Raven Rock: Then and Now. Medoc Mountain State Park: an Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 376 037 SE 054 737

AUTHOR Brown, David G. TITLE Raven Rock: Then and Now. Medoc Mountain State Park: An Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades 5-7. INSTITUTION North Carolina State Dept. of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Raleigh. Div. of Parkt A Recreation. PUB DATE Jan 94 NOTE 59p.; For related guides, see SE 054 736-744 and SE 054 746. AVAILABLE FROMNorth Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation, P.O. Box 27687, Raleigh, NC 27611-7687. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Instructional Materials (For Learner)(051) Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher)(052)

EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Classification; Educational Games; Environmental Education; Equipment; *Geology; Grade 5; Grade 6; Grade 7;Intermediate Grades; Junior High Schools; *Mineralogy; *Minerals; Parks; *Petrology; Science Activities; Science Education; *Topography IDENTIFIERS Environmental Awareness; Erosion; Hands On Experience; Hiking; *Mountains; *North Carolina State Parks System

ABSTRACT This activity guide, developed to provide environmental education through a series of hands-on activities geared to Raven Rock State Park in North Carolina, is targeted for grades 5, 6, and 7 and meets curriculum objectives of the standard course of study established by the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction. Three types of activities are included: pre-visit, on-site, and post-visit. The on-site activity is conducted at the park, while pre- and post-visit activities are designed for the classroom. Major concepts included are: rock cycle geomorphology; formation of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks; weathering and erosion, rock and mineral characteristics; and topography. Includes a vocabulary list, scLeduling worksheet, parental permission form, North Carolina Parks and Recreation program evaluation and information about Raven Rock State Park. (MKR)

*********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** RAVEN ROCK

TH EN AND-NOW

U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE Ott.ee of Educatfonal Reseafcn and improvement THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION BY CENTER !ERIC) This document has [seen fepfoduced as J B eee.ved Item the Der Soh of ofgarotatfort Hal 1 sey ar.ginahng.1 A4,,,o, cnanges nave toner made to .,hisfove ttOoduct.oh ouahtv

Ph.n1S0, 0017,,,,OnS stated .^1h.SCO.Cu e,tt do "ot necessary teotesem ofttc.a, TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES OE RI001.1.01,Or1:101,CY INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." Raven Rock State Park An Environmental Education LearningExperience Designed for Grades 5 .--_ wo-:;,3.. BEST COPY AVAILABLE 2 RAVEN ROCK

Raven Rock State Park An-Environmental Education Learning Experience Designed for Grades,*

3 "Talk of Mysteries! Think of our lift in nature daily to be shown matter, to come in contact with it rocks, trees, wind on our cheeks! the solid earth! the actual world! the comM011 sense! Contact! Contact! Who are we? Where are we?"

- Henry David Thoreau. 1848. The Maine Woods

4 Funding_ for this publication was generously provided by CP &L

5 ii This Environmental Education Learning Experience was developed by

David G. Brown Lead Interpretation and Education Ranger Raven Rock State Park

N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation Department of Environment. Health and Natural Resources

41111111111161 F-I INI Fi James B. Hunt Jr. Jonathan B. Howes Governor Secretary

6 Other Contributors.

Park volunteers;

P. Albert Carpenter, Geologist. N.C. Geological "Arvey Section:

The N.C. Department of Public Instruction:

The N.C. Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources:

and the many individuals and agencies who assisted in the review of this publication.

5(X) copies of this public document were printed at a cost of S1.751) or 53.5(1 per copy

®Printed on recycled paper. I -94

7 i v Table of Contents

1. Introduction Introduction to the North Carolina State Parks System 1.1 Introduction to Raven Rock State Park Introduction to the Activity Packet for Raven Rock State Park 1.5 Introduction to the Geology of Raven Rock State Park I.6

2. activity Summary

3. Pre-Visit Activity Hard Rock Cravo la 1.1

4. On-Site Activity Geo Trek 4.1

5. Post-Visit Activity GeoJeopardy 5.1

6. Vocabulary 6.1

7. References 7.1

S. Forms 8.1

9. Notes 9.1 preserving and protecting That was in 1915.The North As one of North Carolina's North Carolina's natural Carolina State Parks System principal conservation agen- resources is actually a rela- has now been established for cies, the Division of Parks and tively new idea. The seeds of more than three quarters of a Recreation is responsible for the conser\ation movement century. What started out as the more than 125.000 acres were planted early in the 20th one small plot of public land that make up our state parks century when citizens were has grown into 59 properties system. The Division man- alerted to the devastation of across the state. including ages these resources for the Mount Mitchell. Logging parks. recreation areas, trails. safe enjoyment of the public was destroying a well-known and protects and preserves landmarkthe highest peak them as a pail of the heritage east of the Mississippi As we will pass on to generations the magnificent forests of to come. this mile-high peak fell to An important component the lumbermen's axe, alarmed of our stewardship of these citizens began to voice lands is education. Through their objections. Gover- our interpretation and environ- nor Locke Craig joined mental education services. them in their efforts to the Division of Parks and save Mount Mitchell. To- Recreation strives to otter gether they convinced the enlightening programs which legislature to pass a bill lead to an understanding and establishing Mount Mitchell rivers, lakes and natut..: areas. appreciation of our natural as the first state park. This vast network of land resources. The goal of our boasts somc of the most beau- environmental education tiful scenery in the world and program is to generate an offers endless recreation awareness in all individuals opportunities. But our state which cultivates responsible parks system offers much more stewardship of the earth. than scenery and recreation Our lands and waters contain unique and valuable archaeo- logical. geological and biologi- cal resources that are important parts of our natural heritage.

For more iniormation contact:

N.C. Division of Parks and Recreation P.O. Box 27687 Raleigh, NC 27611-7687 919/ 733-4181 9

Raven Rock State Park. NC I.I January 1994 Introduction to Raven -Rock-State Park

The Rock: trees in the park are found in turtles, lizards and snakes. The copperhead snake is the This landmark is rich in the floodplain, where river only poisonous snake found geological, natural and cultural birch, beech and sycamore are in the park, but it is seldom history. Raven Rock State located. The flat, dry uplands encountered. Park is located on what is are characterized by an oak/ called the fall zone, an area hickory forest, where sour- The spring migration brings where the hard, resistant rocks wood, dogwood and blueberry many species of birds to the of the foothills give way to make up the understory. park. At the peak of the sea- the softer rocks and sediments The many streams of Raven son, you can see as many as of the coastal plain. The un- Rock create ideal habitat for 20 species of warblers in a derlying rocks of the area were aquatic invertebrates and fish. single day. Wood ducks nest formed more than 300 million Salamanders are particularly in hollow trees along the river. years ago by intense heat and at home along the river bluffs. Hawks, owls and woodpeckers pressure. Through the ages. The Piedmont forest and may also be seen and heard. flowing waters and swirling streams are home to many winds gradually eroded the land, carving and sculpting Raven Rock. This immense outcrop of gneiss rises approxi- mately 100 feet and stretches for more than a mile along the Cape Fear River. The rock was originally called Patterson's Rock for an early settler who found refuge there when his canoe capsized nearby. In 1854 its name was changed to Raven Rock. inspired by the sight of ravens which formerly roosted on the rock ledges. Life Around the Rock: Raven Rock State Park provides important habitat for a host of plants and animals. Wildflowers and shrubs, such as galax. mountain laurel and rhododendron, normally found in the mountains and foothills, find suitable habitat on the high river bluffs and moist ravines. Some of the largest 10 Raven Rock State Park. NC 1.2 January 1994 Mammals arc ahundant in In time, stores. Mills and here, they still live in the west- the park. Weasels, raccoons. quarries were built. Many of ern part of the state. Other squirrels. mice and shrews the woodlands were cleared accounts state that the rock inhabit the woodlands. «hile and farmed. Later. many of was named "Reaven's Rock" heavers and Muskrats live these farms were abandoned as early as 1773, and one along the river and creeks. and the forest regrew. The legend notes that the rock was Several species of hats may trees were then harvested a named after an Indian known also he seen as they hunt for second time. as Raven, son of Hancock, the insects. A road which stretched fromTuscarora Chief' who led his warriors against the English History Highlights: Raleigh to Fa' etteville crossed the Cape Fear River via the during the Tuscarora War of The Siouans and Tuscaror- Norrington ferry and served I 711 -13. ans hunted and camped in the as a major transportation route. In 1965, it was suggested area until European settlers Locks and dams were built that the area he preserved as arrived in the Mid-17(..;',. The along the river to facilitate a state park and local citizens first settlers were primaril \ navigation and Raven Rock organized support for the hunters and trappers. searching became an important landmark project. In 1969. a hill estab- for high country similar to for river pilots. lishing the park was passed in their native Scotland. These the General Assembly. Pres- early settlers named the rock Sonic of the rocks near ently. the park covers over Patterson's Rock for Gilbert the river contain holes drilled 3,000 acres. Patterson. who came to this many years ago when the rock country from Scotland and was quarried. These holes Raven Rock's austere settled near Buics Creek in the were drilled into the rock by beauty is a testament to the 1740's. He obtained another machines: dynamite was then forces that have shaped the piece of land near Pocket placed in the holes and ex- land. As the river below Creek in Lee County and trav- ploded to break apart the large rushes to join the sea, nature's eled between his two parcels boulders. It is thought that elements continue to shape by canoe. On one of these the rocks were used to build the surface of this natural trips, he wrecked his canoe and Non-ington Lock and Darn monument. broke his leg at Norrington's at Fish Traps. A hurricane in Program Options: I X59 destro\ ed the locks and Falls ( now Fish Traps). He Abounding with natural sought shelter under the large dams. which were not replaced history. Raven Rock State Park rock where he spent a couple as the advent of the railroad eliminated the need for river is an excellent place to teach of days without food. Accord- ecology, environmental issues, ing to the legend. Patterson travel. As bridges were built, biology, conservation and was on the verge of starving the ferry was closed and earth science. as well as enjoy when a deer that was being Raven Rock became a popular recreation. chased by wolves jumped over rxreation spot. The remnants the edge of the cliff and landed of the Norrington Lock and Groups are encouraged at his feet. He was able to live Dam can still he seen in the to visit the park during all on venison until he was nicked park. seasons of the year for hikes. up a few days later by Native It is believed the rock exploration. nature study and Americans canoeing through. obtained its current name of other activities. Leaders may After this incident, people be- Raven Rock when ravens were choose to design and conduct gan calling the cliff Patterson's observed nesting on the cliffs. their own activities or use the Environmental Education Rock. Ravens are no longer found Learning Experience activity

