-May 1973 102°00'E; reported 24 June-7 July 1929 by lo- by J. Fooden. Not mapped. cal residents (Stevens. 1934. p. 132). B:C-27. Municipal Corporation Builiding. See Aligarh. Motianling. Debao Xian; Guang.xi, CHINA; ca. Munipamula, Ramannapet Taluk. Nalgonda Dis- 23°20'N. 106°37'E; collected ca. Oct. 1979 by trict; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 17°19'N, unknown collector (Quan Guoqiang, pers. 79°09'E; reported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G.U.

comm.. 13 Dec. 1985); fdcg. 1 (mounted skin Kurup (1984. p. 58; 1992. p. 18). A:I-128. with skull inside; specimen not seen). C:C-167. Muong Boum. Tonkin region; Lai Chau, VIET- Moung Boum. See Muong Bourn. NAM; 22°23'N, 102°49'E; collected 27 Mar Moung Mouen. See Muong Muon. 1929 by R. W Hendee (Bangs & Van Tyne,

Moung-moun. See Muong Moun. 1931. p. 37; Coolidge. 1933, p. 94); fmnh. 1. Mount Everest. See Sagarmatha. B:V-1. Mount Omei. See Emei Shan. Muong Cha; Lai Chau, VIETNAM; 21°58'N, M. R. G. High School. See Dhaka. I02°5rE; collected 27 Apr 1963 by unknown

Mt. Wuchi. See Wuzhi Shan. collector (Dao. 1985, p. 147); museum un- Muang Khoua. See Ou. Nam, between Muang known (not seen). B:V-3. Khoua and Muang Ngoy. Muong Mo; Lai Chau, VIETNAM; 22°13'N, Muang Ngoy. See Ou. Nam. between Muang 102°55'E; captives acquired 12-20 Mar 1929 Khoua and Muang Ngoy. by H. J. Coolidge. Jr. and R. W Hendee (Cool- Muang Pakxan; Vientiane, LAOS; ca. 18°22'N. idge. 1933. pp. 86. 216; Bangs & Van Tyne, 103°39'E; reported before 1964 by J. Deuve 1931. p. 35). B:V-2.

and M. Deuve (1963. p. 59). C:L-2. Muong Moun. Tonkin region; Lai Chau, VIET- Muang Thateng, Plateau des Bolovens; Saravan, NAM; 21°42'N, 103°2rE; collected 15 Mar LAOS; 15°26'N. 106°23'E; purchased 29 Jan. 1929 by R. E. Wheeler (Bangs & Van Tyne.

and 13 Feb. 1932 by T. D. Carter (Legendre, 1931. p. 34); KMNH. 1. C:V-3. 1932. p. 495; 1936. p. 251; Fooden. 1997, pp. Muong Muon. Tonkin region; Lai Chau, VIET- 227. 229); an.sp. 5. C:L-3. NAM; 21°40'N. 103°04'E; captive purcha.sed

Mudhalaparava, Krishna District 120 m; Andhra Nov. 1931 by T D. Carter (Legendre, 1936, p.

Pradesh, INDIA; 16°56'N. 80°45'E; observed 125); died in zoo 15 June 1932; amnh, 1. C:V-2.

14 May 1980 by J. Fooden. A. Mahabal, and Muong Pon (= Muong Poun). Tonkin region; Lai

S. S. Saha (1981. p. 468). A:I-140. Chau, VIETNAM; 21°33'N, 103°0rE; collect- Mudigonda (= Mudukonda). Khammam Taluk. ed 18 Nov. 1931 by T D. Carter (Legendre, Khammam District; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 1936, p. 125); amnh, 1. C:V-2. 17°10'N, 80°04'E; reported Feb. 1977-July Muong Son. See Huong Son.

1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984. p. 58; 1992. p. Murree, outskirts; Punjab, PAKISTAN; 33°54'N, 18). A:I-132. 73°22'E; reported in 1964 by T J. Roberts

Muh; Sichuan, CHINA; 27°50'N. 101°15'E; re- (1977, p. 87). A:P-i2.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 155 Mussoorie (= Mussooree) vicinity; Uttar Pra- served Sept. 1959-June 1960 by C. H. South- desh, INDIA; ca. 30°27'N, 78°05'E; reported wick, M. A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi (1961b, p. before 1866 by T. Hutton (1865, p. xiii [mis- 703). Parasitological study conducted ca. 1980 identified as Inuus pelops]; cf. Fooden, 1982a, by S. N. Arya (1981, p. 261). A:I-32. 28°45'- p. 2). A:I-27. Naini Tal District; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; Mustapur. 0.5 km east of, Nizamabad District, 560 29°35'N, 78°40'-80°10'E; observed 1981-1983 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°17'N, 78°10'E; by R K. Seth, S. Seth, G. L. Reddy, and R K.

observed 15 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Ma- Chopra (1992, p. 62). Not mapped.

habal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 467). A:I-I18. Nam Co (= Tengri-Nor); Xizang, CHINA; Muttagudem. Krishna District, 80 m; Andhra Pra- 30°42'N, 90°35'E; erroneous record (Elliot, desh. INDIA; 17°07'N. 80°37'E; observed 14 1913, p. 197; cf. Milne-Edwards, 1892, p. 670).

May 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. Not mapped.

Saha (1981, p. 467). A:I-136. Nam Fong. See Nanfeng. Muttra. See Mathura. Nam hou. See Ou, Nam. MYANMAR (= BURMA), eastern; 20°-24°N, Nam miu. See Luofu Shan. 97°-10rE; tissue samples obtained ca. 1991 by Nam Ngap, Luc Yen District, Yen Bai, VIET- Zhang Yaping and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). NAM; ca. 22°07'N, 104°47'E; collected Dec. Not mapped. 1971 and date unknown by unknown collector; MYANMAR (= BURMA), upper; Kachin, lEBR, 2 (skulls only). C:V-4. MYANMAR; 26°00'-26°40'N, 97°50'-97°55'E; Nam U. See Ou, Nam. collected ca. 1939 by R. Kaulback (Pocock, Nam Yao. See Mansam Falls.

1941, p. v); bm(nh), 1 (skull only). Not mapped Nam Yu. See Ou, Nam. (see B:M-1). Nanau; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 27°48'N, 78°16'E; Myitkyina; Kachin, MYANMAR (= BURMA); observed 1959-1975 by C. H. Southwick and 25°23'N, 97°24'E; captive purchased June-Dec. M. F Siddiqi (1977, p. 342). Observed Jan.

1945 by M. L. Roonwal (1950, p. 16 [misiden- 1990-Mar. 1991 by E. Imam and H. S. A. Yah- tified as M. assamensis]). B:M-5. ya 1995, p. 2). A:I-69. Mymensingh, northern, BANGLADESH; ca. Nanchuan; Sichuan, CHINA; 29°07'N, 107°16'E; 25°10'N, 90°30'E; reported early in 1980 by S. reported before 1992 by Jiang Xuelong, Wang

P. Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, p. 278). B: Yingxiang, and Ma Shilai (1991, p. 244). C:C- Ba-9. 133. Na chaka. See Yajiang. Nanding He (= Nanting River), Lincang District; Nachuka. See Yajiang. Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 24°00'N, 99°44'E; report- Nada (= Nodoa), Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA; ed before 1996 by Lan Daoying and Guo 19°31'N, 109°33'E; collected 9-28 Jan. and 19 Guang (1995, p. 6). B;C-68.

Apr. 1923 by C. H. Pope (1932b, p. 481; 1935, Nandini Wildlife Sanctuary, Jammu District; Jam-

p. 498); AMNH, 4; fmnh, I. C:C-229. mu & Kashmir INDIA; ca. 32°44'N, 74°52'E; Nagarjunakonda Valley. See Siddeldar Hill. reported before 1984 by B. K. Tikader (1983.

Nagarkot (= Nagarcot), 8000 ft (= 2400 m); Bag- p. 297). A:I-5. mati, NEPAL; 27°42'N, 85°3rE; collected 15 Nanfeng (= Nam Fong) Shi; Hainan Dao; Hai- Oct. 1920 by R. L. Kennion (Hinton & Fry, nan, CHINA; 19°24'N, 109°3rE; collected 23

1923, p. 403); bm(nh), 2. A:N-12. Mar. and 14 May 1923 by C. H. Pope (1935,

Nagchuka. See Yajiang. p. 498); AMNH, 1; mcz, 1. C:C-229. Nagorhgena; Assam, INDIA; ca. 24°17'N, Nanglamora; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°00'N, 92°30'E; observed 21-25 Mar. 1986 by A. 94°46'E; reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by

Choudhury (1983, p. 14; 1989, p. 491; [1991a], A. Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25.

p. 124). B:I-39. Nangpoh. See Nongpoh. Nagpur, 300 m; Maharashtra, INDIA; 21°10'N, Nang Pon. See Nongpoh.

79°05'E; observed 30 Mar. 1980 by J. Fooden, Nang Xian; Xizang (= Tibet), CHINA; ca.

A. Mahabal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 466). A: 29°05'N, 93°05'E; observed 1979-1982 by 1-102. Zhang Cizu, Director, Shanghai Zoo (pers. Nai Basti. See Khair, Tahsil. comm., 18 Oct. 1985). B:C-6. Naini Tal, Bhowal area, Kumaon region; Uttar Nanhua; Yunnan, CHINA; 25°13'N, 101°21'E; re- Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 29°23'N, 79°27'E; ob- ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58).

156 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Blood sample obtained before 1999 by Ding 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. Bo, Zhang Yaping. and Hou Yidi (1998, p. 18). A:I-122. 172). B:C-53. Narayanganj (= Narayangong); Naraxanganj, Nanjian; Yunnan, CHINA; 25°04'N, 100°32'E; re- BANGLADESH; 23°37'N, 90°30'E; reported

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). before 1982 by M. A. R. Khan (1981, p. 13; B:C-54. 1985, p. 31). B:Ba-27.

Nanjiang; Sichuan, CHINA; 32°2rE; 106°50'E; Narbong, Darjeeling Disrtict, 2000 ft ( = 600 m); reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). West Bengal, INDIA; 26°5rN, 88°20'E; col-

C:C-33. lected 1 1 Mar. 1915 by C. A. Crump (Wrough-

Nan Ling; Guangdong, CHINA; ca. 24°10'N, ton, 1916b, p. 472); bm(nh), 1. B:I-6.

112°00'E; reported 1980-1981 by Fu Ting- Narkanda, ca. 1 km north of; Himachal Pradesh, zhang (1987, p. 37). C:C-198. INDIA; ca. 31°17'N, ITll'E; observed Aug. Nanning; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 22°49'N. 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, pp. 475. 108°19'E; captive purchased Jan. 1964 by un- 483). A:M7. known collector; kiz, 1. C:C-220. Narkanda, ca. 4 km south of; Himachal Pradesh, Nanping; Sichuan, CHINA; 33°14'N, 104°06'E; INDIA; ca. 3ri4'N, ITII'E; observed Aug.

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984. p. 475). A: C:C-22. 1-17. Nantaleik Chaung. See Hisweht. Narkanda. ca. 5 km north of; Himachal Pradesh, Naming River. See Nanding He. INDIA; ca. 31°18'N. ITII'E; reported Aug.

Nanwan, Xingcungang, Lingshui Xian, 100-200 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984. p. 475). A: m; Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA; 18°24'N, M7. 109°59'E; captured in 1970 by Liu Zhenhe, Narma. See Narva. sciEA (pers. comm., 26 Nov. 1985); died in cap- Narota-Bun, highway between; Jammu & Kash- tivity 15 May 1976; sciea, 2. Reported before mir, INDIA; ca. 32°49'N. 74°55'E; observed 1981 (Anonymous, 1980, p. 17). Observed be- before 1983 by Y R. Malhotra and D. N. Sahi

fore 1988 by Wang Zeng (1987, p. 39). Re- (1982, p. 27). A:I-5.

ported before 1989 by Tan Manni (1988, p. 14). Narpuh Reserved Forest, Jaintia Hills; Megha- C:C-239. laya, INDIA; ca. 25°05'N, 92°20'E; observed

Nanwan Nature Reserve, Hainan Dao, 255 m; ca. 1996 by A. Choudhury (1998. p. 8). B:I-18. Hainan, CHINA; 18°23'N, 110°00'E; observed Narva, Banswada Taluk, Nizamabad District; An- 1965-1989 by Jiang Haisheng, Liu Zhenhe, dhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°14'N, 77°59'E; re-

Zhang Yongzu, and C. Southwick (1991, p. ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup

208; Southwick et al., 1991, p. 25; Jiang et al., (1984, p. 58; 1992. p. 18). A:I-117.

1994, p. 166). Observed 1988-1990 by Feng Nathia Gali; North-West Frontier, PAKISTAN;

Min, Jiang Haisheng, and Wang Jun (1997. p. 34°04'N. 73°24'E; reported in 1964 by T J.

27). Observed ca. 1991 by D. Manry (1991, p. Roberts (1977. p. 87). A:P-12. 10). C:C-239. Nawabganj vicinity; Nawabganj, BANGLA-

Nanyaseik, 480 ft (= 145 m); Kachin, MYAN- DESH; ca; 24°36'N. 88°17'E; reported before MAR (= BURMA); ca. 25°37'N, 96°36'E; col- 1982 by M. A. R. Khan (1981. p. 13; 1985, p. lected 7 and 11 Jan. 1935 by H. C. Raven (in 31). B:Ba-3.

Carter, 1943, p. 100; Monis, 1936, p. 648); Nawakot. See Trisuli Bazar. AMNH, 4. B:M-6. Nazuo Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Guang- Naogaon; Naogaon, BANGLADESH; 24°47'N, xi, CHINA; ca. 24°12'N, 105°32'E; observed 88°56'E; reported before 1982 by M. A. R. 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei

Khan (1981, p. 13). B:Ba-4. Zhenyi (1995, p. 127; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C- Narasaraopet, 2 km northwest of, Guntur District, 162. 75 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 16°14'N, N"Changyang, 1500 ft (= 460 m); Kachin,

80°02'E; observed 9 May 1980 by J. Fooden, MYANMAR (= BURMA); 25°50'N, 97°48'E; A. Mahabal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 468). A: collected 4 and 19 July 1939 by R. Kaulback;

M45. BM(NH), 2 (including 1 skin only). B:M-3. Narayanapur (= Narayanpur), Jangaon Taluk, Neelum Valley; Azad Kashmir, PAKISTAN; ca. Warangal District; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 34°20'N, 73°35'E; reported before 1978 by T J. 17°44'N, 79°14'E; reported Feb. 1977-July Roberts (1977, p. 86). A:P-9.

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 157 Neghereting (= Negheretting); Assam, INDIA; Ninggang; Jiangxi, CHINA; 26°45'N, 113°58'E; 26°44'N. 94°07'E; observed in 1969 and 12-15 reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Feb. 1974 by G. Pilleri (1975, p. 43; Pilleri & C:C-1()3.

Pilleri, 1982, p. 158). B:I-23. Ningming; Guangxi, CHINA; 22°12'N, 1()7°05'E; Neilingding Dao (= Lintin Island), 50-340 m; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Gmmi^Jonii, CHINA; ca. 22°25'N, 113°48'E; C:C-227. tentatively reported before 1863 by R. Swinhoe Nirmal, 16 km east of, Adilabad District, 360 m;

(1863, p. 351). Collected 25 Oct. 1981 by Liu Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 19°05'N, 78°30'E; Zhenhe and Xu Longhuei (Liu Zhenhe, sciea, observed 26 Mar. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Ma- pers.comm., 26 Nov. 1895); sciea, 1. Observed habal. and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 466). A:M14. Dec. 1984 by Liu Zhenhe, sciea (pers. comm.. Nishangara, Bahraich District; Uttar Pradesh, IN- 25 Nov. 1985). Observed 1988-1990 by Feng DIA; 28°15'N, 81°13'E; collected 1956-1957 Min. Jiang Haisheng, Wang Jun (1997. p. 27). by Zoological Survey of India (Kurup, 1965, Reported 25 Aug. 1993 by M. W. Lau (1995, pp. 186, 193); museum unknown (not seen). A:

p. 209). C:C-212. 1-56. NEPAL. See [Katmandu Valley]. Nishangara vicinity; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. Nepal Tarai. See Terai. 28°15'N, 8n3'E; observed 1955-1957 by G. Newakot. See Trisuli Bazar. A. von Maydell (Oboussier & von Maydell, New Forest Estate. See Dehra Dun vicinity. 1960, p. 144). A:I-56. = Ngamda (?= Kintachie; ?= Houmda); Xizang { Noakhali, BANGLADESH; ca. 22°45'N, 91°10'E; Tibet), CHINA; ca. 31°05'N, 96°43'E; captive reported before 1982 by M. A. R. Khan (1981, purchased 7 May 1890 by G. Bonvalot and H. p. 13). B:Ba-31. d' Orleans (Bonvalot, 1891, vol. 2, pp. 149, 156; Nodoa. See Nada.

