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GABAA Modulation of S100B Secretion in Acute Hippocampal Slices and Astrocyte Cultures

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GABAA Modulation of S100B Secretion in Acute Hippocampal Slices and Astrocyte Cultures Neurochemical Research (2019) 44:301–311 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-018-2675-8 ORIGINAL PAPER GABAA Modulation of S100B Secretion in Acute Hippocampal Slices and Astrocyte Cultures Adriana Fernanda K. Vizuete1 · Fernanda Hansen2 · Carollina Da Ré1 · Miriara B. Leal1 · Fabiana Galland1 · Marina Concli Leite1 · Carlos‑Alberto Gonçalves1 Received: 17 July 2018 / Revised: 5 October 2018 / Accepted: 30 October 2018 / Published online: 1 November 2018 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Astrocytes are the major glial cells in brain tissue and are involved, among many functions, ionic and metabolic homeostasis maintenance of synapses. These cells express receptors and transporters for neurotransmitters, including GABA. GABA signaling is reportedly able to affect astroglial response to injury, as evaluated by specific astrocyte markers such as glial fibrillary acid protein and the calcium-binding protein, S100B. Herein, we investigated the modulatory effects of theGABA A receptor on astrocyte S100B secretion in acute hippocampal slices and astrocyte cultures, using the agonist, muscimol, and the antagonists pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and bicuculline. These effects were analyzed in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), fluorocitrate (FLC), cobalt and barium. PTZ positively modify S100B secretion in hippocampal slices and astrocyte cultures; in contrast, bicuculline inhibited S100B secretion only in hippocampal slices. Muscimol, per se, did not change S100B secre- tion, but prevented the effects of PTZ and bicuculline. Moreover, PTZ-induced S100B secretion was prevented by TTX, FLC, cobalt and barium indicating a complex GABAA communication between astrocytes and neurons. The effects of two putative agonists of GABAA, β-hydroxybutyrate and methylglyoxal, on S100B secretion were also evaluated. In view of the neurotrophic role of extracellular S100B under conditions of injury, our data reinforce the idea that GABA A receptors act directly on astrocytes, and indirectly on neurons, to modulate astroglial response. Keywords Astrocyte · GABAA receptor · PTZ · Bicuculline · Methylglyoxal · S100B secretion Introduction and also provide energy supplementation and antioxidant defense for neuronal activity [6–8]. Astrocytes supply neu- Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in brain tissue, rons with glutamine for the synthesis of glutamic acid and envelop synapses and are able to sense and to respond to γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in glutamatergic and GABAe- neuronal activity [1]. They are responsible for potassium rgic neurons, respectively [9]. Astrocytes are heterogeneous and neurotransmitter clearance at the synaptic cleft [2–5], cell types that express a variety of neurotransmitter receptors [10], including ionotropic glutamate (e.g. N-methyl-D-aspar- tate) and GABAA receptors [11, 12]. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this GABA receptors are expressed in astrocytes, in both cell article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s1106 4-018-2675-8) contains cultures and tissue slices, but the physiological significance supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. of these receptors is not well understood and may be related * Adriana Fernanda K. Vizuete to extracellular ion homeostasis and pH regulation [13]. [email protected] Glial cells in adult and neonatal hippocampal slices exhibit an electrophysiological response to muscimol, a GABA 1 Department of Biochemistry, Instituto de Ciências Básicas A da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, agonist, but not baclofen, a GABAB agonist [14]. Moreover, Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS 90035-003, that study presents data to indicate that ionotropic GABA Brazil signaling in hippocampal glial cells from adult rats differs to 2 Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, that in slices from young animals and astrocytes in culture. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Impaired GABAergic signaling and astrogliosis have Universitário - Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-900, been reported in many neurological disorders, including Brazil Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 302 Neurochemical Research (2019) 44:301–311 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [15] and seizures [16]. Indeed, Gibco. PTZ and bicuculline were purchased from TOCRIS antagonists of GABA A receptor, pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (Bristol, United Kingdom). Polyclonal anti-S100B and and bicuculline, have been used to induce electrophysiologi- anti-rabbit peroxidase-linked antibodies were purchased cal alterations and discharges in hippocampal slices [17, 18], from DAKO (São Paulo, Brazil) and GE, respectively (Lit- but these compounds act at different sites. Bicuculline binds tle Chalfont, United Kingdom). Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was to the GABA site (competitive antagonism) while PTZ binds from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The LDH kit assay at a site closer to the chloride pore (non-competitive antago- was purchased from BioClin, Brazil. nism) [19]. Astrogliosis is characterized by increases in glial fibril- lary acidic protein (GFAP) and/or S100B, two specific glial Animals markers in the brain tissue. Interestingly, gabapentin, a gen- eral GABA agonist protects against streptozotocin-induced Forty-five male Wistar rats, at postnatal day 30, were astrogliosis in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex and cerebel- obtained from our breeding colony (Department of Bio- lum [20]. Accordingly, the neuroprotective effect of theanine chemistry, UFRGS) and maintained under controlled light on ischemia-induced astrogliosis is prevented by bicuculline and environmental conditions (12 h light/12 h dark cycle [21]. In addition, PTZ-induced seizure is accompanied by at a constant temperature of 22 ± 1 °C). We focused on this increased S100B in brain tissue and serum [22]. Moreover, animal age due to the developed and matured GABAergic it has been proposed that astrocytic GABAA receptors are neurotransmission in these rats [34]. reduced possibly through the overproduction of S100B in Procedures were in accordance with the National Institute activated astrocytes [23]. of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals S100B is a calcium-binding protein mainly produced (and (NIH Publications No. 80-23) and followed the regulations secreted) by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) of the local animal house authorities and Committee of Ani- [24]. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum S100B levels mal Use of UFRGS (Project Number 24,472). have been used to indicate astroglial activation in several conditions of brain injury [25, 26]. Our group, observed a high S100B level in CSF in rat epilepsy model [27]. Several Preparation and Incubation of Hippocampal Slices S100B secretagogues have been identified, including glu- tamate and cytokines [28, 29]. Some metabolites, such as Animals were killed by decapitation, their brains were methylglyoxal (MG) and ketone bodies, which are thought removed and placed in cold saline medium of the following to exert effects on GABA receptors [30, 31], regulate S100B composition (in mM): 120 NaCl; 2 KCl; 1 CaCl2; 1 MgSO4; secretion [32, 33]. However, a direct effect ofGABA A sign- 25 HEPES; 1 KH2PO4 and 10 glucose, adjusted to pH 7.4. aling on S100B secretion has yet to be demonstrated. The hippocampi were dissected and transverse slices of Herein, we investigated the specific effects of 0.3 mm were obtained using a McIlwain Tissue Chopper. GABAA-mediated signaling on astrocyte S100B secretion Slices were then transferred immediately to 24-well culture in acute hippocampal slices, using classical (PTZ and bicu- plates, each well containing 0.3 mL of physiological medium culline), as well as new, putative (e.g. MG) modulators of and only one slice. The medium was replaced every 15 min GABAA receptors. GABAA-mediated signaling also was with fresh saline medium at room temperature. Following studied in astrocyte cultures. a 120 min equilibration period, the medium was removed and replaced with basal or specific treatments for 60 min at 30 °C on a warm plate [35]. Materials and Methods Slices were incubated with the following treatments: muscimol (5, 10 and 20 µM), PTZ (5, 10 and 15 mM), bicu- Materials culline (5, 10 and 20 µM), MG (1, 10, 100 and 500 µM), β-hydroxybutyrate (1, 5 and 10 mM), high potassium Poly-L-lysine, methylthiazolyldiphenyltetrazolium bro- (20 mM, adjusting the medium osmolarity by reducing mide (MTT), MG, anti-S100B (SH-B1), 4-(2-hydrox- NaCl), CoCl2(1 mM), BaCl2 (100 µM), TTX (1 µM), FLC yethyl) piperazine-l-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), was used at 100 µM and diluted in HCl 0.1 M. Experiments o-phenylenediamine (OPD), [3(4,5-dimethylthi-azol-2-yl)- with FLC were always performed with a vehicle control. 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MTT), muscimol, The mM and µM concentrations of PTZ and bicuculline, β-hydroxybutyrate and fluocitrate (FLC) were purchased respectively, were chosen according to data in the literature from Sigma (Saint Louis, MO, USA). Fetal calf serum and were able to induce bursts in hipocampal slices [18, (FCS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) 36], which were also able to induce changes in astroglial and other materials for cell culture were purchased from parameters [37, 38]. 1 3 Neurochemical Research (2019) 44:301–311 303 Astrocyte Cultures with monoclonal anti-S100B (SH-B1) antibody. Polyclonal anti-S100 was added and incubated for 30 min, and then Primary astrocyte cultures from Wistar rats were prepared peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit antibody was added for a as previously
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