Raven Rock State Park. NC January 1994 packet. Park staff will he happythe group's medical and health Following the Trip: to assist in your programming needs. 1. Complete the post-visit needs. Please contact the park 8.Ifyou will be law or need activities in the Environmental office at least to weeks in to cancel your trip. notify the Education Learning Experience advance for arrangements. park illrniediatel% packet. The American Beech Nature9. Research activity permits 2. Build upon the field ex- Trail is a self-guided interpre- may he required for activities perience and encourage tive trail with brochures avail- which require samples to he participants to seek answers able in a box at the trail en- taken from the park. to questions and problems trance. 10. Complete the pm-visit encountered at the park. A Raven Rock State Park activities in the Environmental 3. Relate the experience to wildlife checklist is available Education Learning Experi- classroom activities and from park staff. ence. curriculum through reports. Scheduling a Trip: While at the Park: projects. demonstrations. displays and presentations. 1. Please contact the park at Please obey the following 4. Give tests or evaluations. least two weeks in advance to rules: make a reservation. if appropriate, to determine 1. To help you get the most if students have gained the 2. Complete the scheduling out of the experience and in- desired information from the worksheet provided at the hack crease the chance of observing experience. of the activity packet, on page wildlife, be as quiet as possible 5. File a written evaluation 8.1. while in the park. of the experience with the park. 3. The group leader should 2. On hikes. walk behind the Evaluation forms are available visit the park without the par- leader at all times. in the activity packet on page ticipants prior to the group trip. 3. When hiking the trails, 8.3. This will enable you to become exercise special care in areas familiar with the facilities and with loose gravel, water bars. park staff, and to identify any Park Information: exposed roots or steps. Run- potential problems. ning and jumping are not Raven Rock State Park 4. The group leader should permitted. Rt. 3. Box 1005 discuss park rules and behavior Lillington. NC 27545 4. All plants and animals expectations with adult leaders (910) 893-4888 within the park are protected. and participants. Safety should Breaking plants and harming Hours of Operation: he stressed. animals is prohibited in all 5. Everyone should wear a No Feb S:(X) a.m.- 60) p.m. state parks. This allows future 80) a.m.- 7:(X) p.m. name tag. Please color-code Mar. Oct visitors the same opportunity Apr. May. Sep 8:00 a.m.- 8:(X) p.m. tags (for groups) and establish to enjoy our natural resources. Jun Aug 8:(X) a.m.- 9:00 p.m. a buddy system. 5. Picnic in designated picnic Other facilities in the area: 6. Encourage everyone to wearareas only. Help keep the park San-Lee Recreational & appropriate, comfortable cloth- clean and natural; do not litter. ing and walking shoes. Environmental Education Park 6. In case of accident or PO Box 698 7. The group leader is respon- emergency. contact park staff Sanford. NC 27330 sible for parental permission immediately. (919) 776-6221 forms, located at the hack of this packet on page 8.2, and 12

Raven Rock State Park. NC 1.4 January 1994 I

The Environmental Educa- The Environmental Educa- Note: On-site activities, weather tion Learning Experience. tion Learning Experience, permitting, will be held on Raven "Raven Rock, Then and Now,""Raven Rock. Then and Now," Rock Loop Trail. Students will was developed to proviue will expose students to the be on the 2.2 mile trail for about hands-on environmental edu- following major concepts: two and one-half hours. They cation activities for the class- should dress appropriately (long Rock cycle pants, walking shoes). The room and the outdoor setting Geomorphology students will be in areas where of Raven Rock State Park. Formation of sedimen- poison ivy, stinging wood nettle This activity packet, designed tary, metamorphic and and ticks may be encountered. for grades 5-7, meets curricu- igneous rocks Contact is not likely if they lum objectives of the standard Weathering and erosion follow the safety directions course of study established provided by the staff and stay on Rock and mineral char- the designated trails. by the North Carolina Depart- acteristics Dilute acid may be used in the ment of Public Instruction. Topography rock identification test and cye It includes three types of The firs, occurrence of a protection will be provided for activities: all students handling the dilute vocabulary word used in these acid. Eye protection must be Pre-visit activity activities is indicated in bold worn during the ter! On-site activity type. These words and their The educator wit :As it Post-visit activity. definitions are listed in the ing that all safety pu-an;ie. The on-site activity will be back of the activity packet. A followed. It is also the conducted at the park, while list of the reference materials bility of the educator to b., aware of special consideit.iions, medi- the pre-visit and post-visit used in developing the activi- cal needs, etc. of participants and activities are designed for the ties follows the vocabulary list. be prepared to take appropriate classroom. These activities This document was de- precautionary measures. Park may be performed indepen- signed to be reproduced, in staff should be informed of any dently or in a series, to build part or entirety, for use in special considerations prior to the group's arrival. upon students' newly gained North Carolina classrooms. If knowledge and experiences. you wish to photocopy or adapt In these activities, students it for other uses, please credit will have the opportunity to the N.C. Division of Parks and "make" sedimentary, metamor-Recreation. phic and igneous rock's; per- --met Nor form simple tests to identify rocks and minerals; and observe examples of chemical and mechanical weathering. 111ba:Wr&\. A1/0/0/ lz ////oi z/ /x/dahh,

":"

Raven Rock State Park, NC 1.5 13 January 1994 Introduction to theGedogy of Raven Rock State Park

The geology of Raven Rock.joumeyed along the river cooled and hardened into clear State Park is unique in that bottom. Some of the cobbles or cloudy quartz. A white the park lies on the fall zone. have a reddish color that is mineral, feldspar. and shiny This is a narrow zone marking iron stain. The rocks in the flakes of mica are also present. the boundary between the park were exposed as the Cape Some of the quartz veins are harder metamorphic rocks Fear River continued to cut parallel (concordant) to the of the Piedmont and the softer down through the gravels and layers in the gneiss and others sedimentary rocks of the metamorphic rocks. cut across (discordant) the Coastal Plain. This results in The most prominent geo- layers in the rock. the occurrence of rapids, such logic feature in the park is Calcite, a soft white min- as Lanier Falls and Fish Traps, Raven Rock. This is an out- eral. also occurs at Raven in the principal rivers along crop of gneiss, rising approxi- Rock. It has the chemical this zone. mately 100 feet above the composition calcium carbon- One theory on the formationriver and running about one ate and can easily be identified of Raven Rock is that sedi- mile along the south hank. by using a dilute acid test. ments were deposited in a It has been carved by the When dilute hydrochloric acid shallow sea in this area 500 to erosional forces of the river. is placed on the mineral it 800 million years ago. Layers The hardness of gneiss and its bubbles (effervesces) as CO2 of sand, composed of quartz, resistance to erosion helped gas escapes. This is similar feldspar and mica, fell to the create these impressive expo- to the bubbling effect when sea floor. They compacted. sures. In places, river banks vinegar is placed on baking forming sedimentary rocks arc steeper on the south side soda. called sandstone. About 300 of the river because of prevail- In places, the rock looks to 500 million years ago. the ing wind systems, meander blocky and has one or more deeply buried sandstone was development, rock structures surfaces that are flat and changed by heat and pressure controls. and the Coriolis straight, giving the appearance into metamorphic rocks, called effect. The Coriolis effect is of haying hcen cut by a saw. gneiss and quartzite. Eventu- the effect of the earth's rotation These are ,joint surfaces. or ally, the metamorphic rocks that causes winds and ocean cracks in the rock, that formed were gently arched upward currents to shift to the right or as the overlying rock was and exposed at the land surfaceleft of their expected removed by erosion or when by weathering and erosion. Upon close examination. the rock was folded. It is pos- Gravel layers or terraces Raven Rock reveals some sible to see numerous parallel can he found on the higher interesting geologic featt.ce,,. joints and other joints at differ- ridges in the park, particularly Light and dark colored layers ent angles. in the picnic area. This gravel of the rock represent changes As a result of its geologic is mostly rounded quartz in the composition of the sedi- history. Raven Rock has cobbles, deposited by the ments as they were deposited played an important part in ancestral Cape Fear River in the sea. In places. quartz this area's cultural history. millions of year .:go. These veins can he found between Sec the History Highlights in were probably carried from the layers of gneiss. These the Introduction to Raven the higher piedmont region by veins originated as hot. silica- Rock State Park for further the Cape Fear River and were rich liquids that squeezed information. gradually rounded as they between fractures and then 14

Raven Rock State Park, NC I .6 January 1994 A

The following outline provides a brief summary of each activity, the major conceptsintro- duced and the objectives met by completion of the activity. I. Pre-Visit Activity #1 Hard Rock Crayola (page 3.1.1) Using crayon shavings to simulate weathering and erosion, students willdemonstrate the formation of the three basic rock types (sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous). Thisactivity will also help the students understand the concept of the rock cycle, the process bywhich sedimentary. metamorphic and igneous rocks are transformed into and from one another. Major Concepts: Rock cycle Mechanical weathering Formation of sedimentary. metamorphic and igneous rocks Objectives: List the three main rock types. Explain how each of these three rock types are formed. Describe the rock cycle. II. On-Site Activity #1 Geo Trek (page 4.1.1) On this 2.2 mile hike, students will be introduced to the processes that formed RavenRock by making direct observations of topography, weathering and erosion in order to complete a worksheet. A series of hands-on activities includes rock and mineral identification and compass reading. Major Concepts: Weathering and erosion Rock and mineral characteristics Geomorphology Objectives: Explain the difference between weathering and erosion. Distinguish two types of weathering. Describe how plants contribute to mechanical and chemicalA, ./se weathering. Describe the effects water has on mechanical and chemical weathering. Name the three basic rock types. Distinguish quartz from calcite using rock identification techniques. Define "fall zone" and explain what effect it has on river systems. 15 Raven Rock State Park. NC 2. I January 1994 III. Post-Visit Activity #1Geo Jeopardy (page 5.1 .1 ) Involve the students in a fun game while reintbrcing the objectives coveredin previous activities. Major Concepts: Basic rock types Weathering. and erosion Rock and mineral characteristics Objectives: List the three basic rock types. Describe how rocks change through weathering and erosion. Distinguish between rocks and minerals. Know the basic characteristics of select rocks and minerals.