1892, p. 505; Bonvalot et al., 1891, map); cap- Nong Khai (= Nong Kay; Nong Kha), Camp No. tive living in menagerie of mnhn, 22 Aug. 1892 28; Nong Khai, THAILAND; 17°52'N,

(Milne-Edwards, 1892, p. 671); skin possibly in 102°44'E; collected 9 Feb. 1920 by J. Bangas- MNHN (see below, Tibet). B:C-14. sar (C. B. Kloss, unpublished itinerary notes, Nghe An, VIETNAM; 18°35'-20°00'N. 103°50'- ZRC); ZRC. 2. B:T-11. 105°50'E; collected in 1959 and Nov. 1961 by Nonglin, Mengla Xian, 670 m; Yunnan, CHINA; unknown collectors; zmvnu, 3 (skulls only). ca. 21°28'N, 101°35'E; collected 19 Dec. 1959 Not mapped (see C:V-24 through C:V-26). by Deng Xiangfu; Kiz, 1 (skull only). B:C-86. Nghia Dan (= Nghia Hung, Phu Qui). 100 ft (= Nongpoh. Khasi Hills, 1200 ft (= 370 m); Megh- 30 m); Nghe An, VIETNAM; 19°19'N, alaya INDIA; 25°54'N. 91°53'E; collected 27

105°25'E; collected 28 Feb. 1928 by J. Dela- May 1920 by H. W. Wells (Hinton & Lindsay,

cour and W. P Lowe (Delacour, 1929, p. 198); 1926, p. 385); bm(nh). 1. B:I-17.

BM(NH). 1. C:V-24. Nongxin Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Nghia Dung, Tan Ky District, Nghe An, VIET- Guangxi, CHINA; 22°55'N, 105°53'E; ob- NAM; 19°07'N, 105°2rE; collected 4 and 9 served 1976. 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Dec. 1964 by Lo Van Hong (Dao. 1985, p. 216; Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 128; letter. Aug. 1996). Nisbitt & Ciochon, 1993, p. 772; cf. Dang, C:C-165.

1983, p. 1282); iebr, 2. C:V-24. Nordchina. See CHINA, northern. Nghia Hung. See Nghia Dan. North Cachar Hills; Assam, INDIA; ca. 25°10'N, Nghia Lo. See Yen Bcii. 93°00'E; reported Dec. 1972-Feb. 1973 by R. Nhera/Tara Devi, Simla vicinity; Himachal Pra- L. Tilson (1983. p. 399). B:I-36. desh, INDIA; ca. 31°05'N, 77°09'E; observed North District, eastern; Tripura, INDIA; ca.

Aug. 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. 24°00'N. 92°25'E; observed May-June 1978 by 474). A:M8. R. P Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed May-

Nheri. See Narkanda, ca. 1 km north of. Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). B:I- Nimaijan-Bahdhora; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°00'N, 41. 94°4rE; reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by North District, north-central; Tripura, INDIA; ca.

A. Choudhury ([1991a]. p. 31). B:I-25. 24°20'N. 92°00'E; observed May-Aug. 1989 by Ningdu; Jiangxi, CHINA; 26°22'N, 115°48'E; re- A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). B:I-40.

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). North District, northeastern; Tripura, INDIA; ca. C:C-100. 24°20'N, 92°25'E; reported May-June 1978 by

158 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY R. P. Mukherjee (1982. p. 71). Observed May- 30°03'N. 101°2rE; collected [21 Jun. 1890] by Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994. p. 102). B:I- G. Bonvalot and H. d'Orleans (Bonvalot. 1892,

39. p. 506); MNHM, 2 (including 1 skull only). B:C- North District, northwestern; Tripura, INDIA; ca. 28. 24°11'N. 91°49'E; observed May-Aug. 1989 by Omei. Mount. See Emei Shan.

A. K. Gupta (1994. p. 102). B:I-40. Orcha. ca. 1 km northwest of. Bastar District; North District, southeastern; Tripura, INDIA; ca. Madhya Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 19°22'N. 23°47'N, 92°14'E; observed May-Aug. 1989 by 8ri2'E; observed Nov. 1958-Nov. 1959 by R

A. K. Gupta (1994. p. 102). B:I-42. Jay (1963. p. 281; 1965. p. 210; cf. Fooden. North District, southwestern; Tripura, INDIA; ca. 1989. p. 44). B:I-111. 23°42'N. 92°0rE; observed May-Aug. 1989 by Ou. Nam (= Nam hou); Louangphrahang, LAOS; A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). B:I-42. ca. 20°30'N. 102°35'E; collected ca. Apr. 1892

North District, western; Tripura, INDIA; ca. by H. d'Orleans (Gagnepain, 1944, map 1. p.

24°00'N. 91°49'E; observed May-June 1978 by 45); MNHN. 1 (skull only). B:L-2. R. R Mukherjee (1982. p. 71). Observed May- Ou. Nam. between Muang Khoua and Muang Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994. p. 102). B:I- Ngoy; Louangphrahang or Phongsali, LAOS; 40. ca. 21°00'N. 102°45'E; collected 20 May 1929

North Kamrup. See Bogra Nadi. by R. W. Hendee (field catalog, fmnh, p. 49; North Lena Island. See Dangan Dao. Bangs & Van Tyne. 1931. p. 37; Osgood. 1932.

North VIETNAM; 17°-23°N. 102°-107°E; tissue p. 195) FMNH. 1. B:L-1. samples obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Yaping Ououlongtche. See Olongche. and Shi Liming (1993b. p. 589). Not mapped. Outapour, south of; Konarha, AFGHANISTAN; Nuguvedu. See Yeppuru. ca. 34°50'N. 70°50'E; reported before 1972 by

Nu Jiang (= Salween River), above Changlung; A. Puget (1971. p. 201). A:A-7. Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 24°15'N. 99°05'E; tenta- Ovra (= Overa) Sanctuary, proposed, 2135 m; tively reported Mar. 1917 by R. C. Andrews (in Jammu & Kashmir, INDIA; ca. 34°00'N, Andrews & Andrews, 1918. p. 279). B:C-65. 75°00'E; observed Apr.-May 1981 by P C. Tak

Nurestan (= Nuristan). eastern; Konarha, AF- and G. Kumar (1984, p. 203; Roonwal & Tak,

GHANISTAN; ca. 35°30'N. 7r30'E; captive 1981, p. 96). A:I-2. obtained in 1906 by H. McMahon (Pocock, Paach piror mukam; Assam, INDIA; ca. 24°16'N.

1932, p. 543); died 19 Jan 1910 in Regents Park 92°30'E; observed 21-25 Mar. 1986 by A.

Zoo; bm(nh). 1 (skin only). A:A-1. Choudhury (1983. p. 14; 1989. p. 491; 11991b].

Nurestan (region), densely wooded districts; Kon- p. 124). B:I-39. arha, Laghman, or Nangarhar, AFGHANI- Pablakhali; Chittagong Hill Tracts, BANGLA- STAN; 34°-36°N. 70°-72°E; reported before DESH; 23°17'N. 92°07'E; observed Feb. 1990-

1860 by H. G. Raverty (1859. p. 332). Not June 1993 by M. M. Feeroz. M. A. Islam, and

mapped. M. Kabir (1995. p. 76). B:Ba-34. Nurestan vicinity; Laghman, AFGHANISTAN; Paddavaram. Guntur District; Andhra Pradesh, 35°00'N. 70°20'E; reported before 1972 by A. INDIA; 16°0rN. 79°38'E; population report-

Puget (1971. p. 201); A:A-4. edly introduced in 1977. observed 5 May 1980

Nur Valley. See Khyber Pass vicinity. by J. Fooden. A. Mahabal. and S. S. Saha

Nyachuka. See Yajiang. (1981. p. 471). Not mapped. Nyainqentanglha Sheng (region); Xizang (= Ti- Padua; Chittagong. BANGLADESH; 22°03'N. bet), CHINA; ca. 29°-32°N, 90°-96°E; reported 92°07'E; observed Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M.

before 1964 by Shen Xiaozhou (1963, p. 140; M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995, cf. Fooden, 1982a. pp. 26. 51; 1989, p. 44). Not p. 76). B:Ba-38. mapped (see B:C-1, B:C-3. and B:C-6 through Pahalgam vicinity. See Ovra (= Overa) Sanctu- B:C-13). ary. Nychow (?= Yai-cheng) vicinity; Hainan Dao; Paia. ca. 6 mi (= 10 km) east of Shogran. Hazara Hainan, CHINA; ca. 18°22'N. 109°08'E; col- Division, 8700 ft (= 2650 m); North-West

lected Mar. 1868 by R. Swinhoe (1870. p. 226; Frontier, PAKISTAN; 34°37'N, 73°33'E; col-

Napier. 1981. p. 22); bm(nh). 1. C:C-237. lected 5 Aug. 1964 by M. Iqbal (Roberts. 1977,

Old Chandpur Bazar. See Chandpur Bazar, old. p. 343); USNM. 1. A:P-10. Olongche (?= Wolongshi); Sichuan, CHINA; ca. Pajja Hill, north of Mardan; North-West Frontier,

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE. MACACA MULATTA 159 PAKISTAN; ca. 34°I2'N, 72°02'E; observed 1975 by H. Taylor, J. Teas, T Richie, C. South- 1899-1901 by unidentified British officers (Mc- wick, and R. Shrestha (1978, p. 344). Observed

Mahon, 1901b, p. 9). A:P-7. 1975-1978 by J. Teas (1983, p. 224). Reported Pakhal Lake, west side, Warangal District, 340 m; before 1982 by T K. Shrestha (1981, p. 269). Amlhra Pradesh, INDIA; 17°56'N, 79°58'E; Reported 13 Aug. 1996 by N. Shrestha (1997, observed 19 and 20 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. p. 31). Observed 1995-1998 by M.K. Chalise Mahabal. and S. S. Saha (1981. p. 467). A:I- and M. Ghimire (1998, p. 11). A:N-12. 133. Patang. See Batang vicinity. Pakhal Wild Life Sanctuary; Andhra Pradesh, IN- Patharia (= Pathalia); Moulvi Bazar, BANGLA- DIA; 17°50'-18°05'N, 79°55'-80°10'E; report- DESH; ca. 24°45'N, 92°15'E; reported early in

ed Nov. 1966 by J. J. Spillett (1968, p. 8). Not 1980 by S.R Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, mapped (see A:I-133). p. 278). Observed Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. PAKISTAN; 33°-36°N, 7r-74°E; obtained in Ka- M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995, rachi (extralimital) before 1949 by R. Henry; pp. 76, 79). B:Ba-ll.

iRSN, 3. Not mapped. Patiala District; Punjab, INDIA; ca. 30°19'N. Paksane. See Muang Pakxan. 76°24'E; observed 1981-1983 by RK. Seth, S. Palamau; Bihar, INDIA; ca. 23°50'N, 84°10'E; Seth, G. L. Reddy. and R K. Chopra (1992, p. observed 22 Feb. 1970 by M. Krishnan (1972, 62). A:I-21.

p. 540). A:I-92. Patriata, Murree region. 7150 ft (= 2180 m); Pun- Palampeta, Mulug Taluk, Warangal District; An- jab, PAKISTAN; 33°5rN, 73°29'E; collected dhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°16'N, 79°56'E; re- 14-15 June 1923 by H. W. Wells (in Lindsay, ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup 1926, p. 608); bm(nh), 1; bnhs, 1. A:P-12.

(1984. p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-120. Peak. See [Victoria] Peak. Pallepadu (= Pallipad), Khammam Taluk, Kham- Pekin. See Beijing. mam District, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; Phala/Kutbor Game Reserve; Azad Kashmir, 17°12'N, 80°20'E; reported Feb. 1977-July PAKISTAN; ca. 34°00'N, 73°35'E; reported be- 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. fore 1984 by M. Nawaz (1983, p. 6). A:P-12. 19). A:I-I32. Phatuntula; Sylhet, BANGLADESH; not precisely Pamulaparthi (= Pamulparthi), Gajwel Taluk, Me- located, 24°08'-24°50'N, 9r37-92°17'E; ob- dak District; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 17°46'N, served Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, 78°42'E; reported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995, p. 76). Not

U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-123. mapped. Pang Nam Un; Nan, THAILAND; 18°30'N, Phawngpui Wildlife Sanctuary; Mizoram, INDIA; 100°33'E; collected 25 Jan. 1953 by R. E. Elbel ca. 22°40'N, 93°03'E; observed 13-18 Jan. and Prasit Seecharong (Moore & Tate, 1965, p. 1994 by T R. S. Raman, C. Mishra, and A. J.

329). usNM, 1. B:T-3. T Johnsingh (1996, p. 59). B:I-43. Panighatta; West Bengal, INDIA; 26°48'N, Phu Qui. See Nghia Dan. 88°15'E; observed in 1962 by C. H. Southwick, Phu Vach, Tan Lac District; Hoa Binh, VIET-

A. Ghosh, and C. D. Louch (1964, p. 446). B: NAM; ca. 20°35'N, 105°18'E; collected 21 Jan. 1-6. 1973 by Pham Trong Anh; iebr, 1 (skin only). Panipat-Rhotak, highway between; Haryana, IN- C:V-21. DIA; ca. 29°05'N, 76°40'E; observed 1964- Piangzu, 3.5 km northeast of Banli, Luoshan Sub- 1965 by R. R Mukherjee and G. D. Mukherjee county, Jinxiu Xian; Guangxi, CHINA; ca.

(1972, p. 67). A:I-37. 24°02'N, 110°15'E; captive purchased ca. 1987 Pankhabari. See Simulbari-Pankhaburi. by Zhong Changwan (pers. comm., 21 Nov. Paras vicinity, lower Kaghan Valley; North-West 1992); died in 1991; skeleton examined 21 Nov. Frontier, PAKISTAN; ca. 34°39'N. 73°3rE; 1992 at Banli. C:C-195.

reported before 1978 by T J. Roberts (1977. p. Pidaung Reserve. See Karen Chaung. 86). A:P-10. Pilibhit-Tanakpur, highway between; Uttar Pra- Pashok; Sikkim, INDIA; 27°03'N, 88°25'E; im- desh, INDIA; ca. 28°45'N, 79°50'E; observed

probable report (Wroughton, 1916d, p. 776; cf. Sept. 1959-June 1960 by C. H. Southwick, M.

Fooden, 1982a, p. 51). Not mapped. A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi (1961b, p. 702). A:

Pashupati, 4400 ft (= 1300 m); Katmandu Valley, 1-51. NEPAL; ca. 27°38'N. 85°21'E; observed 1974- Pina, forests above, Rara Daha (= Lake) vicinity;

160 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Jumla, NEPAL; ca. 29°33'N, 82°05'E; observed Wu Jing, Dao Weiying, and Liu Jianghai (1995, Nov. 1979 by P. Byrne (1982, p. 115). A:N-6. p. 411). B:C-77. Pingbian; Yunnan, CHINA; 22°54'N, 103°40'E; Pucheng Xian; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 27°55'N, reported before 1992 by Jiang Xuelong, Wang 118°30'E; collected 15 Aug. 1960 by unknown

Yingxiang, and Ma Shilai (1991, p. 242). C:C- collector; sciea, 1 (skin only). Reported Aug.

151. 1980 by Zheng Xueqing (1984, p. 145). C:C- Pinglang. See Batu. 75.

Pingnan Xian; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 26°56'N, Pulareddi. See Siddeldar Hill. I19°03'E; reported Sept. 1980 by Zheng Xue- Pulga; Himachal Pradesh. INDIA; ca. 32°()()'N,

qing (1984. p. 146). C:C-70. 77°30'E; reported 1978-1980 by A. J. Gaston,

Pingwu; Sichuan, CHINA; 32°25'N, 104°36'E; re- R J. Garson. and M. L. Hunter. Jr. (1983, p. ported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997, p. 58). 300). A:I-15. C:C-24. Punch Bol, Amravati District, 825 m; Maharash- Pinxiang vicinity; Jiangxi, CHINA; ca. 27°37'N, tra, INDIA; 21°26'N, 77°17'E; observed 31

113°5rE; captured in 1983 for Pingxiang Zoo; Jan. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S.

observed at zoo in summer 1984 by Sheng He- Saha (1981, p. 466). A:I-101. lin, ECNU (pers. comm., 19 Oct. 1985). C:C-106. Puquan Road Maintenance Station, Zhongliang Pisui, Loi-Gebiet, Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA; Subcounty, Jinxiu Xian, 850 m; Guangxi, CHI- ca. 19°02'N, 109°43'E; collected 19 Mar. 1909 NA; 24°irN, 110°19'E; observed in 1991 by by H. Schoede; zmb, 1. C:C-232. Mo Cailian and Mo Xiuzhen, road maintenance Plateau des Bolovens. See Muang Thateng. workers (pers. comm., 14 Nov. 1992). C:C-195. Pochuan. 6-7 km west of, Xianan Subcounty, Puran Bazar, Chandpur Division; Chandpur, Huanjiang Xian, 460 m; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. BANGLADESH; 23°20'N, 90°47'E; reported

25°00'N, 107°52'E; collected 25 Oct. 1992 by before 1986 by M. A. R. Khan (1981. p. 13;

Tan Nenrui (pers. comm., 5 Nov. 1992); IZCAS, 1985, p. 31). B:Ba-28.

