Université De Montréal Etude Polarimétrique À Haute Résolution

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Université De Montréal Etude Polarimétrique À Haute Résolution Université de Montréal Etude polarimétrique à haute résolution temporelle de la matière circurnstellaire et des paramètres physiques de trois systèmes WR+O éclipsants de courte période par Aifredo Villar-$baffi Département de Physique Faculté des arts et des sciences Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l’obtention du grade de Phi1osophi Doctor (Ph.D.) en physique Juillet, 2005 ©Alfredo VilÏar-Sbaffi, 2005 n N t D Université rHi de Montréal Direction des bibliothèques AVIS L’auteur a autorisé l’Université de Montréal à reproduire et diffuser, en totalité ou en partie, par quelque moyen que ce soit et sur quelque support que ce soit, et exclusivement à des fins non lucratives d’enseignement et de recherche, des copies de ce mémoire ou de cette thèse. L’auteur et les coauteurs le cas échéant conservent la propriété du droit d’auteur et des droits moraux qui protègent ce document. Ni la thèse ou le mémoire, ni des extraits substantiels de ce document, ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement reproduits sans l’autorisation de l’auteur. Afin de se conformer à la Loi canadienne sur la protection des renseignements personnels, quelques formulaires secondaires, coordonnées ou signatures intégrées au texte ont pu être enlevés de ce document. Rien que cela ait pu affecter la pagination, il n’y a aucun contenu manquant. NOTICE The author of this thesis or dissertation has granted a nonexclusive license allowing Université de Montréal to reproduce and publish the document, in part or in whole, and in any format, solely for noncommercial educational and research purposes. The author and co-authors if applicable retain copyright ownership and moral rights in this document. Neither the whole thesis or dissertation, nor substantial extracts from it, may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s permission. In compliance with the Canadian Privacy Act some supporting forms, contact information or signatures may have been removed from the document. While this may affect the document page count, t does flot represent any loss of content from the document. Q Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures Cette thèse intitulée: Étude polarimétrique à haute résolution temporelle de la matière circumstellaire et des paramètres physiques de trois systèmes WR+O éclipsants de courte période présentée par: Aifredo ViÏlar-$baffi a été évaluée par un jury composé des personnes suivantes: Pierre Bastien, président du jury Anthonv F.J. Moffat. directeur de recherche Nicole St-Louis. codirectrice de recherche Paul Charbonneau, membre du jury Michel Breger, examinateur externe o o iii Résumé Les étoiles Wolf-Rayet (WR) de population I représentent le dernier stade de l’évolution des étoiles les plus massives de l’Univers. Leur grande luminosité et leur présence dans les régions de formation stellaire en font aussi d’excellents traceurs de la structure Galactique. C’est l’intense pression de radiation UV émanant de leur coeur chaud en fusion combinée à la présence de métaux hautement ionisés dans leur atmosphère qui sont responsables du vent dense et rapide qui caractérise la phase WR. Alors que la pression de radiation semble pouvoir expliquer l’accélération du vent, dautres phénomènes tels la rotation et la binarité pourraient contribuer au mécanisme d’accélération. Dans cet ouvrage, les résultats de l’étude polarimétrique de trois systèmes binaires éclipsants WR+O de courte période (i.e. CQ Cep, CX Cep et HD 5980) sont présentés. En plus de chercher à améliorer la précision sur les paramètres physiques des systèmes (i.e. inclinaison et orientation de la ligne des noeuds), ce travail s’attarde aussi longuement à l’étude de la géométrie du vent et sa dynamique pour tenter d’inférer Finfluence que différents phénomènes peuvent avoir sur la perte de masse du système. Ainsi, en plus de détecter pour la première fois à Faide de la polarimétrie la zone de collision des vents de CQ Cep et de contraindre le taux de perte de masse de l’étoile WR dans CX Cep, deux découvertes majeures concernant la distribution de matière de ces systèmes ont été faites. o iv Premièrement, l’approximation du modèle standard voulant que le vent des étoiles WR ait une symétrie sphérique est fortement violée. Ceci est d’autant plus vrai pour CX Cep où un ratio entre la densité des pôles et de l’équateur supérieur à 5 a été trouvée. Deuxièmement, cette distribution de matière est fortement variable sur plusieurs échelles de temps. Alors que la variabilité à court terme peut être expliquée par des blobs de matière se propageant dans le veut, la variabilité à grande échelle sur de longues périodes de temps doit être expliquée par d’autres mécanismes. Des éruptions de matière soudaines