GeOPOIMIty 14ed %Lorna K. Vh.rrirc Roltel ,n1,414 100100100100

200200200200

300300300300

Ra% en Rock Sue P.A. NC Januar> 1994 A

Major Concepts: Curriculum objectives: Location: Grade 5 Classroom/science lab Rock cycle Communication Skills: lis- Mechanical weathering tening. reading, vocabulary Group Size: Formation of sedimentary. 30 students or less, divided and viewitig comprehension metamorphic and igneous Guidance: competency and into six groups skill for interacting with rocks others Estimated Time: Healthful Living: recre- Two to four hours Objectives: ational and school safety Science: earth science, Credits: List the three main rock environment This activity has been adapted types. Social Science: organize from "Color Me Metamor- Explain how each of these and analyze information, phic" by Donald L. Birdd, The draw conclusions, participate Science Teacher, April 1990. three rock types are effectively in groups pp. 21-26. formed. Describe the rock cycle. Grade 6 Materials: Communication Skills: study Provided by the educator: skills using environmental Per group: hot plate, oven mit- Educator's Information: sources, listening, reading, tens, petri dish or fmger bowl, vocabulary and viewing aluminum foil (45cm x 45cm), Many students have a comprehension three aluminum foil pie trays, difficult time under- Guidance: competency and wax paper, a metal or wooden standing the abstract concept skill for interacting with trivet, newspapers of the rock cycle, the process others Per student: Rock Cycle and Healthful Living: recre- Hard Rock Crayola work- by which sedimentary, meta- ational and home safety sheets, safety goggles, pencil morphic and igneous rocks Science: earth science sharpener or carrot peeler, are transformed into and from Social Studies: organize and candles or four to six crayons one another. The students can analyze information, draw of the same color (red, green, see rock examples in the class- conclusions, locate and blue, or yellow), envelope gather needed information Per class: one or more vises with room: the difficulty lies in two boards (12.5cm x 20cm), their inability to visualize just Grade 7 rock samples. how these rock samples were Communications Skills: formed. The following activ- Special Considerations: study skills using environ- ity will give the students the mental sources, listening. Take proper safety precau- reading, vocabulary and tions. The hot plate and hot opportunity to "see" the rock . viewing comprehension crayon wax can cause bums. cycle through a series of simu- Guidance: being responsible The vise can pinch/crush lations of mechanical weatherin a group fingers. ing, erosion and formation Healthful Living: home, of sedimentary, metamorphic school and recreational safety and igneous rock. The activity Science: earth science, natu- can be done as one continuous ral phenomena process or can be broken down Social Studies: gather, into five separate parts. organize and analyze information, draw conclusions

Raven Rock State Park. NC 3.1.17 January 1994 Instructions: "Why or why not?" (They- (45 cm x 45 cm). Next, a stu- Set the stage by asking stu- are not the same size and shapedent from each group should dents to describe local rocks due to varied weathering forcescarefully transfer some and/or rock formations. They upon them, i.e., how the sharp- "weathered sediments" of have seen rocks during walks ener or crayon is held, etc.) one color to the center of the along a lake or river's edge, "What are some of nature's foil. Spread the fragments near or on a mountain, or weathering forces?" (Rain, into a 1 cm thick layer. Repeat during drives along roads that flowing and freezing water, with the remaining colors, were built through road cuts. glaciers and wind.) layering the colors one on top of another. On the chalkboard, write down When the "weathering" is all the names and characteris- complete, the students should Students should record their tics the students can remember wrap their "sediments" in their observations of their layered about the rocks. Be sure to wax paper and place each color"weathered sediments" on the have several local rock samplesin a separate envelope, unless "Hard Rock Crayola" work- distributed around the room. you plan to do Part B of this sheet. Fold the foil over the Ask the students questions activity right away. "sediments" layers, allowing for a 1 cm space all around the such as, "Have you ever won- Part B: dered just how these rocks fragments, and then carefully Erosion and Sedimentation formed?" "Are new rocks fold the edges to seal the pack- forming at this moment?" Be Once rock fragments have ages. If you are breaking the sure to go over the Rock Cyclebeen created, they are usually activity into sections, have the diagram. Discuss the three moved by some force of students label their foil pack- kinds of rock with the students.nature. Here, the students act ages by their group numbers as the erosive force. Ask the and stop here. Part A: students what this force of Weathering Part C: movement is called, and Sediments/Sedimentary Cover all desk tops with what some of its causes are. Rock Simulation newspaper. Give each student (Erosion, caused by gravity, a sheet of wax paper, a pocket moving water, glaciers and Unless you have more than pencil sharpener or carrot wind.) Place all the weathered one vise, this step will take peeler, and a candle or four to "rock" fragments in four sepa- some time and will require six crayons of the same color. rate piles, one color to a pile. some patience. Each group The candles/crayons represent Divide the class into four (or will place their folded foil rock material, and the carrot eight) groups and give each package between two boards. peelers/pencil sharpeners group a sheet of aluminum foil The "sandwich" should then represent weathering agents. Students should carefully shave each of the candles/ crayons, keeping all of the fragments in a small pile. As they are "weathering" their candles/crayons onto the wax paper, call their attention to the size and shape of the fragments. "Are they all the same size and shape?" (No.)

Raven Rock State Park, NC 3.1.2 18 January 1994 be placed in the vise. Apply students will produce during the newly formed "metamor- light pressure with the vise this activity. Return the larger phic rock." They should to compress the "sediments." piece of "sedimentary rock" carefully break this "rock" Once the "rock sandwiches" to the aluminum foil package into two parts and examine it, have been mildly compressed, and wrap it up again. If you noting what happened to the remove them from the vise. are breaking the activity into thickness and fragment shape. sections, stop here. The students should write down their observations on Part D: their worksheet. (The different Metamorphic Rock colored "rock fragments" Simulation or crayons will be squeezed Place the foil package with together.) the "sedimentary rock" be- Place the smaller piece of tween the two boards and put Students should then carefully newly-made "metamorphic it into the vise again. Tell the open their packages and rock" with the "weathered students to add as much pres- observe the new product. Call sediments" and the "sedimen- sure to the vise as they can. their attention to the central tary rock" previously saved. This part of the activity dem- region which is more tightly If you are breaking the activity onstrates the need for great compressed. The students into sections, stop here. should lift this portion from pressure to cause a rock to the non-compressed or more metamorphose. In reality, Part E: loosely packed "sediments" as the pressure deep within Igneous Rock Formation and carefully break it into two the earth increases, tempera- SAFETY NOTE: This por- parts. Have the students look tures increase as well. A tem- tion of the activity requires at the broken edges, then draw perature change is probably that the students be espe- and describe the layers (on the occurring in this activity but is cially safety conscious as worksheet). difficult to measure. (The heat they will be working with a associated with the formation hot plate and melted wax. How do they compare with of metamorphic rock is not a Each group should line their the original loose "sediment's" part of this activity.) Remind layers? (They're similar, but last tray with aluminum foil. the students that metamorphic much thinner.) rock may become contorted in For the "igneous rock" What happened to the appearance. It may actually simulation, the groups should spaces between the "sedi- flow like a plastic material in place the "sediment" fragments they set aside in enve- ments"? (Pressure from the response to the pressure from vise forced the "sediments" the rock load above and the lopes and the larger piece of closer together, eliminating movement of the earth's crust. "metamorphic rock" into their the spaces. aluminum tray. Be Especially Have the students release Careful Here! This part of Each group should transfer the compression on the vise, the activity requires a hot plate a few of their loose "sedi- remove the foil package and as a heat source. Students ments" and the smaller piece open it carefully to examine Should Avoid Dropping Wax of "sedimentary rock" into a Fragments on the Hot Plate pie pan. Place the rest of the Surface or Themselves. The fragments in an envelope, (for students or teachers doing this part E). The pieces in the pie portion of the activity should pan will be used for compari- wear protective oven mittens sons with the other "rocks" the

Raven Rock State Park, NC 3.1.3 19 January 1994 to avoid being burned. Cover oven mittens. There is enough As a class, he1/4.tjr.,' to dk- each hot plate surface with a heat energy in the molten wax cuss the different rates of cool- layer of foil before you turn to melt the remaining solid ing of lava or magma. Lava it on. (This will diffuse the mass.Caution: Do not heat,flowing into the ocean around heat from the coils of the hot the wax to the splattering Hawaii can cool in a matter plate so the crayons will not point! of hours. The magma that burst into flames.) Each While the wax is still in the cools underground may take group should place their tray molten state, a student from hundreds or thousands of of "weathered sediments" and each group, or the teacher. vears. "metamorphic rock" on the should CAREFULLY place ;Mention that all conditions hot plate and turn the hot plate the pan on the trivet. for rock formations cannot he temperature to medium. Melt Students should make simulated. In fact, geologists observations of their tray, and have never "seen" intrusive draw and write these down igneous rocks form. However. on their worksheet. Compari- they are able to look at all of sons should he made between the available evidence. simu- these "igneous rocks" and the late some of the conditions in "rocks" and "sediments" made the laboratory, and arrive at in the previous sections of this results similar to those found activity. in nature. Reiterate the concept of the wax, being careful that the Set aside all "igneous rock" the rock cycle by reminding melting process does not oc- trays until the next day's class: them of the "rocks" (crayons cur so rapidly that the molten the materials must sit over - or candles) that were weath- wax splatters or hums. When night. This will allow the wax ered down into "sediments." most of the "rock" and "sedi- to cool. The next day. have the compressed into "sedimentary ments" arc molten. turn the students carefully remove the rock" and thLa "metamomhic hot plate off and carefully "igneous rock" from the tray. rock" and then melted into remove the tray. using the Be sure to look at the lower surface of the "rock." "k2iieou,, rock.-

Raen Rock Stoic Palk. \,(' 3.1.4 .1.111t1;11itN-1 Student's Information

Rocks ar f:. divided into threeaaents can include calcite, The formation of metamor- main types: sedimentary, silica and iron oxide. All of phic rocks at Raven Rock metamorphic and igneous. the origina' 'edimentary rocks occurred 300 to 500 million Sedimentary Rock - rock were transformed into meta- years ago as the deeply buried formed by the compaction and morphic rock., there are no sandstone was changed by heat cementing of sediments. sandstones at Raven Rock. and pressure to make metamorphic rocks called gneiss. Sediments are small par- Metamorphic Rock rock These rocks were arched up- ticles that have been weath- that was formed by heat and ward and eventually exposed ered, or eroded, primarily from pressure beneath the earth's surface. by the processes of weather- igneous and/or metamorphic ing and erosion. rocks. The sediments were Over a long period of time. deposited in layers on land or heat and pressure alters a pre- Igneous Rock rock which on the bottom of lakes, rivers existing rock's structure or has solidified from a molten or oceans. Over time, the texture. The metamorphic state. immense pressure from the change takes place in a solid. Igneous rocks form deep weight of the layers above rather than a molten, state and within the earth in magma pressed the materials below produces a harder rock with chambers embedded in solid into rock. different qualities than the rock. They may be intrusive The rocks of Raven Rock original. or extrusive in nature. Magma began with sediments and a Metamorphosis means which cools and stays within shallow sea 500 to 800 million a transformation, a marked the earth is intrusive. Magma years ago. Layers of sand, change in appearance or con- which is spewed out by volca- composed of quartz, mica dition. An example, with noes, lava for example, is and feldspar, fell to the sea which you will be familiar. is extrusive. floor. These grains were natu- that of a caterpillar changing, Igneous rocks are not gener- rally cemented together to or metamorphosing, into a ally found in the area of Raven form sedimentary rocks called butterfly. Rock due to its location during sandstone. Natural cementing the time of volcanic activity.