1. C:C-177. Puri, 25 m; Orissa, INDIA; 19°48'N, 85°50'E; ob- Podumoni. See Tinsukia. served 16 Feb. 1980 by R. P Mukherjee (1984,

Pokhara; West No. 4, NEPAL; 28°12'N, 83°56'E; p. 261). Observed 21 May 1980 by J. Fooden. observed Mar. 1996 by M. K. Chalise and M. A:I-106.

Ghimire (1998, p. 12; e-mail, 20 Nov. 1998). Pyaunggaung, 2794 ft (= 852 m); Shan, MYAN- Reported at Annapuma Conservation Area be- MAR (= BURMA); 22°35'N. 97°05'E; collect- fore 1997 by K. K. Gurung and R. Singh (1996, ed 8 and 14 May 1913 by G. C. Shortridge (in

p. 78). A:N-supplementary. Ryley, 1914, p. 713; Moore & Tate, 1965, p.

Po Lu, Ba Be vicinity; Cao Bang, VIETNAM; ca. 330); BM(NH), 2 (including 1 in alcohol); bnhs,

22°24'N, 105°38'E; collected 6 Aug. 1967 by 2 (including 1 skull only). B:M-20.

Vo Quy; zmvnu, 1 (skull only). C:V-8. Pye (= Prome), 30 mi (= 50 km) southeast of, = Popa Hill; Mandalay, MYANMAR (= BURMA); 200 ft (- 60 m); Irrawaddy, MYANMAR ( ca. 20°55'N, 95°i5'E; observed Feb. 1984 by BURMA); ca. I8°30'N, 95°30'E; collected 2

C. H. Southwick and K. L. Southwick (1985, Feb. 1917 by J. M. D. Mackenzie (Wroughton,

p. 35). B:M-27. 1921, p. 553); bnhs, 1. B:M-34. = Popa Hill, 1000 m; Mandalay, MYANMAR ( Pye (= Prome), 35 mi (= 55 km) southeast of, BURMA); 20°55'N, 95°15'E; collected 21 800 ft (= 240 m); Pegu, MYANMAR (= BUR- Oct.-5 Nov. 1937 by G. Heinrich; amnh, 6. B: MA); ca. 18°30'N, 95°35'E; collected 25 Oct. M-27. 1916 by J. M. D. Mackenzie (Wroughton, 1921,

Popa Hill, 4961 ft (= 1512 m); Mandalay, p. 553); BM(NH), 1. B:M-34. MYANMAR (= BURMA); 20°55'N, 95°15'E; Qamdo; Xizang (= Tibet), CHINA; 3nO'N, collected July-Oct. 1913 by G. C. Shortridge 97°14'E; reported before 1992 by Jiang Xue-

(in Wroughton, 1915a, p. 461); bm(nh), 1; bnhs, long, Wang Yingxiang, and Ma Shilai (1991. p.

5 (including 1 skull only). B:M-27. 245). B:C-21. Prag Oil Mill. See Aligarh. Qasimpur Canal; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 27°59'N, Prome. See Pye. 78°09'E; observed 1959-1975 by C. H. South- Pu'er Xian; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 23°05'N, wick and M. F Siddiqi (1977, p. 342). A:I-69. 101°03'E; immunological survey conducted be- Qianjiandong Water Regulation Forest Reserve; fore 1996 by Duan Xingsheng, Liu Yuanwei, Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 25°26'N, 111°16'E; ob-

I FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 161 served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Wei Zhenyi (1995. p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-64. C:C-191. Raghunandan; Habiganj, BANGLADESH; ca. Qianxian. See Yixian. 24°10'N, 91°20'E; observed early in 1980 by S. Qiasui. Huaiji Xian; Guangdong, CHINA; ca. P. Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, p. 278). B:

24°06'N, 1 12°20'E; reported Apr 1982 by local Ba-14. residents (Liu Zhenhe, sciiiA, pers. comm., 26 Raghunathapalle, Jangaon Taluk, Warangal Dis- Nov. 1985). C:C-107. trict; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 17°45'N, Qigong, Yangshan Xian; Guangdong, CHINA; 79°I5'E; reported Feb. 1977-JuIy 1980 by G.

24°18'N, 1 12°34'E; reported July 1982 by local U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992. p. 18). A:I-122. residents (Liu Zhenhe, scihA. pers. comm., 25 Raigir. Hyderabad District; Andhra Pradesh, IN- Nov. 1985). C:C-206. DIA; 17°32'N, 78°57'E; observed 1972-1973 Qihong, Qimen Xian, 200-600 m; Anhui, CHI- by N. Koyama and P. B. Shekar (1981, p. 248). NA; ca. 29°35'N, 117°40'E; observed 1973- A:I-125. 1986 by Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al., 1986, p. Railway Station. See Aligarh. 83). C:C-63. Raimona vicinity, Goalpara district, <270 m; As- Qingchuan; Sichuan, CHINA; 32°36'N, 105°09'E; sam, INDIA; 26°39'N, 89°58'E; collected reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 1956-1957 by Zoological Survey of India (Ku- C:C-23. rup, 1965. pp. 188, 193); museum unknown Qingliangfeng, Jixi Xian, 800 m; Anhui, CHINA; (not seen). Reported before 1963 by H. Kha- ca. 30°10'N, 118°50'E; observed 1973-1986 by juria (1962b, p. 128). Observed May-June 1973 Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al., 1986, p. 83). C:C- by R. R Mukherjee and S. S. Saha (1974, p. 55. 337; Mukherjee, 1978b, p. 742). B:I-10. Qinglong Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Raj Bhavan compound. See Mumbai. Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 22°33'N, 106°42'E; ob- Rajahmundry, 3 km northeast of. East Godavari served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and District, 50 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA;

Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 129; letter, Aug. 1996). 17°02'N, 8r49'E; observed 18 May 1980 by C:C-224. J.Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p Qingshi Tan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; 467). A:I-138. Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 25°36'N, llO^ll'E; ob- Rajahmundry, 13 km northeast of. East Godavari served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and District, 75 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA

Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 127; letter, Aug. 1996). 17°03'N, 8r52'E; observed 18 May 1980 by J C:C-193. Fooden, A. Mahabal. and S. S. Saha (1981. p Qingzhen; Guizhou, CHINA; 26°33'N, 106°28'E; 467). A:I-138.

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Rajaji and Corbett National Parks; Uttar Pradesh, C:C-145. INDIA; 29°25'-30°13'N, 77°54'-79°05'E; re- J. Qinyang; Henan, CHINA; 35°06'N, 1 12°57'E; reported before 1995 by A. J. T Johnsingh and ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Joshua (1994, p. 137). Not mapped (see A:I-27 C:C-11. and A:I-33). Qionglai; Sichuan, CHINA; 30°25'N, I03°29'E; Rajaji Wildhfe Sanctuary, 365-610 m; Uttar Pra-

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). desh, INDIA; ca. 30°10'N, 78°00'E; observed C:C-29. Mar.-Dec. 1978 by J. W. Laws and J. V. H. Quan Lan, Dao; Quang Ninh, VIETNAM; ca. Laws (1984, p. 35). A:I-27. 20°52'N, 107°30'E; collected 3 June 1969 by Rajapara, South Kamrup, 600 ft (= 180 m); As-

unknown collector; iebr, 1 (skull only). C:V-13. sam, INDIA; ca. 25°55'N, 9n5'E; collected 21 Quang Ninh. See Xuan Ninh. and 25 Nov. 1920 by H. W. Wells (Hinton &

1 Quanzhou; Guangxi, CHINA; 25°57'N, 1 1 1°04'E; Lindsay, 1926, p. 385); bm(nh), 2 (including

reported before 1998 (Zhang et a)., 1997, p. 58). skin only). B:I-15. C:C-188. Rajendrapur forest. See Ghazipur. Qusum Xian; Xizang (= Tibet), CHINA; ca. Rajkandi; Moulvi Bazar, BANGLADESH; ca. 29°05'N. 92°10'E; observed 1979-1982 by 24°15'N, 9r55'E; reported eariy in 1980 by Zhang Cizu, Director. Shanghai Zoo (pers. S.R Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, p. 278). comm., 18 Oct. 1985). B:C-3. Reported Oct. 1986, Apr 1988. and Nov. 1988 Quxian; Zhejiang, CHINA; 28°58'N, 118°52'E; by C. B. Stanford (1992, p. 190). Observed

162 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. M. Feeroz. M. A. Akonda. and K. Z. Husain (1983. p. 194). B: Islam, and M. Kabir (1995. p. 76). B:Ba-13. Ba-7. Rajmai tea garden, east of National Highway No. Ratighat. Naini Tal vicinity, Kumaun region, 3700

37; Assam, INDIA; ca; 27°07'N. 94°44'E; ob- ft and 3800 ft (1 130 m and 1 160 m) Uttar Pra- served 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. Choud- desh, INDIA; 29°27'N. 79°29'E; collected 1-8 hury ([1991aJ. p. 32). B:I-25. Nov. 1913 by CA. Crump (in Wroughton,

Rajmai tea garden, west of National Highway No. 1914, p. 283); bm(nh), 2; bnhs, 1. A:I-32. 37; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°07'N. 94°43'E; ob- Rehnathapalli. See Raghunathapalle. served 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. Choud- Rema-Kalenga, Moiilvi Bazar, BANGLADESH; hury ([1991a]. p. 32). B:I-25. ca. 24°06'N, 91°36'E; observed Feb. 1990-June Rama Pass. See Xi Golog. 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Township vicinity; Ramban Jammu & Kashmir. Kabir (1995, pp. 76, 79). B:Ba-13. parasitological INDIA; ca. 33°15'N. 75°15'E; Rest House. See Dehra Dun vicinity. survey conducted ca. Nov. 1973 by D. Wein- Rewari-Patudi-Gurgaon, highway between Hary- 345). A:I-4. man (1974. p. ana, INDIA; ca. 28°20'N, 76°50'E; observed River. National Uttar Ramganga Corbett Park; 1964-1965 by R. P Mukherjee and G. D. Mu- Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 29°35'N, 79°05'E; ob- kherjee (1972. p. 67). A:I-42. served Sept. 1959-June 1960 and 1964-1965 Ridge. See Simla vicinity. by C. H. Southwick. M. A. Beg, and M. R. Ripon Hospital. See Simla vicinty. Siddiqi (1961b. p. 703; Southwick & M. R. Sid- Rohtak District; Haryami, INDIA; ca. 28°53'N. diqi. 1966. p. 312). A:I-33. 76°44'E; observed 1981-1983 by P K. Seth, S. Ramganga South Station, near Bareilly; Uttar Seth. G. L. Reddy. and R K. Chopra (1992, p. Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 28°21'N. 79°25'E; ob- 62). A:L37. served 1990-1991 by C. H. Southwick and M. Rongrenggiri vicinity, Garo hills; Assam, INDIA; F Siddiqi (1994a. p. 227). A:I-52. ca. 25°33'N, 90°34'E; observed Jan.-Feb. 1957 Ramnagar; Chitawan, NEPAL; 27°44'N. 84°27'E; by H. Khajuria (1962a, p. 122). B:I-13. observed 1992-1994 by M. K. Chalise and M. Rongtong. See Sukna-Kurseong. Ghimire (1998. p. 11). A:N-supplementary. Rouetoundo (= Routeoundo); Xizang (= Tibet), Ramnagar; Jammu & Kashmir INDIA; 32°49'N, CHINA; ca. 31°35'N, 97°25'E; infant captured 75°19'E; observed before 1983 by Y. R. Mal- and two specimens collected 17 May 1890 by hotra and D. N. Sahi (1982. p. 27). A:I-9. G. Bonvalot and H. d'Orleans (Bonvalot. 1891, Ramnagar. Kumaun region. 1100 ft (= 340 m); vol. 2, p. 156; 1892. p. 505; Bonvalot et al.. Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 29°24'N. 79°07'E; 1891, map); skins possibly in mnhn (see below, collected Aug. 1913-Mar. 1914 by C. A. Tibet). B:C-20. Crump (in Wroughton. 1914. p. 284; Napier. Royal Manas National Park; Galygpiig, BHU- 1981, p. 24); BM(NH), 3 (1 skin only. 2 skulls TAN; ca. 26°47'N, 90°50'E; reported before only); bnhs. 1. A:I-33. 1990 by P B. Subba and C. Santiapillai (1991- Rampur, northwest of; Himachal Pradesh, IN- 92, p. 32). Reported before 1997 by K. K. Gu- DIA; ca. 31°27'N, 77°38'E reported Aug. 1972- rung and R. Singh (1996, p. 104). B:Bh-l. Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. 476). A:I-I7. Rucun, Xiuning Xian, 500-800 m; Anhui, CHI- Rampur-Ghaziabad; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. ca. 29°55'N, 118°07'E; observed 1973- 28°50'N, 78°10'E; observed 29 Oct. 1964-9 NA; 1986 by Xiong Chenpei, K. Wada, and Wang May 1965 by C. H. Southwick, D. Lindburg, P Qishan (Wada et al.. 1986. 83. 88). C:C-62. Jay, M. Khati, and B. Singh (Southwick and M. pp. Rudrur Agricultural Station. Nizamabad District, R. Siddiqi, 1966, p. 306). A:I-47. Pradesh, INDIA; 18°35'N, Rangoli Reserve Forest. See Diroi (Rangoli) Re- 440 m; Andhra by J. Fooden, serve Forest. 77°53'E; observed 16 Apr 1980 Mahabal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 467). A: » Rangpur, BANGLADESH; ca. 25°40'N. 89°20'E; A. reported before 1982 by M. A. R. Khan (1981. 1-116. Shanxi, 34°42'N. 110°42'E; p. 13; 1985. p. 31). B:Ba-2. Ruicheng; CHINA; Rara Daha (= Lake). See Hutu Forest; Pina. reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997, p. 58). Rasulpur vicinity. Madhupur Forest; Tangail, C:C-15. BANGLADESH; ca. 24°42'N, 90°09'E; ob- Russian Camp, Birganj Forest District; Bara, NE-

served May 1977 by J. R. Oppenheimer, A. W. PAL; 27°12'N, 85°04'E; observed June 1964-

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 163 =

Dec. 1965 by D. L. Chesemore (1970, p. 164). ported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997. p. 58). A:N-13. C:C-122. S. A. Factory. See Dhaka. Sangu/ Matamuhari; Bandarban, BANGLA- Sabaya Khola; Dhankiita, NEPAL; ca. 27°20'N, DESH; ca. 2r30'N, 92°30'E; reported early in

87°15'E; observed ca. 1973 by J. A. McNeeley 1980 by S. P Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982,

(letter, 4 Feb. 1973). B:N-2. p. 278). B:Ba-37.

Sadard Devi. 1 km west of, Valsad District, 75 m; Sangzhi; Hunan. CHINA; 29°24'N, 110°09'E; re- Gujarat. INDIA; 20°48'N. 73°29'E; observed 9 ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58).

Jan. 1980 by J. Fooden. A. Mahabal, and S. S. C:C-111.

Saha (1981, p. 466). A:I-99. Sankat Mochan Temple. See Varanasi. Sagarmatha (= Mount Everest) National Park; Sankhu-Bajrajogini; Katmandu Valley, NEPAL; East No. i, NEPAL; ca. 27°55'N. 86°50'E'; re- ca. 27°43'N, 85°27'E; observed June 1996 by ported before 1997 by K. K. Gurung and R. M. K. Chalise and M. Ghimire (1998, pp. 12,

Singh (1996, p. 114). B:N-supplementary. 15). A:N-supplementary. Saharanpur District; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; Sankhuwa Khola, both banks. Makalu-Barun 29°30'-30°20'N, 77°00'-78°10'E; observed Conservation Area; Dhankuta. NEPAL; ca. 1981-1983 by P K. Seth, S. Seth, G. L. Reddy, 27°30'N, 87°05'E; observed ca. 1997, by M. K.

and R K. Chopra (1992. p. 62). Not mapped Chalise (1997. p. 31; e-mail, 9 Nov. 1998). B: (see A:I-25). N-1. Saharanpur vicinity; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; ca. Sanming Xian; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 26°14'N, 29°58'N, 77°33'E; autopsied ca. 1966 by K. K. 117°35'E; reported Apr. 1981 by Zheng Xue- Chawla, C. D. S. Murthy, R. N. Chakravarti, qing (1984. p. 145). C:C-88.

and R N. Chhutani (1967. p. 85). A:I-25. Sanpihu Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Sahebgunj. Gaya; Bihar, INDIA; ca. 24°50'N, Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 25°06'N, 107°13'E; ob- 85°00'E; reported 1811-1812 by F Buchanan served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and

([1936], p. 403, posthumous publication). A:I- Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996). 91. C:C-173. Sainj; Himachal Pradesh. INDIA; ca. 3r45'N, Santaishan, Luxi Xian; 1250 m; Yunnan. CHINA;

77°25'E; reported 1978-1980 by A. J. Gaston, ca. 24°15'N, 98°25'E; collected 11 Apr. 1962

P J. Garson, and M. L. Hunter, Jr. (1983, p. by unknown collector (Wang Yingxiang, Kiz,

300). A:I-16. pers. comm., 1 Sept. 1983); kiz 1. B:C-62. Saktesgarh; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; 24°59'N, Sanya, Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA; 18°14'N, 82°49'E; collected before 1849 by unknown 109°29'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.,

collector (Napier, 1981, p. 25); bm(nh), 1 (skull 1997, p. 58). C:C-238. only). A:I-86. Sapekhati Reserve Forest; Assam, INDIA; ca. Sala Reserve Forest; Assam. INDIA; ca. 27°00'N, 27°08'N. 95°11'E; reported 9 Mar. 1987-16

94°54'E; observed 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 Feb. 1988 by A. Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31).

by A. Choudhury ([1991a]. p. 32). B:I-25. B:I-30. Salween River. See Nu Jiang. Saraguri; Assam, INDIA; ca. 27°00'N, 94°29'E; Samaguting; Nagaland. INDIA; 25°47'N. reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A.

