Analys Av Växtsteroler Med Gaskromatografi Och Ft-Nir-Spektroskopi

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Analys Av Växtsteroler Med Gaskromatografi Och Ft-Nir-Spektroskopi ANALYS AV VÄXTSTEROLER MED GASKROMATOGRAFI OCH FT-NIR-SPEKTROSKOPI Aino Visuri Pro gradu-avhandling utförd under handledning av docent Tiina Saloranta-Simell och professor Reko Leino och TkD, utvecklingschef Ville Nieminen Laboratoriet för molekylärvetenskap och -teknik Fakulteten för naturvetenskaper och teknik Åbo Akademi April 2021 Aino Visuri Pro gradu-avhandling ___________________________________________________________________________ REFERAT Målet med denna pro gradu-avhandling var att jämföra och evaluera fyra olika gaskromatografiska metoder för analys av växtsteroler. Det har presenterats flera metoder i litteraturen, men de flesta tillämpas på analys av varierande matriser av livsmedel samt oljor, och mer sällan koncentrerade växtsteroler. I det här arbetet undersöktes metodernas duglighet att analysera prover av koncentrerade växtsteroler, samt förmåga att separera de växtsteroler som är reglerade av Europeiska unionen. Utöver evalueringen utvecklades nya gaskromatografiska metoder baserade på de fyra behandlade. Resultaten av de befintliga metoderna var i regel i samma storleksklass, och de antogs således fungerande för analys av koncentrerade växtsteroler. Tre av fyra metoder hade en tillräcklig separation av de viktigaste växtsterolerna. De utvecklade metoderna möjliggjorde en snabbare analys av växtsterolblandningen med tillräcklig separation mellan föreningarna. Förutom gaskromatografiska metoder evaluerades också möjligheten av att använda FT-NIR- spektroskopi som en snabb analysmetod för koncentrerade växtsteroler. Resultaten erhållna i det här arbetet var riktgivande, men bristen i provmängden gör att inga generella slutsatser kan dras. Sökord: växtsterol, växtstanol, fytosterol, gaskromatografi I Aino Visuri Pro gradu-avhandling ___________________________________________________________________________ FÖRKORTNINGAR OCH BETECKNINGAR α alfa: används också som beteckning för att beskriva konfiguration av steroler AOCS American Oil Chemists’ Society ASG Acylsterolglykosid β beta: används som beteckning för att beskriva konfiguration av steroler BSTFA N,O-Bis(trimetylsilyl)trifluoroacetamid CAS Chemical Abstracts Service Δ delta: används för att beteckna position av dubbelbindning i sterolstrukturer ECN Effective carbon number, effektiv kolnummer EU Europeiska unionen FDA United States Food and Drug Administration FID Flame ionization detector, flamjoniserings detector FIR Far infrared, fjärrinfraröd FT Fouriertransform FT-NIR Fouriertransform-närinfraröd GC Gas chromatography, gaskromatografi GRAS Generally Recognized as Safe HSE Hydroxicinnamatsterolester IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ISTD Intern standard LDL Low-density lipoprotein MIR Mid infrared, mellaninfraröd MS Mass spectrometry, masspektrometri MSC Multiplicative scatter correction NIR Near infrared, närinfraröd NMKL Nordisk metodikkommitté för livsmedel OCI On-column injection PLS Partial least squares PTV Programmable temperature vaporization SE Sterolester SG Sterolglykosid THF Tetrahydrofuran TMCS Trimetylklorosilan II Aino Visuri Pro gradu-avhandling ___________________________________________________________________________ INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING REFERAT .................................................................................................................................... I FÖRKORTNINGAR OCH BETECKNINGAR ................................................................................... II INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING ....................................................................................................... III 1 INLEDNING ................................................................................................................... 1 2 TEORI OCH BAKGRUND ................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Växtsteroler .............................................................................................................. 2 2.1.1 Nomenklatur .................................................................................................... 5 2.1.2 Växtsterolers funktion i växter och människor ................................................ 7 2.1.3 Reglering ........................................................................................................ 10 2.1.4 Analys av växtsteroler .................................................................................... 11 2.2 Gaskromatografi .................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Instrumentet .................................................................................................. 12 2.2.2 Gaskromatografisk teori................................................................................. 17 2.2.3 Gaskromatografisk analys av växtsteroler ..................................................... 21 2.2.4 Utveckling av gaskromatografiska metoder .................................................. 25 2.3 FT-NIR-spektroskopi ............................................................................................... 26 2.3.1 FT-NIR-instrumentet ...................................................................................... 27 2.3.2 FT-NIR-spektroskopi i analys av växtsteroler ................................................. 28 3 MÅLSÄTTNING............................................................................................................ 29 4 EXPERIMENTELL DEL .................................................................................................. 30 4.1 Analys av växtsteroler med gaskromatografi......................................................... 30 4.1.1 Metod A7 ........................................................................................................ 30 4.1.2 Metod B9 ........................................................................................................ 31 4.1.3 Metod C3 ........................................................................................................ 32 III Aino Visuri Pro gradu-avhandling ___________________________________________________________________________ 4.1.4 Metod D8 ........................................................................................................ 33 4.2 Utveckling av gaskromatografiska metoder .......................................................... 34 4.3 Analys av växtsteroler med FT-NIR-spektroskopi .................................................. 36 5 RESULTAT OCH DISKUSSION ...................................................................................... 37 5.1 Evaluering av befintliga gaskromatografiska metoder .......................................... 37 5.1.1 Analysresultat ................................................................................................. 37 5.1.2 Jämförelse av metoderna ............................................................................... 39 5.2 Metodutvecklingen ................................................................................................ 44 5.2.1 Analysresultat ................................................................................................. 44 5.2.2 Jämförelse av de utvecklade metoderna ....................................................... 50 5.3 FT-NIR-spektroskopi i växtsterolanalys .................................................................. 54 6 SAMMANFATTNING ................................................................................................... 57 7 REFERENSER ............................................................................................................... 58 8 BILAGOR ..................................................................................................................... 65 8.1 Bilaga 1 ................................................................................................................... 65 8.2 Bilaga 2 ................................................................................................................... 84 8.3 Bilaga 3 ................................................................................................................... 95 IV Aino Visuri Pro gradu-avhandling ___________________________________________________________________________ 1 INLEDNING Växtsteroler är naturligt förekommande steroidföreningar i växter. Växtsteroler och främst deras estrar används som tillsatsämnen i livsmedel tack vare deras kolesterolsänkande effekt.1 Eftersom växtsteroler används i livsmedel, är mängderna av totala och enskilda växtsterolföreningar reglerad.2 Regleringarna diskuteras i kapitel 2.1.3. För att kunna följa regleringarna behövs noggranna analysmetoder för både livsmedel och råmaterialen så som koncentrerade växtsterolblandningar. I litteraturen presenteras flera metoder för analys av växtsterolhalten i livsmedel samt oljor,3–7 men endast få som inkluderar procedurer för analys av koncentrerade fria växtsteroler.8,9 Majoriteten av analysmetoderna använder gaskromatografi för att separera och kvantifiera de enskilda föreningarna. Gaskromatografi (GC) är en av de mer använda analysmetoderna för flyktiga organiska föreningar. Analysmetoden har många fördelar för rutinanalys; det finns flera väletablerade metoder i varierande områden av analys, metodutveckling för nya analyser är hanterbar, och metoden är flexibel med tanke på olika storlekars föreningar. Dessutom är instrumentets pris relativt lågt, och injiceringen av prover kan automatiseras, vilket ökar på effektiviteten. Olika detektorer kan kopplas
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