Raven Rock State Park. NC 3.1.5 January 1994 Al sediments pile up. those ot all the ,eLlimentpaJed togethetpilingsediments on toph!, theon the t.illt bottom are Compaction Rock Cycle Worksheet andmovement the uemendous of theHeat earth's heatthe andoustInuit center PressureThe tit thepressure cal tit causedact by 1.enttiall. the compactedsedinwilts win to 'tick compaction pressureheat & together to transform rocks. Neathering& erosion weathering& erosion weathering& erosion Igneous Rocks pressureheat melting melting VVeatilering & Erosion coolinu Niched rock is called Magma ILC 111d 110 t nisi e'1iisi Wind. it. 22 23 coniesmagma. out ot Whend SOICallt). itt.inia It is called lin a. Worksheet for Pre-Visit Activity #1 Hard Rock Crayola

Desenhe and draw the "weathered sediments- thatou made. Note the sizes and shapes of the "sediments."

2. Make a colored drawn-112 of the "rock fragments- alter I iIitpressure has compacted these "sediments- into "scdtilleiltaIN rock.- Describe the broken et.4.2.o and the lavers; that are Conned.

3. Make a colored drawing of the "sedimentary rock- after heavy pressure has compacted it into "inuannorphic rock."' Descrihe the broken edge and the layers thatare thrilled. How have they changed with the addition of heavy pressure?

Raven RockSuitePark. NC 3.1.7 January 994 4. Draw the melted wax formation created in Part E.

5, Write a comparison between the "weathered rock fragments,- "sedimentary rocks,- "metamorphic rocks- and "igneous rocks- formed in this activity. Compare and contrast them as to color, crystal sum, texture, form and formation.

Raven Rock State Park. NC 3.1.8 25 January 1994 Answer Sheet for Pre-Visit Activity #1 Hard, Rock Crayola

I . Describe and draw the eathered sediments- thatou made. Note the sites and shapes of the "sediments.-

\lake a colored (11,1\ 111'2()Ithe "rock tr,o2ment.:titerHillpre',sill'e has compacted these -.ediments- into -s,.,ilinentar\ rock.- Describe die broken edge and the la\ ers that are tonne&

ye. 0.414 °'1,11 *// tfril 1 F - f Ifa. del/ ,dwe I IP 7f 1,

3. Make a colored dra% ing of the-Nailmentary rock- alter hea \ pressure has compacted it into "metamorphic rock.- Describe the hmken edge and the la\ ers that are formed. How have the% changed NA Ith the addition of Ilea\ \ pressure?

yellow red green blue

Rat en Rock Stale Park. NC' 92 6 January 1994 4.Draw the melted wax formation created in Part E.

-, *.,-..

;.-.-- -7 o' tt ...,,-- ,------..,.. . ,

:.Write a comparison between the "weathered rock fragments.- "sedimentary rocks,- "metamorphic rocks- and "igneous rocks- termed in this activity. Compare and contrast them as to color. crystal size. texture. form and formation. The "weathered rock fragments- will vary in size and shape depending on the implement used. The "sedimentary rocks" will he hound together very loosely and individual "rock I ragments- can he oriented (up/down or right/left) in any direction. In "metamorphic rocks- the space he fragments is vc.sr\ small and the orientation of fragments is 11011 flattened (right/left). The thickness is much thinner. but each layer of rock (colo can still he seen. The "igneous rock- is grayish-hlack (melting and mixing of different "rock fragments-).

27 Raven Rock State Pad,. N(' 3.1.10 Januar 199-1 rl On-Site Activity #1, GeoTrek

Curriculum Objectives: Location: Major Concepts: Grade 5 Raven Rock Loop Trail Weathering and erosion Communication Skills: lis- Rock and mineral charac- tening, reading, vocabulary Group Size: teristics and viewing comprehension 30 students or smaller Geomorphology Guidance: competency and skill for interacting with Estimated Time: others 2 hours, 15,minutes Objectives: Healthful Living: recre- Explain the difference ational and school safety Appropriate Season: Any between weathering and Science: earth science, erosion. environment Special Considerations: Social Science: organize and This activity will involve a Distinguish two types of analyze information, draw 2.2 mile hike lasting 2 hours. weathering. conclusions, participate 15 minutes. Dress appropri- Describe how plants con- effectively in groups ately and wear suitable shoes tribute to mechanical and chemical weathering. Grade 6 Materials: Communication Skills: study Provided by the park: Describe the effects water skills using environmental rock samples, rock test kit, has on mechanical and sources, listening, reading, compass chemical weathering. vocabulary and viewing Provided by the educator: Name the three basic rock comprehension GeoTrek worksheets (one per types. Guidance: competency and student), pencils skill for interacting with Distinguish quartz from others calcite using rock identifi- Healthful Living: recre- cation techniques. ational and home safety Define -fall zone.' and Science: earth science Social Studies: organize and explain what effect it has analyze information, draw on river systems. conclusions, locate and gather needed information

Grade 7 Communications Skills: study skills using environmental sources, listening, reading, vocabulary and viewing comprehension Guidance: being responsible in a group Healthful Living: home, school and recreational safety Science: earth science, natural phenomena Social Studies: gather, organize and analyze information, draw conclusions

28 Ravrn Rock State Park, NC 4.1.1 January 1994 Educator's Information

This activity involves a hike picnic in the designated area, to Raven Rock. Prior to not in the parking lot. arrival, safety concerns should A map showing the ;-.17-1 he discussed and the students hiking route is in- '°141;. should be divided into three eluded on page groups for rotation among the 4.1.7. stations at the rock. Bathroom facilities are located near the Station 1: process whereby rocks are main parking area. Should any Gravel Deposition broken down. Erosion is the "emergencies" occur, there are Beforeleaving the picnic movement of weathered rock pit toilets located near Raven area, you will notice a large and soil from one place Rock. number of rocks beneath your to another. Deposition is the feet. Their characteristics tell The students %yin stop at process by which materials. us a little hit of what has hap- stations on the hike to make carried by wind, water, ice or pened here. Theabrasionof observations and to answer gravity. are dropped elsewhere. questions on the "Geo Trek.' rocks against one another and Watch the flow of water. worksheet. At Stations 1 and against othersediment'pro- Wnen water enters a curve. 2, students will observe stream duces these rounded cobbles. the water on the outside goes erosionanddeposition.At This is what remains of an old faster than the water on the the base of the rock. they will river bed. possibly the ances- inside of the curve. The faster rotate among the next three tral Cape Fear River. People the water. the greater the ero- stops. Station 3 will involve have taken advantage of these sion and the deeper the chan- identification ofmineralsand deposited rocks by mining nel. As the process continues. rockscommon at Raven Rock. them from nearby locations stream hanks can move side Students will observe the ef- for decorative stone and other wa\ s as one side is eroded and fects ofmechanical weather- uses. Man\ of the nicks the other side is added to h ingat Station 4. At Station 5. ha\ c a reddish. rust-like stain deposition. This process can students v ill stud% a topo- b\ oxidation. Iron create ameander.Some graphicmapof Raven Rock rich water penetrated the older rivers meander so much and observe the role of topog- nick. then the iron rusted or that the river ma. cur% c hack raphy andchemical weather- k 1 \iLii/ed. on itself creating an island or ingin developing diverse hahi- Station 2: mhow lake. tuts. The final strip. Station Stream Erosion and is located at the overlook and Deposition Station 3 provides a vantage point to see A: Nlinerals some of the rapids prominent Here 1ou can see a typical Raven Rock is made of along thefall zone. Here.stu- stream. Looking in the stream several kinds of nicks and dents will make comparisons bed. \ ou can see that it has minerals. What is the differ- to Station 2 regarding erosion rocks shaped very similarl\ ence between a rock and a and deposition. From this to those i,i the picnic area. mineral? A rock is made of point. the students will return lou can also sec erosion and one or moreminerals. Amin- to the parking kit where the\ deposition taking place. Re- eral is a naturalloccurring can retrieve their picnic lunch member. there is a difference substance composed of one or from the bus. Students should betweenweatheringand erosion. Weathering is the moreelements.All minerals

Rmen RockStdicRuts \I' -412 29 Januar\ 19,)-1 share four characteristics: with that hardness and narrow Crystal Shape I) all are solid: down the choices. Crystals arc formed when 2) they form naturally: Color a liquid containing various 3) each kind of mineral has a A few minerals can he iden-elements cools to form solid definite chemical composi- tified by color. For example, minerals. Those liquids that tion no matter where the cool slowly in an unrestricted sulfur and gold arc yellow. mineral occurs: and azurite is blue and malachite space crystallize hest.It' a 3) atoms of minerals arc con- is green. However, color is mineral sample is a well-devel- nected to one another in an not a very reliable test for oped crystal, its crystal shape orderly. repetitive arrange- identifying most minerals. is an important clue to its iden- ment. This is what forms a Quartz can occur in a variety tity. Quartz crystals appear mineral's characteristic in many sizes but the angles crystal shape. of colors, due to small amounts of iron. titanium, nickel or between corresponding crystal The kinds of atoms and other elements present when faces are always the same with six sides of equal width. the way they are bonded give the quartz formed. each mineral a unique set of Cleavage and Fracture properties. The following Luster tests describe ways to deter- A mineral's luster is the Observing the way a min- mine some of these properties. way its surface reflects light. eral breaks can help you identify it. Several properties must be It can shine like a metal or can If a mineral breaks along one or more smooth, observed because no single appear greasy. glassy, pearly test can he used to identify or dull. Like color, a mineral's flat surfaces, it has cleavage. a mineral. luster can vary from sample Mica splits, or cleaves, easily to sample. into sheets because the bonds Hardness that hold the sheets to each You can use a scale of other are very weak, while hardness (see the "Mineral calcite cleaves into blocks. Fact Sheet,- page 4.1.9) to test Some minerals do not have the hardness of any mineral. cleavage. They splinter, break On this scale,1 represents the Streak unevenly or break along softest mineral, talc, and 10 A more reliable test than curved surfaces and are said represents the hardest mineral, color is streakthe color of to fracture. Flint produces diamond. Each mineral on the a mineral when it is ground a curved fractureimportant scale can be scratched by any into a fine powder.'his test to the Native Americans in mineral with a higher number. is done by rubbing a mineral constructing spear points and Quartz will leave a scratch across an unglazed piece of arrowheads. on calcite but quartz cannot porcelain called a streak plate. Magnetism he scratched by calcite. You The streak color usually re- can perform the hardness test mains the same even though A few minerals that contain without having a sample of the mineral color may vary iron are magnetic. The each mineral on the scale. from sample to sample. Since most common magnetic.:: Suppose you have a mineral the plate has a hardness of 7. mineral that scratches your fingernail this test is only good on miner- but is scratched by a penny. als with a hardness less than 7. is magnetite, some- The mineral hasa hardness times called lodestone. between 2 and 3. You can N[v then look up all the minerals