93°47'E; collected before 1873 by J. Butler Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25.

(Anderson, 1881, p. 69); zsi, 1 (skin only). B: Sarahan; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 31°35'N,

1-34. 77°30'E; reported 1978-1980 by A. J. Gaston,

Samayala ( = Samyala), Kangra Valley, 5000 ft ( P J. Garson, and M. L. Hunter, Jr. (1983, p. 1500 m); Himachal Pradesh. INDIA; ca. 300). A:I-16. 32°10'N, 76°25'E; collected 9 May 1922 by H. Saraswati Forests, Kurukshetra District; Haryana,

W. Wells (Lindsay, 1926, p. 599); b.vi(nh), 2. A: INDIA; 29°58'N, 76°32'E; observed Oct. 1-12. 1989-Sept. 1990 by R. C. Gupta and S. Kumar

Sambalpur. See Deogarh. (1992, p. 226). A:I-22. Sam Shui Wan Valley; Xianggang (— Hong Sariska Tiger Reserve; Rajasthan, INDIA; ca. Kong). CHINA; ca. 22°14'N, 114°10'E; report- 27°20'N, 76°25'E; reported May-Oct. 1990 by

ed before 1952 by G. A. C. Herklots (1951. p. C. Ross and A. Srivastava (1994, p. 362). Re- 83). C:C-210. ported before 1997 by K. K. Gurung and R.

Sandu; Guizhou, CHINA; 25°59'N. 107°52'E; re- Singh (1996, p. 116). A:I-74.

164 FIELDLMSfA: ZOOLOGY Sarupduli. See Ramganga River. Shanghai. See Sichuan. Sasni; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; 27°43'N, 78°05'E; Shanghang Xian; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 25°05'N, observed Jan. 1990-Mar. 1991 by E. Imam and II6°30'E; reported Sept. 1982 by Zheng Xue-

H. S. A. Yahya (1995. p. 2). A:I-69. qing (1984. p. 146). C:C-94. Satghar; Chittagong. BANGLADESH; ca. Shangsi; Guangxi, CHINA; 22°10'N, 108°00'E;

22°20'N. 92°00'E; observed Feb. 1990-June reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997, p. 58). 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. C:C-218.

Kabir (1995, p. 76). B:Ba-35. Shangzhou Is. See Miwan. Satha. mango grove; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; Shanman, Menghai Xian; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 27°58'N, 78°08'E; observed 1959-1975 by C. 2r55'N, 100°25'E; collected Nov. 1957 by un- H. Southwick and M. F Siddiqi (1977. p. 342). known collector (Wang Yingxiang, Kiz. pers.

A:I-69. comm.. 1 Sept. 1983); kiz 1 (skin only). B:C- Satkhira; Satkhira, BANGLADESH; 22°43'N. 81. 89°06'E; reported before 1982 by M. A. R. Shanmoji. Dabu District. Ruyuan Yaozu Zizhi- Khan (1981. p. 13). B:Ba-20. xian. >1000 m; Guangdong. CHINA; 24°33'N,

Satkhira, southern; BANGLADESH; ca. 22°00'N, 1 13°12'E; captive purchased in 1979 by district 89°10'E; observed 1951-1961 by A. K. Mandal purchasing agent (Ling Wenfeng, county forest (1964, p. 164). B:Ba-22. officer, photos and pers. comm., 10 Nov. 1985). Sattenapalle, Guntur District, 75 m; Andhra Pra- C:C-203. desh, INDIA; 16°23'N, 80°09'E; observed 9 Shanxi (= Shansi), southeastern, CHINA; ca.

May 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. 35°20'N, 112°50'E; reported before 1942 by A.

Saha (1981, p. 468). A:I-145. de C. Sowerby (1941, p. 261). Reported before Sawai Madhopur; Rajasthan, INDIA; 25°59'N, 1922 by Jiang Xuelong, Wang Yingxiang. and

76°22'E; reported before 1965 by I. Prakash Ma Shilai (1991, pp. 242. 244). C:C-6. (letter, 25 Aug. 1964). A:I-82. Shaowu Xian: Fujian, CHINA; ca. 27°I8'N, Sayabouri. See Xaignabouri. 117°30'E; reported June 1983 by Zheng Xue-

School Yard. See Chhatari-do-Raha. qing (1984, p. 145). C:C-80.

Se-eng, Hsipaw District, 141 1 ft (= 430 m); Shan, Sha Xian; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 26°25'N,

MYANMAR (= BURMA); 22°43'N, 97°31'E; 1 17°45'E; collected 22 Sept. 1960 by unknown

collected 25 May 1913 by G. C. Shortridge (in collector; sciea, 1 (skin only). Reported Apr.

Ryley, 1914, p. 713); bm(nh), 1. B:M-19. 1981 by Zheng Xueqing (1984, p. 145). C:C- Seoni. See Malua. 82. Seri. See Sungri, ca. 2 km south of. Shennongjia Forestry Region; Hubei, CHINA; ca. Setschuen. See Sichuan. 31°44'N, 110°44'E; reported before 1980 by

Sevoke. See Sivok. XiaoZhi (1979. p. 31). C:C-43. Shahabad District; Bihar, INDIA; ca. 25°30'N, Shenzhen Shi. See Neilingding Dao. 84°15'E; reported 1809-1810 by E Buchanan Sheo. Barmer District; Rajasthan, INDIA;

(1934, p. 227), posthumous publication). A:l- 26°irN, 7ri5'E; solitary individual reported 90. ca. 1980 by T. R. Parmar (Bhargava. 1984, p. Shahjahanpur-Bareilly, highway between; Uttar 43). A:I-79. Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 28°00'N, 79°40'E; ob- Shexian; Anhui, CHINA; 29°52'N, 118°26'E; reserved 1964-1965 by R. R Mukherjee and G. ported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997. p. 58).

D. Mukherjee (1972, p. 67). A:I-53. C:C-61. Shahjahanpur-Lucknow, highway between, Uttar Shihshahshu Temple; Sichuan, CHINA; ca. Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 27°30'N, 80°30'E; ob- 29°32'N, 103°2rE; reported 4-8 Oct. 1929 by served Sept. 1959-June 1960 by C. H. South- local residents (Stevens, 1934, p. 222; possibly

wick, M. A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi (1961b, p. misidentified M thihetana). C:C-139. 702). A:I-57. Shimen. Qimen Xian. 300-500 m; Anhui, CHI- Shakari Bazar. See Dhaka. NA; ca. 29°55'N. 117°45'E; observed 1973- Shangang Nature Reserve, Chong'an Xian; Fii- 1986 by Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al., 1986, p.

jian, CHINA; 27°45'N, 1 I7°40'E; calls heard in 83). C:C-62. 1982 by Tang Ziying, fubd (pers. comm.. 19 Shimla. See Simla. Oct. 1985). C:C-76. Shingaw. See Tanga-Shingaw. Shangchuan Dao. See Miwan. Shing Mun Country Park; Xianggang (= Hong

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 165 Kong), CHINA; ca. 22°23'N, 114°08'E; report- Zhang Yaping and Shi Liming (1993, p. 589).

ed before 1992 by J. R. Fellowes (1992, p. Not mapped. 131). C:C-210. Sichuan, west-central, CHINA; 28°-32°N, 99°- Shiqian; Guizhou, CHINA; 27°30'N, 108°I4'E; I02°E; tissue sample obtained ca. 1991 by

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997 p. 58). Zhang Yaping and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). C:C-119. Not mapped. = Shishi Koh vicinity, Chitral District; North-We.st Siddeldar Hill, Nagarjunakonda Valley, 2 mi ( Frontier, PAKISTAN; ca. 35°35'N, 71°48'E; 3 km) northeast of Pullareddigudem; Andhra

reported before 1978 by T. J. Roberts (1977, p. Pradesh, INDIA; 16°33'N, 79°16'E; collected 2

86). A:P-1. Nov. 1963 by B. Nath (Chaturvedi, [1973], p. Shiva. See Siva. 17; letter, 29 Sept. 1978; Subrahmanyam, 1975,

Shiwan Dashan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; p. xvii; Agrawal & Bhatiacharyya, 1976, p.

Guang.xi, CHINA; ca. 2r49'N, 108°00'E; ob- 213); zsi, 1 (skin only). A:I-129. served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Sijian Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve;

Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996). Guangxi, CHINA ca. 25°12'N, 108°57'E; ob- C:C-217. served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Shocheng. See Shoucheng. Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996). Shogran vicinity, lower Kaghan Valley; North- C:C-180. west Frontier, PAKISTAN; ca. 34°37'N, Sikarwar. See Khair, Tahsil.

73°28'E; reported before 1978 by T J. Roberts Sikkim, INDIA; ca. 27°10'N, 88°30'E; collected

(1977, p. 86). A:P-10. before 1892 by [L. Mandelli] (Blanford, 1888b,

Shoucheng (= Shocheng) Water Regulation For- p. 14); BM (NH), 2 (skins only, 1 with skull in- est Reserve; Guang.xi, CHINA; ca. 25°16'N, side). B:I-7. 109°47'E; observed 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Siliguri; West Bengal, INDIA 26°42'N, 88°26'E;

Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 127; letter, observed in 1962 by C. H. Southwick, A. Aug. 1996). C:C-183. Ghosh, and C. D. Louch (1964, p. 444). B:I-6. Shuangbai; Yunnan, CHINA; 24°40'N, 101°38'E; Simao Xian; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 22°46'N,

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 101°05'E; tissue samples obtained ca. 1991 by B:C-51. Zhang Yaping and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). Shuanyuan, Anyuan Xian; Jiangxi, CHINA; ca. Immunological survey conducted before 1996 25°30'N, 115°15'E; reported Oct. 1979 by local by Duan Xingsheng, Liu Yuanwei, Wu Jing, residents (Liu Zhenhe, sciea, pers. comm., 25 Dao Weiying, and Liu Jianghai (1995, p. 411). Nov. 1985). C:C-99. B:C-78. Shuicheng Xian vicinity; Guizhou, CHINA; ca. Simla, western suburb, 1800-2200 m; Himachal 26°50'N, 105°00'E; reported before 1989 by Pradesh, INDIA; 31°06'N, 77°10'E; observed

Tan Bangjie and E E. Poirier ([1991], p. 131). Aug. 1972-Jan. 1973 by Y Sugiyama (1976, p. C:C-144. 262). A:M8. Sibsagar. See Golaghat. Simla District; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA; Sichuan, CHINA; 26°-34°N, 98°-110°E; reported 30°45'-31°10'N, 76°55'-77°15'E; observed origin of captive shipped from Shanghai ca. 1981-1983 by R K. Seth, S. Seth, G. L. Reddy,

Jan. 1868 (Gray. 1868, p. 61); bm(nh), 1 (ho- and P K. Chopra (1992, p. 62). Not mapped lotype of Macacus lasiotus). Reported origin of (see A:I-18).

specimen obtained before 2 Oct. 1917 via Qing- Simla vicinity, 8000 ft (= 2440 m); Himachal

dao (= Tsingtau) by Assesor Cramer; zmb, 1. Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 3r06'N, 77°10'E; ob- Immunological survey conducted before 1996 served May 1911 by P T L. Dodsworth (1914,

by Duan Xingsheng, Liu Yuanwei, Wu Jing, p. 730). Collected 5 Sept. 1913 by P T L. Dod-

Dao Weiying, and Liu Jianghai (1995, p. 411). sworth (1914, p. 730); bnhs, 1 (skull only). Ob- Not mapped. served Aug. 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada

Sichuan, eastern, CHINA; 28°-33°N, 106°-I10°E; (1984, p. 477). Observed Dec. 1981-Feb. 1982 tissue samples obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Ya- by A. Camperio Ciani (1983, p. 275; 1984, p.

ping and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). Not 372). Observed Apr.-May 1991 by C. Ross, A.

mapped. Srivastava, and R. S. Pirta (1993, p. 160). A:I- Sichuan, northwestern, CHINA; 26°-34°N, 98°- 18. 103°E; tissue samples obtained ca. 1991 by Simla Water Catchment Reserve; Himachal Pra-

166 FffiLDIANA: ZOOLOGY desk, INDIA; ca. 31°05'N, 77°10'E; reported Sitakunda; Chittagong, BANGLADESH; 22°37'N, 1978-1980 by A. J. Gaston, P. J. Garson, and 91°39'E; observed Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M.

M. L. Hunter, Jr. (1983, p. 300). A:I-18. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995, p. Simri. Birganj Forest District; Rautahat, NEPAL; 76). B:Ba-32. 27°06'N, 85°14'E; observed June 1964-Dec. Sitapahar/Rampahar; Rangamati, BANGLA- 1965 by D. L. Chesemore (1970, p. 164). A:N- DESH; ca. 22°30'N, 92°15'E; reported early in 13. 1980 by S. P Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, Simri, Narayani River, Rapti Valley; Chitawan, p. 278). B:Ba-35. NEPAL; 27°36'N, 84°19'E; observed June Sitapur-Bareilly, highway between; Uttar Pra- 1964-Dec. 1965 by D. L. Chesemore (1970. p. desh, INDIA; ca. 27°50'N, 80°00'E; observed 164). Reported at Chitwan National Park before 28 Oct.-29 Dec. 1964 by C. H. Southwick. D.

1997 by K. K. Gurung and R. Singh (1996, p. Lindburg. M. Neville. P. Jay. and R. P. Mu-

84). A:N-8. kherjee (Southwick and M R. Siddiqi. 1966. p. Simulbari-Pankhabari, highway between; West 306). A:I-54. Bengal. INDIA; ca. 26°48'N 88°18'E; observed Sitapur-Shahjahanpur. highway between; Uttar Mar.-Apr. 1985 by R. P Mukherjee, S. Chau- Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 27°40'N. 80°20'E; ob- dhuri. and A. Murmu (1995, p. 27). B:I-6. served 1964-1965 by R. P Mukherjee and G.

Sindholi (= Sindhauli); Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; D. Mukherjee (1972, p. 67). A:I-67. 27°52'N, 78°07'E; observed 1959-1975 by C. Sittang River. See Toungoo, 15 mi. (= 24 km) H. Southwick and M. E Siddiqi (1977, p. 342). north of. A:I-69. Siva (= Shiva); Dhankuta, NEPAL; 27°28'N, Singaul, Tekan, Birganj Forest District; Rautahat, 87°10'E; observed in 1997 by M. K. Chalise

NEPAL; 27'10'N, 85°20'E; observed June and M. Ghimire (1998, p. 12). B:N-supplemen-

1964-Dec. 1965 by D. L. Chesemore (1970, p. tary. 164). A:N-13. Sivalik Hills. See Siwalik Range. Singaw. See Tanga-Shingaw. Sivok; West Bengal, INDIA; 26°52'N, 88°27'E;

Singhbhum. See Luia. collected 11 Nov. 1930 by H. Stevens; fmnh, 1 Singkaling Hkamti, upper Chindwin River; Ka- (skin only). B:I-6. chin, MYANMAR (= BURMA); ca. 26°00'N, Sivok, ca. 3 km east of; West Bengal, INDIA; ca. 95°42'E; collected June-Aug. 1914 by G. C. 26°52'N, 88°30'E; observed Mar.-Apr. 1985 by

Shortridge (in Wroughton, 1916a, p. 293). R. P. Mukherjee, S. Chaudhuri, and A. Murmu

BM(NH), 3 (including 2 skulls only). B:M-8. (1995, p. 27). B:I-6.