causées par la rotation et l’atteinte de limites de histahilité ont été proposées pour expliquer la variabilité à long terme. Ainsi, les intenses éjections de matière observées dans le système binaire HD 5980 pourraient être un exemple d’étoile WR eu pleine éruption majeure. L’hypothèse de la binarité a aussi été considérée mais a dû être rejetée étant donnée f absence de corrélation entre les axes de symétrie de la distribution de matière et les plans orbitaux de CQ Cep et CX Cep. Finalement, cette étude a permis de conclure que les étoiles WR sont des objets en constante activité qui peuvent entrer en éruption et libérer de grandes quantités de matière dans des courts intervalles de temps. Dans le futur, d’autres campagnes d’observations polarimétriques et spectropolarimétriques intensives, mais sur un grand échantillon d’étoiles WR, permettront de mieux comprendre les mécanismes à la hase du vent et d’incorporer l’asymétrie de la distribution de matière et sa variabilité dans les modèles évolutifs. — — — Mots Clés: Wolf-Rayet Étoiles Binaires — Massives — Vent Astrophysique — Astronomie — Rotation — Polarisation — Stellaire. o V S ummary Population I Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars represent the Ïast evoÏutionary phase for the rnost massive stars in the Universe. Their high lurninosity and presence in star forming regions makes them excellent tracers of the Galactic structure. WR stars are characterized by dense and fast winds which are the resuÏt of a strong UV radiation field and ionized atoms in their atmospheres. However, although radiation pressure can explain how the wind is accelerated, other mechanisms like rotation and binarity can contrihute to the acceleration. In this dissertation, the resuits from a polarirnetric study of three short-period WR+O eclipsing hinaries (i.e. CQ Cep, CX Cep and HD 5980) are presented. The usual polarimetric diagnostics are used to determine the physical parameters of the systems (e.g. the orbital inclinations and the orientation of the line of nodes) but we also thoroughly investigate the geornetry and dynarnics of the winds in order to constrain the effects of different phenomena on the mass-loss properties of these systems. Along with reporting the first polarimetric detection of a wind-wind collision zone in CQ Cep and constraining the rnass-loss rate of the WR component in CX Cep, two important discoveries regarding the matter distribution of these systems are presented. First, the standard approximation of spherical WR winds is not valid for any of the WR+O systems. Moreover, a pole to equator density ratio of more than 5 has heen found for the matter distribution surrounding CX Cep. Second, this matter distribution C o vi is strongly variable on different time-scales ranging from minutes to years. Aithougli the short term variability can be understood by blobs propagating in the wind. the large-scale long-term variability lleeded an additional rnechanism. Intense and sudden matter ejections caused by rotation and bistability lirnits were proposed to explain the long term polarimetric variabillty. The rapid matter ejections observed in the binary HD 5980 could be an example of a major eruption in a WR star. The binarity hypothesis was also considered but was exclllded based on the ohserved misalignment between the axes of symmetry of the matter distribution and the orbital planes of CQ Cep and CX Cep. finally, this study allowed us to conclude that WR stars are objects in constant activity capable of liberating large amounts of matter in a short period of time. Upcom ing polarimetric and spectropolarimetric surveys of WR stars inspired by the results of this study but with a large sample of WR stars will certainly help incorporate within evolutiollary models the variable nature of these non-spherical winds. Key words : Wolf-Rayet Stars Binaries — Massive — Wind — Astrophysics — Astrononiy — Rotation — Polarization — Stellar. o TABLE DES MATIÈRES vii Table des matières Résumé iii Summary y Table des matières vii Liste des tableaux x Liste des figures xii Liste des sigles et des abréviations xiv Remerciements xvii 1 Introduction 1 2 Les étoiles Wolf-Rayet 5 2.1 Lévolution d’une étoile massive 6 2.2 La classification des spectres Wolf-Rayet 9 2.3 Lévolution dune étoile Wolf-Rayet 10 2.4 La structure interne et la composition chimique 11 2.4.1 Les étoiles WN 14 2.4.2 Les étoiles WC et WO 15 3 Le vent Wolf-Rayet 17 3.1 La vitesse terminale (/) 1$ 3.2 Le taux de perte de masse (M) 21 3.3 L’origine des vents WR 26 3.4 La structure du vent 28 74 75 $0 80 84 90 99 TABLE DES MATIÈRES viii 4CQ Cephei 32 4.1 Introduction 34 4.2 Observations 36 4.3 Resuits of the Unfiltered Observations 39 4.3.1 Orbital Parameters 40 4.3.2 Epoch-to-Epoch Variability of the Matter Distributioll 45 4.3.3 Phase-Locked Non-BMEZ$ Variahility 4$ 4.1 Resuits
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