Raven Rock State Park, NC 4.1.3 30 January 1994 Density and Specific calcite crystals can cause a stronger and coarser in texture Gravity double image. Some minerals than the rock from which it formed. Quartzite is meta- Each mineral has a unique give off colored light when morphosed sandstone. It re- density. The higher a mineral'sexposed to ultraviolet light. sembles marble in appearance density, the more tightly its at- Whether identifying miner- but is much harder. Quartzite oms are packed. You can als in the classroom or in the can be distinguished from compare densities of some field, you must observe more sandstone by looking at how minerals by comparing how than one property. All miner- it breaks. In sandstone, the heavy pieces of the same size als share some properties, but breaks go around the crystals; feel. Galena. used to make each has its own unique set of whereas, in quartzite the break lead, feels much heavier than properties. goes through the quartz crys- the same size piece of talc. To B: Rocks tals, leaving a smooth surface. compare densities accurately, scientists use specific gravity. Metamorphic rocks form Another rock found in the This compares a mineral's from other rocks buried deep park is pegmatite. Pegmatite density with the density of inside the earth. where changes is a very coarse-grained rock water. For example, gold in appearance and/or mineral that crystallizes from solutions has a specific gravity of 19.3. content occur. Gneiss, the formed underground. This meaning it is 19.3 times more primary rock in the park, was "liquid rock" is very fluid dense, or heavier, than the formally another type of rock. so the rock-making minerals same volume of water. Geologists classify meta- (quartz. feldspar and mica) morphic rocks into two main can crystallize in coarse Acid Test groups: foliated and non-foli- masses. The pegmatite at Most carbonate minerals ated. In foliated metamorphic Raven Rock is rich in feldspar, give off carbon dioxide gas rocks, minerals have been whose cleavage gives the rock when drops of dilute hydro- rearranged into visible layers a blocky appearance. chloric acid (HCI) are placed or bands. The banding in on the sample. This is espe- gneiss comes from the separa- Station 4: cially true of the mineral tion, caused by intense heat Mechanical Weathering calcite (calcium carbonate). and pressure. of dark mica Weathering and erosion are Calcium carbonate is the from the lighter colored quartz constantly at work, wearing active ingredient in "TumsTm," and feldspar. Gneiss does away the rocks that make up an antacid used to neu- not split as well as some other the earth's crust. Weathering tralize stomach acid. foliated metamorphic rocks is the process by which rocks When you mix vin- such as slate or schist because are changed and broken down egar (acid) and bak- it contains less mica and other at the earth's surface by expo- ing soda (sodium minerals with cleavage. sure to air, water, temperature bicarbonate Non-foliated rocks do not changes, plants, animals and they prod' show layering or banding. bacteria. There are two types the same effer- Sedimentary rocks, such as of weathering, mechanical and vescence, or limestone or sandstone. that chemical. which usually oper- bubbling, due , are composed of only one ate together, although one type to the release of mineral result in non-foliated might be more evident. carbon dioxide. meta-morphic rocks. The Mechanical weathering Unusual Properties crystals combine to form breaks rocks apart without Minerals can exhibit un- larger, interlocking crystals changing their mineral compo- usual properties. Quartz and resulting in a rock that is often sition. The rocks piled at the 31 Raven Rock State Park, NC 4.1.4 January 1994 base of Raven Rock were mechanical weathering, break- tion, water combines with the broken off from the cliff and ing rocks up as they collide minerals on the outside of a still have the same mineral with one another. Water force rock. This weakens the bonds composition. causes pebbles or cobbles to between the minerals making Almost every rock outcrop bump together, resulting in the rock brittle, more easily like Raven Rock contains a rounded rocks. broken and weathered. Even- tually. this weakened area large number of cracks, called Man also "weathers" rocks. joints. Most joints are pro- During the 1850's some of flakes off, usually resulting in the formation of clay soils. duced within the Earth when Raven Rock was used to con- rocks are compressed, raised struct the Nonington Lock and Oxygen can combine with or pulled apart. Joints may Dam. Holes were drilled into certain minerals in a process be no wider than a hair, but the rock for explosive powder, called oxidation, forming new provide an important starting which was placed in the holes substances called oxides. Iron point for the mechanical and exploded to break off sec- oxides, or rust, are usually breakdown of the rock. As tions of rock. Some of these responsible for the yellow or the pressure of overlying rocks holes can still be seen in the red color of soils and clays. is removed by erosion, joints rock pile. Water, by itself, may not begin to widen and the rock dissolve rocks, but it often begins to expand. As the joints Station 5 combines with certain gases, open, weathering agents act A: Chemical Weathering forming an acid that does react on them. Water may seep into During chemical weather- chemically with minerals. For these cracks and, if it is cold ing, the minerals in rocks react example, rain and groundwater enough, the water freezes and with substances in the environ- combine with carbon dioxide expands. The expanding ice ment, such as water, oxygen or and form carbonic acidthe acts like a wedge, widening acids to form new substances. same acid found in carbonated the joints. As the ice melts, Water is the most important soft drinks. As this weak acid water fills in these newly ex- agent of chemical weathering. trickles through the ground, panded areas and the process Water that seeps into rocks it dissolves certain minerals repeats, as long as freezing may dissolve minerals and or entire rocks and carries weather alternates with warmerwash them away in a process them away in solution. Car- weather. called leaching. bonic acid completely dis- Plants do their share of me- In a process called hydra- solves calcite. Calcite is the chanical weathering. Plants can start growing in the small bits of soil that collect in the cracks. As the plant's roots grow, they force the cracks to

deepen and widen. Eventually . krkeke roots can split apart rocks lidsirg14-Z even large boulders. Even the root-like structure of mosses "11 make a contribution, clinging to rocks and loosening individual grains. 1"-Tv11111L . A-0_ Abrasion, as by avalanches and rock slides, also results in

Raven Rock State Park. NC 4.1.5 32 January 1994 principal rock-forming mineral 13: Topography and Plant These plants arc usually found in limestone. As limestone Habitats in me mountains of North dissolves away underground It takes a special map to Carolina but can grow here be- it leaves huge underground. really show the landscape. cause of the orientation of the caverns. Maps that do this are topo- cliff face. Looking at the topo- The decay of plants and ani- graphic, or contour maps. graphic map, you will notice mals also produces acids that Each line in the map is called that Raven Rock has a north contribute to chemical weather- acontour line.The lines show facing cliff. Since the sun rises ing. Some living organisms, how high the land is above sea in the east, sets in the west, and such as lichens, produce acids level. and connect all points of at midday is always slightly to as they grow. equal elevation. The vertical the south in this latitude, the north face of the cliff remains Several factors influence distance between each contour shadier, cooler and moister how fast a rock weathers line is called the contour than areas across the river. chemically and mechanically. interval. Together, all of the This is the same reason you One factor is the number and contour lines on such a map often find moss growing on size of joints. A large number represent the shape or contour the lower trunk of a tree on the of cracks increases the surface of the land area that the map side facing north: it is one way area exposed to weathering portrays. The closer together to find north if you are lost agents. the lines, the steeper the slope. Notice the similarity of the without a compass. Climate is a very important river hanks with those of the Another type of habitat, factor in determining the rate small stream. As with the right beneath your feet, is the of weathering.Ice wedging stream. weathering. erosion floodplain.These red clay depends on many episodes and deposition are taking place soils are a product of weather- of thawing and freezing to here, but on a larger scale. ing. Erosion carries clays and effectively weather rocks and other sediments downstream chemical weathering occurs Topography is important and deposits them in areas like much more rapidly in moist in determining what plants can this during periods of receding climates than dry. ones. grow in a given location because it limits their drainage high water. Some of the clays Another important factor of and moisture. and the amount can he seen on the trees along weathering rates is the mineral of sun they receive. Here you the river. With the clay is content of the rock. Quartz., for can see some good examples oforganic debris which makes example. is extremely resistant what makes Raven Rock plant to chemical and mechanical life unique to this area. Along weathering. Often vou can see the ridge above are mountain piles of quartz boulders depos- laurel and rhododendron. ited in one spot where the sur- At the base of the seepage rounding rock has long vcath- isa small patch of galax. ercd away. Quartz sandstones are among the most durable of all rocks while limestone, composed of calcite, weathers easily in moist climates.

mountain laurel

Raven Rock State Park. N( 4. 1 .6 Januar>. 1 994 the floodplain very fertile. This Looking west, you will see On this hike, you have seen habitat provides an excellent Fish Traps Rapids. Just east how erosion and deposition opportunity for wildflower and of Fish Traps you can see sev- can change the land around tree seeds that dropped in the eral rock piles in the river cov- us. You have seen how weath- water up-river to gain a foot- ered with vegetation. This is ering plays a very important hold and thrive. evidence of another process part in completing the rock that can change the shape of cycle, how the weathered rocks Station 6: a river. These rock piles are might be moved and deposited Fall Zone the remains of the Norrington as valuable soil to eventually The overlook located at Lock and Dam, which allowed become sedimentary rock. point B on your Station 5 topo-steamboats to pass over the You have also discovered graphic map provides an excel-rapids. Most of the dams like how Raven Rock might have lent vantage point from which this one were destroyed by been formed and learned some to view part of the fall zone as a flood in 1858. prior to the .methods.of identifying rocks well as to observe the effects ofCivil War. They were not and minerals that make up this river erosion and deposition. rebuilt due to the war. After `grand natural structure. The fall zone is an area the war, river transportation where the metamorphic rocks was replaced by another mode of the piedmont meet the sedi- of travelrailroads. mentary rocks of the coastal plain. Where major rivers crossSection of trail map this line on the way to the ocean, you can find numerous rapids like those at Fish Traps, seen just upstream. The rapids result from different rates of weathering and erosion between the sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. causing a change in elevation in the river bed. Like the stream at Station 2, rivers meander. The Station 5 map shows the contour lines on the south side of the river close together, indicating that the slope on the south side is much steeper than the north side. The floodplain extends a considerable distance over the north river hank. Erosion is taking place on the south bank and deposition is taking place on the north bank.