Singkaling Hkamti, upper Chindwin River, 500 ft Sivok, ca. 5 km east of; West Bengal, INDIA; ca. (=150 m); Kachin, MYANMAR (= BURMA); 26°52'N, 88°31'E; observed Mar.-Apr. 1985 by

ca. 26°00'N, 95°42'E; collected 5 Aug. 1914 by R. P. Mukherjee, S. Chaudhuri, and A. Murmu

G. C. Shortridge and S. A. Macmillan (in (1995, p. 27). B:I-6.

Wroughton, 1916a, p. 293); bnhs, 1. B:M-8. Sivok, ca. 6 km east of; West Bengal, INDIA; ca. Singkaling Hkamti, upper Chindwin River, left 26°52'N, 88°32'E; observed Mar.-Apr. 1985 by

(east) bank, 500 ft (= 150 m); Kachm, MYAN- R. P. Mukherjee. S. Chaudhuri. and A. Murmu MAR (= BURMA); ca. 26°00'N, 95°42'E; col- (1995, p. 27). B:I-6. lected 24 July 1914 by G. C. Shortridge and S. Siwalik Range; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA;

A. Macmillan (in Wroughton, 1916a, p. 293); 30°20'-32°10'N, 75°40'-77°40'E; observed 9

zsi, 1. B:M-8. Aug.-13 Sept. 1974 by M. Singh (1975, p. Singkaling Hkamti, upper Chindwin River, right 472). Not mapped. (west) bank; Kachin, MYANMAR (= BUR- Sohagpur, Hoshangabad District, 1000 ft (= 300 MA); ca. 26°00'N, 95°42'E; collected 8 Mar. m); Madhya Pradesh, INDIA; 22°42'N,

1935 by H. C. Raven (in Carter, 1943, p. 100; 78°12'E; collected 10 Apr. 1912 by C. A.

Morris, 1936, p, 662); amnh, 1. B:M-8. Crump (Wroughton & Ryley, 1913, p. 45);

Singolo. See Xi Golog. bm(nh), 1 (skin only). A:I-95. Sita Bani, Ramnagar vicinity, Kumaun region. Solon (= Solan) District; Himachal Pradesh, IN-

2000 ft (= 600 m); Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; DIA; ca. 30°55'N, 77°07'E; observed 1981- 29°24'N, 78°13'E; collected 22 Nov. 1913 by 1983 by P K. Seth, S. Seth, G. L. Reddy, and

C. A. Crump (in Wroughton, 1914, p. 283); P K. Chopra (1992, p. 62). A:I-I8. bm(nh), 2. A:I-34. Sonargaon; Narayanganj, BANGLADESH;

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 167 23°39'N, 90°37'E; reported in 1971 by J. R. Op- May-Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). penheimer, A. K. Akonda. and K. Z. Husain 3:1-40.

(1983, p. 194). B:Ba-27. South District, southeastern; Tripura, INDIA; ca. Sonepat District; Hatyana, INDIA; ca. 28°59'N, 23°05'N, 91°48'E; observed in 1976 and 1978

77°0rE; observed 1981-1983 by P. K. Seth, S. by R. R Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed

Seth, G. L. Reddy, and P. K. Chopra (1992, p. May-Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). 62). A:I-36. B:I-40. Songtao; Guizhou, CHINA; 28°12'N, 109°12'E; re- South District, southwestern; Tripura, INDIA; ca. ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 23°00'N, 9r35'E; observed in 1976 and 1978

C:C-114. by R. R Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed

Song-Ta-Voy (= Song-Ta-Voi); Quang Nam-Da May-Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). Nang, VIETNAM; ca. 16°10'N, 107°40'E; 3:1-40. collected [?Jan. 1899] by R E S. Barthelemy South District, west-central; Tripura, INDIA; ca. (1904, p. 38); mnhn, 1. C:V-34. 23°20'N, 91°30'E; observed in 1976 and 1978 Fujian, ca. 27°36'N, Songxi Xian; CHINA; by R. R Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed 118°47'E; reported Oct. 1980 by Zheng Xue- May-Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). qing (1984, p. 146). C:C-74. 3:1-40. ca. 20°35'-22°05'N, Son La- VIETNAM; South Kamrup. See Kulsi; Rajapara. collected before by 103°I5'-105°00'E; 1986 "Southwest" Yunnan. See Yunnan [northwestern]. unknown collector (Dao, 1985, p. 166); muse- Srimangal Tea Estate; Moulvi Bazar, BANGLA- um unknown (not seen). Not mapped. DESH; ca. 24°19'N, 91°44'E; observed Feb. Son Tra. Mt.; Quang Nam-Da Nang, VIETNAM; 1990-June 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, ca. 16°07'N, 108°18'E; collected 20 Aug. 1965 and M. Kabir (1995, p. 76). 3:3a- 13. at >400 m by P. F. Ryan (Van Peenen et al., Srimangal vicinity; Moulvi Bazar, BANGLA- 1968, p. 609; 1971, pp.127, 134; Fooden, 1995, DESH; ca. 24°19'N, 91°44'E; tentatively re- 25); USNM, 1 (skull only, external measure- p. ported July-Nov. 1976 by K. M. Green (1978, ments in collector's fieldbook). Collected 19 p. 146). B:Ba-13. May 1966 by J. T. Lowery (Van Peenen et al., = Srinagar, ca. 22 km southeast of. See Ovra ( 1968, p. 609; 1971, pp. 127, 134; Fooden, Overa) Sanctuary. 1995, p. 25); usnm, 1 (skull only, mandible Suifu. See Yibin. missing). Reported ca. 1990-1995 by L. K. Suiyang; Guizhou, CHINA; 27°57'N, 107°11'E; Lippold (1995, p. 199; identified as M. fasci- reported before 1988 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). ciilahs). C:V-36. C:C-130. Son Tra, Mt., 3.9 km west and 0.3 km south of; Sucktaisgur. See Saktesgarh. 240 m; Quang Nam-Da Nang, VIETNAM; ca. Sukla Phanta; Kanchanpur, NEPAL; 28°50'N, 16°07'N, 108°15'E; collected 14 Sept. 1967 by 80°11'E; observed June 1964-Dec. 1965 by D. R F D. Van Peenen (Van Peenen et al., 1968, L. Chesemore (1970, p. 164). Reported before p. 609; 1971, pp. 127, 134; Fooden, 1995, p. 1997 by K. K. Gurung and R. Singh (1996, p. 25); USNM, 1 (external measurements question- 118). Observed in 1998 by M. K. Chalise and able). C:V-36. Ghimire 12). A:N-2. South China. See CHINA, South. M. (1998, p. Sukna, Darjeeling District; West Bengal, INDIA; South District, north-central; Tripura, INDIA ca. 26°47'N, 88°22'E; collected 25 Apr. 1892 by W. 23°45'N, 91°35'E; observed in 1976 and 1978 Partridge; zsi, 1. Observed in 1962 by C. H. by R. R Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed Southwick, A. Ghosh, and C. D. Louch (1964, May-Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). 8:1-40. p. 446). Observed Mar.-Apr. 1985 by R. R Mu- South District, northeastern; Tripura, INDIA; ca. kherjee, S. Chaudhuri. and A. Murmu (1995, p. 23°35'N, 91°55'E; observed in 1976 and 1978 27). 3:1-6. Bengal, by R. R Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed Sukna-Kurseong, highway between; West

May-Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). INDIA; ca. 26°48'N, 88°21'E; observed Mar.- 3:1-42. Apr. 1985 by R. R Mukherjee, S. Chaudhuri, South District, south-central; Tripura, INDIA; ca. and A. Murmu (1995, p. 27). 3:1-6. 23°05'N, 91°40'E; observed in 1976 and 1978 Sultanpur vicinity; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca.

by R. R Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed 26°16'N, 82°04'E; blood samples obtained 16-

168 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 27 Apr. 1964 by K. V. H. South- Shah and C. Aug. 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. wick (1965, p. 489). A:I-64. 476). A:I-17. Sumera; Uttar-Pradesh. INDIA; ca. 28°02'N, Sungri, ca. 15 km southwest of; Himachal Pra- 78°09'E; observed Jan. 1990-Mar. 1991 by E. desh, INDIA; ca. 3I°14'N. 77°33'E; reported

Imam and H. S. A. Yahya (1995, p. 2). A:I-69. Aug. 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984. p. Sumera Fall Jungle; Uttar Pradesh. INDIA; ca. 476). A:I-17. 28°02'N, 78°09'E; observed 1959-ca. 1980 by Sungri, ca. 20 km south-southwest of; Himachal

C. H. Southwick and M. E Siddiqi (1977, p. Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 31°08'N. 77°38'E; ob- 342; 1984, p. 559; Siddiqi & Southwick, 1980, served Aug. 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada

p. 54; 1988, p. 121). A:I-69. (1984, p. 476). A:I-17. Sundarbans (= Sunderbans; Sunderbunds); Khiil- Sungri, north of; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA; ca. na, BANGLADESH; ca. 22°00'N, 89°30'E; ob- 31°19'N, 77°42'E; observed Aug. 1972-Feb. served 29 Jan.-21 Apr. 1971 by H. Hendrichs 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. 476). A:I-I7.

(1975, p. 177). Tentatively reported July-Nov. Suoxi Valley (= Suoxiyu), Cili Xian, 1256 m; Hu- nan, ca. 1976 by K. M. Green (1978, p. 146). Reported CHINA; 29°55'N, 110°50'E; reported before 1986 by before 1978 (Anonymous, 1977, p. 14). Ob- Di Chen (1985. p. 33). Ob- served 1988-1990 by Feng Jiang served early in 1980 by S. P. Gittings and A. Min, Haish- eng, and Wang Jun 25). W. Akonda (1982, p. 278). Observed in 1980 (1997, p. C:C-II0. and 1982 by M. A. R. Khan and M. F Ahsan Surat. See Dangs District. Surinsar, Samba Subdistrict; Jammu & Kashmir (Khan, 1985, p. 31; 1986, p. 37). Observed Feb. INDIA; ca. 32°34'N, 75°07'E; observed before 1990-June 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, 1983 by Y. R. Malhotra and D. N. Sahi (1982, and M. Kabir (1995, pp. 76, 79). Reported be- 27). A:I-7. fore 1997 by K. K. Gurung and R. Singh (1996, p. Suritola. See Dhaka. p. 122). B:Ba-23. Swat Khoistan region; North-West Frontier, PAKI- Sundarbans (= Sunderbans, Sunderbunds); West STAN; ca. 35°35'N. 72°30'E; reported before BengoL INDIA; 88°00'-89°00'N, 2I°30'- 1978 by T J. Roberts (1977, pp. 86. 87). A:P-3. 22°30'E; reported in 1892 by E. de Poncins Swat River; North-West Frontier, PAKISTAN; ca. (1935, p. 846). Reported before 1997 by K. K. 34°20'N, 71°35'E; blood samples collected ca. Gurung and R. Singh (1996, p. 122). Not 1978-1979 by D. J. Melnick, C. J. Jolly, and mapped (see B:I-1 and B:I-2). K. K. Kidd (1986, p. 129). A:P-5. Sundarbans (= Sunderbunds), ca. 50 mi (= 80 Swat Valley, lower. See Bar Chanrai Hill. km) east of Calcutta; Satkhira, BANGLA- Swayambhunath, 4400 ft (= 1300 m); Katmandu DESH; ca. 22°35'N, 89°15'E; collected 26 Apr. Valley, NEPAL; ca. 27°43'N, 85°18'E; ob- 1870 by museum collector (Anderson, 1872, p. served June 1964-Dec. 1965 by D. L. Chese- 529); zsi 7 (including 1 skin only). B:Ba-21. more (1970, p. 164). Observed 1974-1975 by Sungri, ca. 2 km south of; Himachal Pradesh, IN- H. Taylor, J. Teas, T. Richie, C. Southwick. and DIA; ca. 31°18'N, 77°42'E; observed Aug. R. Shrestha (1978, p. 344).Observed 1975- 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. 476). A: 1978 by J. Teas (1983. p. 224). Reported before 1-17. 1982 by T K. Shrestha (1981, p. 269). Ob- Sungri, ca. 4 km north of; Himachal Pradesh, IN- served summer 1982 by R. L. Johnson and C. DIA; ca. 31°2rN, 77°42'E; observed Aug. H. Southwick (1984. p. 201). Observed 1995- 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984. p. 476). A: 1998 by M. K. Chalise and M. Ghimire (1998, 1-17. p. 11). A:N-12. Sungri, ca. 6 km northwest of; Himachal Pradesh, Sylhet Forest Division; Moulvi Bazar, BANG- INDIA; ca. 31°21'N, 77°39'E; reported Aug. LADESH; ca. 24°25'N, 92°00'E; reported be- 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. 476). A: fore 1982 by M. A. R. Khan (1981, p. 13). B: 1-17. Ba-13. Sungri. ca. 10 km northwest of; Himachal Pra- Szechuan. See Sichuan. desh, INDIA; ca. 31°23'N, 77°38'E; reported Szechuen. See Sichuan.

Aug. 1972-Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984, p. Tachienlu. See Kangding. 476). A:I-17. Ta Chang Tai. See Tha Chang Tai. Sungri, ca. 10 km southwest of; Himachal Pra- Taga Hka, Chindwin River, west bank; Kachin, desh, INDIA; ca. 31°14'N. 77°37'E; reported MYANMAR (= BURMA); 26°2rN, 96°09'E;

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 169 collected 1 1 Feb. 1935 by R. C. Morris and C. ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup McCann (Morris. 1936. pp. 653. 655; H. C. Ra- (1984, p. 58; 1992. p. 19). A:l-132.

ven in Carter. 1943. p. 100); .amnh. 2. B:M-7. Tanti Road. See Dhaka. Taihang Shan; Hemm, CHINA; ca. 35°05'N, Tara Devi. See Nhera/Tara Devi. 112°24'E; observed 1988-1995 by Fang Bao- Tarai. See Terai. hua, Xu Xinjie. and Liu Bingxu (1995. p. 355; Tarap; Moidvi Bazar, BANGLADESH; ca. cf. Chen et al.. 1988. p. 25). C:C-4. 24°10'N, 91°35'E; observed early in 1980 by S.

Taihe; Jiang.xi. CHINA; 26°48'N. 114°56'E; re- P Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982. p. 278). B: ported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997. p. 58). Ba-13. C:C-105. Tarkhola. Darjeeling District. 325 m; West Ben- Taining. Wuyishan; Fiijian, CHINA; 26°55'N. gal, INDIA; 27 WN, 88°33'E; observed June-

117°12'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. Aug. 1958 by H. Khajuria (1966, p. 284; Kha-

1997, p. 58). C:C-81. juria & Ghose. 1970. p. 17). B:I-7. Taining Xian; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 26°55'N. Taro (?= Dalu); Kachin, MYANMAR (= BUR- 117°12'E; reported May 1981 by Zheng Xue- MA); 26°2rN. 96°irE; collected 5 Feb. 1935 145). C:C-81. qing (1984. p. by H.C. Raven (in Carter, 1943, p. 100; Morris, Tai Po Kau Nature Reserve: Xianggang (= Hong 1936, p. 653); amnh, 2. B:M-7. Kong). CHINA; ca. 22°25'N. 114°10'E; report- Tasin Lou. See Kangding. before 1992 by J. R. Fellowes (1992. ed p. Tat Ke vicinity (= Kheo Ting-Ta Ke area). Na 131). C:C-210. Hang District; Tiiyen Quang, VIETNAM; ca. Tai Tarn Reservoir; Xianggang (= Hong Kong), 22°25'N. 105°25'E; captured ca. 1992 by local CHINA; ca. 22°I4'N, I14°13'E; reported in resident (Ratajszczak et al.. 1992. p. 14). C:V-6. 1947 by G. A. C. Herklots (1951. 83). C:C- p. Tatkon. near Kindat. east bank of Chindwin River. 210. = 250 ft (= 75 m); Sagaing, MYANMAR ( Takerhat. See Dhaka. BURMA); ca. 23°47'N, 94°30'E; collected 5 Tallada, Khammam District, 100 m; Andhra Pra- July 1914 by G. C. Shortridge and S. A. Mac- desh, INDIA; 17°13'N, 80°25'E; observed 21 millan (Shortridge in Wroughton. 1916a. p. Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden. A. Mahabal. and S. S. 293); BNHS, 1. B:M-18. Saha (1981. p. 467). A:I-132. Tatkon, near Kindat, west bank of Chindwin Riv- Tai Vraksh. Tahsil Kushalgarh; Rajasthan, IN- = er, 250 ft (= 75 m); Sagaing, MYANMAR ( DIA; ca. 23°10'N. 74°27'E; observed 1975- BURMA); 23°47'N. 94°29'E; collected 28 June 1980 by P. K. Seth. S. Seth, and A. K. Shukla and 5 July 1914 by G. C. Shortridge (in (1983. p. 38). A:I-97. Wroughton. 1916a, p. 293); bm(nh), 2 (includ- Tamanthe. See Hisweht. ing 1 skin only); bnhs. 2 (including I skin Tamanthi Wildlife Sanctuary; Sagaing, MYAN- only). B:M-18. MAR (= BURMA); 25°26'N, 95°37'E; ob- Ta-tsien-lou. See Kangding. served 2-14 Mar. 1994 by A. Rabinowitz, G. Tatura. Chandigarh; Punjab, INDIA; not precisely B. Schaller. and U Uga (1995. p. 125). B:M-1 1. located, 30°38'-30°47'N, 76°43'-76°53'E; re- Tanbazar. See Narayanganj. ported 1964-1966 by D. G. Lindburg (1977a. Tang Hpre (= Tang Hper); Kachin, MYANMAR 268). Not mapped. (= BURMA); ca. 25°23'N. 97°14'E; collected p. Tay Tru. See Trai Tru. 14 Oct. 1945 by K. E. Stager (letter, 9 Aug. Tche-ly. eastern mountains. See Xinglong Xian. 1985); LSNM. 1. B:M-5. Tanga-Shingaw (= Tang-Singaw). road between. southern. = Tehri-Garhwal District; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; 800 ft (= 240 m); Kachin, MYANMAR ( observed 1981-1983 by BURMA); ca. 25°40'N. 97°55'E; collected 9 ca. 30°23'N, 78°29'E; S. Seth, G. L. Reddy. and P K. Cho- Apr 1939 by H. E. Anthony (1941. pp. 55. 83); P K. Seth, 62). AMNH, 1. B:M-4. pra (1992. p. A:L28. Tangxi, Guichi Xian, 200-560 m; Anhiii, CHINA; Teknaf Peninsula; Cox's Bazar, BANGLADESH; ca. 30°20'N, 117°40'E; observed 1973-1986 by 20°52'N. 92°18'E; observed Feb. 1990-June