34 Raven Rock State Park, NC 4.1.7 January 1994 Student's Information

One thought that occurs to was called Raven Rock, since Station 3 anyone visiting Raven ravens were observed nesting a) In the first activity of Rock is -how did it get there on the rock. Ravens are no this station, you will use two and how was it named?" On longer found here but do still standard testing procedures to this hike we will see some of live in the western part of the determine the identities of two the forces that have combined state. Other accounts indicate different, but similar appearing to form this impressive natural the rock was named "Reaven's minerals. monument. Rock" as early as 1773 and b) Next, you will discover one legend notes that the rock Geologists theorize that the identities of three common was named after a Tuscarora sediments were deposited in minerals found at Raven Rock, tribal leader known as Raven. a shallow sea here 500 to 800 by observing the way they million years ago. As layers Now that you have learned break, their surface appearance of sand, composed of quartz. some theories on how the and their hardness. We will feldspar and mica, fell to the rock formed and how it got then discuss how these miner- sea floor, they compacted to its name, we will embark on als combine to form the form sedimentary rocks called a hike to discover some of the primary rock that makes up sandstone. About 300 to 500 mysteries that still change this Raven Rock. million years ago, the deeply natural wonder, even today. buried sandstone was changed Along the way, you will record Station 4 by heat and pressure into meta-some of your observations on Here, you will be able to ob- morphic rocks called gneiss your worksheet. serve some of the weathering and quartzite. Eventually processes that have changed the metamorphic rocks were Raven Rock into what we see slowly arched upward and today and how these processes exposed at the land surface by relate to completing the rock weathering and erosion. cycle. As a result of its geologic Station 5 history, Raven Rock has a) First. we will orient a played an important part of contour map of Raven Rock this area's cultural history. It Station Summaries: Station 1 using a compass and observe was a choice campsite for Na- the surrounding topography. tive Americans. At one time, At this station you will b) Then, we will see how the rock was called Patterson's examine some rocks on the topography can affect the Rock. In the 1740's, Gilbert path and use simple descriptive rocks and soils in an area and Patterson wrecked his canoe terms to describe their charac- observe what effect the land at Fish Traps Rapids and teristics. We will discuss contour has on the type of sought shelter at the base of forces that could produce this plants that grow in this area. Raven Rock until his rescue. sort of rock. Some of the rock was used Station 2 Station 6 in the 1850's to construct the By examining the stream From this last station at the Norrington Lock and Dam and its banks, at this station, overlook, you will be able to at Fish Traps so that steam- you will determine where ero- see evidence that we are lo- boats could cross the rapids sion and deposition are taking cated in the fall zone and of on their way from Fayetteville place, as well as what effect how the river is changing to Chatham County. It was these have on the stream's Raven Rock's landscape. during this period that the rock route. 35 Raven Rock State Park, NC 4.1.8 January 1994 Mineral Fact Sheet

Fracture/ Mineral HardnessLuster Color Cleavage Remarks

Feldspar 6 Glassy Colorless to In two planes at Most common various colors or near 90 degrees mineral in igneous rock, clay used in making ceramics

artz 7 8 Glassy Colorless to Irregular shell- Many varieties are various colors like surface: gems; used to crystals hexagonal make glass

Calcite 3 Glassy, Colorless to In three planes Reacts with acids greasy various colorsbut not at 90 degrees

Mohs HardnessScale Scale Number Mineral Common Objects

1 Talc

2 Gypsum scratch fingernail

3 Calcite scratch penny

4 Fluorite

5 Apatite scratch knife blade

6 Feldspar scratch file

7 Quartz

8 Topaz

9 Corundum

10 Diamond

Raven Rock State Park, NC 4.1.9 January 1994 WorksheetionGeolivkaillaven_RockState_Park Station 1 (Pet Rock) Examine the rocks on the path. Pick a rock that his easil in your hand. Now, get to know this rockI()ok.at its site (hig or small), shape (round. square. oval. flat). texture trough. smooth). color, etc. Describe your rock below.

Station 2 (Give & Take) Observe the actual parts of the stream hanks as shown in this drawing.

Circle the letters that represent:

1. Which hanks are higher? A6',11) or 13&C

2. On v hich hanks are sediments and pebbles being deposited? A 13 C 3. From which hanks are soil and rocks being eroded? A B C' I) 4. Are stream hanks C & I)moving towards point E or F.! 37 Rzot:n Rock State Rtrk. 4.1.10 Jantiar 1()94 Station 3-A (Mineral Test) Here are some mineral samples similar to those found in the Raven Rock wall. Though the minerals look similar. some simple tests can determine differences. Test 1 (Effervescence): Place a drop of dilute acid on each sample. Docs it huhhle (effervesce)? Record either 'es or no in the chart below. Test 2 (Hardness): Attempt to scratch the glass plate with each sample. Does it scratch the glass? Record either yes or no in the chart. Test 3 (Name): Place the correct name for each sample in the chart. Quart/ is made of silica, much like glass. Due to its hardness, it can scratch glass.It does not react to a dilute acid. Calcite (calcium carbonate) is relatively soft (3 on the 1ohs hardness scale) and reacts to acid much like bakiml soda (sodium hicarbonate) does to \ inel2ar (acid). "Tunts'",- an antacid that neutralises stomach acid. is made of calcium carbonate.

Effervesces Scratches glass Name Sample A Sample B

Station .3-B (Hard Rock Cafe) Before you are three mineral samples. Determine each sample's identity by comparing it with the mineral fact sheet (page 4.1.9). Fill in the information in the chart below.

Hardness Luster Cleavage . Mineral Name Sample A Sample B Sample C

38 Janutu- 1994 Raven Rock State Park. NC 4. 1.1 1 Station 4 (Breaking up is not hard to do) 1. At your feet is a rubble pile of rocks that have broken off from the rock face. Is thisan example of: A) mechanical weatheringB) chemical weathering 2. What erosion agent placed them here? A) wind B) gravity 3. Look for any evidence of people's ability to weather rocks. How many drill holes, filled with black powder, were required to break one of the rocks? 4. The trees on the rock overhang have roots that grow into existing cracksor fractures. As these roots expand, they can spread rocks apart and are considered a means of: A) mechanical weathering B) chemical weathering 5. During freezing weather, what other agent of mechanical weathering may he active? A) ice B) snow C) neither A nor B 6. As weathering has exposed the rock face, you can observe the results of geologicalprocesses that span millions of years. Arc distinct layers of rock visible? Al yes B1 no If so. draw a sketch of the layers on the diagram of the rock face. Label on the diagram of the rock face any rock layers, any cracksor fractures, color and other features.

Raven Rock State Park. NC 4.1.12 January 1904 Station 5-A (Cool & Wet) Notice the pattern of weathered and eroded rock in this area. 1. The quartz veins are: A) more resistant than the surrounding rock. B) less resistant than the surrounding rock. 2. The rocks here are normally: A) wetter than nearby rocks. B) dryer than nearby rocks. How can you tell?

Slow moving water created the eroded rocks you see. Water that seeps into rocks may dissolve minerals and wash them away in a process called leaching. If the water contains weak acids, it can dissolve rock-forming minerals like calcite. Water can also chemically combine with minerals in rock: this is called hydration. When this happens. the outside minerals become soft and brittle and eventually flake off the rock, forming soil. These newly formed soils are usually clays, much of which are hydrated from feldspar. Feldspar is a common mineral in soils and rock, and the hydration of feldspar to clay is a widespread example of: A) mechanical weathering B) chemical weathering. lion oxides (rust) give the clays at your feet and the quartz rock at the picnic area their reddish color. Oxidation is another example of weathering.

-J

rd .

..V 40 Raven Rock State Park. NC January 1994 Station 5-B (Togo RARO) Observe the map of Raven Rock. Each contour line on this topographic map represents 10 feet. The closer the lines are together. the steeper the slope will he. Now, let's find out where we are. We know we are near the river, but on which side? One way to find out is to use a compass. a. Rotate the dial on the compass until North is at the index mark (white mark near the mirror). h. Next. hold the compass level and note the direction of the red arrow. c. Now, turn your body until the red needle is lined up with North on the dial. The compass, and you. are now pointing north. d. Holding the map flat, rotate the map until the north indicator on the map is pointing in the same direction as the compass. The map is now properly oriented and the river should appear on the map as it does from our location. Maps usually show only the north direction. Fill in the West, South and East points on the map.

1. We are at: A) point A. B) point B. 2. The river is: A) North B) South of us. 3. Observing the river at this point. the water is moving from: A) right to left. B) left to right. 4. We are on the river hank with the: A) steep slope. B) flat slope. 5. What direction do the cliffs face: N S E W 6. Since the sun rises in the east. sets in the west, and at its highest point during the day is slightly toward the south in North Carolina. this side of the river hank is usually: A) shadier & moister B) sunnier & drier than the other side. This is the same reason vou often see moss growing on the lower trunk of a tree on the side facing north; that is one wax to find north if you are lost without a compass. 7. At the top of the water seepage are shrubs called mountain laurel and rhododendron. Plants called galax are located along the slope and at the base of the seepage. All of these plants prefer mountain habitats but can thrive here due to A) warmer B) cooler conditions that exist here. 8. What animals' signs have we seen, or what animals do you think call the Raven Rock cliffs home?

Raven Rock State Park. NC 4.1. 14 January 1094 .ntiztry 1994 .1.on r.k C.f Azt sRirk._ NC_ 4fit'iviatagit

Is,

STATION 6 (I can see for miles) Look at the map from Station 5. You are now located at Point B. 1. Which bank of the Cape Fear River is higher? A) north side B) south side 2. Based on your observations at the small stream. which side of the river do you think is being eroded? A) north side B) south side 3. From these observations, in which direction do you think the river banks in this area are shifting? A) North B) South 4. If you look upstream. toward the west. you will see a set of rapids called Fish Traps. This area lies on the fall zone where rivers pass over A) harder B) softer metamorphic rocks of the piedmont to theA) harder B) softer sedimentary rocks of the coastal plain. The different erosion rates of the rock types cause a gradient. or change in the level of the river bed. creating whitewater such as those at Fish Traps.