Xiong Chenpei (Wada et al.. 1986. p. 83). C:C- 1993 by M. M. Feeroz. M. A. Islam, and M. 50. Kabir (1995. p. 76). B:Ba-40. Tanikella. Khammam Taluk, Khammam District; Tenali. 5.5 km west of. Guntur District. 10 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 17°15'N, 80°15'E; re- Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 16°14'N, 80°37'E;

170 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY observed 10 May 1980 by J. Fooden. A. Ma- Fooden et al., 1994, p. 623); izcas, 3 (skulls habal. and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 468). A:I-143. only). C:C-173. Tenasserinn MYANMAR (= BURMA); 10°- Tiantang Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; 15°N. 98°-100°E; obtained 4 Oct. 1912 by Sch. Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 22°36'N. 11()°42'E; ob- Med. Rat. Donitz; locality information probably served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and

inaccurate (see above. Fig. 2B); zmb, 1 (skull Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 129; letter, Aug. 1996). only). Not mapped. C:C-214. Tengchong (= Momien); Yunnan. CHINA; Tibet; Sichuan or Xizang (= Tibet). CHINA; 30°- 25°02'N. 98°28'E; captive purchased Man-July 32°N, 96.5°-102°E; collected [May-July 1890] 1868 by J. Anderson (1876, pp. 190, 247; 1879, by G. Bonvalot and H. d'Orleans (Bonvalot,

zsi, 1 (skin only). Jan. pp. xvi, 56); Collected 5 1891, vol. 2, p. 210; 1892, p. 505); possibly 1961 by Zhou Jiadi; IZCAS, 1 (skin only). B:C- purchased at Ngamda ('?= Kintachie/Houmda) 59. and/or collected at Rouetoundo (see above; Xian; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 25°02'N. Tengchong Bonvalot, 1891, vol.2, pp. 149, 156); mnhn, 2 98°28'E; collected before 1984 by Ma Shilai; (skins only). Not mapped. Kiz, 1 (skull only). B:C-59. Tibet Colony. See Dehra Dun vicinity. Tengri-Nor. See Nam Co. Tin Toe Forest, Moc Chau Plateau, 900 m; Son Teng-yue-chow. See Tengchong. La, VIETNAM; ca. 20°50'N, 104°46'E; col- Teng-yueh. See Hui-yao. lected 20 Jan. 1970 by Le Vo Dinh Tuong (Dao, Ten Ky. See Nghia Dung. 1978, pp. 378, 382); museum unknown. 2 (not Terai (region); NEPAL; 26°-29°N, 80°-88°E; re- seen). C:V-19. ported before 1842 by B. H. Hodgeson (1841, Tinsukia District (Bherjan, Borajan, Podumoni p. 1212; cf. Karan, 1960, p. 92). Not mapped. Reserved Forests); Assam. INDIA; ca. 27°30'N, Tha Chang Tai (= Ta Chang Tai), 600 ft (= 180 95°22'E; observed Sept.-Nov. 1995 by A. m); Tak. THAILAND; 16°51'N, 99°03'E; col- Choudhury (1997, p. 10). B:I-26. lected 14 July 1924 by J. H. Chambrai (Kloss, Tipomia; Assam. INDIA; ca. 27°00'N, 94°48'E; 1930, p. 62); zrc, 1 (excludes zrc 4-822, a co- reported 9 Mar. 1987-16 Feb. 1988 by A. lobine: cf. Weitzel et al., 1988, p. 116). B:T-7. Choudhury ([1991a], p. 31). B:I-25. Thai Nguyen; Bac Thai. VIETNAM; ca. 21°36'N, Tipusultan Road. See Dhaka. 105°50'E; collected 30 Dec. 1956 and 17 June Tirthan; Himachal Pradesh. INDIA; ca. 31°40'N. 1959 by unknown collectors; zmvnu, 2 (skulls 77°30'E; reported 1978-1980 by A. J. Gaston, only). C:V-15. P J. Garson, and M. L. Hunter, Jr. (1983, p. Thana Ghazi. See Bandipul. 300). A:I-16. Thanh Son; Vinh Phu, VIETNAM; 21°13'N, Tirumaladevipeta, Chintalapudi Taluk. West Go- 105°irE; collected 27 June 1961 by unknown davari District; Andhra Pradesh. INDIA; collector; zmvnu, 1 (skull only). C:V-18. 17°05'N, 81°09'E; reported Feb. 1977-July Thanh Tuong, Na Hang District; Tuyen Quang. 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. VIETNAM; 22°19'N, 105°24'E; collected 18 19). A:I-137. Jan. 1965 and 23 Octt. 1965 by Ma Van Dam Tongjiang Xian; Sichuan. CHINA; ca. 3r55'N, (Dao, 1985, p. 29; external measurements pub- I07°I3'E; collected July 1966 by Expedition of Ushed); iebr, 2. C:V-6. Biological and Agricultural Resources in Qin- Thapathali. See Tripureswor. ling, Shaanxi; siz. 4. C:C-31. Tharikella. See Tanikella. Tong Kou; Anhui. CHINA; ca. 30°05'N. 1 18°10'E; Thateng. See Muang Thateng. collected 23 May and 21 July 1959 by Wang Theme. See Pye (= Prome), 35 mi (= 55 km) Zeyeh; izcas, 2 (including 1 skin only). C:C-62. southeast of. of. See Xinglong Xian. Thirumunidevipetta. See Tirumaladevipeta. Tong-lin, mountains southern. Thuong Bang La, Van Chan District; Yen Bai. VI- ETNAM; 2r25'N, 104°47'E; collected Mar. Tongzhi. See Tongzi. (= Tongzhi); Guizhou. CHINA; 28°08'N, 1963 by unknown collector (Dao, 1985, pp. Tongzi 106°49'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 183, 192); lEBR, 1 (skull only). C:V-17. Tian'e Xian; Guangxi. CHINA; ca. 25°00'N, 1997, p. 58). C:C-135. 102°- 107°10'E; purchased at traditional medicine Tonkin region; VIETNAM; 20°-23°N, shop 15 Oct. 1992 by Quan Guoqiang (cf. 108°E; captive obtained in 1886 by Lt. Stahl;

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 171 died in zoo 26 Jan. 1887; mnhn, 1 (skin only). ham (Moore & Tate, 1965, p. 334); usnm, 1. C: Not mapped. C-138. Toungoo. 13 mi (= 21 km) east of, 500 ft (= 150 Tsingtau. See Sichuan. m); Karen. MYANMAR (= BURMA); ca. Tsung he. See Luofu Shan. 18°55'N. 96°40'E; collected 2 Sept. 1927 by J. Tu Chi; VIETNAM; not located, 15°-23°N, 102°-

M. D. Mackenzie (in Fry, 1929, p. 637); bm 109°E; date and collector unknown; zmvnu, 1

(nh), 1; BNHS. 1. B:M-31. (skull only). Not mapped. Toungoo. 15 mi (= 24 km) north of, east side of Tughlaqabad (= Tughlakabad; Tukhlabad); Delhi,

Sittang River, 400 ft (= 120 m); Karen, INDIA; ca. 28°30'N, 77°15'E; observed 1964- MYANMAR (= BURMA); ca. 19°10'N, 1965, Dec. 1970-July 1972. Mar. 1980-Aug

96°25'E; collected 26 Jan. 1927 by J. M. D. 1983. and July-Aug. 1987 by I. Malik, R K

Mackenzie (Fry, 1928, P. 545); bm(nh), 1. B: Seth, and C. H. Southwick (1984, p. 312 M-30. Southwick and M. R. Siddiqi, 1966, p. 309 Toungoo, 20 mi (= 32 km) west of, 500 ft (= 150 Southwick et al.. 1976. p. 13; Malik. 1989a. p m); Pei^u, MYANMAR (= BURMA); ca. 118). Observed May 1987-Feb. 1989 by R. L 18°55'N, 96°08'E; collected 22 Feb. 1929 by J. Johnson, I. Malik, and C. M. Berman (1991, p M. D. Mackenzie; bnhs, 1 (skin only). B:M-33. 339). A:I-41.

Toungoo, 30 mi (= 48 km) northwest of, 500 ft Tunchang Xian; Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA;

(=150 m); Pegu, MYANMAR (= BURMA); ca. 19°22'N, 1 10°05'E; reported before 1986 by ca. 19°15'N, 96°05'E; collected 26 Nov. and 6 Xu Longhui and Liu Zhenhe (1985, p. 148). C:

Dec. 1928 by J. M. D. Mackenzie (Khajuria, C-230.

[1955], p. 113); bm(nh), 1; bnhs, 1; zsi, 1 (skin Tungho. See Wa Shan. only). B:M-29. Tunki, Gajwel Taluk, Medak District; Andhra

Toungoo, east side of Sittang River, 100 ft (= 30 Pradesh, INDIA; 17°45'N, 78°34'E; reported

m); Pegu, MYANMAR (= BURMA); ca. Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 18°56'N, 96°27'E; collected 15 May 1927 by J. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-123.

M. D. Mackenzie (in Fry, 1929, p. 637); Tung Ling. See Xinglong Xian. southern. BM(NH), 3. B:M-32. Tunxi; Anhui, CHINA; 29°43'N. 118°19'E; col- Trai Tru (= Tay Tru), Huong Khe District; Ha lected 23 Jan. 1959 by museum collector; smnh,

r/«/2, VIETNAM; 18°11'N, 105°35'E; collected 1 (skin only). C:C-61. 6 Feb. 1964 by unknown collector (Dao. 1985, Tusu River. See Hisweht.

p. 233; external measurements published); Tuzu River. See Hisweht.

lEBR, 1 (skull only). C:V-28. Twenty-four Parganas District; West Bengal, IN- Tripureswor, Thapathali; Katmandu Valley, NE- DIA; 21°30'-22°20'N, 88°00'-89°00'E; ob- PAL; ca. 27°43'N, 85°19'E; observed Dec. served 1951-1961 by A. K. Mandal (1964, R 1995 and Dec. 1998 by M. K. ChaUse and M. 165). Not mapped (see B:I-1 and B:I-2). Ghimire (1998, pp. 12, 15). A:N-supplementa- U, Nam. See Ou, Nam. ry. Udhampur; Jammu & Kashmir, INDIA; 32°56'N. Trisuli Bazar, 4 mi (= 6.5 km) southeast of, Na- 75°08'E; observed before 1983 by Y. R. Mal-

wakot District, 1875 ft (= 570 m); Bagmati, hotra and D. N. Sahi (1982. p. 27). A:I-I0. NEPAL; ca. 27°55'N, 85°10'E; collected 9 and Ukhia; Cox's Bazar, BANGLADESH; 2ri5'N, 13 Apr. 1967 by C. O. Maser; FMNH, 6 (3 92°08'E; observed Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. skeletons only, 3 in alcohol); ups, 2 (in alcohol, M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995.

not seen). A:N-1 1. p. 76). B:Ba-39. Trung Khanh District, Cao Bang, VIETNAM; ca. Umri Devi. Tahsil Ramgarh; Rajasthan, INDIA; 22°50'N, 106°3rE; collected 9 May 1967 by ca. 27°15'N. 75°irE; Observed 1975-1980 by

Hoang Tung; FCXM, 1 (skull only, mandible R K. Seth, S. Seth, and A. K. Shukla (1983, p. missing). C:V-9. 38). A:I-76. Tsari Chu (= Tsari Valley); Xizang (= Tibet), Undrajapuram, Peravalli Block, East Godavari CHINA; ca. 28°45'N, 93°10'E; observed Sept.- District; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; not precisely

Oct. 1913 by F M. Bailey (1914, map; 1915, p. located, 16°40'-17°50'N, 81°30'-82°35'E; re- 74). B:C-5. ported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup

Tseo-Jia-Geo; Sichuan, CHINA; ca. 28°18'N, (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 19). Not mapped. 104°12'E; collected 14 Jan. 1931 by D. G. Gra- United Khasi-Jaintia Hills; Meghalaya, INDIA;

172 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY ca. 25°30'N, 91°30'E; reported Dec. 1972-Feb. ca. 17°15'N, 81°09'E; reported Feb. 1977-July 1973 by R. L. Tilson (1983. B:I-14. p. 399). 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992. p. Um Pang. See Ban Umphang. 19). A:I-I37. Umpilagudem. See Dumpallagudem. Vergel. See Wargel.

Uppadhyay Mohalla. See Khair, Tahsil. Verigedu. Peravalli Block. East Godavari District; Utzun Vicinity. Chitral District 5000 ft (= 1500 Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; not precisely located, m); North-West Frontier, PAKISTAN; ca. 16°40'-17°50'N, 81°30'-82°35'E; reported Feb.

35°30'N, 71°40'E; reported 1901-1902 by H. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984. p. 58; Fulton (1903. p. 758). Reported before 1978 by 1992. p. 19). Not mapped. T. J. Roberts (1977. p. 86). A:P-1. Viangchan; Vientiane. LAOS; ca. 17°58'N.

Uzipur. See Wazipur. 102°36'E; reported before 1964 by J. Deuve

Vaddeppalli. See Waddepalle. and M. Deuve (1963, p. 59). B:L-7. Van Canh. Dao; Quang Ninh. VIETNAM; ca. [VictorialJ Peak; Xianggang (= Hong Kong), 20°52'N 107°22'E; collected 3 Apr. 1969 and CHINA; 22°16'N, 114°08'E; reported before

June 1969 by unknown collectors; ikbr, 2 1952 by G. A. C. Herklots (1951, p. 83). C:C- (skulls only). C:V-13. 210. Van Hai. Dao; Quang Ninh, VIETNAM; 20°54'N. Vientiane. See Viangchan. 107°30'E; collected Dec. 1961 by Xin Cua Dan VIETNAM; 15°-23°N, 102°-I09°E; collected 28 (C. Groves, letter, 15 Dec. 1994) and unknown Feb. 1965 by unknown collector; zmvnu, 2 collector; zmvnu. 2 (skins only). Collected Dec. (skulls only). Collected in 1992 and 71994 by

1961 by Thanh, Khoi, and Cong; zmvnu, I unknown collectors; iebr, 2(1 skin only, 1 skull

(skull only). C:V-13. only). Date and collector unknown; fcxm, 1 Varanasi (= Benares); Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; (skull only; identification tentative); iebr, 14 25°20'N, 83°00'E; observed Sept. 1959-Feb. (including 5 skins only. 8 skulls only); zmvnu,

1960 and 1964-1965 by C. H. Southwick, M. 14 (3 skins only, 1 1 skulls only [one identifi- A. Beg, and M. R. Siddiqi (1961a, p. 543; cation tentative]). Not mapped. Southwick & M. R Siddiqi. 1966, p. 312). Ob- [VIETNAM]; 15°-23°N. 102°-109°E; collected

served Aug. 1977-July 1978 by R. S. Pirta before 1963 by J. Delacour and W. P. Lowe; (1982, p. 401; Pirta & Singh, 1982, p. 15). Ob- MNHN. 2 (skulls only). Not mapped. served 2 Apr.-30 July 1980 and 15 Mar.-30 View. Simla vicinity; Himachal Pradesh, INDIA;

July 1981 by R. K. Singh (1984. p. 430). A:I- ca. 31°06'N, 77°11'E; observed Aug. 1972-

87. Feb. 1973 by K. Wada (1984. p. 477). A:I-18. Varanasi (= Benares) District; Uttar Pradesh, IN- Vijayawada. Krishna District, 80 m; Andhra Pra- DIA; 24°40'-25°30'N, 82°05'-83°30'E; cap- desh, INDIA; 16°32'N, 80°38'E; observed 21

tives obtained in 1891 by W. Heape (1897, p. Nov. 1972 by N. Koyama and P. B. Shekar 135). Not mapped (see A:I-87). (1981. p. 248). A:I-144. Vasunia, 3 km west of, Dangs District. 420 m; Vinh Linh region. 50 m; Quang Tri, VIETNAM; Gujarat, INDIA; 20°43'N, 73°38'E; observed ca. 17°04'N. 107°02'E; collected 28 Aug. 1956

12 Jan. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. by unknown collector (Dao, 1960, p. 228; 1962,

S. Saha(1981, p. 466). A:I-99. p. 724); misidentified as M. assamensis; muse- Veer Sontri Forests. Kurukshetra District; Hary- um unknown. C:V-32. ana, INDIA; 30°00'N. 77°0rE; observed Oct. Vinukonda. Guntur District, 150 m; Andhra Pra- 1989-Sept. 1990 by R. C. Gupta and S. Kumar desh, INDIA; 16°03'N. 79°45'E; observed 30

(1992, p. 226). A:I-24. Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. Velatur, Guntur District, 5 m; Andhra Pradesh, Saha (1981. p. 468). A:I-147. INDIA; 16°08'N, 80°52'E; observed 10 May Visakhapatnam. See Malkangiri.

1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. Saha Vizag. See Malkangiri.

(1981, p. 468). A:I-142. Vrindavan (= Vrindaban); Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; Velkicharia, Mahbubnagar District, 500 m; An- 27°35'N. 77°42'E; observed 1964-1965 by C. dhra Pradesh, INDIA; 16°37'N, 78°07'E; ob- H. Southwick and M. R. Siddiqi (1966, p. 309).

served 9 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, Reported in 1996 by T Patel (1996, p. 10). A:

and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 468). A:I-126. 1-71. Venketeswara Swami Temple, Aswaraopet Taluk, Waddepalle, Banswada Taluk, Nizamabad Dis- Khammam District; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; trict; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 18°I4'N,

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 173 .

77°54'E; reported Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. Wenchuan; Sichuan, CHINA; 31°28'N, 103°35'E;

U. Kurup (1984, p. 58; 1992, p. 18). A:l-117. reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Walter Road. See Dhaka. C:C-26.

Wama. north of ; Komirha, AFGHANISTAN; ca. Weng'an; Guizhou, CHINA; 27°00'N, 107°32'E; 35°20'N. 70°45'E; reported before 1972 by A. reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58).

Puget (1971, p. 200). A:A-2. C:C-126. Wangjuanshan, Huaiji Xian; Guangdong. CHINA West Bengal, INDIA; ca. 22°-28°N, 86°-90°E; ob- ca. 24°15'N. 112°20'E; reported July 1982 by tained before 1857 by Theobald Collection;

local residents (Liu Zhenhe, sciha, pers. comm., bm(nh), 1 (skull only). Collected date unknown

25 Nov. 1985). C:C-200. by [C. A. Crump]; bnhs, 1 (skull only). Not Wanglang Natural Reserve; Sichuan, CHINA; ca. mapped. 30°40'N, I03°20'E; reported 1968-1969 by Gi- West Bhanugach; Moulvi Bazar, BANGLA- ant Panda Expedition of the Wanglang Natural DESH; ca. 24°21'N, 91°48'E; reported early in

Reserve (1974, p. 163). C:C-28. 1980 by S. R Gittins and A. W. Akonda (1982, Wangmo; Guizhou, CHINA; 25°14'N, 105°59'E; p. 278). Observed Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M.

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). M. Feeroz, M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995, C:C-158 p. 76). B:Ba-13. Wanhsien. See Wa Shan. West District, east-central; Tripura, INDIA; ca. Wanxian; Sichuan, CHINA; 30°49'N, 108°21'E; 23°55'N, 91°45'E; observed in 1976 and 1978

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). by R. R Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed C:C-38. May-Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). Wanyuan; Sichuan, CHINA; 32°04'N, 108°02'E; B:I-40.

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997, p. 58). West District, south-central; Tripura, INDIA; ca. C:C-37. 23°37'N, 91°23'E; observed in 1976 and 1978 Warangal, 350 m; Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; by R. P Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed 18°00'N, 79°35'E; observed 18-19 Apr. 1980 May-Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102).

by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. S. Saha B:I-40.

(1981, p. 467). A:I-121. West District, southern; Tripura, INDIA ca. Wargel, Gajwel Taluk, Medak District; Andhra 23°05'N, 91°23'E; observed May-Aug. 1989 by Pradesh, INDIA; 17°46'N, 78°38'E; reported A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). B:I-40.

Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, p. West District, southwestern; Tripura, INDIA; ca.

58; 1992, p. 18). A:I-123. 23°17'N, 91°22'E; observed in 1976 and 1978 Wa Shan (- Waschan), near Dong He (= Tun- by R. R Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed gho), 900-2000 m; Sichuan, CHINA; ca. May-Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). 29°15'N, 103°03'E; collected 29 Mar. 1915 by B:I-40.

H. Weigold (1916, p. 74; 1922, p. iv; 1924, p. West District, western; Tripura, INDIA; ca.

71; 1935, p. 212; Israel, 1919. pi. 7; Jacobi, 23°43'N, 91°irE; observed in 1976 and 1978

1923, p. 1); RMNH, 2. C:C-140 by R. P Mukherjee (1982, p. 71). Observed Wassuland; Sichuan, CHINA; ca. 3r05'N, May-Aug. 1989 by A. K. Gupta (1994, p. 102). 103°10'E; tentatively reported 1914-1916 by B:I-40.

H. Weigold (1924, p. 71). C:C-27. Wast Garo Hills District; Meghalaya. INDIA; ca. Wazipur (= Uzipur); Barisal, BANGLADESH; 25°30'N, 90°00'E; reported July 1985-Mar.

22°50'N, 90°15'E; reported before 1986 by M. 1987 by J. R. B. Alfred and J. P Sati (1990, p.

A. R. Khan (1981, p. 13; 1985, p. 31). Ob- 300). B:I-11. served Feb. 1990-June 1993 by M. M. Feeroz, West Sichuan. See Sichuan, western.

M. A. Islam, and M. Kabir (1995, p. 76). B:Ba- West Timli; Uttar Pradesh, INDIA; ca. 30°23'N, 24. 77°43'E; reported 1964-1966 by D. G. Lind-

Weixi; Yunnan, CHINA; 27°13'N, 99°16'E; re- burg (1977a, p. 268). A:I-26.

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Wira, 1 km south of. Khammam District, 100 m; B:C-41. Andhra Pradesh, INDIA; 17°irN. 80°22'E;

Wenchang Xian; Hainan Dao; Hainan, CHINA; observed 21 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Ma- ca. 19°37'N, 110°43'E; reported before 1986 by habal, and S. S. Saha (1981, p. 467). A:I-132.

Xu Longhui and Liu Zhenhe (1985, p. 148). C: Wolongshi. See Olongche.

C-23 1 Wonglung kun. See Luofu Shan.

174 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY Wuchi. See Wuzhi Shan. Guangxi, CHINA ca. 2°49'N. 107°32'E; ob- Wudu; Gansii, CHINA; 33°24'N, 104°50'E; reserved 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and

ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 127; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-21. C:C-225. Wuliang Shan Reserve; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. Xieng-Khouang. See Xiangkhoang. 24°00'N, lOrOO'E; reported in 1990 by L. K. Xi Golog (= Singolo); Sichuan, CHINA; Sheeran and F. E. Poirier (1994, p. 21). B:C-73. 30°00'N, 100°42'E; collected 31 Oct. 1931 by Wushan; Sichuan, CHINA; 31°02'N, 109°56'E; Dolan West China Expedition (Schafer, 1933, reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, 58). p. p. 191; 1942, p. 257; Stone, 1933, p. 170; Do- C:C-40. lan, 1939, p. 178); ansp (skin) / mcz (skull), 1. Wu-tsao. See Xi Jiang. B:C-30. Wuyi Shan; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 27°45'N, Xi Jiang (= Hsi-kiang; river), near Wuzhou ( = 117°39'E; reported 1963-1990 by Wu Haohan Wu-tsao); Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 23°29'N, 277). Reported Nov. 1983 (1995, p. by Zheng 111°19'E; collected 27 Apr. 1912 by R. Mell Xueqing (1984. p. 145). C:C-76. (Matschie, 1912, p. 305); zmb, 1. C:C-197. Wuzhi Shan, Hainan Dao; Hainan, ca. CHINA; Xilin Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; 18°54'N, 109°40'E; collected 1-30 Oct. 1905 Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 24°50'N. 110°10'E; ob- by A. Owston;AMNH, 10 (including holotype of served 1976, 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Pithecus brachyurus and Pithecus brevicau- Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 129; letter, Aug. 1996). dus); BM(NH), 1. C:C-232. C:C-194. Wuzhou; Guangxi, CHINA; 23°29'N, lin9'E; Xindeng, Fuyang Xian, <500 m; Zhejiang, CHI- tissue sample obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Yap- NA; 29°58'N, 119°44'E; collected 2 Feb. 1963 ing and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). C:C-197. by museum collector; zmnh, 1 (skin with skull Xaignabouri, LAOS; ca. 19°15'N, 101°45'E; re- inside). C:C-58. ported before 1964 by J. Deuve and M. Deuve Xinglong Xian, southern (= Eastern Tombs); He- (1963, p. 59). B:L-4. bei, CHINA; ca. 40°24'N, 117°30'E; collected Xhin Xhan. See Huangliangping. in 1867 by M. Fontanier (Milne-Edwards, Xialei Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Guangxi, [1870], pi. 32; [1872], p. 227; Zhang et al., CHINA; ca. 22°26'N, 106°26'E; observed 1976, 1989, p. 376); mnhn, 1 (holotype of Macacus 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi Tcheliensis). Reported May-Oct. 1872 by A. (1995, p. 129; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-224. David (1875, vol. 1 p. 42). Captive obtained Xianan. Huanjiang Xian; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 1879-1880 by S. W. Bushell (in Sclater, 1881, 24°59'N, 107°59'E; collected Oct. 1992 by local p. 537; Hill, 1974, pp. 581, 582); died in zoo 6 farmer (Wei Yuhei, manager of medical prod- Mar. 1881; bm(nh), 1 (skin only). Reported in ucts station, pers. comm., 3 Nov. 1992); skel- 1914 by local residents (Sowerby, 1925, p. 12). eton examined 3 Nov. 1992 at Huanjiang. C:C- Collected and/or purchased 1920-1922 by R. 177. C. Andrews, Third Asiatic Expedition (An- Xianan-Mulun, Huanjiang Xian; Guangxi, CHI- drews, 1932, p. 20; Pope, 1932a, p. 470); amnh, NA; ca. 25°03'N, 107°57'E; collected ca. 1991 7; FMNH, 3. Collected in [1923] by F R. Wulsin by local resident (Tan Yulung, pers. comm., 5 (letter, 9 Jan. 1925, usnm archives); u.snm, 3 (in- Nov. 1992); skull examined 5 Nov. 1992 at Mu- cluding 1 .skull only). Reported before 1940 by lun. C:C-177. 228; I94I, 261). Xiangcheng; Sichuan; CHINA; 29°00'N, 99°46'E, A. de C. Sowerby (1939, p. p. Observed in 1963 by Quan Guoqiang (Zhang reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Shui B:C-37. et al., 1989, p. 379). Reported ca. 1964 by Xianggang (= Hong Kong), CHINA; 22° 10'- Chingwong, Lee Yangwan, and Kan Singwun 22°35'N, 113°55'-114°25'E; reported 1990- (Shou, 1964, p. 61). Reported in 1976 by local farmers to Quan Guoqiang (Zhang et al., 1989, 1992 by N. J. Goodyer (1992, p. 72); population apparently artificially introduced. Not p. 379). C:C-1. mapped (see C:C-210). Xinglung. See Xinglong Xian, southern. Xiangkhoang, LAOS; ca. 19°20'N, I03°22'E; re- Xingning; Guangdong, CHINA; 24°08'N, et al., ported before 1964 by J. Deuve and M. Deuve 115°43'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang

(1963, p. 59). C:L-1. 1997, p. 58). C:C-95. Xidaming Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Xingyi; Guizhou, CHINA; 25°03'N, 104°59'E; re-

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 175 ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 27°30'N, 89°00'E; reported before 1964 by

C:C-156. Shen Xiaozhou (1963, p. 140; Zhang et al.,

Xinlong. Wanning Xian, 500-600 m; Hainan 1989, p. 379; 1991, p. 177; Zhang Yongzu, let-

Dao; Hainan. CHINA; 18°45'N, 110°12'E; col- ter, 3 July 1996). B;C-1. lected 3 July 1960 by Wu Luping (Liu Zhenhe, Yai-cheng. See Nychow.

sciKA. pers. comm.. 26 Nov. 1985); sciea, 1. C: Yajiang, 10000 ft (= 3050 m); Sichuan, CHINA; C-240. 30°02'N, 101°02'E; collected 26 Aug. 1908 by

Xinluwan, Suichang Xian; Zhejiang. CHINA; W. R. Zappey (Henshaw, 1912, p. 109; Dolan,

28°42'N, 119°15'E; captives acquired 1970- 1939, p. 177); mcz, 1. B; C-29. 1980 by Fu Yiyuan and Wu Fuhai, Hangzhou Yangcheng; Shanxi. CHINA; 35°32'N, 112°36'E;

Zoo (pers. comm., 25 Oct. 1985). C:C-65. reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Xinning Xian, southern; Hunan CHINA; ca. C:C-5. 26°20'N. 1 10°50'E; reported Nov. 1980 by local Yangliupu (= Yangliu), Xuancheng Xian, 200- residents (Liu Zhenhe. sciea, pers. comm.. 25 400 m; Anhui. CHINA; ca. 30°50'N, 118°36'E; Nov. 1985). C:C-187. observed 1973-1986 by Xiong Chenpei (Wada Xinxiang (= Xinyang) Xian; Henan, CHINA; et al., 1986, p. 83). C:C-54. 35°19'N, 113°52'E; reported before 1989 by Yangshan; Guangdong, CHINA; 24°29'N, Tan Bangjie and E E. Poirier ([1991], p. 131). 112°38'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., C:C-9. 1997, p. 58). C:C-202. Xi Shia, Dongfang Xian. Hainan Dao; Hainan. Yangtze Gorges. See Yichang (= Ichang). CHINA; ca. 19°00'N, 108°55'E; collected 13 Yanjing vicinity; Xizang (= Tibet), CHINA; ca. and 14 Apr. 1960 by Quan Guoqiang (pers. 29°07'N, 98°33'E; reported 1914-1916 by H. comm.. 25 Aug. 1983); izcas, 3 (including 2 Weigold (1924, p. 71). B:C-35. skulls only). C:C-235. Yanyuan; Sichuan, CHINA; 27°25'N, 101°33'E; Xishuangbanna (perfecture); Yunnan, CHINA; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 21°-23°'N, 99°-102°'E; collected in 1960 and B:C-40. 1964 by unknown collectors; kiz, 2 (skins Yao, Nam. See Mansam Falls. only). Not mapped (see B:C-80 through B:C- Yellandu, Khammam District, 200 m; Andhra 86). Pradesh, INDIA; 17°35'N, 80°20'E; observed Xishui; Guizhou, CHINA; 28°24'N, 106°15'E; re- 20 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. ported before 1998 (Zhang et al.. 1997, p. 58). S. Saha (1981, p. 467). A:I-I34. C:C-134. Yenangyaung. See Irrawaddy River. Xiuwu Xian; Henan. CHINA; 35°14'N, 113°26'E; Yen Bai. VIETNAM; 21°15'-22°20'N, 103°55'- reported before 1989 by Tan Bangjie and E E. 105°10'E; collected in 1963 by unknown col- Poirier ([1991], p. 131). C:C-10. lector; lEBR, 1 (skin only). Not mapped. Xuan Ninh; Quang Binh. VIETNAM; 17°20'N, Yeppuru, Nazvid Taluk, Krishna District; Andhra 106°39'E; collected 17 Oct. 1964 by unknown Pradesh. INDIA; ca. 16°45'N, 80°50'E; report- collector (Dao, 1985, pp. 248, 225; external ed Feb. 1977-July 1980 by G. U. Kurup (1984, measurements published); iebr, 1 (skin only). C:V-31. p. 58; 1992, pp. 17, 19). A:H40. Yiajia, Bawangling District, Changjiang Xian, Xunle vicinity, Huanjiang Xian; Guangxi. CHI- Hainan Dao; Hainan. CHINA; NA; ca. 25°22'N, 108°15'E; purchased Aug.- 1000 m; 109°08'E; collected Oct. 1964 Oct. 1992 from local residents by Wu Xiaowu, 19°05'N, 24 by Xunle (pers. comm., 4 Nov. 1992); three skins Liu Zhenhe, sciea (pers. comm., 26 Nov. 1985); examined 4 Nov. 1992 at Xunle. C:C-176. SCIEA, 1. C:C-234. Xunle Water Regulation Forest Reserve; Guangxi. Yibin (= Suifu); Sichuan. CHINA; 28°46'N, CHINA; ca. 25°22'N, 108°12'E; observed 1976, 104°34'E; collected 10 Oct. 1922 by D. G. Gra- 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi ham; usNM, 1. C:C-137.