Raven Rock State Park. NC .4 1 16 January 1994 Answer Sheet for GeoTrek at Raven Rock State Park

Station 1 (Pet Rock) Examine the rocks on the path. Pick a rock that fits easily in your hand. Now, get to know this rocklook at its size (big or small). shape (round, square. oval, flat), texture (rough. smooth). color. etc. Describe your rock below. Example answer: I can hold to rock easily in my hand. It is round in shape and slicfhtly rola:11 in texture. small area has. chipped aLlY/V and I can see that the rock's inside is a lit;hter color than the outside.

Station 2 (Give & Take) Observe the actual parts of the stream banks as shown in this drawing. Circle the letters that represent: 1. Which hanks are higher? CA&DD or B&C 2. On v hich hanks are sediments and pebbles being deposited? A 3. From which hanks are soil and rocks being eroded?OB C 4. Are stream hanks C & D moving towards pointE or Station 3-A (Mineral Test) Here are some mineral samples similar to those found in the Raven Rock wall. Though the minerals look similar, some simple tests can determine differences. Test 1 (Effervescence): Place a drop of dilute acid on each sample. Does it bubble (effervesce)? Record either yes or no in the chart below. Test 2 (Hardness): Attempt to scratch the glass plate with each sample. Does it scratch the glass? Record either yes or no in the chart. Test 3 (Name): Place the correct name for each sample in the chart. Quartz is made of silica, much like glass. Due to its hardness, it can scratch glass.It does not react to a dilute acid. Calcite (calcium carbonate) is relatively soft (3 on the Mohs hardness scale) and reacts to acid much like baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) does to vinegar (acid). "Turns' m .- an antacid that neutralizes \tomach acid. k made of calcium carbonate.

Effervesces Scratches glass Name

Sample A no ye s quart:

Saniple B 1 e ..s nn (ladle

Raven Rock State Park. \(' 4.1.17 Januar,. 1994 A M Station 3-B (Hard Rock Cafe) Before you are three mineral samples. Determine each sample's identity bycomparing it with the mineral fact sheet (page 4.1.9). Fill in the information in the chart below. Hardness Luster Cleavage Mineral Name

Sample A Q1,/,.. nom. quart.-

Sample B oa.",./uea.,,. yes calcite

Sample C 6 cgiAs\ yes. 1eld.spar

Station 4 (Breaking up is not hard to do)

1.At your feet is a rubble pile of rocks that have broken off from the rock face.Is this an example of:et) mechanical weatherin&) B) chemical weathering 2.V.'hat erosion agent placed them here? A) wind CB) gray it 3.Look tbr any evidence of people's ahilit\ to weather rocks. How many drill holes.tilled with black powder. were required to break one of the rocks?at leakt 4.The trees on the rock overhang have roots that grow into existing cracks or fractures. Asthese roots expand. they can spread rocks apart and arc considered a meansof: CA) mechanicalweatherinD B ) chemical weathering 5.During freezing weather. what other agent of mechanical weathering may he active? B) snow C) neither A nor B 6.As weathering has exposed the rock face. you can observe the results of geological processes that span millions of years. Are distinct layers of rock visible? B) no If so, draw a sketch of the layers on the diagram of the rock face. Label on the diagramof the rock face any rock layers, any cracks or fractures. color and other features.

11111V.1(1\COCT: it 11 e 17 I0,11( ,I1:Man \

int/"C(1'..!C(1104l1 ( ran/1 le\

moilerah It ,yak taker: lakrnit; Flunk .lunii-eilt;il nooks and crannies

N fitht faker: layering obviou: almost. !wok\Qi."` and rannick: t.ell few lichens

1110111011 S;1"(1\ hiker: few ilook. and crailine\, t,,rak and black lichen\ ominnii

Rat ell ROO. State huh. N(' 4.1. 18 46 Januar 19()4 Station 5-A (Cool & Wet) Notice the pattern of weathered and eroded rock in this area. 1. The quartz veins are: B1 less resistant than the surrounding rock. 2. The rocks here are normally: 0) wetter than nearby rocks) B) dryer than nearby rocks. How can You tell? Dririnq wet spells they will be noticeably vetter. During dry spells the presence of mosses lichens and other s,,,reen plants on rock surlaes indicates the\ are UMICIIIV wetter.

Slow moving water created the eroded rocks you see. Water that seeps into rocks may dissolve minerals and wash them away in a process called leaching. lithe water contains %veal: acids. it can dissolve rock-forming minerals like calcite. Water can also chemically combine with minerals in rock: this is called hydration. When this happens. the outside minerals become soft and brittle and eventually flake oil the rock. forming soil. These newly formed soils are usually clays. much of which are hydrated from feldspar. Feldspar is a common mineral in soils and rock. and the hydration of feldspar to clay is a widespread example of: A) mechanical weathering. (B) chemical weathering) Iron oxides (rust) give the clays at your feet and the quartz rock at the picnic area their reddish color. Oxidation is another example of chemical weathering.

Station 5-B (Togo RARO) Observe the map of Raven Rock. Each contour line on this topographic map represents 10 feet. The closer the lines are together. the steeper the slope will he. Now, let's find out where we are. We know we are near the river, but on which side? One way to find out is to use a compass. a. Rotate the dial on the compass until North is at the index mark (white mark near the mirror). h. Next, hold the compass level and note the direction of the red arrow c. Now, turn your body until the red needle is lined up with North on the dial. The compass. and you. are now pointing north. d. Holding the map flat. rotate the map until the north indicator on the map is pointing in the same direction as the compass. The map is now properly oriented and the river should appear on the map as it does from your location. Maps usually show only the north direction. Fill in the West. South and East points on the map. 1. We are at: CA) point A.) B) point B. 2.The river is: ) North) B) South of us. 3. Observing the river at this point, the water is moving from: A) right to left. 0) left to righst) 4. We are on the river hank with the: CA) steep slope) B) flat slope. 5. What direction do the cliffs face: E W

47 Raven Rock State Park. NC 4.1.19 January 1994 6. Since the sun rises in the cast. sets in the west. and at its highest point during the day is slightly toward the south in North Carolina, this side of the river hank is usually: CA) shadier & moist-eD B. sunnier & drier than the other side. This is the same reason you often see moss growing on the lower trunk of a tree on the side facing north; that is one way to find north if you are lost without a compass. 7. At the top of the water seepage are shrubs called mountain laurel and rhododendron. Plants called galax are located along the slope and at the base of the seepage. All of these plants prefer mountain habitats but can thrive here due toA) warmer ) cooler) conditions that exist here. 8. What animals' signs have we seen, or what animals do you think call the Raven Rock cliffs home? The dal- tunnels onstnwted by the mud dauber wasp and the cup-shaped bird nest of the phoebe can he readily seen. If you have the time, close inspection of the rock .face might reveal small insects using the nooks and (Tannic's.

STATION 6 (I can see for miles) Look at the map from Station 5. You arc now located at Point B. 1. Which hank of the Cape Fear River is higher? A) north side (B) south side) 2. Based on your observations at the small stream. which side of the river do you think is being eroded? A) north side 0) south sidD 3. F-om these observations, in which direction do you think the river banks in this area are shifting? A) North ) South 4. If vou look upstream, toward the west, you will see a set of rapids called Fish Traps. This area lies on the fall zone where rivers pass over A) harder-) B ) softer metamorphic rocks of the piedmont to theA ) harder CB) sot ter sedimentan, rocks 01 the coastal plain. The different erosion rates of the rock types cause a gradient. or change in the level of the river bed. creating w hitew Liter such as those at Fish Traps.

Raven Rock Slate Park. NC 4.1.20 Januar' 1994 Post-Visit Activity ill Geo Jeopardy

Educator's Information: Curriculum Objectives: Grade 7 Grade 5 Communication Skills: lis- This game is adapted from Communication Skills: listening, reading, vocabulary the television game show, tening, reading, vocabulary and viewing comprehension, Jeopardy. Before starting and viewing comprehension, speaking techniques speaking techniques Guidance: group cooperation the game, be sure to briefly Guidance: group interaction Science: earth science, earth review the "Introduction to Science: earth science, envi- forms and natural phenom- the Geology of Raven Rock ronment ena State Park" in the Introduction Social Studies: organize and Social Science: organize section. This is a fun way for and analyze information, analyze information, draw draw conclusions, participate conclusions the students to evaluate them- effectively in groups selves on what they have Locations: learned through the previous Grade 6 Inside or outside, depending activities. The game also Communication Skills: lis- on the weather tening, reading, vocabulary provides good factual informa- and viewing comprehension, Group Size: tion on geology, and on Raven speaking techniques 30 or less, larger groups can be Rock in particular. You may Guidance: group interaction accommodated wish to award prizes or recog- Science: earth science, envi- nition to the participants with ronment Estimated Time: 30 minutes Social Studies: evaluate,. the highest score. organize and analyze infor- Materials: mation, draw conclusions Provided by the educator. Major Concepts: GeoJeopardy Board Basic rock types Weathering and erosion Rock and mineral characteristics

100 1001100100 Objectives: List the three basic rock 2001200 200,200 types. Describe how rocks 300 3001300.300 change through weathering and erosion. 00 4( Distinguish between rocks and minerals. Know the basic characteristics of select rocks and minerals.

49 Raven Rock State Park, NC 5.1.1 January 1994 Instructions: The correct response must Suggested Extensions: be in the toms of a question. It Divide the class into three Play another television the first student answers incor- teams. Put each team in a line game called Win, Lose or rectly, the other two students facing the Jeopardy Board. Draw. Geological terms or are given a chance to raise Ask one of the three students processes are written on index their hands and respond. The at the head of the lines to cards which are placed face student who correctly responds pick the first number amount down on a table close to the by asking "What is and category column to he chalkboard where the drawings receives the point value card revealed. The amounts do not will he done. Try to have dif- and gets to select the next cat- have to he selected in any ferent colors of chalk available. egory and amount to he re- particular order. vealed.If no correct response Divide the class into two When the category and the is given, the leader gives the groups. Each group will amount have been selected, response. choose someone to draw for uncover the "answer" and read that group. One point is given All three participants now it aloud to the group. The first for each correct guess. The move to the hack of the lines of the three students at the first group's "artist" has one and the next three students head of the lines to raise a minute to convey a geological have a chance to answer the hand gets a chance to respond. term or process in pictures next question. (It is extremely helpful to have to their group. If the group someone t';,.iliar with the After all columns have been doesn't guess the correct group to watch for the first uncovered, each team adds up answer in one minute, the hand raised, since the leader their point cards to determine other group has a chance to will he reading the "answers.") who has the most points. If 21.1ess what was hein.c! drawn. any prizes arc to he awarded, I f neither group gets the cor- that is done at this time. rect answer, the moderator (usually a teacher) gives the answer. It is now the second group's turn. A new index card is taken from the stack and the second group's "artist" draws a picture to convey the term to their group. Sugges- tions for geological terms or processes that could he used arc: erosion, weathering. crystal, sedimentary rock, igneous rock, metamorphic rock, volcanoes, etc.

Ra en Rock Slade Park. \ 5. 1 .2 January 1994 Geo Jeopardy WNW_ All Raven Shake, Hard Mineral Rock Rattlett and Rock Mysteries: Recipe Roll Buffet Solved! 100100100 100

200200.200 200

300300300 300

400400400 400

51 Raven Rock State Park, NC 5.1.3 January 1904 Geo Jeopardy

Raven Shake, . Hard Mineral Rock Rattle and Rock Mysteries: Recipe Roll Buffet Solved!

A soft white The process that Cemented or This test is used mineral that loosens and compressed to indicate the bubbles when carries away the sediments form presence of dilute acid is rock debris causedthis type of rock. carbonates and placed on it. by weathering. works well on calcite.

A sometimes "Fire rock" is colorful mineral formed by made of silicon Ice, tree roots, melting rock. Dull, glassy, that occurs in abrasion, people. None have been pearly, metallic, veins and is used found at Raven or greasy. in glass and Rock. watch crystals.

This is the most abundant mineral The lifting or Rock formed by Fingernail, in the earth's folding of rocks heat and pressure copper, penny, crust. White to form these. Their is this type. knife blade, pinkish in color, itpresence promotesThese rocks make window glass, weathers into clay; weathering. up Raven Rock. and steel tile. used in ceramics.

A "very good" The area where metamorphic rock rivers flow from that shows hard Piedmont The way a banding from Water, acids. metamorphic mineral breaks the separation of rocks to softer is described by mica from quartz Coastal Plain this term. and feldspar. sedimentary rock, creating rapids.

Raven Rock State Park. NC 5.1.4 52 January 1994 Geo Jeopardy-Correct Responses

111111111111 AIIt ll ....i...-11111111110141ff MI V I Raven Shake, Hard Mineral Rock Rattle and Rock Mysteries: Recipe Roll Buffet Solved!

What What What What is is is is an calcite? erosion? sedimentary?acid test?

What What are What What is agents of is is quartz? mechanical igneous? luster? weathering?

What What are What What is joints or is is a feldspar? fractures?metamorphic?hardness test?

What What are What What is is agents of is the fracture or gneiss? chemical fall zone? cleavage? weathering?

1?avon RnoltctItoPIrl NIC 53 Pomp/1994 a A

Abrasion Process of rubbing or grinding two simple substance by either chemical or physi- objects together. cal means. Gold and diamonds (carbon) are examples of elements with pure forms. Calcite A mineral composed of calcium Erosion Movement of weathered rock and carbonate. soil from one place to another.

Extrusive igneous rock Igneous rock that forms on the earth's surface. Carbonate A chemical composed of carbon and oxygen. Fall zone An area where hard, metamorphic rocks meet softer sedimentary rocks, resulting Chemical weathering Process that changes in uneven river erosion, creating rapids. the minerals in rocks, resulting in a weakening of the rocks. Fault A break or crack in a rock along which the rock moves. Cleavage Property of a mineral that causes it to break along one or more smooth, tlat sur- Feldspar The most abundant silicate mineral faces. in the earth's crust. It often breaks Contour intervalVertical distance between down, or weath- two contour lines. ers, into clays.

Contour lineLine on a topographic map that connects points of equal elevation.

Coriolis effect The effect of the earth's rota- Flood plain - Flat land bordering a river onto tion that causes winds and ocean currents to which floodwaters flow. shift to the right or left of their expected paths. Foliated - Metamorphic rocks in which miner- Crystal The many sided form that is the als have been rearranged into visible layers or outward sign of an orderly arrangement of bands. atoms within a mineral. Fracture The characteristic splintered, Density - A descriptive term for a mineral, uneven or curved-surface break of minerals comparing the mineral's mass to its volume. which lack cleavage.

Deposition - Process by which materials, Geology The study of the solid part of the carried by the agents of erosion, are dropped earth and the processes that act on it. elsewhere. Gneiss(nice) A metamorphic rock with Element - One of the 103 basic substances of banding or foliation caused by the separation the universe that cannot be broken into a more of mica from quartz and feldspar during metamorphism. 54 Raven Rork State Park NC' f, 1 January 1994 Hydration- Weathering process by which elements silicon and oxygen. is a common water combines with certain minerals in rock. mineral found in the park.

Ice wedging- A mechanical weathering Oxidation - Process by which certain minerals process, when water seeps into cracks in rocks, combine with oxygen in the air or water. then freezes and expands, widening the crack and eventually splitting the rock. Quartz A common mineral - composed of silicon Igneous rock Rock formed from cooling dioxide. magma.

Intrusive igneous rock Igneous rock formed deep inside the earth.

Joint A crack in a rock. Rock Natural solid materials composed of one or more minerals. Leaching - Process by which water dissolves and carries away minerals. Rock cycle The set of processes that describe how rocks change from one type to another. Luster Property of how a mineral reflects light. Sediment- Material that settles to the bottom of a liquid, such as soil being washed into a Magma A hot liquid rock below the earth's lake and settling to the bottom. surface. When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava. Sedimentary rock - Rock that forms near the earth's surface by processes that often involve Meander- The circuitous winding of a stream the cementing or compressing of sediments. or river, caused by the uneven erosion of its banks. SilicateMineral containing the elements silicon and oxygen. Mechanical weathering Type of weathering which breaks rocks apart without changing Solution A mixture in which one or more their mineral composition. substances is dissolved in another.

Metamorphic rock- Rock altered by heat or Streak - The color left behind when the min- pressure. eral is rubbed across the surface of a piece of unglazed white porcelain. Mica A silicate mineral family easily recog- nized by its dark colors and its capacity to Topographic map- A map that shows the easily be split into characteristic thin, pearly shape and elevation of the land surface. sheets. Vein - A band of rock that forms when miner- Mineral- A naturally occurring substance als, such as those dissolved in water, enter composed of one or more elements in known cracks in rocks. proportions. Though rare in nature,some elements such as gold and diamond,can occur Weathering Processes by which rocks are in pure form and technically can also be called broken down as a result of exposure to weather. rocks and minerals. Quartz, containing the

Raven Rock State Park, NC 5 January 1994 I

Beyer, Fred. 1991.North Carolina - The Years National Wildlife Federation. 1988.Geology,

Before Man.AGeological Histon:Durham, The Active Earth. Nature Scope. Washington, NC: Carolina Academic Press. DC.

Birdd, Donald L. 1990. "Color Me Metamor- Pough, Fredrick H. 1976.A Field Guide phic."The Science Teacher,(April): to Rocks and MineralsThe Peterson Field Guide Series. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Carpenter. P. Albert. editor. 1989. AGeo- Press. logical Guide to North Carolina State Parks. Bulletin 91.For information, contact the Rhodes. Frank H. T. 1972.Geology, NC Geological Survey. Division of Land A Golden Guide. Racine, WI: Western Resources, P.O. Box 27687. Raleigh. NC Publishing Company. 27611. Zim, Herbert S. and Paul R. Shaffer. 1957. A Golden Guide: Rocks and Minerals, New York, NY: Golden Press.

56 SCHEDULING WORKSHEET

For office use only: Date request received Request received by

I) Name of group (school)

2 )Contact person name phone (work) (home)

address 3) Day/date/time of requested program

4 ) Program desired and program length

5 ) Meeting place

6)Time of arrival at park Time of departure from park

7) Number of students Age range (grade) ( Note: A maximum of 30 participants is mcornmended. )

8) N umberof chaperones ( Note: One adult forevery I 0 students is recommended.

9) Areas of special emphasis

10) Special considerations of group (e.g. allergies. health concerns, physical limitations)

1 1 ) Have you or your group participated in park programs before'? If yes. please indicate previous programs attended:

12) Are parental permission forms required? If yes, please use the Parental Permission form on page 8.2.

.have read the entire Environmental Education Learning Experience and understand and agree to all the conditions within it.

Return to: Raven Rock State Park 5'7 Rt.3.Box 1005 Lillington, NC 27545

Povon PrseL.Stfitt. PnrIc Januar/I 994 PARENTAL PERMISSION FORM

Dear Parent:

Your child will soon be involved in an exciting learning adventurean environmental education experience at . Studies have shown that such "hands-on" learning programs improve children's attitudes and performance in a broad range of school subjects.

In order to make your child's visit to "nature's classroom" as safe as possible we ask that you provide the following information and sign at the bottom. Please note that insects, poison ivy and other potential risks are a natural part of any outdoor setting. We advise that children bring appropriate clothing (long pants, rain gear, sturdy shoes) for their planned activities.

Child's name

Does your child:

Have an allergy to bee stings or insect bites? If so, please have them bring their medication and stress that they, or the group leader, be able to administer it.

Have other allergies?

Have any other health problems we should he aware of?

In case of an emergency. I give permission for my child to he treated by the attending physician.I understand that I would he notified as soon as possible.

Parent's signature date

Parent's name Home phone (please print) Work phone

Family Physician's name phone

Alternate Emergency Contact

Name phone

Raven Rock State Park. NC 8.2 January 1994 NORTH CAROLINA PARKS & RECREATION PROGRAM EVALUATION

Please take a few moments to evaluate the program(s) you received. This will help us improve our service to you in the future.

1. Program title(s) Date Program leader( s)

2. What part of the program(s) did you find the most interesting and useful?

3. What part(s) did you find the least interesting and useful?

4. What can we do to improve the program(s)?

5. General comments

LEADERS OF SCHOOL GROUPS AND OTHER ORGANIZED YOUTH GROUPS PLEASE ANSWER THESE ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: 6. Group (school) name

7. Did the program(s) meet the stated objectives or curriculum needs? If not, why?

Please return the completed form to park staff. Thank you.

Raven Rock State Park Rt. 3, Box 1005 Lillington, NC 27545

Raven Rock State Park. NC January 1994