(1995, p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-176. Yichang; Hubei, CHINA ca. 30°42'N, lin8'E; Yadagiri Gutta, Nalgonda District, 530 m; Andhra reported before 1989 by Hu Hongxing (Zhang Pradesh. INDIA; 17°32'N, 78°55'E; observed et al., 1989, p. 379; 1991, p. 177; Zhang Yong-

18 Apr. 1980 by J. Fooden, A. Mahabal, and S. zu, letter, 3 July 1996). C:C-46.

S. Saha (1981, p. 467). A:I-125. Yichang (= Ichang), Chang Jiang (= Yangtze) Yadong Xian; Xizang (= Tibet). CHINA; ca. gorges above; Hubei, CHINA; ca. 30°45'N,

176 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 111°15'E; reported before 1942 by A. de C. Quan Guoqiang (pers. comm., 25 Aug. 1983);

Sowerby (1941, p. 262). C:C-46. IZCAS, 1 (skin only). B:C-66.

Yicheng; Shanxi, CHINA; 35°42'N. 1 1 1°40'E; re- Yongshan; Yunnan, CHINA; 28°irN, 103°35'E; ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). tissue sample obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Yap-

C:C-2. ing and Shi Liming (1993b. p. 589). C:C-142. Yigong, Bomi Xian 2250 m; Xizang (= Tibet), Yongsheng [Xian]; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 26°42'N, CHINA; 30°08'N, 95°02'E; collected 24 June 100°45'E; blood sample obtained before 1999 1973 by Zheng Changlin and Cai Guiquan by Ding Bo, Zhang Yaping, and Hou Yidi

(pers. comm., 7 Oct. 1985; Feng et al., 1984, p. (1998. p. 172). B:C-46. 344); NwpiB, 1. B:C-11. Yongshun; Hunan, CHINA; 29°(X)'N. 1()9°54'E; Yigong Forest Reserve, Bomi Xian; Xizang (= reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Tibet), CHINA; 30°08'N. 95°02'E; captives ob- C:C-112. Director, tained 1979-1982 by Zhang Cizu, Yongtai Xian; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 25°52'N, Shanghai Zoo (pers. comm., 18 Oct. 1985); 118°55'E; reported Nov. 1983 by Zheng Xue- captives observed 18 Oct. 1985. B:C-11. qing (1984, p. 146). C:C-84. Yiliang; Yunnan, CHINA; 27°35'N, 104°0rE; tis- = Yongyap Chu (= Yongyap Valley). 9500 ft ( sue sample obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Yaping 2900 m); Arunachal Pradesh, INDIA; ca. (1993b, C:C-143. and Shi Liming p. 589). 29°10'N, 95°37'E; observed May-June 1913 by Yin, east bank of lower Chindwin River; Sagaing, E M. Bailey (1914, map; 1915. p. 74). B:I-27. MYANMAR (= BURMA); 22°47'N, 94°42'E; Youxi Xian; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 26°10'N. collected 9-18 June 1914 by G. C. Shortridge I18°II'E; reported Mar. 1981 by Zheng Xue- (in Wroughton, 1916a, p. 294); bm(nh), 1; qing (1984. p. 145). C:C-83. BNHS, 1; FMNH, 2; ZSI, 1 (skin only). B:M- Youyang; Sichuan. CHINA; 28°52'N. 108°45'E; 24. reported before 1992 by Jiang Xuelong, Wang Yin, lower Chindwin River; Sagaing, MYAN- Yingxiang. and Ma Shilai (1991, p. 244). C:C- MAR (= BURMA); 22°47'N, 94°42'E; collect- 117. ed 15 and 18 June 1914 by G. C. Shortridge Yu, Nam. See Ou. Nam. and S. A. Macmillan (Shortridge in Wroughton, Yuanbao Shan Nature Reserve; Guangxi, CHINA; 1916a, p. 294); bnhs, 3. B:M-24. ca. 25°27'N, 109°10'E; observed 1976, 1986, Yindian Shan Water Regulation Forest Reserve; and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Wei Zhenyi (1995, Guangxi, CHINA; ca. 25°26'N, 110°30'E; ob- p. 126; letter, Aug. 1996). C:C-182. served 1976. 1986, and 1993 by Liu Wanfu and Yuanmou; Yunnan, CHINA; 25°42'N, 101°52'E; Wei Zhenyi (1995, p. 128; letter, Aug. 1996). reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). C:C-190. B:C-49. Yingde; Guangdong, CHINA; 24°10'N, 1 13°24'E; Yuanqu; Shanxi, CHINA; 35°18'N, lll°4rE; re- reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). C:C-204. C:C-14. Yingjiang; Yunnan, CHINA; 24°48'N, 98°05'E; Yuhun, Lingyun Xian; Guangxi, CHINA; ca. reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). 24°24'N, 106°31'E; collected 10 Aug. 1978 by B:C-60. Neuong Shihua; fdcg, 1 (skull only). Collected Yinjiang; Guizhou, CHINA; 28°01'N, 108°24'E; Nov.-Dec. 1978 by Ling Chen; fdcg, 1 (skull reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). C:C-118. only). C:C-171. See Xinglong Xian, southern. Yixian (= Qianxian); Anhui, CHINA; 29°53'N, Yung-ling. Yunlong [Xian]; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 25°50'N, 117°57'E; reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 99°28'E; blood sample obtained before 1999 by 1997, p. 58). C:C-62. Bo, Zhang Yaping, and Hou Yidi (1998, Yong'an Xian; Fujian, CHINA; ca. 25°58'N Ding 117°22'E; reported Apr. 1981 by Zheng Xue- p. 172). B:C-55. Yunnan, CHINA; 21°-29°N, 98°-106°E; collected qing (1984, p. 145). C:C-89. Yongchun; Fujian, CHINA; 25°19'N, 118°17'E; in 1957 by Quan Guoqiang; izcas, 1 (skull collector unknown; izcas, 1 reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). only). Date and C:C-87. (skull only). Not mapped. 97°- Yongde vicinity; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 24°(X)'N. Yunnan, [northwestern], CHINA; 25°-29°N, 99°15'E; purchased in market Aug. 1964 by 102°E; tissue samples obtained ca. 1991 by

FOODEN: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF THE RHESUS MACAQUE, MACACA MULATTA 111 Zhang Yaping and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589, Wu Jing, Dao Weiying, and Liu Jianghai (1995,

fig. 1). Not mapped (see B:C-36). p. 411). B:C-73. Yunnan border; Sichuan. CHINA; ca. 28°20'N. Zhidaikou, Suichang Xian; Zhejiang. CHINA; 104°20'E; collected 17 Sept. 1928 by D. G. 28°16'N, 118°46'E; observed Aug. 1985 by Ximin, zmnh (pers. comm., 24 Oct. Graham; usnm, (skull only). C:C-I38. Kang 1985). C:C-66. Yunnan border, south of Yibin (= Suifu) 3000 ft Zhongdian; Yunnan. CHINA; 27°50'N, 99°36'E; re- (= 910 m); Sichuan. CHINA; ca. 28°20'N. ported before 1992 by Jiang Xuelong, Wang I04°20'E; collected 19 Feb. and 25 Mar. 1932 Yingxiang, and Ma Shilai (1991, p. 243). B:C-38. by D. G. Graham; usnm, 2. C:C-138. Zhongtiao Shan, 1050-1500 m; Shanxi CHINA; Yuqing; Guizhou, CHINA; 27°12'N, 107°56'E; re- ca. 35°15'N, 1 1 r30'E; reported before 1966 by ported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Tang Changzhu, Ma Yong, Wang Jianjun. Wang C:C-120. Ziyu, and Zhou Naiwu (1965, p. 88). Reported Yushu Xian, 3600-4300 m; Qinghai, CHINA; ca. before 1987 by Wang Sung and Quan Guoqiang reported 1959-1961 by 33°00'N, 96°45'E; (1986. p. 215). C:C-14. Chang Chieh and Wang Tsung-yi (1963, p. Zhongzhou; Guangxi. CHINA; ca. 22°40'N, 126). Captive obtained in 1981 by Liao Yianfa, 107°05'E; collected 24 Mar. 1982 by Wu Director. Xining Zoo (pers. comm., 6 Oct. Mingchuan (pers. comm., 27 Nov. 1992); fdcg,

1985); captive observed 6 Oct. 1985. B:C-17. 1 (skin with skull inside). C:C-223. Zackala. See Yanjing vicinity. Zhoucun. Jiangshan Xian, 1000 m; Zhejiang, Zayu Xian; Xizang (= Tibet). CHINA; ca. CHINA; 28°22'N, 118°37'E; collected Jan. 28°28'N, 97°04'E; collected in 1973 by Feng 1985 by Kang Ximin (pers. comm., 24 Oct.

ZMNH, 1 (skull examined, skin unavail- Zuojian (Feng et al., 1984, p. 344; Quan Guo- 1985); able Oct. 1985). Collected 13 May 1985 by qiang, letter, 30 Oct. 1995); izcas, 3 (including Kang Ximin (pers. comm.. 24 Oct. 1985); mu- I skin only). Purchased Aug. 1973 at traditional seum unknown. C:C-66. medicine shop, Qamdo, by Zheng Changlin Zhouning Xian; Fujian. CHINA; ca. 27°15'N, (pers. coimn., 7 Oct. 1985); nwpib, 3 (skulls 119°13'E; reported Oct. 1980 by Zheng Xue- only). B:C-34. qing (1984, p. 146). C:C-69. Zhangjiajie Nature Preserve. See Suoxi Valley. Zhuhai Xian. See Dangan Dao. Zhaotan (= Zhaotang), Dongzhi Xian, 200-500 Zhushan; Hubei. CHINA; 32°13'N, 110°24'E; tis- m; Anhui. CHINA; ca. 29°39'N, 116°49'E; ob- sue sample obtained ca. 1991 by Zhang Yaping served 1973-1986 by Xiong Chenpei (Wada et and Shi Liming (1993b, p. 589). C:C-42. al., 1986, p. 83). C:C-47. Zhuxi, Longquan Xian; Zhejiang, CHINA; Zhayun, Qiongzhong Xian, Hainan Dao, 200 m; 28°11'N, 118°54'E; purchased Sept. 1972 from Hainan. CHINA; 19°00'N, 109°36'E; collected local residents by Cai Chunmo, zmnh (pers. 15 Oct. 1963 by Liu Zhenhe, sciea (pers. comm.. 24 Oct. 1985); not retained. C:C-66.

comm., 26 Nov. 1985); sciea, I. C:C-232. Zigui; Hubei. CHINA; 31°01'N. 110°35'E; reported Zheng'an; Guizhou. CHINA; 28°30'N, 107°30'E; before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). C:C-45.

reported before 1998 (Zhang et al., 1997, p. 58). Zixi Xian; Jiangxi, CHINA; ca. 27°45'N, C:C-132. 117°00'E; trapped in 1982 for Nanchang Zoo (Huang Zhangsen, pers. comm.. 28 Oct. 1985); Zhengba Xian; Shaanxi, CHINA; ca. 32°30'N, captives observed 28 Oct. 1985. C:C-78. 107°50'E; captives obtained Aug. 1985 by Tian Zoige Xian; Sichuan. CHINA; ca. 33°30'N, Xiaoming, Director, Xi'an Zoo (pers. comm., 102°54'E; reported before 1983 by Hu Jinchu II Oct. 1985); captives observed 11 Oct. 1985. and Wang Youzhi (Zhang et al., 1989, p. 379; C:C-36. 1991, p. 177; 1997, p. 58; Zhang Yongzu, letter, Zhenping; Shaanxi. CHINA; 31°56'N, 109°3rE; 3 July 1996). B:C-25. reported 1963-1966 Jiayan and Li Gui- by Wu Zunyi vicinity; Guizhou, CHINA; ca. 27°42'N. hui (1982, p. 63). C:C-41. 106°55'E; purchased in market Nov. 1960 by Zhenyuan Xian; Yunnan, CHINA; ca. 23°5rN, Quan Guoqiang (pers. comm., 25 Aug. 1983); iz-

100°59'E; immunological survey conducted be- cas, 1 (skin only). Collected 30 and 31 May 1964 fore 1996 by Duan Xingsheng, Liu Yuanwei, by Fang Lixiang; bmnh, 4 (skins only). C:C-129.

178 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY 1 1

Index

Specific and subspecific names referable to Macaco miilatta are spelled here as they were originally proposed.

abbreviations, institutional names 1 geographic variation Leucosphyrus group 53 Allen's rule 87 body weight 30 littoralis 23. 85 annual mortality rate 78 head and body length 26, 79 longevity 78 Anopheles 53 relative tail length 29, 81. 87 arboreal ity 54 tail length 29. 81 Macaca archaeological evidence 3, 89, 154 hybrids 26 arctoides 66 Axis axis 68 ontogeny 26 assamensis 16, 66 sexual dimorphism 26 cwiopis 87 Bergmann's rule 28 extirpated population 3 fascicularis 3, 44. 67, 87, 89 beta-globin gene 52 fuscata 16, 87, 89 birth peaks 68 fascicularis group 87 ueinestrina 66 birth rate, annual 75 fat deposits, seasonal variation 71 radiata 3, 16, 67 birth weight 75 feeding schedule 61 thibetana 16, 66 blood proteins 52, 83 fossils 79 malaria 53 body weight founder effect 89 Mannota hiinalayami 3 adult 30 fulvus 84 masturbation 74 neonatal 75 mcmahoni 18, 86 brachyurus 86 geophagy 59 menarche 70 brevicaudus 24. 86 geographic reference works 124 menopause 77 gestation length 74 menstrual cycle 71 Canis aureus 68 glacial maximum, last 87 mitochondrial DNA 44, 82. 89 cerebrospinal fluid 53 glans, color of 7 molecular biology 44 chemokine receptor 52 golden pelage phenotype 7 molting 1 chromosomes 52 group fission 57 mortality rate, annual 78 climatic deterioration 87 group size and composition 56 multimount ejaculation 72 commensalism with humans 54 Muntiacus muntjak 68 competition, interspecific 3 habitats 54 museums 1 consortship 72 harassment of copulaUons 73 copulatory behavior 72 hematology 53 natural history 54 Connts sp. 68 hoine range neutral mutation hypothesis 52 cranial measurements 38 area 57 nipaleihsis 84 geographic variation 39. 79 seasonal variation 57 nonreproductive sexual behavior 74 insular variation 39 homosexual mounting 74 nuclear DNA 52. 83 ontogeny 38 HPRT locus 52 nursing 76 sexual dimorphism 38 hybridization 29. 30. 89 nutritional requirements 59 crop raiding 54, 57 hybrids 26, 53 oinops 84 day range 57 inbreeding, incidence of 73 death, causes of 78 inerspecific behavior 66 parturition 56. 74 dental emergence 38 intergeneric 68 pelage 7 diet 57 intrageneric 66 elevational variation 7 geographic variation 57 infant erythrism 7 ingestion of soil 59 corpse carried by mother 76 geographic variation 15. 16, 82 nutritional requirements 59 mortality rate 75 hair banding 7 seasonal variation 57 sex ratio 75 hair length 26. 82 diploid chromosome number 52 infanticide 78 hairiness of ears 26 dispersal scenario 87 infrazygomatic crest 7 individual variation 21, 25, 82 distribution insular populations 3, 79, 81, 89 neonatal 7 factors limiting 3 intergroup behavior 62 Nepalese standards 16 geographic 2 intergroup transfer 63, 70 ontogenetic changes 7 dominance rank and reproductive introduced populations 3. 67 seasonal variation 1 success 73 invertebrate prey 59 survey of sainple areas 16 drinking 60 Plasmodium 54 karyology 52 population elevational range 54 density 57 eiytluaea 84 lasiotis 22, 26, 85 estimates 7 estrous cycle 71 last glacial maximum 87 growth rate 78 evolutionary hypothesis 87 lateral facial crest 7 predators 61, 78 external measurements 26 lead content of molars 53 pregnancy 74

INDEX 179 prey 59 shoulder girdle and humerus 56 temperament 53 provisioned groups 57, 65. 74 siamica 25, 86 terrestriality 54 simian immunodeficiency virus 54 testicular descent 70 time budget 66 rejected locality records 3, 129, 155 simian T-lymphotropic retrovirus Trachypithecus relative tail length 29. 81, 87 54 reproduction 68 simple sequence repeat loci 52 geei 68 reproductive success 73 sinica group 89 pileatus 68 rhesus 84 sleeping sites 56 transzygomatic crest 7 snakes, fear of 62 twinning, frequency of 74 solitary males 57 type 86 sagittal crest 44 southern hemisphere, reversed cy- type locality 86 sancti-johannis 24, 84 cles 69 scream call 54 vaginal plug 73 specimens examined 121 seasonal breeding 68 vectors, malaria infection 53 stillbirths, frequency of 74 Semnopithecits entellits 68 vegetational range 54 subfossils 79 serotonin activity 66 vertebrate prey 59 subspecific recognition 79 sex ratio vestitus 85 swimming 56 22, adult 57 villosus 17, 85 synonymy 83 neonatal 75 viral infections 54 sexual maturation 70 systematics 79 sexual skin 7, 71 water requirements 59 females 71 tail carriage 29 weaning 76 males 71 tcheliensis 23, 85 weight. See body weight

180 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY

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